<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rKXhGxn9BsBGF3rhr9rBftD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201279</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201279</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Em Busca da Qualidade de Imagem Ideal na Angiotomografia Card&#237;aca Pedi&#225;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0040-5270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Augusto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Amadora</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University College London</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Advanced Cardiac Imaging Department</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Barts Heart Centre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Advanced Cardiac Imaging Department, Barts Heart Centre, Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o B. Augusto &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca - IC19, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal E-mail: <email>joao.augusto@hff.min-saude.pt</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>106</fpage>
      <lpage>107</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Adren&#233;rgicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Metropolol</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotomografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>&#8220;N&#227;o existe revela&#231;&#227;o mais n&#237;tida da alma de uma sociedade do que a forma como esta trata as suas crian&#231;as&#8221;. Anos ap&#243;s a sua morte, essas palavras prol&#237;ficas de Nelson Mandela ainda ressoam universalmente com nossos fundamentos morais e &#233;ticos e, como pesquisadores, estamos muito felizes em saber que a ci&#234;ncia caminha no caminho certo da hist&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rios desafios metodol&#243;gicos e &#233;ticos na realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas em crian&#231;as. No entanto, n&#227;o pode haver progresso no atendimento cl&#237;nico pedi&#225;trico sem pesquisas nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, cujos achados tamb&#233;m podem ser relevantes para a medicina de adultos. Dado que aproximadamente 1% das crian&#231;as nascidas ter&#227;o algum tipo de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca significativa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia maximizar o perfil de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia das interven&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas. A angiotomografia card&#237;aca (ATC) est&#225; sendo cada vez mais utilizada, mas sua precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em crian&#231;as &#233; altamente dependente da qualidade ideal da imagem, minimizando a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o tanto quanto poss&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Mesmo com equipamentos modernos, a qualidade da imagem da angiotomografia card&#237;aca (ATC) ainda &#233; altamente dependente de uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) est&#225;vel e relativamente lenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Para atingir as condi&#231;&#245;es ideais pr&#233;-exame, geralmente se preconiza a administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores e as sociedades de cardiologia j&#225; publicaram diversos documentos que fornecem orienta&#231;&#227;o para a sele&#231;&#227;o e administra&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, o diferente comportamento farmacocin&#233;tico dos betabloqueadores em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos (al&#233;m da FC basal mais alta, movimento corporal e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias menores) lan&#231;am uma sombra em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia e dosagem ideais para obter imagens de alta qualidade sem incorrer no risco de bradiarritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os betabloqueadores devem ser administrados em dose apropriada, dados os poss&#237;veis efeitos colaterais, mas as doses e os protocolos geralmente variam entre os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>De Oliveira Nunes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> conduziram um interessante estudo que lan&#231;a uma luz muito necess&#225;ria e esperada sobre essa incerteza. O objetivo do estudo foi esclarecer a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia de um protocolo de metoprolol em uma s&#233;rie de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos ambulatoriais encaminhados para ATC. Resumimos o protocolo usado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>. Resumidamente, se a FC de um paciente estiver abaixo de 60 bpm, nenhuma redu&#231;&#227;o da FC ser&#225; necess&#225;ria. Para aqueles com FC de pelo menos 60 bpm, na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao uso de betabloqueador (por exemplo, estenose a&#243;rtica grave ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar significativa), utilizou-se protocolo com metoprolol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A qualidade m&#233;dia da imagem resultante foi pr&#243;xima do ideal na maioria dos casos, com apenas 14% efetivamente abaixo do ideal, conforme considerado pelos pesquisadores. Os autores devem ser elogiados pelas adapta&#231;&#245;es ao protocolo, que vieram com o tempo e a experi&#234;ncia. Eles come&#231;aram usando o tratamento de primeira linha com metoprolol oral seguido por metoprolol IV se a FC estivesse persistentemente elevada (acima de 70 bpm). No entanto, eles observaram que n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o adicional significativa na FC com metoprolol IV, ent&#227;o interromperam seu uso a partir de 2013. Embora alguns protocolos ainda defendam seu uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, principalmente em adultos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> isso exige estudos prospectivos dedicados para responder a essa quest&#227;o, principalmente em crian&#231;as de alto risco, nas quais o uso de betabloqueadores intravenosos pode aumentar o risco com pouco benef&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Resumo do protocolo de estudo utilizado por De Oliveira Nunes e cols.6 ATC: angiotomografia card&#237;aca. *Pacientes entre 6 e 18 anos. &#8224; Os pesquisadores pararam de dar uma dose IV adicional de metoprolol (de 2013 em diante) no caso de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca persistente &gt;70 bpm uma hora ap&#243;s a dose oral, pois nenhuma redu&#231;&#227;o adicional significativa da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi observada.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0106-01279-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A tecnologia da tomografia computadorizada est&#225; em constante evolu&#231;&#227;o e permite melhor qualidade de imagem, com o aumento da largura do detector, tempos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem mais curtos e <italic>gating</italic> ideal no ECG. Uma caracter&#237;stica particularmente interessante desse estudo &#233; o amplo per&#237;odo que abrangeu, de 2007 a 2016. Isso significa que ocorreram avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos: foram utilizados equipamentos de diferentes gera&#231;&#245;es e tubos com diferentes pot&#234;ncias, portanto mais representativos do mundo real.</p>
    <p>Algumas lacunas nas evid&#234;ncias, entretanto, ainda existem. Diferentes betabloqueadores podem ser usados (com poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as na efic&#225;cia), pacientes com menos de 6 anos n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo (que s&#227;o mais propensos a contribuir para pior qualidade de imagem) e um desenho de estudo prospectivo com um grupo de controle aumentaria o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia. Pesquisas adicionais nessas &#225;reas s&#227;o, portanto, desej&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Mesmo as modalidades de ponta podem ter dificuldades com a obten&#231;&#227;o adequada de imagens card&#237;acas ideais, particularmente na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Portanto, &#233; importante focar nos pontos que ainda podem ser melhorados em nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, especificamente na FC. Esse aspecto deve ser bem estabelecido entre as equipes de cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos e t&#233;cnicos de radiologia, antes de se tentar esquemas de aquisi&#231;&#227;o (possivelmente desnecess&#225;rios) que poderiam resultar em maior exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo exigir seda&#231;&#227;o. Solu&#231;&#245;es inteligentes como as apresentadas nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia por De Oliveira Nunes e cols.6 s&#227;o sempre bem-vindas e nos permitem subsidiar a tomada de decis&#245;es em nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Hoffman JL, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(12):1890-900.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The incidence of congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1890</fpage>
          <lpage>1900</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Sun G, Li M, Jiang XS, Li L, Peng ZH, Li G-Y, et al. 320-detector row CT coronary angiography: effects of heart rate and heart rate variability on image quality, diagnostic accuracy and radiation exposure. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1016):e388-e394.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>XS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>ZH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>G-Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>320-detector row CT coronary angiography: effects of heart rate and heart rate variability on image quality, diagnostic accuracy and radiation exposure</article-title>
          <source>Br J Radiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>1016</issue>
          <fpage>e388</fpage>
          <lpage>e394</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Abbara S, Blanke P, Maroules CD, Cheezum M, Choi AD, Han BK, et al. SCCT guidelines for the performance and acquisition of coronary computed tomographic angiography: A report of the society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Guidelines Committee: Endorsed by the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2016 Nov-Dec;10(6):435-49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abbara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanke</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maroules</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheezum</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>SCCT guidelines for the performance and acquisition of coronary computed tomographic angiography: A report of the society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Guidelines Committee: Endorsed by the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI)</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <season>Nov-Dec</season>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>435</fpage>
          <lpage>449</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Radiologists and the British Society of Cardiovascular Imaging. Standards of practice of computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) in adult patients. 2014. [Internet] [Cited in 2020 Oct 20] Available from:rcr.ac.uh/system/files/publication/files/BFCR14%2816%29_CTCA.pdf</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Royal College of Physicians</collab>
            <collab>Royal College of Radiologists and the British Society of Cardiovascular Imaging</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Standards of practice of computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) in adult patients</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">Cited in 2020 Oct 20</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="rcr.ac.uh/system/files/publication/files/BFCR14%2816%29_CTCA.pdf">rcr.ac.uh/system/files/publication/files/BFCR14%2816%29_CTCA.pdf</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Watanabe H, Kamiyama H, Kato M, Komori A, Abe Y, Ayusawa M. Appropriate use of a beta-blocker in paediatric coronary CT angiography. Cardiol Young. 2018 Oct;28(10):1148-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamiyama</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kato</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komori</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abe</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayusawa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Appropriate use of a beta-blocker in paediatric coronary CT angiography</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1148</fpage>
          <lpage>1153</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. De Oliveira Nunes M, Witt DR, Casey SA, Stanberry LI, Caye DJ, Chu BJ, et al. Seguran&#231;a, efic&#225;cia e protocolo de dose de metropolol para redu&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em Pacientes pedi&#225;tricos externos que passaram por angiografia card&#237;aca por TC. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):100-105.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Oliveira Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witt</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanberry</surname>
              <given-names>LI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caye</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chu</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Seguran&#231;a, efic&#225;cia e protocolo de dose de metropolol para redu&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em Pacientes pedi&#225;tricos externos que passaram por angiografia card&#237;aca por TC</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Young C, Taylor AM, Owens CM. Paediatric cardiac computed tomography: a review of imaging techniques and radiation dose consideration. Eur Radiol. 2011 Mar;21(3):518-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owens</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paediatric cardiac computed tomography: a review of imaging techniques and radiation dose consideration</article-title>
          <source>Eur Radiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <comment>Mar</comment>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>518</fpage>
          <lpage>529</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Seguran&#231;a, Efic&#225;cia e Protocolo de Dose de Metoprolol para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos Externos que Passaram por Angiografia Card&#237;aca por TC</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In Search for Optimal Image Quality in Pediatric Cardiac CT Angiogram</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0040-5270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Augusto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Advanced Cardiac Imaging Department, Barts Heart Centre, Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o B. Augusto</bold> &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca - IC19, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal E-mail: joao.augusto@hff.min-saude.pt </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Adrenergic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Metropolol</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotomography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>&#8220;There can be no keener revelation of a society&#8217;s soul than the way in which it treats its children&#8221;. Years after his death, these Nelson Mandela&#8217;s prolific words still resonate universally with our moral and ethical foundations and, as researchers ourselves, we are very happy to know that Science walks on the right path of history.</p>
      <p>There are a number of methodological and ethical challenges of performing research in children. However, there can be no progress in pediatric clinical care without research in this population, whose findings may also otherwise be relevant to adult medicine. Given that approximately 1% of born children will have some kind of significant heart disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> it is of crucial importance to maximize the safety and efficacy profile of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Computed tomography cardiac angiography (CTCA) is being increasingly used, but its diagnostic accuracy in children is highly dependent on optimal image quality while minimizing radiation exposure as much as possible.</p>
      <p>Even with modern scanners, image quality in CTCA is still highly dependent on a stable and relatively slow heart rate (HR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> To achieve optimal pre-scan conditions, beta-blocker administration is often advocated and a number of societal documents have been published providing guidance for patient selection and administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the different pharmacokinetic behavior of beta-blockers in pediatric patients (in addition to the higher baseline HR, body movement and smaller coronary arteries) cast a shadow regarding the optimal strategy and dosage to obtain high quality images without incurring in the risk of bradyarrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Beta-blockers should be given at an appropriate dose given the potential side effects, but doses and protocols typically vary among facilities.</p>
      <p>De Oliveira Nunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> share an elegant study that sheds a much needed and awaited light on this uncertainty. The aim of this study was to clarify the safety and efficacy of a metoprolol protocol in a series of pediatric outpatients referred for CTCA. We have summarized the protocol used in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>. Briefly, if a patient&#8217;s HR is below 60bpm, then no HR reduction is necessary. For those with a HR of at least 60bpm, in the absence of contraindications to beta-blocker use (e.g. severe aortic stenosis or significant pulmonary hypertension), a protocol using metoprolol was employed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). The average image quality that resulted was close to optimal in most cases, with only 14% effectively being suboptimal as deemed by the researchers. The authors should be commended for the protocol adaptations that came with time and experience. They first started by treating patients with oral with oral metoprolol followed by IV metoprolol if the HR was persistently elevated (above 70bpm). However, they elegantly noted that there was no significant additional reduction in HR with IV metoprolol, so they stopped its use from 2013 onwards. Although some protocols still advocate its use in clinical practice, particularly in adults,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> this calls for dedicated prospective studies to answer this question, particularly in high-risk children, in whom the use of IV beta-blockers can increase risk with little benefit.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Summary of the study protocol used by De Oliveira Nunes et al.6 CTCA: computed tomography cardiac angiography. * Patients between 6 and 18 years old. &#8224; The investigators stopped giving an additional IV dose of metoprolol (from 2013 onwards) in the case of persistent heart rate &gt;70bpm one hour after oral dose as no significant additional heart rate reduction was appreciated.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0106-01279-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>CT technology is continuously evolving and allows better image quality, with increasing detector width, shorter CT acquisition times and optimal ECG-gating. One particularly interesting feature of this study is the wide period of time it encompassed, from 2007 to 2016. This means that technological advances took place: different generation scanners and different tube potentials were used, thus more likely representative of the real world.</p>
      <p>Some gaps in evidence, however, still exist. Different beta-blockers can be used (with potential differences in efficacy), patients younger than 6 years were not included in this study (who are more likely to contribute to poorer image quality) and a prospective study design with a control group would increase the evidence level. Additional investigation in these areas are thus desirable.</p>
      <p>Even high-end modalities can struggle with appropriate attainment of optimal cardiac images, particularly in the pediatric population. It is thus important to focus on the points that can still be improved in our clinical practice, and here specifically on HR. This aspect should be well established among teams of pediatric cardiologists and radiology technicians, before attempting (potentially unnecessary) acquisition schemes that could result in more radiation exposure or even require sedation. Elegant solutions such as the ones presented in <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> by De Oliveira Nunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> are always welcome and allow us to support decision-making in our clinical practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Safety, Efficacy, and Dose Protocol of Metoprolol for Heart Rate Reduction in Pediatric Outpatients Undergoing Cardiac CT Angiography</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
