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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dZXBVfNzgXrm98WtcxZmMps</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000200219</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190047</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados Cl&#237;nicos e Hemodin&#226;micos de Longo Prazo ap&#243;s o Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Tratados com Sildenafil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3116-3764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia L&#225;zaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Nadia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4105-8199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2585-5254</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3330-4943</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prieto</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Fatima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pego</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel de Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra EPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sofia L&#225;zaro Mendes &#8226; Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra - Praceta, R. Prof. Mota Pinto Coimbra 3075, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>sofialazaromendes@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mendes SL, Moreira N; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mendes SL, Moreira N, Batista M, Ferreira AR, Marinho AV, Prieto D; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mendes SL, Moreira N, Batista M, Ferreira AR, Marinho AV, Prieto D, Baptista R, Costa S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mendes SL, Baptista R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mendes SL, Ferreira AR, Baptista R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa S, Franco F, Pego M, Antunes MJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>219</fpage>
      <lpage>226</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar elevada ainda &#233; um grande problema na sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos ao transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da administra&#231;&#227;o de sildenafila pr&#233;-transplante card&#237;aco em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar fixa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico, incluiu 300 candidatos a transplante card&#237;aco consecutivos tratados entre 2003 e 2013. Destes, 95 pacientes tinham hipertens&#227;o pulmonar fixa e, dentre eles, 30 pacientes foram tratados com sildenafila e acabaram passando pelo transplante, formando o Grupo A. O Grupo B incluiu 205 pacientes sem hipertens&#227;o pulmonar que passaram pelo transplante card&#237;aco. A hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar foi avaliada antes do transplante, 1 semana e 1 ano ap&#243;s o transplante. A taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi comparada entre os grupos. Neste estudo, um P valor &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ap&#243;s o tratamento com sildenafila, mas antes do TxC, a RVP (-39%) e a PAPs (-10%) diminu&#237;ram significativamente. A PAPs diminuiu ap&#243;s o TxC em ambos os grupos, mas permaneceu significativamente alta no grupo A em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B (40,3 &#177; 8,0 mmHg versus 36,5 &#177; 11,5 mmHg, P=0,022). Um ano ap&#243;s o TxC, a PAPs era 32,4 &#177; 6,3 mmHg no Grupo A versus 30,5 &#177; 8,2 mmHg no Grupo B (P=0,274). O &#237;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o TxC 30 dias (97% no grupo A versus 96% no grupo B), 6 meses (87% versus 93%) e um ano (80% versus 91%) ap&#243;s o TxC n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (Log-rank P=0,063). Depois do primeiro ano, o &#237;ndice de mortalidade era similar entre os dois grupos (sobreviv&#234;ncia condicional ap&#243;s 1 ano, Log-rank p=0,321).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Nos pacientes com HP pr&#233;-tratados com sildenafila, a hemodin&#226;mica p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria inicial e o progn&#243;stico s&#227;o numericamente piores em pacientes sem HP, mas depois de 1 ano, a mortalidade em m&#233;dio e longo prazo s&#227;o semelhantes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):219-226)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Citrato de Sildenafila</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O transplante card&#237;aco (TxC) &#233; o padr&#227;o ouro do cuidado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos mostraram que 60-70% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) desenvolvem hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Em um estudo da Mayo Clinic,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> detectou-se uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o graduada entre press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPs) e mortalidade e, por isso, a presen&#231;a de HP grave &#233; uma das maiores contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao TxC, devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Press&#245;es elevadas no lado direito em IC geralmente resultam de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Portanto, a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar diast&#243;lica (PAPd) est&#225; firmemente correlacionada com a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (PCP).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o componente vasorreativo da HP se desenvolve com a HP duradoura. Ele &#233; caracterizado por vasoespasmo, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas dos vasos.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>Nesse caso, a HP persiste, independentemente da diminui&#231;&#227;o da PCP ap&#243;s o TxC. Refletindo os componentes &#8220;fixos&#8221; da HP, a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) e o gradiente transpulmonar (GTP) s&#227;o elevados.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A princ&#237;pio, a HP &#233; revers&#237;vel por vasodilatadores sist&#234;micos, mas, posteriormente ela se torna relativamente est&#225;tica ou &#8220;fixa&#8221;.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>A RVP elevada aumenta a mortalidade no per&#237;odo inicial p&#243;s-TxC e continua sendo um grande problema para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A impossibilidade do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado de se adaptar a HP significativa pr&#233;-existente geralmente resulta em insufici&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), que representa aproximadamente 50% de todas as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e at&#233; 19% de todas as mortes precoces no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>Por isso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o correta que a reatividade do sistema vascular pulmonar exerce para a terapia vasodilatadora tem um papel crucial na sele&#231;&#227;o do candidato. As diretrizes da American Heart Association definem HP fixa como m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar (mPAP) &#8805; 25 mmHg e RVP &#8805; 2,5 unidades Wood (UW) e/ou GTP &#8805; 12 mmHg, mesmo depois da testagem com vasodilatador farmacol&#243;gico.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A sildenafila &#233; um inibidor de fosfodiestarase tipo 5 (PDE5) seletivo e potente que, especificamente, degrada a guanosina monofosfato c&#237;clico, o segundo mensageiro do &#243;xido n&#237;trico nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> A sildenafila tem um perfil favor&#225;vel sem desnatura&#231;&#227;o do oxig&#234;nio ou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos de centro &#250;nico demonstraram efeito hemodin&#226;mico favor&#225;vel da administra&#231;&#227;o da sildenafila pr&#233;-TxC em candidatos ao TxC com HP.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Entretanto, h&#225; uma escassez de dados sobre os resultados iniciais e de longo prazo sobre esses pacientes de alto risco.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; comparar o efeito na hemodin&#226;mica inicial do VD e mortalidade ap&#243;s o TxC da administra&#231;&#227;o da sildenafila pr&#233;-TxC em pacientes com HP fixa que se qualificaram para o TxC e em pacientes sem HP. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que os pacientes com HP que foram transplantados com o uso de sildenafila t&#234;m progn&#243;sticos compar&#225;veis aos dos pacientes sem HP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo de observa&#231;&#227;o, de centro &#250;nico e retrospectivo incluiu 300 pacientes consecutivos, candidatos a TxC, observados entre novembro de 2003 e dezembro de 2013. A popula&#231;&#227;o incluiu 95 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar fixa. Dentre eles, 30 pacientes foram tratados com sildenafila e acabaram passando pelo transplante, formando o Grupo A. O Grupo B incluiu 205 pacientes sem HP fixa que passaram pelo TxC.</p>
        <p>No grupo A, a sildenafila foi administrada via oral a 20 mg t.i.d., durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 65 dias (faixa 4 - 81) antes do TxC. A sildenafila foi bem tolerada em todos os pacientes envolvidos, sem que eventos adversos s&#233;rios tivessem sido observados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de Dados</title>
        <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e hemodin&#226;micos foram extra&#237;dos usando um software dedicado. Todos os pacientes passaram por um cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito (CCD) com um cateter Swan-Ganz, pela veia femoral, antes do come&#231;arem a usar a sildenafila. O grupo de pacientes que foram expostos &#224; sildenafila passaram por um segundo CCD para avaliar o efeito hemodin&#226;mico da droga. Depois do TxC, as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito e diast&#243;lica final foram registradas durante a primeira bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, que foi realizada 1 semana ap&#243;s o TxC. Um acompanhamento hemodin&#226;mico tardio foi coletado durante o CCD pr&#233;-definido 1 ano ap&#243;s o TxC em ambos os grupos.</p>
        <p>O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) foi medido pelo m&#233;todo de Fick, e o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (IC) foi calculado dividindo-se o DC pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie do corpo. A PCP, a PAPs, a PAPd e a mPAP foram medidas automaticamente. RVP e GTP foram calculados utilizando-se as seguintes f&#243;rmulas: GTP (mmHg) = mPAP - PCP; RVP (UW) = GTP/DC.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Um acompanhamento foi realizado por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 6,9 anos (faixa 4,2 - 6,9 anos) por entrevista pessoal na cl&#237;nica, an&#225;lise de registros hospitalares e contato telef&#244;nico, e foi realizado para todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos. A confidencialidade foi sempre respeitada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endpoints</title>
        <p>As medidas de resultados coprim&#225;rios foram (1) Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VD e press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final (a &#250;ltima usada como substituta da fun&#231;&#227;o VD) 7 dias ap&#243;s o TxC e (2) a PAPs e RVP, 1 ano ap&#243;s o TxC. O resultado secund&#225;rio foi a mortalidade global ap&#243;s o TxC. Os endpoints forma comparados entre grupos pr&#233;-definidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram distribu&#237;das normalmente e avaliado usando-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia (faixa interquartil). Vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias (porcentagens). Para comparar dados entre os grupos, utilizamos o teste T de Student (teste T n&#227;o pareado) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, teste Mann-Whitney para dados n&#227;o cont&#237;nuos, e teste qui-quadrado (Fisher, conforme apropriado) para dados dicot&#244;micos. O teste de McNemar foi usado para an&#225;lise de dados categ&#243;ricos pareados. As curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meyer foram constru&#237;das e comparadas usando o teste Log-rank. A sobreviv&#234;ncia condicional foi avaliada limitando-se o grupo de pacientes analisado aos que sobreviveram pelo menos 1 ano. A an&#225;lise total foi realizada utilizando-se o software STATA 12.0 (College Station, Texas, EUA). Os gr&#225;ficos foram constru&#237;dos com o software GraphPad 5.0 (La Jolla, California, EUA). Neste estudo, um P valor &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Todos os 235 pacientes passaram por TxC com sucesso. As caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino, e a m&#233;dia de idade do grupo A foi de 53,6 &#177; 10,9 anos, e do grupo B 52,9 &#177; 13,4 anos (p = 0,545). A hemodin&#226;mica pr&#233;-TxC &#233; apresentada na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> e foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos. Os pacientes do grupo A apresentaram hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar mais grave do que os pacientes do grupo B. Ap&#243;s o tratamento com sildenafila, mas antes do TxC, o RVP (-39%) e a PAPs (-10%) diminu&#237;ram significativamente (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de pacientes com (Grupo A) e sem (Grupo B) pr&#233;-tratamento com sildenafila antes do transplante card&#237;aco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica <sup><bold>a</bold></sup></th>
                <th>Grupo A (n=30)</th>
                <th>Grupo B (n = 205)</th>
                <th>Valor de p <sup><bold>b</bold></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia de idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">53,6 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">52,9 &#177; 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,545</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, %</td>
                <td align="center">86,7</td>
                <td align="center">76,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica, %</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">34,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idiop&#225;tica, %</td>
                <td align="center">36,7</td>
                <td align="center">56,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertr&#243;fica, %</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Restritiva, %</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cong&#234;nita, %</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III, %</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">36,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,968</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV, %</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">63,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dl</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,815</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP, pg/ml</td>
                <td align="center">524 [396 - 912]</td>
                <td align="center">625 [306 - 1039]</td>
                <td align="center">0,906</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros card&#237;acos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">19,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">21,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve, %</td>
                <td align="center">16,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,703</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada, %</td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">34,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada a Grave, %</td>
                <td align="center">24,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grave, %</td>
                <td align="center">24,0</td>
                <td align="center">31,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dispositivos card&#237;acos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CDI, %</td>
                <td align="center">40,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRT, %</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">22,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sildenafila, pr&#233;-TxC</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o, dias</td>
                <td align="center">65 [4 &#8211; 181]</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; TxC: transplante card&#237;aco; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA: New York Heart Association. <sup><italic>a</italic></sup>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como porcentagens, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou m&#233;dia (faixa interquartil).<sup><italic> b</italic></sup>Teste T de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e Teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas antes do transplante card&#237;aco em pacientes com (Grupo A) e sem (Grupo B) hipertens&#227;o grave</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Grupo A M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>Grupo B M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>Valor de p a</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RVP, UW</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAPs (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 16,4</td>
                <td align="center">44,5 &#177; 15,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">23,1 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">19,4 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">36,4 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DC, litros/min</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,645</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PS, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">75,0 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">74,9 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,980</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, ppm</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,873</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>PS: press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; PAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; DP: desvio padr&#227;o. aFoi usado o teste T de Student.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas antes e depois do Transplante card&#237;aco em pacientes com (Grupo A) e sem (Grupo B) pr&#233;-tratamento com sildenafila</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Qualifica&#231;&#227;o para CCD</th>
                <th colspan="2">CCD 3-meses ap&#243;s sildenafila</th>
                <th colspan="2">BEM 7 dias ap&#243;s o TxC</th>
                <th colspan="2">CCD de 1 ano</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left">PAPs (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="left">RVP (UW)</th>
                <th align="left">PAPs (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="left">RVP (UW)</th>
                <th align="left">VD sist&#243;lica press&#227;o (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="left">VD diast&#243;lica final press&#227;o (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="left">PAPs (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="left">RVP (UW)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sem sildenafila</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">44,5 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">36,5 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">30,48 (8,23)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sildenafila</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">58,9 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">52,8 (17,1)<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3,3 (2,3)<sup>d</sup></td>
                <td align="center">40,3 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">32,43 (6,39)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (0,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>a</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">0,022<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,374<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,274</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>BEM: bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; CCD: cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito; UW: unidades Wood. <sup><italic>a Teste</italic></sup> t de Student comparando pacientes sem sildenafila pacientes a pacientes tratados com sildenafila. <sup><italic>b</italic></sup>Teste de McNemmar. <sup><italic>c</italic></sup>p = 0,845 versus pacientes sem sildenafila. <sup><italic>d</italic></sup>p = 0,806 versus pacientes sem sildenafila.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados Peri-TxC e Resultados P&#243;s-TxC</title>
        <p>As medidas de endpoints coprim&#225;rios, avaliadas 1 semana ap&#243;s o TxC, s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>. A evolu&#231;&#227;o da PAPs durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento em ambos os grupos &#233; apresentada na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>. A PAPs diminuiu ap&#243;s o TxC em ambos os grupos, mas permaneceu significativamente alta no grupo A em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo B (40,3 &#177; 8,0 mmHg versus 36,5 &#177; 11,5 mmHg, p=0,022). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VD uma semana ap&#243;s o TxC, usado como substituo da disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD inicial (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>). Um ano ap&#243;s o TxC, a PAPs era 32,4 &#177; 6,3 mmHg no Grupo A versus 30,5 &#177; 8,2 mmHg no Grupo B (<italic>P</italic>=0,274) (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>). A RVP tamb&#233;m foi semelhante entre os dois grupos (1,8 &#177; 0,8 mmHg versus 1,8 &#177; 1,0 UW, p = 0,789).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; (Painel esquerdo) Press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPs, em mmHg) em quatro momentos diferentes: linha de base antes do transplante card&#237;aco (TxC) sem tratamento com sildenafila, antes do TxC com tratamento com sildenafila, logo ap&#243;s o TxC (7 dias) e muito tempo ap&#243;s o TxC (um ano). ***p &lt; 0,001, * p = 0,022. (Painel direito) Resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP, em unidades Wood) em tr&#234;s pontos no tempo diferentes: linha de base antes do (TxC) sem tratamento com sildenafila, antes do TxC com tratamento com sildenafila, e mais tarde ap&#243;s o TxC (um ano). *** p &lt; 0,001, * p = 0,789. BEM: bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica; TxC: transplante card&#237;aco; CCD: cateterismo do cora&#231;&#227;o direito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0219-90047-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos &#205;ndices de Sobreviv&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>A mortalidade global p&#243;s TxC &#233; apresentada na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> (Log-rank p = 0,055). O &#237;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o TxC do grupo A foi 97% ap&#243;s 30 dias, 87% ap&#243;s 6 meses, e 80% ap&#243;s um ano. No grupo B, a sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s os mesmos per&#237;odos foi de 96%, 93% e 91%, respectivamente. A diferen&#231;a no ponto temporal de um ano n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (Log-rank p = 0,063). Depois do primeiro ano, o &#237;ndice de mortalidade era similar entre os dois grupos, conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> (sobreviv&#234;ncia condicional ap&#243;s 1 ano, Log-rank p = 0,321).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier da mortalidade global ap&#243;s o transplante de acordo com o grupo de tratamento com sildenafila. Log-rank p = 0,063.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0219-90047-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia condicional ap&#243;s 1 ano. Log-rank p = 0,321.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0219-90047-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tratamento de candidatos a TxC com HP fixa com sildenafila garantiu um per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio bem-sucedido para a maioria dos pacientes para os quais o TxC havia sido contraindicado inicialmente. Embora apresentassem hemodin&#226;mica pior logo ap&#243;s o TxC, e mortalidade numericamente mais alta durante o primeiro ano, o progn&#243;stico durante o acompanhamento de m&#233;dio a longo prazo foi semelhante ao dos pacientes de TxC sem HP.</p>
      <p>O limite entre HP fixa e revers&#237;vel n&#227;o &#233; claro e n&#227;o h&#225; concord&#226;ncia sobre o tempo necess&#225;rio para se atingir o n&#237;vel de irreversibilidade te&#243;rica ou sobre os melhores par&#226;metros para definir esse status.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Em nosso centro, o CCD &#233; utilizado rotineiramente com um teste vasodilatador, pois pose ser &#250;til para estabelecer o risco de morte ap&#243;s o TxC.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Uma das vari&#225;veis mais &#250;teis para avaliar o risco &#233; a RVP.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Conforme demonstrado por Taylor et al.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> a RVP &#233; um indicador independente de morte precoce ap&#243;s o TxC. Esse grupo relatou que o &#237;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia em pacientes de TxC foi significativamente melhor quando o RVP ficava entre 1 e 3 UW, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com RVP entre 3 a 5 UW. Pacientes com RVP &gt; 5 UW apresentaram os piores resultados. Em nosso estudo, utilizamos a sildenafila para diminuir a RVP (3,3 &#177; 2,3 UW), qualificando, dessa forma, os pacientes para o TxC. Na verdade, entre nossos pacientes que foram tratados com sildenafila, a RVP m&#233;dia era significativamente elevada e excluiria a possibilidade de TxC (5,4 &#177; 2,3 UW), se n&#227;o fosse feita nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o. Se esses pacientes n&#227;o fossem transplantados, seu progn&#243;stico com tratamento m&#233;dico teria sido ruim, a menos que um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular (LVAD, do ingl&#234;s <italic>left ventricular assist device</italic>) fosse implantado.</p>
      <p>Curiosamente, dois estudos recentes sugeriram que o suporte do LVAD e a descarga mec&#226;nica n&#227;o pulsante cont&#237;nua do VE pode reverter uma hipertens&#227;o pulmonar que anteriormente n&#227;o respondia a medica&#231;&#227;o, e tornar os pacientes aptos ao TxC.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> &#201; interessante notar que a RVP pr&#233;-LVAD nesses estudos (4,3 &#177; 1,7 UW e 4,8 &#177; 1,8 UW) foi semelhante &#224; do nosso estudo coorte (5,4 &#177; 2,3 UW). De acordo com Perez-Villa et al.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> uma estrat&#233;gia de redu&#231;&#227;o da RVP elevada usando terapia via oral (sildenafila ou bosentana) em pacientes considerados n&#227;o aptos ao TxC devido &#224; RVP elevada &#233; vi&#225;vel e pode reduzir o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, como tamb&#233;m demonstramos em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>Os inibidores de PDE5 t&#234;m despertado o interesse no campo da doen&#231;a do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>Al&#233;m da terapia padr&#227;o de IC, a interven&#231;&#227;o com sildenafila pode melhorar os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos pulmonares.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Esses efeitos favor&#225;veis surgem de sua inibi&#231;&#227;o seletiva de guanosina monofosfato c&#237;clico (GMPc) nos vasos pulmonares, que promove a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e menos remodelagem, al&#233;m de um efeito semelhante ao da milrinona no VD, devido a um processo de diafonia molecular que pode inibir o PDE3 e aumentar a contratilidade do VD.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>Em uma meta-an&#225;lise recente,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> identificou-se que o tratamento com sildenafila reduz a RVP em compara&#231;&#227;o com o uso de placebo (diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia ponderada -1,0 UW, p &lt; 0,01).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou que a administra&#231;&#227;o de sildenafila pr&#233;-TxC em candidatos ao TxC com HP teve um efeito hemodin&#226;mico positivo ao reduzir a RVP em aproximadamente 2 UW.</p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria do lado direito &#233; a morbidade a ela associada ainda s&#227;o uma fonte importante de morte no perioperat&#243;rio para pacientes de TxC. Pons et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m avaliaram os efeito do uso continuado de sildenafila nos resultados cl&#237;nicos de TxC (acompanhamento m&#233;dio, 3,4 &#177; 2,1 anos). Neste estudo, o &#237;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o TxC no grupo de pacientes pr&#233;-tratados com sildenafila (incluindo apenas 15 pacientes) foi de 87% ap&#243;s 30 dias. &#201; importante observar que nenhum outro paciente morreu durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 5 anos ap&#243;s o TxC. Comparativamente, o &#237;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia do grupo A foi 97% ap&#243;s 30 dias e 70% ap&#243;s cinco anos. Em conformidade com isso, no ISHLT<italic> - International Registry for Heart Transplantation</italic>, o &#237;ndice de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s 5 anos era de 72%, semelhante a nosso grupo de pacientes com HP fixa pr&#233;-tratada com sildenafila.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por todos esses motivos, uma estrat&#233;gia usando a sildenafila para reduzir a RVP pode ser considerada uma &#8220;terapia de resgate&#8221; valiosa em um grupo de pacientes com IC terminal, que n&#227;o estariam aptos ao TxC de outra forma. Nossos dados mostram que ela est&#225; associada a &#237;ndices de mortalidade no perioperat&#243;rio e em longo prazo semelhantes aos observados em pacientes sem HP.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo incluem sua natureza retrospectiva e n&#227;o controlada, o que pode condicionar uma sele&#231;&#227;o tendenciosa. Entretanto, inclu&#237;mos todos os pacientes que foram transplantados consecutivamente em nosso centro, e nenhum paciente foi perdido durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho de nossa amostra &#233; relativamente pequeno, o que limita o poder estat&#237;stico. No entanto, relatamos o que acreditamos ser a maior s&#233;rie existentes de pacientes de TxC pr&#233;-tratados com sildenafila. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de medi&#231;&#245;es diretas da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD imediatamente ap&#243;s o TxC. Tentamos compensar esse fato utilizando uma medi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD coletada 7 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento. Apesar de todas essas limita&#231;&#245;es, acreditamos que os resultados podem ter validade externa para outras popula&#231;&#245;es com IC avan&#231;ada, j&#225; que os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e hemodin&#226;micos est&#227;o alinhados com os relatados em outros estudos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O uso de sildenafila em candidatos a TxC com HP fixa melhorou a hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar, levando-a a um limiar em que o transplante seria poss&#237;vel. Nesse grupo de pacientes de alto risco, a hemodin&#226;mica p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria inicial e os resultados foram ligeiramente comprometidos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes sem HP. Entretanto, ap&#243;s 1 ano, os resultados de m&#233;dio a longo prazo foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Nossos achados corroboram o conceito de que a sildenafila pode resgatar pacientes previamente inaptos para o TxC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Ag&#234;ncia de Fomento de Pesquisa FCT POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032414.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Fevereiro de 2021, vol. 116(2), p&#225;gs. 219-226</p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Resultados Cl&#237;nicos e Hemodin&#226;micos de Longo Prazo ap&#243;s o Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Tratados com Sildenafil&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190047, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):219-226, na p&#225;gina 225, corrigir em Fontes de Financiamento para: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Ag&#234;ncia de Fomento de Pesquisa FCT POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032414.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Long-Term Clinical and Hemodynamic Outcomes after Heart Transplantation in Patients Pre-Treated with Sildenafil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3116-3764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia L&#225;zaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Nadia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4105-8199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2585-5254</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3330-4943</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prieto</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Fatima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pego</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel de Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Sofia L&#225;zaro Mendes</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra - Praceta, R. Prof. Mota Pinto Coimbra 3075, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal E-mail: sofialazaromendes@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mendes SL, Moreira N; Acquisition of data: Mendes SL, Moreira N, Batista M, Ferreira AR, Marinho AV, Prieto D; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mendes SL, Moreira N, Batista M, Ferreira AR, Marinho AV, Prieto D, Baptista R, Costa S; Statistical analysis: Mendes SL, Baptista R; Writing of the manuscript: Mendes SL, Ferreira AR, Baptista R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costa S, Franco F, Pego M, Antunes MJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance remains a major problem for heart transplant (HT) candidate selection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study sought at assess the effect of pre-HT sildenafil administration in patients with fixed pulmonary hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective, single-center study included 300 consecutive, HT candidates treated between 2003 and 2013, in which 95 patients had fixed PH, and of these, 30 patients were treated with sildenafil and eventually received a transplant, forming Group A. Group B included 205 patients without PH who underwent HT. Pulmonary hemodynamics were evaluated before HT, as well as 1 week after and 1 year after HT. Survival was compared between the groups. In this study, a p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> After treatment with sildenafil but before HT, PVR (-39%) and sPAP (-10%) decreased significantly. sPAP decreased after HT in both groups, but it remained significantly higher in group A vs. group B (40.3 &#177; 8.0 mmHg vs 36.5 &#177; 11.5 mmHg, p=0.022). One year after HT, sPAP was 32.4 &#177; 6.3 mmHg in group A vs 30.5 &#177; 8.2 mmHg in group B (p=0.274). The survival rate after HT at 30 days (97% in group A versus 96% in group B), at 6 months (87% versus 93%) and at one year (80% vs 91%) were not statistically significant (Log-rank p=0.063). After this first year, the attrition rate was similar among both groups (conditional survival after 1 year, Log-rank p=0.321).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In patients with severe PH pre-treated with sildenafil, early post-operative hemodynamics and prognosis are numerically worse than in patients without PH, but after 1 year, the medium to long-term mortality proved to be similar. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):219-226)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vascular Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Sildenafil Citrate</kwd>
        <kwd>Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart transplant (HT) is the gold-standard of care for end-stage heart failure.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Epidemic studies have shown that 60-70% of heart failure (HF) patients develop pulmonary hypertension (PH).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> In a Mayo Clinic study,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> there was a strong positive graded association between systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and mortality, and for this reason, the presence of severe PH is one of the major contraindications to HT because of post-operative right heart dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Elevated right-sided pressures in HF usually result from elevated left ventricle (LV) filling pressures. Therefore, diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (dPAP) correlates closely with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> On the other hand, the vasoreactive component of PH develops with long-standing PH. It is characterized by vasospasm, vasoconstriction, and morphologic changes of the pulmonary vasculature.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>In this case, PH persists even if the PCWP is lower after HT. Reflecting the &#8220;fixed&#8221; component of PH, the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and the transpulmonary gradient (TPG) are elevated.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>At first, PH is reversible by systemic vasodilators, but later it becomes relatively stationary or &#8220;fixed&#8221;.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Elevated PVR increases mortality in the early post-HT period and remains a major problem for candidate selection.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> The inability of the transplanted heart to adapt to pre-existing significant PH usually results in right ventricle (RV) failure, which accounts for nearly 50% of all cardiac complications and up to 19% of all early postoperative deaths.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>For this reason, the correct assessment that the reactivity of the pulmonary vasculature has in vasodilator therapy plays a crucial role in candidate selection. The American Heart Association guidelines define fixed PH as mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) &#8805; 25 mmHg and PVR &#8805; 2.5 Wood units (WU) and/or TPG &#8805; 12 mmHg, even after pharmacologic vasodilator testing.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sildenafil is a selective and potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which specifically degrades cyclic guanosine monophosphate, the second messenger of nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle cells.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Sildenafil has a favorable safety profile without oxygen desaturation or significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Several single-center studies have demonstrated a positive favorable hemodynamic effect of pre-HT sildenafil administration in HT candidates with PH.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> However, there is a paucity of data on the early and long-term outcomes of these high-risk patients.</p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to compare the effect on early RV hemodynamics and mortality after HT of pre-HT sildenafil administration among patients with fixed PH who achieved HT eligibility and patients without PH. Our hypothesis is that patients with PH who received a transplant while taking sildenafil had a comparable prognosis to that of patients without PH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>This retrospective, single-center, observational study included 300 consecutive patients, candidates to HT observed between November 2003 and December 2013. This population included 95 patients with fixed PH; of these, 30 patients were treated with sildenafil and eventually received transplants, forming Group A. Group B was formed by 205 patients without fixed PH who underwent HT.</p>
          <p>In group A, sildenafil was administered orally at 20 mg tid, during a mean of 65 days (range 4 &#8211; 181 days) prior to HT. Sildenafil was well tolerated in all patients enrolled, with no serious adverse events observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Collection</title>
          <p>Clinical, laboratorial, and hemodynamic data were extracted using a dedicated software. All patients underwent a candidacy right heart catheterization (RHC) with a Swan-Ganz catheter via the femoral vein before sildenafil initiation; the group of patients that were exposed to sildenafil underwent a second RHC to assess the hemodynamic effect of the drug. After HT, right ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures were registered during the first endomyocardial biopsy, which was performed at 1 week after HT. A late hemodynamic follow-up was collected during the predefined RHC at 1 year after HT in both groups.</p>
          <p>Cardiac output (CO) was measured by the Fick method, and cardiac index (CI) was calculated by dividing the CO by the body surface area. PCWP, sPAP, dPAP, and mPAP were measured automatically. PVR and TGP were calculated using the following formulas: TPG (mmHg) = mPAP - PCWP; PVR (WU) = TGP/CO.<sup>18</sup> A follow-up was conducted for a median of 6.9 years (range 4.2 &#8211; 6.9 years) by personal interview in the outpatient ward, through a review of hospital registries, and by telephone contact, and was obtained for every patient included in this study. Confidentiality was always respected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endpoints</title>
          <p>The co-primary outcome measures were (1) RV systolic pressure and end-diastolic pressure (the latter used as a surrogate of RV function) at 7 days after HT and (2) the sPAP and PVR 1 year after HT; the secondary outcome was the all-cause mortality after HT. The endpoints were compared between the pre-defined groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were normally distributed and assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and expressed as means&#177;standard deviations, while those with non-normal distribution were expressed as median (interquartile range). Dichotomous variables were expressed as frequencies (percentages). To compare data between the groups, the Student`s T-test (Unpaired T-test) for continuous variables, the Mann-Whitney test for non-continuous data, and the Chi-Square test (Fisher, as appropriate) for dichotomous data were used. The McNemar test was used for paired categorical analysis. Kaplan-Meyer survival curves were constructed and compared using the Log-rank test. Conditional survival was assessed by limiting the group of patients analyzed to those who have survived to at least 1 year. The entire analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 (College Station, Texas, USA). Graphs were constructed with GraphPad 5.0 (La Jolla, California, USA). In this study, a p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>All 235 patients underwent successful HT. Baseline characteristics are presented in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Most patients were male, and the mean age of group A was 53.6 &#177; 10.9 years and of group B 52.9 &#177; 13.4 years (p = 0.545). Pre-HT hemodynamics are presented in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> and were significantly different among groups. Group A patients displayed more severe pulmonary hemodynamics that Group B patients. After treatment with sildenafil but before HT, PVR (-39%) and sPAP (-10%) decreased significantly (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of Patients with (Group A) and without (Group B) Sildenafil Pre-Treatment Before Heart Transplant</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic<sup><bold>a</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>Group A (n=30)</th>
                  <th>Group B (n = 205)</th>
                  <th>p-value<sup><bold>b</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">53.6 &#177; 10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">52.9 &#177; 13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.545</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender Male, %</td>
                  <td align="center">86.7</td>
                  <td align="center">76.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.247</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiology</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic, %</td>
                  <td align="center">50.0</td>
                  <td align="center">34.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.346</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idiopathic, %</td>
                  <td align="center">36.7</td>
                  <td align="center">56.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertrophic, %</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Restrictive, %</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Congenital, %</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA Class</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III, %</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3</td>
                  <td align="center">36.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.968</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV, %</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">63.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Laboratorial Parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.815</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP, pg/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">524 [396 - 912]</td>
                  <td align="center">625 [306 - 1039]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.906</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac Parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">19.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">21.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mitral Regurgitation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild, %</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.703</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate, %</td>
                  <td align="center">32.0</td>
                  <td align="center">34.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate-Severe, %</td>
                  <td align="center">24.0</td>
                  <td align="center">14.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe, %</td>
                  <td align="center">24.0</td>
                  <td align="center">31.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac Devices</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICD, %</td>
                  <td align="center">40.0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRT, %</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">22.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sildenafil, pre-HTx</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Duration, days</td>
                  <td align="center">65 [4 &#8211; 181]</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BNP: blood natriuretic peptide; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; HT: heart transplant; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association. <sup><italic>a</italic></sup>Data are expressed as percentages, mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range). <sup><italic>b</italic></sup>Student`s T-test for continuous variables with normal distribution, Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables without normal distribution and Chi-Square test for categorical variables.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hemodynamic Variables before Heart Transplant in Patients with (Group A) and without (Group B) Severe Hypertension</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Group A Means &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>Group B Means &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>p-value<sup><bold> a</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVR, WU</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic</td>
                  <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 16.4</td>
                  <td align="center">44.5 &#177; 15.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic</td>
                  <td align="center">23.1 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">19.4 &#177; 8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean</td>
                  <td align="center">36.4 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 &#177; 10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CO, liters/min</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.645</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic</td>
                  <td align="center">75.0 &#177; 12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">74.9 &#177; 10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.980</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR, ppm</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.873</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate; CO: cardiac output; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; SD: standard deviation. <sup><italic>a</italic></sup>Student`s T test was used.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hemodynamic Variables before and after Heart Transplant in Patients with (Group A) and without (Group B) Sildenafil Pre-Treatment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Eligibility RHC</th>
                  <th colspan="2">3-month post-sildenafil RHC</th>
                  <th colspan="2">7<sup><bold>th</bold></sup>-day post-HTx EMB</th>
                  <th colspan="2">1-year RHC</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>sPAP (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>PVR (WU)</th>
                  <th>sPAP (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>PVR (WU)</th>
                  <th>RV systolic pressure (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>RV end-diastolic pressure (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>sPAP (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>PVR (WU)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>No sildenafil</td>
                  <td align="center">44.5 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">36.5 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0 (7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.48 (8.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (1.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sildenafil</td>
                  <td align="center">58.9 (16.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.8 (17.1)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3.3 (2.3)<sup>d</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">40.3 (8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9 (5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.43 (6.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (0.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p - value<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.374<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.274</td>
                  <td align="center">0.789</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>EMB: endomyocardial biopsy; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RHC: right heart catheterization; WU: wood units. <sup><italic>a </italic></sup>Student&#8217;s t-test comparing no sildenafil patients vs. sildenafil-treated patients. <sup><italic>b</italic></sup>McNemmar test. <sup><italic>c</italic></sup>P = 0.845 vs. no sildenafil patients. <sup><italic>d</italic></sup>P = 0.806 vs. no sildenafil patients.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Peri-HT Data and Post-HT Outcomes</title>
          <p>The co-primary endpoint measures, assessed 1 week after HT, are presented in <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>. The evolution of sPAP during the follow-up time in both groups is shown in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>. sPAP decreased after HT in both groups, but remained significantly higher in patients pre-treated with sildenafil vs. patients that were not pretreated (40.3 &#177; 8.0 mmHg vs 36.5 &#177; 11.5 mmHg, p = 0.022). No differences were found regarding RVEDP at one week after HT, used as a surrogate of early RV dysfunction (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>). One year after HT, sPAP was 32.4 &#177; 6.3 mmHg in group A vs 30.5 &#177; 8.2 mmHg in group B (p = 0.274) (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>). PVR was also similar in the two groups (1.8 &#177; 0.8 mmHg versus 1.8 &#177; 1.0 WU, p = 0.789).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; (Left panel) Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP, in mmHg) at four different time-points: baseline before HT without sildenafil treatment, before HT with sildenafil treatment, early after HT (7 days) and late after HT (one year). ***p &lt; 0.001, * p = 0.022. (Right panel) Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR, in Wood units) at three different time-points: baseline before HT without sildenafil treatment, before HT with sildenafil treatment and late after HT (one year). *** p &lt; 0.001, * p = 0.789. EMB: endomyocardial biopsy; HT: heart transplant; RHC: right heart catheterization.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0219-90047-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival Analysis</title>
          <p>Post-HT all-cause mortality is shown in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> (Log-rank <italic>P</italic> = 0.055). The survival rate after HT in group A was 97% at 30 days, 87% at 6 months, and 80% at one year. In group B, survival in the same time frames was 96%, 93%, and 91%, respectively. The difference at the one-year time-point was not statistically significant (Log-rank p = 0.063). After this first year, the attrition rate was similar between both groups, as shown in <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> (conditional survival after 1 year, Log-rank p = 0.321).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier analysis of all-cause mortality after transplant according to sildenafil treatment group. Log-rank p = 0.063.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0219-90047-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier analysis one-year conditional survival analysis. Log-rank p = 0.321.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-02-0219-90047-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Treatment of HT candidates with fixed PH with sildenafil enabled a successful post-operative period for most of the patients that were initially contraindicated for HT. Although displaying poorer hemodynamics shortly after the HT, and a numerically higher mortality during the first year, the prognosis during medium to long term follow-up was similar to that of HT patients without PH.</p>
        <p>The limit between fixed and reversible PH is unclear, and there is no agreement on the time needed to reach the level of theoretical irreversibility and the best parameters to define this status.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> At our center, RHC is routinely used with a vasodilator test, as this may be useful to establish the risk of death after HT.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> One of the most useful variables to asses this risk is the PVR.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> As shown by Taylor et al.<sup>19</sup> PVR is an independent predictor of early death after HT. This group reported that the survival in HT patients was significantly better if PVR was between 1 to 3 WU, compared with recipients with a PVR 3 to 5 WU, while patients with PVR &gt; 5 WU had the worst outcomes. The present study used sildenafil to decrease PVR (3.3 &#177; 2.3 WU), thus making the patients eligible for HT. In fact, among the patients that were treated with sildenafil, the average PVR was significantly elevated and would preclude HT (5.4 &#177; 2.3 WU) if no intervention had been done. Moreover, if these patients were not transplanted, their prognosis under medical therapy would have been poor unless a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) were implanted.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, two recent studies suggest that LVAD support and continuous nonpulsatile mechanical unloading of the LV can reverse a previously medically unresponsive pulmonary hypertension and render patients eligible for HT.<sup>20,21</sup> Of interest, pre-LVAD PVR in these studies (4.3 &#177; 1.7 WU and 4.8 &#177; 1.8 WU) was similar to that of our cohort (5.4 &#177; 2.3 WU). According to Perez-Villa et al.<sup>22</sup> a strategy of reducing elevated PVR using oral therapy (sildenafil or bosentan) in patients considered ineligible for HT because of elevated PVR is feasible and may reduce the risk of post-operative RV dysfunction, as we have also shown in our study.</p>
        <p>PDE5 inhibitors are receiving increasing interest in the field of left heart disase.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> In addition to standard HF therapy, sildenafil intervention might improve the pulmonary hemodynamic parameters.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> These favorable effects arise from its selective inhibition of the hydrolysis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the pulmonary vasculature, which promotes vasodilation and less remodeling, as well as a milrinone-like effect in the RV due to a process of molecular crosstalk that can inhibit PDE3 and increase RV contractility.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,18</sup>In a recent meta-analysis,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> sildenafil treatment was found to reduce PVR compared with placebo (weighted mean difference -1.0 WU, p &lt; 0.01).<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Our study also demonstrated that pre-HT sildenafil administration in HT candidates with PH had a positive hemodynamic effect by reducing PVR by about 2 WU.</p>
        <p>Right-sided circulatory failure and its associated morbidity remains an important source of peri-operative death for HT patients. Pons et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> also evaluated the effects of chronic sildenafil use on clinical outcomes in HT (mean follow-up, 3.4 &#177; 2.1 years). In this study, the survival rate after HT in the group of patients pre-treated with sildenafil (including only 15 patients) was 87% at 30 days. Importantly, no other patient died during the 5-year follow-up period after HT. By comparison, the survival rate after HT in group A was 97% at 30 days and 70% at five years. Accordingly, in the ISHLT International Registry for Heart Transplantation, the survival rate at five years was 72%, similar to our group of patients with fixed PH pre-treated with sildenafil.<sup>23</sup></p>
        <p>For all these reasons, a strategy of using sildenafil to reduce PVR can be considered to be a valuable &#8220;rescue therapy&#8221; in a group of patients with end-stage HF, who would otherwise not be eligible for HT. Our data show that it is associated with similar perioperative and long-term mortality similar to that observed in patients without fixed PH.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The limitations of this study include its retrospective and uncontrolled nature, potentially conditioning selection bias. However, we included all patients that were consecutively transplanted in our center and no patient was lost to follow-up. In addition, the size of our sample is relatively small, limiting the statistical power. However, to the best of our knowledge, to date, this is the largest case series on HT patients pre-treated with sildenafil. Another limitation is the absence of direct RV function measurements immediately after HT; we tried to compensate for this fact using a hemodynamic measurement of RV function collected 7 days after the procedure. Despite all these shortcomings, we believe that the results can have external validity for other advanced HF populations, as the demographic, clinical, hemodynamic, and prognostic data are in line with those reported in other trials.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The use of sildenafil in HT candidates with fixed PH improved pulmonary hemodynamics to a threshold where transplant was possible. In this high-risk group of patients, early post-operative hemodynamics and results were slightly compromised when compared with patients without PH. However, after 1 year, the medium to long-term outcomes were similar between the groups. Our findings support the concept that sildenafil can rescue previously ineligible patients for HT.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>. This study was partially funded by the FCT Research Development Agency POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032414.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>February 2021 issue, vol. 116(2), pages 219-226</p>
          <p>In the Original Article &#8220;Long-Term Clinical and Hemodynamic Outcomes after Heart Transplantation in Patients Pre-Treated with Sildenafil&#8221;, with DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190047, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):219-226, on page 225, correct under Sources of Funding to: This study was partially funded by the FCT Research Development Agency POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032414.</p>
        </fn>
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