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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LTyPsZK3rWTCyB6mbb3hbdv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200227</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200631</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200631</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sildenafila como Terapia Adequada de Transplante Card&#237;aco para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada Associada &#224; Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Fixa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeira&#771;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeira&#771;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro M&#233;dico RBS</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa (CAPED) - Centro M&#233;dico RBS, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Schwartzmann &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pedrovs.usp@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>227</fpage>
      <lpage>228</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Sildenafila/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Citrato de Sildenafila/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O transplante card&#237;aco (TC) tem sido associado a melhora significativa na sobrevida e na qualidade de vida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) avan&#231;ada. Apesar de um aumento consider&#225;vel na indica&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, o TC ainda permanece a abordagem padr&#227;o-ouro neste contexto cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Embora seja considerado o tratamento padr&#227;o-para IC avan&#231;ada, v&#225;rios motivos t&#234;m prejudicado o uso disseminado do TC. A disponibilidade de doadores &#233; limitada em compara&#231;&#227;o com o n&#250;mero crescente de receptores potenciais. Al&#233;m disso, a maior expectativa de vida dos pacientes devido &#224; melhor farmacoterapia da IC tem desafiado a contraindica&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; idade para o procedimento, bem como a presen&#231;a de mais comorbidades ligadas ao envelhecimento.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro ponto a ser observado relacionado &#224; candidatura ao TC &#233; a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP), que est&#225; presente em mais de 60% dos pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) e em mais de 54% dos pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) e tamb&#233;m pode ser respons&#225;vel por at&#233; 50% das complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-TC.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Uma resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar elevada (RVP)&gt; 2,5 unidades Wood est&#225; associada a um aumento de quase 30% na mortalidade no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Essa HP associada &#224; IC &#233; considerada o resultado do efeito passivo do aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, juntamente com a vasorreatividade secund&#225;ria &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e remodelamento pulmonar arterial.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Quando n&#227;o &#233; revers&#237;vel com o teste de reatividade (<italic>challenge test</italic>) ao vasodilatador, a HP tem sido fortemente associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC, piora na qualidade de vida e redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> As diretrizes da <italic>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic> consideram a presen&#231;a de HP grave pr&#233;-transplante como uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o relativa ao transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, a desproporcionalidade entre a necessidade de transplante card&#237;aco e a reduzida disponibilidade de doadores deve levar a uma sele&#231;&#227;o ainda mais criteriosa dos potenciais candidatos ao TC e novas tentativas de redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-TC s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Uma das abordagens poss&#237;veis para reduzir a HP fixa em pacientes com ICFEr, os inibidores da fosfodiesterase-5, principalmente a sildenafila, s&#227;o terapias bem estabelecidas e eficazes para pacientes com HP do grupo 1, isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com outras terapias vasodilatadoras.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Para a HP associada a ICFEr (grupo 2), estudos menores mostraram que a terapia com sildenafila melhorou a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e a hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar, mas estudos maiores sobre os resultados na ICFEr s&#227;o escassos.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>Um desses pequenos estudos randomizou 19 pacientes com ICFEr para uso de sildenafila 50 mg/3x/d versus placebo e tamb&#233;m mostrou benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos (diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar em 4 semanas) no grupo tratado com sildenafila.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da RVP tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada em um estudo unic&#234;ntrico de Pons et al.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Quinze pacientes com uma RVP &gt;2,5 unidades Wood foram tratados com sildenafila pr&#233;-TC com uma alta dose-alvo (109 &#177; 42 mg/dia) por 163 &#177; 116 dias. Benef&#237;cios importantes nas press&#245;es pulmonares e na mortalidade p&#243;s-TC foram compar&#225;veis entre o grupo com HP tratado e o grupo n&#227;o grave, n&#227;o tratado<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Em contraste, um ensaio multic&#234;ntrico de sildenafila em pacientes com ICFEp n&#227;o conseguiu determinar os benef&#237;cios em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado cl&#237;nico ou capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Com base nesses achados preliminares positivos em pacientes com ICFEr, alguns centros de TC j&#225; adotaram o uso <italic>off-label</italic> de sildenafila como terapia de resgate em candidatos a transplante card&#237;aco selecionados, com HP fixa grave, com o objetivo de atingir um estado favor&#225;vel ao transplante.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> agrega conhecimentos importantes a esse campo. Mendes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> compararam o efeito do tratamento com sildenafila pr&#233;-TC em 30 pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o a 205 pacientes com ICFEr n&#227;o tratados com sildenafila. Esse foi um estudo observacional retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, que comparou a hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em 1 semana e 1 ano ap&#243;s o TC em pacientes com HP fixa tratados por terapia com sildenafila 20 mg 3x/d a um grupo sem HP que n&#227;o recebeu nenhum tratamento direcionado &#224; HP. Apesar do desenho n&#227;o randomizado, as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes eram semelhantes, exceto pela gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e a hemodin&#226;mica da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar no grupo tratado com sildenafila. O estudo mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o importante na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar e na resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar ap&#243;s uma prescri&#231;&#227;o de uso de sildenafila por 3 meses (58,9 a 52,8 mmHg e 5,4 a 3,3 unidades de Woods, respectivamente, com p &lt;0,001 para ambas as an&#225;lises). A melhora da hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar levou a um benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico significativo, o que possibilitou a elegibilidade da candidatura ao TC para aqueles 30 pacientes que foram, a princ&#237;pio, considerados ineleg&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>Apesar de haver pequenas diferen&#231;as na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar logo ap&#243;s o TC (7 dias), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nas press&#245;es pulmonares entre os grupos ap&#243;s 1 ano do transplante card&#237;aco, o que pode ter um impacto pr&#225;tico em rela&#231;&#227;o a avalia&#231;&#245;es adicionais para outros pacientes com HP associada &#224; IC na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial para terapias avan&#231;adas. Resultados semelhantes foram demonstrados em uma pequena coorte de 18 pacientes que foram tratados com sildenafila para reduzir a HP associada &#224; IC em uma tentativa de se tornarem eleg&#237;veis para o TC. Groote et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> relataram melhora significativa na classe funcional, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e par&#226;metros de teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, bem como uma redu&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel na resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (de 5,3 &#177; 1,9 para 3,3 1,8 unidades Woods, p = 0,01).<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Outros estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes com HP persistente e dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a sildenafila parece ser &#250;til na insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita aguda e HP nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s o TC em uma pequena s&#233;rie de casos de 13 pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora tenha havido benef&#237;cios substanciais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos pulmonares, a mortalidade numericamente maior evidenciada no primeiro ano estava ligada &#224; gravidade inicial da HP e deve ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o no processo de tomada de decis&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; candidatura ao transplante card&#237;aco durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial.</p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo est&#227;o relacionadas ao desenho metodol&#243;gico observacional, retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico e ao n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes com HP inclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita n&#227;o foi medida durante o estudo, o que pode ter prejudicado a interpreta&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com sildenafila. Embora este estudo provavelmente n&#227;o tenha poder suficiente para tirar conclus&#245;es definitivas e validade externa, ele representa a maior coorte de pacientes com ICFEr grave tratados com sildenafila para iniciar um processo de TC.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o tratamento com sildenafila em pacientes com ICFEr com HP grave possibilitou um per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio bem-sucedido em pacientes inicialmente considerados ineleg&#237;veis para TC, com melhora na resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, mas sobrevida ligeiramente inferior 1 ano ap&#243;s o TC. Este &#233; um achado importante para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois pode indicar terapias avan&#231;adas inicialmente contraindicadas para candidatos a TC com HP grave associada &#224; ICFEr, al&#233;m de promover benef&#237;cios durante o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-TC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Resultados Cl&#237;nicos e Hemodin&#226;micos de Longo Prazo ap&#243;s o Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Tratados com Sildenafil</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sildenafil as an Eligible Heart Transplantation Therapy for Advanced Heart Failure Associated with Fixed Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeira&#771;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa (CAPED) - Centro M&#233;dico RBS, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Schwartzmann &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: pedrovs.usp@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Sildenafil Citrate/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantaion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart transplantation (HTx) has been associated to significant improvements in survival and quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure (HF). Despite a considerable increase in the indication of left ventricular assistant devices, HTx still remains the gold-standard approach in this clinical context.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Even though it is considered the gold-standard treatment for advanced HF, several reasons have impaired the widespread utilization of the HTx. There is limited availability of donors compared with the growing potential recipients. Moreover, the longer life expectancy of the patients due to better HF pharmacotherapy has been challenging the age-related contraindication for the procedure, as well as the presence of more comorbidities linked to aging.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another point to be observed related to HTx candidacy is pulmonary hypertension (PH), which is present in more than 60% of HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and over 54% of patients with HF and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and also might account for up to 50% of post-HTx complications.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> An elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) &gt; 2.5 Wood units is linked to a nearly 30% increase in mortality within the first-month post-transplant.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> This HF-associated PH is considered to be the result of the passive effect of increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure along with vasoreactivity secondary to vasoconstriction and arterial pulmonary remodeling.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> When not reversible with a vasodilator challenge, it has been strongly associated with right ventricular dysfunction, HF hospitalizations, worsening in quality of life, and reduced survival.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines consider the presence of severe pre-transplant PH as a relative contraindication to heart transplantation.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Likewise, the disproportionality between the need for cardiac transplantation and the reduced availability of donors should lead to an even more judicious selection of those potential candidates for HTx and further attempts in reducing the pre-HTx pulmonary hypertension are necessary.</p>
      <p>One of the possible approaches for lowering fixed PH in HFrEF patients, the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, mainly sildenafil, are well established and effective therapies for patients with group 1 PH, either alone or in combination with other vasodilator therapies.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> For HFrEF-associated PH (group 2), smaller studies have shown that sildenafil therapy improved exercise capacity and hemodynamics, but larger trials on HFrEF outcomes are lacking.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> One of those small studies randomized 19 HFrEF patients to sildenafil 50 mg TID <italic>versus</italic> placebo and also showed hemodynamic benefits (decreased pulmonary artery systolic pressure levels at 4 weeks) in the sildenafil-treated group.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> The reduction in PVR has also been demonstrated in a single-center study by Pons et al.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Fifteen patients with a PVR &gt; 2.5 Wood units were treated with pre-HTx sildenafil with a high target dose (109 &#177; 42 mg/day) for 163 &#177; 116 days. Important benefits in pulmonary pressures and the post-HTx mortality were comparable between the PH-treated group and the non-severe, non-treated group.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> In contrast, a multicenter trial of sildenafil in HFpEF patients failed to determine benefits regarding clinical status or exercise capacity.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Based on these positive preliminary findings in HFrEF patients, some HTx centers have already adopted the off-label use of sildenafil as a rescue therapy in selected heart transplantation candidates with fixed severe PH, aiming to achieve a transplant-favorable status.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> adds important knowledge to this field. Mendes et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> have compared the effect of pre-HTx sildenafil treatment in 30 patients to 205 non-sildenafil treated HFrEF patients. It was a retrospective, single-center, observational study that compared the pulmonary hemodynamics and clinical outcomes at 1-week and at 1-year after the HTx in patients with fixed PH treated with 20 mg TID of sildenafil therapy to a non-PH group that did not receive any PH-directed treatment. Despite the non-randomized design, the baseline patients&#8217; characteristics were similar, but for the severity of the systolic dysfunction and the pulmonary hypertension hemodynamics in the sildenafil-treated group. The study showed an important decrease in the systolic pulmonary artery pressure and the pulmonary vascular resistance after a 3-month sildenafil prescription (58.9 to 52.8 mmHg and 5.4 to 3.3 Woods units, respectively, p&lt;0.001 for both analyses). The pulmonary hemodynamics improvement led to a significant clinical benefit, which enabled the eligibility of HTx candidacy for those 30 who were, at first, considered to be ineligible patients.</p>
      <p>In spite of having small differences in the systolic pulmonary artery pressure shortly after the HTx (7 days), there were no significant differences in the pulmonary pressures between the groups 1 year after the heart transplantation, which might have a practice impact regarding further assessments for other HF-associated PH patients on the initial evaluation for advanced therapies. Similar results were shown in a small cohort of 18 patients that were treated with sildenafil to reduce the HF-associated PH and try to become eligible for HTx. Groote et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> reported significant improvements in functional class, mean left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters, as well as a considerable reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance (from 5.3 &#177; 1.9 to 3.3 &#177; 1.8 Woods units, p=0.01).<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Other studies have also shown a decrease in pulmonary pressures in patients with persistent PH and left ventricular assistant devices.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Moreover, sildenafil seems to be useful for acute right ventricular failure and PH within the first 72 hours after HTx in a small case series of 13 patients.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although there were substantial benefits regarding the pulmonary hemodynamics parameters, the evidenced numerically higher mortality during the first year was linked to the initially PH severity and should be taken into consideration in the heart transplantation candidacy process decision-making during the initial evaluation.</p>
      <p>Limitations of this study are linked to the retrospective, single-center, observational methodological design and the limited number of PH patients included. Also, right ventricular function was not measured during the study, which might have impaired the hemodynamics interpretation before and after sildenafil treatment. Although this study is unlikely powered for definitive conclusions and external validity, it might represent the largest cohort to date of severe HFrEF patients treated with sildenafil to enter a HTx process.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, treatment with sildenafil in HFrEF patients with severe PH enabled a successful postoperative period for patients initially considered to be ineligible for HTx, with improvements in pulmonary vascular resistance but slightly lower survival 1 year after the HTx. This is an important finding for clinical practice as it might provide advanced therapies that are initially contraindicated for HTx candidates with severe HFrEF-associated PH, as well as promoting benefits on clinical status during the HTx waiting list period.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Long-Term Clinical and Hemodynamic Outcomes after Heart Transplantation in Patients Pre-Treated with Sildenafil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
