<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vbzxLjcQkJLzbRyMRJY4sms</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00144</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100144</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200868</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200868</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 no Per&#237;odo P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rio Inicial de Transplante Card&#237;aco - Experi&#234;ncia Inicial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9117-8741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Pampolha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-594X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Molinari Veloso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5740-7707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manuel</surname>
            <given-names>Valdano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Steffen</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Padovani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaiotto</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor-HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Pampolha Guerreiro &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor-HCFMUSP) - Av. Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavo_guerreiro@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV, Manuel V, Steffen SP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV, Manuel V, Steffen SP, Bacal F, Gaiotto FA, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>144</fpage>
      <lpage>146</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Covid-19/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunossupress&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pandemia da doen&#231;a de coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) est&#225; aumentando rapidamente em todo o mundo. O Brasil &#233; o segundo pa&#237;s com mais casos, sendo considerado o epicentro da Am&#233;rica do Sul.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; conhecida por ser um importante fator de risco para susceptibilidade &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o, gravidade da doen&#231;a e mau progn&#243;stico em COVID-19. Os receptores de transplante card&#237;aco (TC) podem ter um risco aumentado devido &#224;s suas comorbidades; no entanto, foi teorizado que a imunossupress&#227;o pode proteg&#234;-los da tempestade de citocinas que &#233; respons&#225;vel por desfechos piores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo coronav&#237;rus da s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) tem sido relatada em pacientes com TC com apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a semelhante &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral, questionando o teorizado mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o da imunossupress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apresentamos aqui quatro casos de COVID-19 durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO) inicial de TC, com diferentes desfechos em curto prazo, incluindo um &#243;bito devido a complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relatos de Caso</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 1</title>
        <p>Um paciente de sexo masculino de 51 anos de idade, no 50&#186; dia PO, apresentou um quadro de dor tor&#225;cica com caracter&#237;sticas pleur&#237;ticas. A tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax revelou padr&#227;o de vidro fosco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>), com diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Nenhum tratamento espec&#237;fico foi necess&#225;rio. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) revelou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) normal (67%). O paciente recebeu alta para casa ap&#243;s tratamento para complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas menores relacionadas ao estado imunossupressor.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax revelando opacidades em vidro fosco em caso 1 (A), caso 2 (B), caso 3 (C) e caso 4 (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0144-00868-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base e testes laborat&#243;rios no momento do diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Paciente 1</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Paciente 2</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Paciente 3</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Paciente 4</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo (masculino/feminino)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiologia da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Chag&#225;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">Dilatada</td>
                  <td align="center">Chag&#225;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">CAVD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>INTERMACS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Inotr&#243;pico + ECMO</td>
                  <td align="center">Inotr&#243;pico + BIA</td>
                  <td align="center">Inotr&#243;pico + BIA</td>
                  <td align="center">Inotr&#243;pico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Imunossupress&#227;o durante COVID-19</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Corticosteroides + Micofenolato + Ciclosporina</td>
                  <td align="center">Corticosteroides + Ciclosporina</td>
                  <td align="center">Corticosteroides</td>
                  <td align="center">Corticosteroides + Micofenolato</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIH pr&#233;-TC (dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo de isquemia fria (minutos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">212</td>
                  <td align="center">261</td>
                  <td align="center">146</td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE PO de TC (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diagn&#243;stico PO de COVID-19 (dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Leve</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">Grave</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; CAVD: cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito; COVID-19: doen&#231;a de coronav&#237;rus 2019; ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; PO: p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; TC: transplante card&#237;aco; TIH: tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 2</title>
        <p>Uma paciente de sexo feminino de 22 anos de idade apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do enxerto, necessitando de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO) para a recupera&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o desmame da ECMO no 7&#186; dia PO, a paciente apresentou febre que levou ao diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Necessitou de oxigenoterapia, por&#233;m sem ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ou tratamento espec&#237;fico. A tomografia computadorizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>) revelou um padr&#227;o de vidro fosco. A paciente recebeu alta ap&#243;s anticoagula&#231;&#227;o por leve embolia pulmonar. A &#250;ltima ETT mostrou FEVE 60%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 3</title>
        <p>Um paciente de sexo masculino de 48 anos de idade, durante interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, apresentou sintomas respirat&#243;rios e tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax sugestivos de COVID-19; no entanto, foi exclu&#237;da ap&#243;s 3 testes negativos. O PO inicial transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias at&#233; o 21&#186; dia PO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>), quando apresentou febre e foi diagnosticado com COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Oxigenoterapia suplementar foi necess&#225;ria, mas n&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. O paciente recebeu azitromicina durante o seu tratamento para COVID-19. O paciente recebeu alta com FEVE normal avaliada por ETT (63%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 4</title>
        <p>Um paciente de sexo masculino de 31 anos de idade, no 5&#186; dia PO, apresentou tosse e del&#237;rio. A tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax revelou imagens em vidro fosco em ambos os pulm&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>) e o teste para COVID-19 foi positivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Foi necess&#225;ria oxigenoterapia suplementar e o paciente progressivamente piorou, necessitando de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. O paciente recebeu azitromicina durante seu tratamento para COVID-19. A &#250;ltima FEVE avaliada por ETT foi normal (65%). O paciente evoluiu para &#243;bito no 12&#186; dia PO devido a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pandemia de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 est&#225; aumentando dramaticamente em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As cirurgias eletivas t&#234;m sido canceladas e os leitos de enfermaria/UTI normalmente dedicados a cuidados pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios t&#234;m sido designados para pacientes com COVID-19. Os cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos e cardiologistas est&#227;o enfrentando s&#233;rios problemas na tomada de decis&#245;es para tratar pacientes cir&#250;rgicos neste per&#237;odo, uma vez que &#233; necess&#225;rio equilibrar o risco de morte cardiovascular devido &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o tardia, o risco de operar um paciente em incuba&#231;&#227;o ou no per&#237;odo assintom&#225;tico de infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 e o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o desafio &#233; ainda maior, pois, devido &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, esses pacientes frequentemente requerem longas interna&#231;&#245;es, as quais aumentam o risco de COVID-19. De 2010 a 2018, 44% dos pacientes estavam internados no momento do TC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Durante a pandemia, muitos centros de TC est&#227;o reavaliando as suas listas de espera, dando prioridade aos pacientes com menor expectativa de vida ou pacientes hospitalizados que t&#234;m contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (DAVE) de longa dura&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Infelizmente, essa estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o &#233; fact&#237;vel para todos os centros devido &#224; falta de recursos, especialmente durante a pandemia.</p>
      <p>Os nossos receptores de TC incluem em sua maioria pacientes hospitalizados e priorizados, e DAVE de longa dura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel. A maioria dos nossos pacientes submetidos ao TC nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos foi hospitalizada no momento do TC. Apesar de todas as medidas preventivas tomadas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os protocolos institucionais, esses pacientes apresentam alto risco de serem infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de estadiamento proposta por Siddiqi e Mehra, apenas um de nossos pacientes apresentou COVID-19 grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os tr&#234;s primeiros pacientes apresentaram formas leves e moderadas, n&#227;o necessitando de tratamento espec&#237;fico ou intensivo. Apenas dois pacientes receberam azitromicina. O &#250;ltimo paciente veio a &#243;bito devido a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda. Com base em nossa experi&#234;ncia limitada e outros relat&#243;rios publicados, a COVID-19 pode ter apresenta&#231;&#227;o semelhante em receptores de TC durante o per&#237;odo PO inicial (de forma leve a grave), em compara&#231;&#227;o tanto aos receptores de TC no per&#237;odo PO tardio quanto &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, esta s&#233;rie de casos &#233; a primeira a relatar resultados em receptores de TC que contra&#237;ram a COVID-19 durante o per&#237;odo PO inicial e nossa experi&#234;ncia mostrou apresenta&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a semelhantes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes n&#227;o receptores de TC previamente relatados. S&#233;ries maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para entender essa hip&#243;tese melhor. Atualmente, parece que o TC deve ser considerado para aqueles pacientes que n&#227;o podem receber alta para casa em centros onde o DAVE de longa dura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; dispon&#237;vel, considerando os riscos e benef&#237;cios individuais, avaliados para cada paciente e realidade local.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. World Health Organization.(WHO). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report - 154. 2020. [Internet] [Cited in 2020 Jun23] Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200622-covid-19-sitrep-154.pdf?sfvrsn=d0249d8d_2">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200622-covid-19-sitrep-154.pdf?sfvrsn=d0249d8d_2</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
            <collab>WHO</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report - 154</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">Cited in 2020 Jun23</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200622-covid-19-sitrep-154.pdf?sfvrsn=d0249d8d_2">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200622-covid-19-sitrep-154.pdf?sfvrsn=d0249d8d_2</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17:259-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>YY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>YT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>260</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Aghagoli G, Gallo Marin B, Soliman LB, Sellke FW. Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients: Risk factors, predictors, and complications: A review. J Card Surg. 2020 Apr 19 . doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.14538">https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.14538</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aghagoli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallo Marin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soliman</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sellke</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients: Risk factors, predictors, and complications: A review</article-title>
          <source>J Card Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>04</month>
          <day>19</day>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.14538">https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.14538</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Li F, Cai J, Dong N. First cases of COVID-19 in heart transplantation from China. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39(5);496-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cai</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dong</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>First cases of COVID-19 in heart transplantation from China</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>496</fpage>
          <lpage>497</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Holzhauser L, Lourenco L, Sarswat N, Kim G, Chung B, Nguyen AB. Early Experience of COVID-19 in Two Heart Transplant Recipients - Case Reports and Review of Treatment Options. Am J Transplant. 2020. 20(10):2916-22,</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holzhauser</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lourenco</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarswat</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Experience of COVID-19 in Two Heart Transplant Recipients - Case Reports and Review of Treatment Options</article-title>
          <source>Am J Transplant</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2916</fpage>
          <lpage>2922</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Latif F, Farr MA, Clerkin KJ, Habal M, Takeda K, Naka Y, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Recipients of Heart Transplant With Coronavirus Disease.JAMA Cardiol. 2020 May 13;e202159. Online ahead of print</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Latif</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farr</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clerkin</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Habal</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takeda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naka</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characteristics and Outcomes of Recipients of Heart Transplant With Coronavirus Disease</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <day>13</day>
          <elocation-id>e202159</elocation-id>
          <comment>Online ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Haft JW, Atluri P, Alawadi G, Engelman D, Grand EM, Hassen A, et al. on behalf of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons COVID-19 Taskforce and the Workforce for Adult Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Adult cardiac surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tiered Patient Triage Guidance Statement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020;110(2):697-700.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haft</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atluri</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alawadi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engelman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grand</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hassen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>on behalf of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons COVID-19 Taskforce and the Workforce for Adult Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Adult cardiac surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tiered Patient Triage Guidance Statement</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>697</fpage>
          <lpage>700</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantion. International Thoracic Organ Transplant (TTX) Registry Data - 2019. [Internet] [Cited in 2020 Jan 12] Available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ishltregistries.org/registries/slides.asp?year=2019">https://ishltregistries.org/registries/slides.asp?year=2019</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantion</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>International Thoracic Organ Transplant (TTX) Registry Data</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">Cited in 2020 Jan 12</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ishltregistries.org/registries/slides.asp?year=2019">https://ishltregistries.org/registries/slides.asp?year=2019</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. DeFilippis EM, Farr MA, Givertz MM. Challenges in Heart Transplantation in the Era of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020. 141(25):2048-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeFilippis</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farr</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Givertz</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Challenges in Heart Transplantation in the Era of COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2048</fpage>
          <lpage>2061</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states - A clinical-therapeutic staging proposal. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39(5);405-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siddiqi</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehra</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states - A clinical-therapeutic staging proposal</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>405</fpage>
          <lpage>407</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 in Early Postoperative Heart Transplantation - Initial Experience</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9117-8741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Pampolha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-594X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Molinari Veloso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5740-7707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manuel</surname>
            <given-names>Valdano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Steffen</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Padovani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaiotto</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor-HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Addressa: Gustavo Pampolha Guerreiro</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor-HCFMUSP) - Av. Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gustavo_guerreiro@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV, Manuel V, Steffen SP; Data acquisition: Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Guerreiro GP, Silveira LMV, Manuel V, Steffen SP, Bacal F, Gaiotto FA, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Covid-19/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Imunossupression</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly increasing worldwide. Brazil is the country with the second highest number of cases, and it is considered South America&#8217;s epicenter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease is known to be an important risk factor for infection susceptibility, illness severity, and poor prognosis in COVID-19. Heart transplantation (HT) recipients may have an increased risk due to their comorbidities; however, it has been theorized that immunosuppression might protect them from the cytokine storm responsible for worse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> On the other hand, infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported in HT patients with disease presentation similar to general population, questioning the theorized immunosuppression protective mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Herein, we present four cases of COVID-19 during the early postoperative (PO) HT period, with different short-term outcomes, including one death due to respiratory complications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Reports</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 1</title>
          <p>A 51-year-old male patient, on PO day 50, presented chest pain with pleuritic characteristics. His chest computed tomography (CT) showed a ground glass pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>), and was diagnosed with COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). No specific treatment was required. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed normal (67%) left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). He was discharged home after receiving treatment for minor infectious complications related to immunosuppressive status.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Chest computed tomography revealing peripheral ground glass opacities in case 1 (A), case 2 (B), case 3 (C) and case 4 (D).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0144-00868-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics and laboratory tests at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>
										</th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Patient 1</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Patient 2</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Patient 3</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Patient 4</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">48</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex (male/female)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Male</td>
                    <td align="center">Female</td>
                    <td align="center">Male</td>
                    <td align="center">Male</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Heart disease etiology</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Chagasic</td>
                    <td align="center">Dilated</td>
                    <td align="center">Chagasic</td>
                    <td align="center">ARVC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>INTERMACS</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Preoperative condition</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Inotropic + ECMO</td>
                    <td align="center">Inotropic + IABP</td>
                    <td align="center">Inotropic + IABP</td>
                    <td align="center">Inotropic</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Immunosuppression during COVID-19</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Corticosteroids + Mycophenolate + Cyclosporine</td>
                    <td align="center">Corticosteroids + Cyclosporine</td>
                    <td align="center">Corticosteroids</td>
                    <td align="center">Corticosteroids + Mycophenolate</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LOS pre-HT (days)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">80</td>
                    <td align="center">58</td>
                    <td align="center">143</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cold ischemia time (minutes)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">212</td>
                    <td align="center">261</td>
                    <td align="center">146</td>
                    <td align="center">161</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF PO HT (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">67</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">63</td>
                    <td align="center">65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>PO COVID-19 diagnosis (days)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">45</td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>COVID-19 presentation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Mild</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">Severe</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ARVC: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HT: heart transplant; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; INTERMACS: Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; LOS: length of stay; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PO: postoperative.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 2</title>
          <p>A 22-year-old female patient had primary graft dysfunction requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for recovery. After weaning from ECMO on PO day 7, she presented fever that lead to COVID-19 diagnosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). She required oxygen therapy, without mechanical ventilation or specific treatment. CT scan (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>) showed a ground glass pattern. The patient was discharged after anticoagulation due to minor pulmonary embolism. Last TTE showed 60% LVEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 3</title>
          <p>A 48-year-old male patient, during hospitalization for decompensated heart failure, presented respiratory symptoms and chest CT suggestive of COVID-19; however, this was excluded after 3 negatives tests. Early PO was uneventful until PO day 21 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref>), when he presented fever and was diagnosed with COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Supplementary oxygen therapy was required, but not mechanical ventilation. The patient received azithromycin during his COVID-19 treatment. He was discharged with normal LVEF assessed by TTE (63%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 4</title>
          <p>A 31-year-old male patient, on PO day 5, presented cough and delirium. Chest CT showed ground glass images in both lungs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref>) and he tested positive for COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Supplementary oxygen therapy was needed, and he progressively got worse, requiring mechanical ventilation. The patient received azithromycin during his COVID-19 treatment. Last LVEF assessed by TTE was normal (65%). The patient died on PO day 12 due to acute respiratory failure.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection is dramatically increasing worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Elective surgeries have been cancelled and ward/ICU beds dedicated to pre- and postoperative care have been designated for patients with COVID-19. Cardiac surgeons and cardiologists are facing serious issues in making decisions to treat surgical patients in this period, since it is necessary to balance the risk of cardiovascular death due to delayed intervention, the risk of operating a patient in incubation or asymptomatic period of COVID-19 infection, and the risk of being infected during hospitalization after cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Concerning patients with heart failure, the challenge is even greater, because, due to cardiac decompensation, these patients frequently require long hospitalizations, which increase the risk of COVID-19. From 2010 to 2018, 44% of patients were hospitalized at the time of HT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> During the pandemic, many HT centers are reassessing their waiting lists, prioritizing patients with lower life expectancy or hospitalized patients who have contraindications for durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Unfortunately, this strategy is not feasible for all centers due to a lack of resources, especially during the pandemic.</p>
        <p>Our HT recipients include mostly hospitalized and prioritized patients, and durable LVAD was not possible. Most of our patients who underwent HT during the last 10 years were hospitalized at the time of HT. Despite all the preventive measures taken during hospitalization according to institutional protocols, these patients are at high risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2.</p>
        <p>According to the staging classification proposed by Siddiqi and Mehra, only one of our patients had severe COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The first three patients presented with mild and moderate forms, not requiring specific or intensive care treatment. Only two patients received azithromycin. The last patient died due to acute respiratory failure. Based on our limited experience and other published reports, COVID-19 may have similar presentation in HT recipients during the early PO phase (from mild to severe forms), whether compared to HT recipients in the late PO period or to the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To our knowledge, this case series is the first to report results in HT recipients developing COVID-19 during the early PO period, and our experience has shown similar disease presentations compared to non-HT recipients previously reported. Larger series are required to better understand this hypothesis. It currently seems that HT should be considered for patients who cannot be discharged home in centers where durable LVAD are not available, considering individual risks and benefits, weighed for each patient and local situation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
