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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qdvZzr74G4SbVp4v3brznYz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000100119</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180449</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180449</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Taquicardia Atrial Focal com Ativa&#231;&#227;o Precoce Pr&#243;xima ao Feixe de His, a Partir da C&#250;spide A&#243;rtica n&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6697-7074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6909-8171</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas G. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Italo Bruno dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina Abigail</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2329-7439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6454-120X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ponte</surname>
            <given-names>Arnobio Dias da</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6572-7505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavora</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4185-9423</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Antonio Prudente Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Antonio Prudente Hospital, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Muhieddine Chokr &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de arritmias card&#237;acas &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>muhieddinechokr@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Scanavacca M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Pisani CF, Hardy CA, Melo SL, Ponte Filho AD, Costa IP, Tavora RV, Sacilotto L, Wu TC, Darrieux FCC, Hachul DT, Aiello V, Scanavacca M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Pisani CF, Ponte Filho AD, Costa IP, Sacilotto L, Wu TC, Darrieux FCC, Hachul DT, Aiello V, Scanavacca M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Aiello V, Scanavacca M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Pisani CF, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>119</fpage>
      <lpage>126</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia atrial (TA) com local de ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce pr&#243;xima ao feixe de His &#233; um desafio, devido ao risco de bloqueio de AV completo por sua proximidade ao sistema de His-Purkinje (SHP). Uma alternativa para minimizar esse risco &#233; posicionar o cateter na c&#250;spide n&#227;o coron&#225;ria (CNC), que &#233; anatomicamente cont&#237;gua &#224; regi&#227;o para-Hissiana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma revis&#227;o de literatura e avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas, a seguran&#231;a e o &#237;ndice de sucesso de aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) por cateter na CNC para o tratamento de TA para-Hissiana em uma s&#233;rie de casos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Avaliamos retrospectivamente dez pacientes (Idade: 36&#177;10 anos) que foram encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular (TPSV) e haviam sido diagnosticados com TA focal para-Hissiana confirmada por manobras eletrofisiol&#243;gicas cl&#225;ssicas. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, um P valor d &lt;0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial mais precoce na posi&#231;&#227;o His foi de 28&#177;12ms da onda P, e a CNC foi 3&#177;2ms antes da posi&#231;&#227;o His, sem evid&#234;ncia de potencial His em todos os pacientes. Foi aplicada RF &#224; CNC (cateter de ponta de 4-mm; 30W, 55&#176;C) e a taquicardia foi interrompida em 5&#177;3s sem aumento no intervalo PR ou evid&#234;ncia de um ritmo juncional. Os testes eletrofisiol&#243;gicos n&#227;o induziram novamente a taquicardia em 9/10 pacientes. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es em nenhum procedimento. Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 30 &#177; 12 meses, nenhum paciente apresentou recorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O tratamento percut&#226;neo de TA para-Hissiana por meio de CNC &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia segura e eficiente, tornando-se uma op&#231;&#227;o interessante para o tratamento de arritmia complexa. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):119-126)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fasc&#237;culo Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas Eletrofisiol&#243;gicas Card&#237;acas/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As taquicardias atriais focais (TA) geralmente se originam de determinadas estruturas compostas de tecido atrial, tais como a <italic>crista terminalis</italic>, veias pulmonares, ap&#234;ndices atriais e &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio. A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) foi estabelecida como o m&#233;todo preferencial para o tratamento dessas arritmias. Embora focos originados na regi&#227;o para-Hissiana sejam raros, eles s&#227;o um desafio terap&#234;utico devido &#224; proximidade com o sistema de His-Purkinje (SHP). A tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o via &#225;trio direito poderia aumentar o risco de afetar o n&#243; AV, SHP, e, portanto, causar o bloqueio atrioventricular (AV). Entretanto, o uso do acesso retroa&#243;rtico para explorar a c&#250;spide n&#227;o coron&#225;ria (CNC), que &#233; anatomicamente adjacente &#224; regi&#227;o mencionada acima, &#233; descrito como uma estrat&#233;gia alternativa.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A experi&#234;ncia com a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a desse tipo de abla&#231;&#227;o continua limitada. Neste estudo, relatamos uma s&#233;rie de casos de taquicardia atrial para-Hissiana que foram mapeados e fizeram a abla&#231;&#227;o pela CNC. As caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas e os resultados com essa abordagem foram analisados. Al&#233;m disso, a anatomia da regi&#227;o e as estrat&#233;gias procedimentais foram discutidas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <p>Foram analisados os prontu&#225;rios de 10 pacientes (8 mulheres e 2 homens; m&#233;dia de idade 36&#177;10 anos), de duas institui&#231;&#245;es brasileiras (Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o/InCor, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. e Hospital Ant&#244;nio Prudente, Fortaleza), submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter entre janeiro de 2014 e mar&#231;o de 2017. O tratamento com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas foi interrompido por pelo menos cinco meias-vidas antes do procedimento. Eles foram avaliados por exame f&#237;sico, radiografia tor&#225;cica, e ecocardiograma, e nenhum apresentou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico ap&#243;s jejum de 8 horas, sob monitoramento cont&#237;nuo e n&#237;vel de seda&#231;&#227;o controlado por um anestesista. Foi realizada pun&#231;&#227;o tripla na veia femoral, e cateteres padr&#227;o (3) foram introduzidos no seio coron&#225;rio (decapolar; 6F), regi&#227;o do feixe His (quadripolar, 7F), e base do ventr&#237;culo direito (quadripolar, 7F).</p>
      <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial programada, ou ruptura atrial foi feita com um sistema de registro de eletrofisiologia (EP tracer, Holanda) para induzir a taquicardia em dois pacientes; e o aparecimento espont&#226;neo de taquicardia foi observado em um paciente. O uso de isoproterenol (10-20mcg; infus&#227;o IV) foi necess&#225;rio em sete pacientes. Em um caso, estava dispon&#237;vel um sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico (Carto 3; Biosense).</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de TA foi confirmado utilizando-se as seguintes observa&#231;&#245;es e manobras eletrofisiol&#243;gicas: altera&#231;&#245;es no intervalo A-A antes de altera&#231;&#245;es no intervalo V-V, arrastamento ventricular durante a taquicardia com resposta tipo V-A-A-V, ou mesmo altera&#231;&#245;es no intervalo V-A durante a taquicardia (aus&#234;ncia de conex&#227;o V-A). Em todos os casos, observou-se a ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial com menos de 50% do comprimento do ciclo de taquicardia, indicando um padr&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o focal.</p>
      <p>Quando a ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial mais precoce estava no septo atrial direito e era acompanhada de potencial His percept&#237;vel no local, a TA foi definida como para-Hissiana. Por &#250;ltimo, a art&#233;ria femoral foi puncionada para permitir o mapeamento detalhado da regi&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica retr&#243;grada.</p>
      <p>Um cateter terap&#234;utico de ponta de 4-mm foi usado para aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) (30W/55&#186;C durante 60 segundos), usando incid&#234;ncias fluorosc&#243;picas obl&#237;quas direita e esquerda como refer&#234;ncias para a localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). Em um paciente, foi usado um sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>). Em todos os casos, o local da ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce foi identificado pela CNC, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aparecimento da onda P perif&#233;rica, semelhante ao detectado pelo cateter colocado no septo interatrial direito, mas com a vantagem da aus&#234;ncia do potencial de feixe de His no primeiro (<xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>). O sucesso do procedimento foi definido como sendo a cessa&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF, e a n&#227;o indu&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia depois de v&#225;rias tentativas de induzi-la por ruptura atrial, ou depois da infus&#227;o de isoproterenol.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Posicionamento do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o na CNC em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua direita e esquerda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico mostrando pontos de aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF na CNC. Observe o relacionamento &#237;ntimo da c&#250;spide n&#227;o coron&#225;ria com a regi&#227;o para-Hissiana.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Em sequ&#234;ncia, de cima para baixo: deriva&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas, seio coron&#225;rio de eletrodos proximais e distais, e registro de cateteres pr&#243;ximos &#224; regi&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e do feixe de His. Tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial local mais precoce semelhante &#233; observado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aparecimento de uma onda P da regi&#227;o septal para-Hissiana e CNC, mas n&#227;o se observou potencial His nesta &#250;ltima.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), se forem normalmente distribu&#237;dos, e como mediana mais faixa interquartil, se n&#227;o forem. Para dados categ&#243;ricos, ser&#227;o usadas contagens e porcentagens (%). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para determinar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. O teste U de Mann Whitney foi utilizado para comparar diferen&#231;as entre grupos para valores cont&#237;nuos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Por &#250;ltimo, o teste exato de Fisher foi aplicado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de dados categ&#243;ricos em uma tabela de conting&#234;ncia 2x2. Para todos os testes, um P valor d &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo (bilateral). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes podem ser visualizadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> e na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>. Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, exceto a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P durante o ritmo do seio e a taquicardia, apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes avaliados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                <th>Idade</th>
                <th>Sexo</th>
                <th>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural</th>
                <th>Dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas (meses)</th>
                <th>AADs ineficazes</th>
                <th>Abla&#231;&#227;o anterior mal sucedida</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;12</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">12-24</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">12-24</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">12-24</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805;48</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805;48</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;12</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">12-24</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;12</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;12</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>AADs: drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. </italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas eletrofisiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes avaliados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia de idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 10*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda p durante a taquicardia (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 17<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda p durante o ritmo do seio (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">112 &#177; 20<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de sucesso da abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">9/10 (90%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comprimento m&#233;dio do ciclo de taquicardia (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">362&#177;43*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial mais precoce registrada no cateter His (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">28&#177;12*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Local da ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce &#224; regi&#227;o do feixe de His (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">3&#177;2*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">14 [10 - 18]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo do in&#237;cio da abla&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a interrup&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia (segundos)</td>
                <td align="center">5 [2 - 8]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de sistema de mapeamento 3D</td>
                <td align="center">1/10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angiografia coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">0/10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es graves</td>
                <td align="center">0/10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia + desvio padr&#227;o (DP). &#167;O valor &#233; exibido como m&#233;dia + faixa interquartil (IQR). </italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Nenhum dos pacientes j&#225; tinha passado por abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. O comprimento m&#233;dio do ciclo de taquicardia atrial foi 362&#177;43 ms. Ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial mais precoce registrada no cateter His foi 28&#177;12 ms, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; onda P perif&#233;rica. O tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial local registrado pelo cateter na CNC foi 3&#177;2 ms antes, comparado ao do cateter His.</p>
      <p>Em todos os casos, o local inicial de abla&#231;&#227;o foi a CNC, com sucesso em 9 de 10 deles. O caso restante exigiu o mapeamento e a tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o para-Hissiana com baixa pot&#234;ncia (20w), que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi bem sucedido.</p>
      <p>O tempo m&#233;dio para a interrup&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia atrial depois da aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF foi 5 segundos. O ritmo juncional e um aumento no intervalo PR n&#227;o foram observados durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF em todos os casos. Todos os procedimentos foram bem tolerados e n&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 30 &#177; 12 meses, nenhum paciente teve recorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia atrial. Os pacientes permaneceram assintom&#225;ticos na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e com monitoramento por ECG Holter cont&#237;nuo din&#226;mico.</p>
      <p>Ao registrar o eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie, observamos que a morfologia da onda P, demonstrando padr&#227;o bif&#225;sico ou trif&#225;sico em 6 de 10 pacientes em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores, e teve dura&#231;&#227;o significativamente mais curta, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ritmo do seio em todos os casos, 93 &#177; 17 versus 112 &#177; 20 ms (p&lt;0,05). (<xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Morfologia da onda P de todos os casos. Morfologia da onda P, demonstrando padr&#227;o bif&#225;sico ou trif&#225;sico em 6 de 10 pacientes em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas</title>
        <p>A aorta ocupa uma posi&#231;&#227;o central na base do cora&#231;&#227;o, encaixada profundamente entre as jun&#231;&#245;es atrioventriculares direita e esquerda. As rela&#231;&#245;es espaciais dos seios de Valsalva demonstram, portanto, proximidade entre as paredes atriais e o tecido adiposo interposto entre eles na base do cora&#231;&#227;o. Considerando um padr&#227;o de meia-lua da fixa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes a&#243;rticos, &#233; evidente que as rela&#231;&#245;es topogr&#225;ficas variam de acordo com a profundidade dentro do seio. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5A</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5B</xref> mostram as rela&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas do seio a&#243;rtico n&#227;o coron&#225;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estruturas do &#225;trio direito. Especificamente, a parte mais profunda do seio a&#243;rtico n&#227;o coron&#225;rio (tamb&#233;m chamado n&#227;o adjacente) est&#225; intimamente relacionada ao componente atrioventricular do septo card&#237;aco. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5C</xref> mostra a parede do seio e os marcos da &#225;rea juncional e n&#243; atrioventricular</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pode-se observar uma rela&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima entre o CNC e a regi&#227;o do feixe de His. A) Vista obl&#237;qua de um corte de eixo curto na base do cora&#231;&#227;o, mostrando o seio n&#227;o coron&#225;rio de Valsalva (NC) e os marcos do tri&#226;ngulo de Koch (linhas pontilhadas) e septo membranoso (estrela). B) Corte de eixo curto na base do cora&#231;&#227;o mostrando as rela&#231;&#245;es espaciais dos seios a&#243;rticos e o tecido adiposo presente entre a aorta e as paredes atriais. C) Se&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da raiz a&#243;rtica mostrando a curta dist&#226;ncia entre a por&#231;&#227;o profunda do seio n&#227;o coron&#225;rio de Valsalva (CNC) e a &#225;rea correspondente ao v&#233;rtice do tri&#226;ngulo de Koch, localizado na regi&#227;o anterossuperior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao orif&#237;cio do seio coron&#225;rio (seta com duas pontas).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dessa forma, a CNC passa a ser um alvo alternativo na estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica em que a falha na interven&#231;&#227;o ocorre quando se tenta fazer a abla&#231;&#227;o nos dois lados do septo atrial, ou o risco de bloqueio atrioventricular resulta do registro de eletrograma do feixe de His pr&#243;ximo ao alvo da abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista embriol&#243;gico, c&#233;lulas da crista neural contribuem para formar o septo aortopulmonar, coxim endoc&#225;rdico no canal de sa&#237;da, e isolamento do feixe de His do mioc&#225;rdio ao seu redor. Resqu&#237;cios dessas c&#233;lulas na regi&#227;o perinodal pode justificar o substrato, que causa e mant&#233;m a arritmia.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> A CNC se origina do mioc&#225;rdio atrial, enquanto a c&#250;spide coron&#225;ria esquerda se origina do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular. Esse fato explica a frequ&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais na NCC, e arritmias ventriculares nas c&#250;spides direita e esquerda.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de taquicardias origin&#225;rias da regi&#227;o perinodal &#233; de 7 a 10% em s&#233;ries diferentes, com v&#225;rias s&#233;ries e relatos de casos mostrando que taquicardias para-Hissianas podem ser tratadas adequadamente, com um &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#227;o baixo.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A abordagem dessas taquicardias atrav&#233;s da CNC reduz o risco de danos ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, garantindo uma estabilidade maior ao cateter durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF, bem como um bom contato com o tecido. A explica&#231;&#227;o prov&#225;vel para a efici&#234;ncia da abla&#231;&#227;o nesse local &#233; o direcionamento das extens&#245;es atriais direitas na CNC, mais distante do sistema His Purkinje, que se localiza no endoc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF pode causar danos &#224;s v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas, embora essa complica&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi relatada at&#233; os limites de pot&#234;ncia (30w) e temperatura (55&#176;C) em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> A angiografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foi realizada como rotina antes de se aplicar a RF porque nossa pr&#225;tica demonstra que a presen&#231;a de um eletrograma com &#225;trio maior que o ventr&#237;culo (raz&#227;o A/V &gt; 1), anatomicamente mais pr&#243;ximo a um cateter usado como refer&#234;ncia no &#225;trio direito, paralelo ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, marca um local seguro para a abla&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica de mapeamento, observou-se uma raz&#227;o maior ou igual a 1 entre as amplitudes dos eletrogramas atrial e ventricular em todos os pacientes do alvo de abla&#231;&#227;o. Essa caracter&#237;stica eletrofisiol&#243;gica tem grande valor, pois a invers&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o A/V sugere que o limite da CNC est&#225; sendo ultrapassado e o cateter est&#225; apoiado na c&#250;spide direita. Isso causa maior risco de les&#227;o ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, servindo como assist&#234;ncia e refer&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica quando a fluoroscopia &#233; usada.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Usamos o mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico (MEA) apenas em um caso. O motivo disso &#233; que a maioria de nossos pacientes foram tratados no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, onde esse recurso n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel. Entretanto, em nossa amostra, conforme descrito por Toniolo et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> foi poss&#237;vel alcan&#231;ar altos &#237;ndices de sucesso, apesar de n&#227;o usar o recurso.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, h&#225; situa&#231;&#245;es em que o MEA &#233; fundamental. Recentemente, Bitaraes et al publicaram um caso de uma paciente gr&#225;vida com uma TA refrat&#225;ria a tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, em que a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter foi realizada com sucesso pela c&#250;spide a&#243;rtica n&#227;o coron&#225;ria com fluoroscopia zero, utilizando o MEA.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nossos achados est&#227;o em desacordo com os de Ouyang et al.,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> que observaram que uma onda P -/+ na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 associada a P+ em D1 e AVL sugerem origem na CNC. De acordo com esse autor, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de uma onda P-/+ com sua parte mais proeminente sendo positiva e a origem no &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; um fato relevante. Recentemente, Madaffari et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> publicaram dados da morfologia da onda P, em que uma onda P estreita e bif&#225;sica (-/+) ou trif&#225;sica (+/-/+) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferior e precordial identificam com confian&#231;a o grupo de TA que surge na regi&#227;o para-Hissiana. Em nosso estudo, identificamos que a morfologia da onda P, demonstrando padr&#227;o bif&#225;sico ou trif&#225;sico em 6 de 10 pacientes em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores, e uma onda P significativamente mais curta em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ritmo do seio, era vari&#225;vel nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, em dez casos, ocorreu apenas uma tentativa mal sucedida de realizar a abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia pela CNC, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o teve sucesso pelo &#225;trio direito. Presumimos que uma estrat&#233;gia mais agressiva pelo lado direito do septo poderia ter resultado em danos ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e bloqueio atrioventricular, justificando a baixa pot&#234;ncia de sa&#237;da testada (20w). A taquicardia parou durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es, mas pode ser induzida novamente durante a infus&#227;o de isoproterenol. Um alvo mais profundo na regi&#227;o do septo poderia explicar a dificuldade de eliminar o substrato. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que o operador n&#227;o explorou a regi&#227;o esquerda do septo nesse caso. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o usamos cateter irrigado porque, em nossa opini&#227;o, a raiz a&#243;rtica &#233; uma regi&#227;o de alto fluxo de sangue e, a menos que a aplica&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia fosse limitada por cortes de alta temperatura repetidamente, a irriga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deveria fazer uma diferen&#231;a significativa. No acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, o paciente estava assintom&#225;tico, com o uso de betabloqueadores. Portanto, nenhuma nova tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, Lyan et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> avaliaram estrat&#233;gias diferentes de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de taquicardia atrial local originando pr&#243;ximo &#224; regi&#227;o do feixe de His em 68 pacientes, e conclu&#237;ram que o &#237;ndice de sucesso agudo de abla&#231;&#227;o de TA para-Hissiana pela CNC foi mais alto do que a abla&#231;&#227;o no septo do AE e no septo do AD (p&lt;0,05). Por esse motivo, eles argumentam que a CNC deve ser a primeira abordagem e a preferencial para essas taquicardias, independentemente do tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o local. Esse tamb&#233;m e o posicionamento de Bohora et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Por outro lado, Madaffari et al.,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> prop&#245;em que a CNC &#233; uma entre tr&#234;s abordagens poss&#237;veis para alcan&#231;ar o sucesso, e que a escolha deve ser baseada no momento de ativa&#231;&#227;o local.</p>
        <p>Concordamos com Lyan et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> e Bohora et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> j&#225; que a abordagem de CNC parece ser a primeira escolha para realizar a abla&#231;&#227;o nesse cen&#225;rio, com altos &#237;ndices de sucesso.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo confirma as observa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias de que o mapeamento e a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de taquicardia atrial focal com ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce pr&#243;xima ao feixe de His, a partir da c&#250;spide a&#243;rtica n&#227;o coron&#225;ria (CNC) &#233; um procedimento eficiente e aparentemente seguro. Acreditamos que a explora&#231;&#227;o retroa&#243;rtica deva ser obrigat&#243;ria nesse caso. Um eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie pode sugerir o alvo adequado pr&#243;ximo &#224; regi&#227;o do feixe de His, mas n&#227;o em todos os casos. O conhecimento das rela&#231;&#245;es da CNC com o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental na abla&#231;&#227;o dessas taquicardias. Esses achados devem ser considerados na estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica dessa arritmia complexa.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Janeiro de 2021, vol. 116 (1), p&#225;gs. 119-126</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Taquicardia Atrial Focal com Ativa&#231;&#227;o Precoce Pr&#243;xima ao Feixe de His, a Partir da C&#250;spide A&#243;rtica n&#227;o Coron&#225;ria&#8220;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20180449">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20180449</ext-link>, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 116(1):119-126, na p&#225;gina 119, corrigir o nome da autora Vera Aiello para Vera Demarchi Aiello.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Catheter Ablation of Focal Atrial Tachycardia with Early Activation Close to the His-Bundle from the Non Coronary Aortic Cusp</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6697-7074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6909-8171</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas G. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Italo Bruno dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina Abigail</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2329-7439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6454-120X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ponte</surname>
            <given-names>Arnobio Dias da</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6572-7505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavora</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4185-9423</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Antonio Prudente Hospital, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Muhieddine Chokr &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: muhieddinechokr@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Scanavacca M; Acquisition of data: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Pisani CF, Hardy CA, Melo SL, Ponte Filho AD, Costa IP, Tavora RV, Sacilotto L, Wu TC, Darrieux FCC, Hachul DT, Aiello V, Scanavacca M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Pisani CF, Ponte Filho AD, Costa IP, Sacilotto L, Wu TC, Darrieux FCC, Hachul DT, Aiello V, Scanavacca M; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS; Writing of the manuscript: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Aiello V, Scanavacca M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chokr M, Moura LG, Sousa IBS, Pisani CF, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Atrial tachycardia (AT) ablation with earliest activation site close to the His-Bundle is a challenge due to the risk of complete AV block by its proximity to His-Purkinje system (HPS). An alternative to minimize this risk is to position the catheter on the non-coronary cusp (NCC), which is anatomically contiguous to the para-Hisian region.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> The aim of this study was to perform a literature review and evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics, safety, and success rate of catheter-based radiofrequency (RF) delivery in the NCC for the treatment of para-Hisian AT in a case series.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This study performed a retrospective evaluation of ten patients (Age: 36&#177;10 y-o) who had been referred for SVT ablation and presented a diagnosis of para-Hisian focal AT confirmed by classical electrophysiological maneuvers. For statistical analysis, a p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The earliest atrial activation at the His position was 28&#177;12ms from the P wave and at the NCC was 3&#177;2ms earlier than His position, without evidence of His potential in all patients. RF was applied on the NCC (4-mm-tip catheter; 30W, 55&#186;C), and the tachycardia was interrupted in 5&#177;3s with no increase in the PR interval or evidence of junctional rhythm. Electrophysiological tests did not reinduce tachycardia in 9/10 of patients. There were no complications in all procedures. During the 30 &#177; 12 months follow-up, no patient presented tachycardia recurrence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The percutaneous treatment of para-Hisian AT through the NCC is an effective and safe strategy, which represents an interesting option for the treatment of this complex arrhythmia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):119-126)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter, Ablation/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Bundle of His</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrophysiologic,Techniques/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Focal atrial tachycardias (AT) usually originate from certain structures comprised of atrial tissue, such as the <italic>crista terminalis</italic>, pulmonary veins, atrial appendages, and coronary sinus ostium. Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation has been established as the method of choice for the treatment of such arrhythmias. Although <italic>foci</italic> originating in the para-Hisian region are rare, they are a therapeutic challenge due to close proximity to the His-Purkinje system (HPS). As one attempts ablation via the right atrium, risk of affecting the AV node and HPS, thus causing atrioventricular (AV) block, would rise. However, the use of the retroaortic access to explore the non-coronary cusp (NCC), which is anatomically adjacent to the aforementioned region, is a well-known alternative strategy.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Experience with the efficacy and safety of this type of ablation remains limited. This study reports on a case series of para-Hisian atrial tachycardia that were mapped and ablated by the NCC. Electrophysiological characteristics and results with this approach were analyzed. Additionally, anatomy of the region and procedural strategies are discussed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <p>Records of 10 patients (8 women and 2 men; mean age: 36&#177;10 years), from two Brazilian institutions (Heart Institute/InCor, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School; Antonio Prudente Hospital, Fortaleza), subjected to catheter ablation between January 2014 and March 2017, were analyzed. Antiarrhythmic drugs were discontinued for at least five half-lives before the procedure. They were evaluated by physical examination, chest X-ray, and echocardiogram, and none of them showed structural heart disease.</p>
        <p>The patients underwent electrophysiological study after 8-hours of fasting, under continuous monitoring and with a sedation level controlled by an anesthesiologist. Triple puncture was performed in the femoral vein, and standard catheters (3) were introduced in the coronary sinus (decapolar; 6F), His bundle region (quadrupole, 7F), and base of the right ventricle (quadripolar; 7F).</p>
        <p>Programmed atrial stimulation or atrial burst was made with an EP-recording system (EP tracer; Netherlands) to induce tachycardia in two patients; spontaneous onset of tachycardia was observed in one patient; and isoproterenol (10-20mcg; IV infusion) was necessary in seven patients. In one case, an electroanatomic mapping system (Carto 3; Biosense) was available.</p>
        <p>Diagnosis of AT was confirmed by using the following electrophysiological observations and maneuvers: changes in the A-A interval before changes in the V-V interval, ventricular entrainment during tachycardia with V-A-A-V-type response, or even changes in the V-A interval during tachycardia (absence of the V-A linking). In all cases, atrial activation with less than 50% of the tachycardia cycle length was observed, indicating a focal pattern of activation.</p>
        <p>When the earliest atrial activation was in the right atrial septum and was followed by detectable His potential on the same site, the AT was defined as para-Hisian. Finally, the femoral artery was punctured in order to allow retrograde aortic valve region mapping in detail.</p>
        <p>A 4-mm-tip therapeutic catheter was used for radiofrequency (RF) delivery (30W/55&#186;C during 60 seconds), taking the right and left oblique fluoroscopic incidences as references for anatomical location (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). In one patient, an electroanatomic mapping system was used (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>). In all cases, the earliest activation site was identified by the NCC, regarding the onset of the peripheral P wave, similar to that detected by the catheter placed in the right interatrial septum, but with the advantageous absence of His bundle potential in the former (<xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>). Procedural success was defined as the termination of tachycardia during RF application, and non-induction of tachycardia after multiple attempts to induce it with atrial burst or after isoproterenol infusion.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The positioning of ablation catheter on the NCC in right and left oblique projection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electroanatomic mapping showing RF application points on the NCC. Note the intimate relationship of the non-coronary cusp with the para-Hisian region.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sequentially from top to bottom: peripheral derivations, coronary sinus from proximal to distal electrodes, and recording catheters close to the aortic valve and His bundle region. Similar earliest local atrial activation time is observed in relation to the onset of the P wave from the septal para-hissian region and NCC, but with no His potential seen in the later.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous data are given as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) if normally distributed and as median plus interquartile range if not. Otherwise, counts and percentages (%) will be used for categorical data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of distribution. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare differences between groups for non-parametric continuous values. Finally, the Fisher&#8217;s exact test was applied to assess the categorical data in a 2x2 contingency table. For all tests, a <italic>p</italic>-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant (2-sided). SPSS software version 19.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Illinois) was used for statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of patients can be seen in Tables 1 and 2. All continuous variables, except for P-wave duration during sinus rhythm and tachycardia, displayed normal distribution (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The electrophysiological characteristics of the evaluated patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 10*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Duration of the p wave during tachycardia (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177; 17&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Duration of the p wave during sinus rhythm (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 &#177; 20&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ablation success rate</td>
                  <td align="center">9/10 (90%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean tachycardia cycle length (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">362&#177;43*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Earliest atrial activation recorded on His catheter (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;12*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Earliest activation site to his-bundle region (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">3&#177;2*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean fluoroscopy time (minutes)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (10 &#8211; 18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time from ablation start to tachycardia interruption (seconds)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2 &#8211; 8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of 3-D mapping system</td>
                  <td align="center">1/10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary angiography</td>
                  <td align="center">0/10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major complications</td>
                  <td align="center">0/10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Data is presented as mean + standard deviation (SD). &#167;Value is displayed as median + interquartile range (IQR).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>None of the patients had previously undergone catheter ablation. The mean atrial tachycardia cycle length was 362&#177;43 ms. Earliest atrial activation recorded on His catheter was 28&#177;12 ms in relation to the peripheral P wave. The atrial local activation time recorded by the catheter on the NCC cusp was 3&#177;2 ms earlier compared to the His catheter.</p>
        <p>In all cases, the initial ablation site was the NCC, and was successful in 9 of 10 cases. The remaining case required mapping and attempt of ablation in the para-Hisian region with low power (20w), which was unsuccessful as well.</p>
        <p>The mean time to atrial tachycardia interruption after RF delivery was 5 seconds. Junctional rhythm and an increase in the PR interval were not observed during application of RF in all cases. All procedures were well tolerated and without complications.</p>
        <p>Over a follow-up of 30 &#177; 12 months, no patient presented a recurrence of atrial tachycardia and remained asymptomatic in clinical evaluation and with dynamic continuous ECG Holter monitoring.</p>
        <p>Regarding the surface electrocardiogram, it was observed that the morphology of the P wave demonstrated a biphasic or triphasic pattern in 6 of 10 patients in inferior leads and were significantly shorter in duration compared to the sinus rhythm in all cases 93 &#177; 17 vs. 112 &#177; 20 ms (p&lt;0.05). (<xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; P-wave morphology of all cases. The morphology of the P wave, demonstrating biphasic or triphasic patterns in 6 of 10 patients in inferior leads.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphological relations</title>
          <p>The aorta occupies a central position at the base of the heart, deeply wedged between the right and left atrioventricular junctions. The spatial relations of the sinuses of Valsalva thus demonstrate proximity with the atrial walls and the adipose tissue interposing between them at the base of the heart. Considering the semilunar pattern of attachment of the aortic leaflets, it is evident that the topographical relations vary according to the deepness inside the sinus. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5A</xref> and 5B shows the anatomical relations of the non-coronary aortic sinus relative to the right atrial structures. In particular, the deepest portion of the non-coronary (also called the non-adjacent) aortic sinus is very closely related to the atrioventricular component of the cardiac septum. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5C</xref> shows the sinus wall and the landmarks of the junctional area and atrioventricular node</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; An intimate relationship between the NCC and the His bundle region can be observed. A) Oblique view of a short axis section at the base of the heart, showing the non-coronary sinus of Valsalva (NC) and the landmarks of the triangle of Koch (dotted lines) and membranous septum (star). B) Short axis section at the base of the heart showing the spatial relations of the aortic sinuses and the adipose tissue present between the aorta and the atrial walls. C) Longitudinal section of the aortic root showing the short distance between the deep portion of the non-coronary sinus of Valsalva (NCC) and the area corresponding to the apex of the triangle of Koch, located antero-superiorly to the coronary sinus orifice (double-headed arrow).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0119-80449-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Thus, the NCC becomes an alternative target within a therapeutic strategy in which failure in intervention occurs when ablation is attempted on both sides of the atrial septum or risk of atrioventricular block occurs as a result of the electrogram record of His bundle close to the ablation target.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>From the embryological point of view, neural crest cells contribute to form the aortopulmonary septum, endocardial cushion in the outflow tract, and isolation of the His bundle from the surrounding myocardium. Remnants of these cells on the perinodal region can justify the substrate, which gives rise to maintains arrhythmia.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> The NCC originates from atrial myocardium, while the right and left coronary cusp originate from ventricular myocardium. This fact explains the frequency of atrial arrhythmias in the NCC and ventricular arrhythmias in the right and left cusps.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Prevalence of tachycardias originating in the perinodal region is about 7-10% in different series with several series, and case reports have shown that para-Hisian tachycardias can be adequately treated with a low complication rate.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Approach of these tachycardias through the NCC reduces the risk of damage to the conduction system, providing a greater stability to the catheter during RF application, as well as good contact with the tissue. Targeting the right atrial extensions at the NCC, farther from the His Purkinje system, which is situated in the endocardium, is the likely explanation for ablation being effective at this site.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>With regard to complications, RF application can cause damage to the heart valves, although this complication has not been reported up to the limits of power (30w) and temperature (55&#176;C) in several series.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Coronary angiography was not routinely performed before applying RF because, in our practice, the presence of a local electrogram with atrium greater than the ventricle (A/V ratio &gt;1), anatomically close to a catheter used as a reference in the right atrium, parallel to the conduction system, marks a safe ablation site. Regarding the mapping technique, a ratio greater than or equal to 1 between the amplitudes of the atrial and ventricular electrograms was observed in all patients in the ablation target. This electrophysiological feature is of great value because inversion of this A/V relationship suggests that the limit of the NCC is being crossed and the catheter is then supported over the right cusp. This leads to a greater risk of injury to the conduction system, thus serving as an aid and anatomical reference when only fluoroscopy is used.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Electroanatomical mapping (EAM) was used in only one case. The reason for this is that most of our patients came from the public health system, where the above procedure is not available. However, in our sample, as described by Toniolo et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> it was possible to achieve high success rates despite not using it.</p>
          <p>On the other hand, there are situations in which EAM is essential. Bitaraes et al. recently published a case of a pregnant woman with a focal AT refractory to pharmacological treatment, in which the Catheter ablation was successfully performed by the non-coronary aortic cusp with zero fluoroscopy, using only EAM.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Our findings disagree with those of Ouyang et al.,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> who observed -/+ P wave in the V1 lead associated with P+ in D1 and AVL suggested NCC origin. According to this author, the relationship between the presence of the -/+ P wave, with its most prominent portion being positive, and origin in the left atrium is a relevant fact. Recently, Madaffari et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> published data of P-wave morphology, where a characteristic narrow and biphasic (-/+) or triphasic (+/-/+) P wave in the inferior and precordial leads reliably identifies the group of AT arising from the para-Hisian region. The present study found that the morphology of the P wave, demonstrating a biphasic or triphasic pattern in 6 of 10 patients in inferior leads and a significantly shorter P wave when compared to the sinus rhythm, was variable at the precordial leads.</p>
          <p>In our study, an unsuccessful attempt to ablate tachycardia by the NCC occurred in only one of the ten cases, which was ineffective from the right atrium as well. It was assumed that a more aggressive strategy on the right side of the septum could have resulted in both damage to the conduction system and atrioventricular block, justifying the low power output tested (20w). Tachycardia stopped during the applications, but it could be induced again during the infusion of isoproterenol. A deeper target in the septal region could explain the difficulty in eliminating the substrate. Another limitation is that the operator did not explore the left septal region in this case. An irrigated catheter was also not used because, in our opinion, the aortic root is a high blood flow region and unless power delivery was repeatedly limited by high temperature cutoffs, irrigation should not make a significant difference. In the clinical follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, under the use of betablockers. Thus, no new ablation attempt was performed.</p>
          <p>Recently Lyan et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> evaluated different strategies for catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia originating near the His bundle region in 68 patients and found that the acute success rate of para-Hisian AT ablation at the NCC was higher than that of ablation at the LA septum and at the RA septum (p&lt;0.05). For this reason, they sustain that NCC must be the first and preferred approach to these tachycardias regardless of the local activation time, which rins in line with findings from Bohora et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> By contrast, Madaffari et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> sustain that NCC is only one of three possible approaches to achieve success, and the choice should be based on the local activation time.</p>
          <p>Our findings are in agreement with Lyan et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> and Bohora et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> as the NCC approach should be the first choice to perform ablation in this scenario with high success rates.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study confirms previous observations that the mapping and ablation of focal atrial tachycardia with early activation close to the His-Bundle from the non-coronary aortic cusp (NCC) is an effective and apparently safe procedure. It can therefore be concluded that retroaortic exploration should be mandatory in such cases. A surface electrocardiogram can suggest the suitable target near the His-Bundle region but not in all cases. The knowledge of the relations of the NCC with the conduction system is crucial in the ablation of these tachycardias. These findings should be considered in the therapeutic strategy of this complex arrhythmia.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of the evaluated patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient</th>
                  <th>Age</th>
                  <th>Sex</th>
                  <th>Structural heart disease</th>
                  <th>Duration of symptoms (months)</th>
                  <th>Ineffective AADs</th>
                  <th>Past Failed Ablation</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">NO</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">12-24</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">12-24</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">12-24</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;48</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;48</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;12</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">12-24</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">None</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;12</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AADs: antiarrhythmic drugs. </italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>
            <bold>January 2021 Issue, vol. 116 (1), pages 119-126</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the Original Article &#8220;Catheter Ablation of Focal Atrial Tachycardia with Early Activation Close to the His-Bundle from the Non Coronary Aortic Cusp&#8221;, with DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20180449">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20180449</ext-link>, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 116(1):119-126, in page 119, correct the author's name Vera Aiello to Vera Demarchi Aiello.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
