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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5nnTmzrKLdxbxzGMKxCxKSC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00100</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100100</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190892</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190892</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a, Efic&#225;cia e Protocolo de Dose de Metoprolol para Redu&#231;&#227;o de Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos Externos que Passaram por Angiografia Card&#237;aca por TC</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2323-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Witt</surname>
            <given-names>Dawn R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4249-1261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Casey</surname>
            <given-names>Susan A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stanberry</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caye</surname>
            <given-names>David J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>J.Chu</surname>
            <given-names>Bradford</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lindberg</surname>
            <given-names>B. Jana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9219-5754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lesser</surname>
            <given-names>John R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Han</surname>
            <given-names>B. Kelly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minnesota</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation, Minnesota - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Children&#8217;s Minnesota</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minnesota</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Children&#8217;s Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mariana de Oliveira Nunes &#8226; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation - 920 East 28th st suite 610 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55407-1195 &#8211; EUA E-mail: <email>nunes.mo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Casey SA, Chu BJ, Lesser JR, Han BK; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Casey SA, Caye DJ, Chu BJ, Lindberg BJ, Lesser JR, Han BK; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Casey SA, Chu BJ, Han BK; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Casey SA, Stanberry LI, Han BK; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Han BK; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nunes MO, Witt DR, Casey SA, Chu BJ, Han BK.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>100</fpage>
      <lpage>105</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Qualidade de imagem e dose de radia&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o otimizadas com uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) lenta e est&#225;vel na realiza&#231;&#227;o de imagens de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias durante a angiografia card&#237;aca por tomografia computadorizada (CCTA, do ingl&#234;s <italic>cardiac computed tomography angiography</italic>) A seguran&#231;a, a efic&#225;cia e o protocolo para a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC com medicamento betabloqueador ainda n&#227;o foi bem descrita em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Oferecer um protocolo de dose de metoprolol eficiente a ser usado em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos externos durante a CCTA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Realizamos uma revis&#227;o retrospectiva de todos os pacientes pedi&#225;tricos externos que receberam o metoprolol durante a CCTA. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram resumidas e a redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia em FC foi estimada utilizando-se um modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada. As imagens foram avaliadas em uma escala de 1 a 4 (1= ideal).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 78 pacientes externos passaram a uma CCTA com o uso de metoprolol. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 13 anos, a m&#233;dia de peso foi de 46 kg, e 36 pacientes (46%) eram do sexo masculino. As doses m&#233;dias de metoprolol foram 1,5 (IQR 1,1; 1,8) mg/kg, e 0,4 (IQR 0,2; 0,7) mg/kg para administra&#231;&#245;es orais e intravenosas, respectivamente. O produto dose-comprimento por exame foi de 57 (IQR 30, 119) mGy*cm. A redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da FC foi 19 (IQR 12, 26) batimentos por minuto, ou 23%. N&#227;o foram relatadas complica&#231;&#245;es ou eventos adversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O uso de metoprolol num cen&#225;rio de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos externos para redu&#231;&#227;o da FC antes de uma CCTA &#233; seguro e eficiente. Pode-se reproduzir um protocolo de dose de metoprolol quando for necess&#225;rio atingir uma FC mais lenta, garantindo tempos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pidos, imagens mais claras e redu&#231;&#227;o na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):100-105)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Metoprolol</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas Adren&#233;rgicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angiografia card&#237;aca por tomografia computadorizada (CCTA) &#233; o padr&#227;o de imagem para avali&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em pacientes de todas as idades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Para otimizar a qualidade da imagem e a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o, prefere-se ter uma FC mais baixa e est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da FC pode ser alcan&#231;ada pelo uso de medicamento betabloqueador. Exames de imagem de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em crian&#231;as apresentam desafios espec&#237;ficos, devido ao tamanho dos vasos e FC mais alta em repouso. A principal modalidade diagn&#243;stica para imagem coron&#225;ria em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita (DCC) historicamente tem sido a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, que exige anestesia, acesso vascular central, administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste, e exposi&#231;&#227;o significativa &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. A imagem card&#237;aca por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica &#233; &#250;til para a imagem coron&#225;ria, mas tem valor limitado em pacientes mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A CCTA demonstrou ser uma forma de diagn&#243;stico em beb&#234;s e crian&#231;as de todas as idades, utilizando tom&#243;grafos de &#250;ltima gera&#231;&#227;o com resolu&#231;&#227;o espa&#231;o-temporal adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>T&#233;cnicas de otimiza&#231;&#227;o de dose de radia&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;ram significativamente a exposi&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com tecnologias de tomografia anteriores. A imagem coron&#225;ria pode ser adquirida em um &#250;nico batimento ou em alguns batimentos card&#237;acos durante uma apn&#233;ia em pacientes de todas as idades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A FC mais baixa e est&#225;vel permite o uso de uma janela estreita de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, durante a s&#237;stole ou a di&#225;stole, dependendo da FC. A seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da redu&#231;&#227;o da FC com medicamento betabloqueador j&#225; est&#225; bem descrita para imagem coron&#225;ria na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mas &#233; rara para pacientes pedi&#225;tricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia, e definir o protocolo de dosagem de metoprolol para redu&#231;&#227;o da FC em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos externos que passaram por CCTA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes entre 6 e 18 anos de idade que compareceram como pacientes externos e receberam o metoprolol antes da CCTA, no per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de janeiro de 2007 a 31 de dezembro de 2016. Pacientes que fizeram a TC por indica&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o fosse uma DCC, que fizeram a CCTA sem o medicamento metoprolol, que foram encaminhados para a imagem coron&#225;ria como pacientes internos, ou que eram pacientes externos, mas fizeram a tomografia anestesiados para garantir a coopera&#231;&#227;o com a suspens&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. A FC de linha de base foi medida na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente externo no centro de imagens antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do metoprolol e novamente durante a tomografia. A dose de metoprolol, a qualidade da imagem, e quaisquer eventos adversos foram documentados. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de An&#225;lise Institucional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Plataforma do Tom&#243;grafo e Sequ&#234;ncia de Varredura, e Prepara&#231;&#227;o do Paciente</title>
        <p>A CCTA foi realizada utilizando-se um tom&#243;grafo de fonte dupla de primeira, segunda ou terceira gera&#231;&#227;o (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Alemanha) com tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o do tubo = 280 ms, resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal = 66-83 ms, e colima&#231;&#227;o =2&#215;128&#215;0,6 mm. Uma CCTA sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma (ECG), prospectiva e com alto pitch (3,4) foi realizada utilizando-se modula&#231;&#227;o de corrente de tubo online automatizada para uma FC lenta e est&#225;vel &lt; 55 batimentos por minuto (bpm), com tom&#243;grafo de fonte dupla de segunda ou terceira gera&#231;&#227;o. Nos casos de FC mais alta ou irregularidade significativa de FC, apesar do betabloqueador, foi realizado uma aquisi&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva sincronizada ao ECG (Mindose) ou uma aquisi&#231;&#227;o sequencial foi feita com a janela de aquisi&#231;&#227;o ajustada conforme a FC. Tipicamente, foi utilizada uma janela de aquisi&#231;&#227;o mais larga que incluiu a s&#237;stole para FC acima de 60 bpm. Quando se suspeitou de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias nos pacientes com sintomas de isquemia ou doen&#231;a de Kawasaki, foi usado uma aquisi&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva sincronizada ao ECG (Mindose) ou uma aquisi&#231;&#227;o sequencial, independente da FC, para permitir a avalia&#231;&#227;o de mais de um &#250;nico conjunto de dados. Para todos os pacientes, a voltagem do tubo foi ajustado a um valor mais baixo baseado no uso do software automatizado Care kV (Siemens, Forchheim) ou na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Em 2011, a voltagem do tubo a 70 kV foi disponibilizado com uma melhoria do tom&#243;grafo. Os exames foram reconstru&#237;dos usando o algoritmo de reconstru&#231;&#227;o iterativa de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o da Siemens, o Safire, na pot&#234;ncia 3. Em 2014, uma terceira gera&#231;&#227;o de algoritmos de reconstru&#231;&#227;o iterativa, o Admire, passou a ser usado, tamb&#233;m na pot&#234;ncia 3. A dose de contraste foi injetada na velocidade apropriada para a idade e o calibre intravenoso. O contraste foi injetado atrav&#233;s de bomba injetora utilizando um cateter de calibre 20-24, com base no tamanho do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Qualidade da Imagem</title>
        <p>As imagens foram analisadas retrospectivamente por dois leitores especialistas (KH e BC), qualitativamente, conforme uma escala de quatro pontos: 1=totalmente aceit&#225;vel com visualiza&#231;&#227;o ideal de todos os alvos anat&#244;micos; 2=boa qualidade de imagem com visualiza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de todos os alvos anat&#244;micos; 3=qualidade marginal da imagem, com visualiza&#231;&#227;o da maioria dos alvos anat&#244;micos; e 4=m&#225; qualidade da imagem, n&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos alvos anat&#244;micos. Quaisquer discrep&#226;ncias na pontua&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da imagem foram revisadas novamente por KH e resolvidas. Os alvos anat&#244;micos foram definidos como a capacidade de defini&#231;&#227;o clara dos &#243;stios coron&#225;rios e a sua origem da grande art&#233;ria, defini&#231;&#227;o clara do trajeto da coron&#225;ria incluindo o relacionamento com as grandes art&#233;rias e o esterno, e a capacidade de identificar a anatomia da coron&#225;ria distal para determinar a domin&#226;ncia coron&#225;ria. Todas as tomografias com uma pontua&#231;&#227;o &gt; 1 foram consideradas abaixo do ideal. Para essas tomografias, foi determinado o motivo para classifica&#231;&#227;o da imagem como sub&#243;tima.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimativa da Dose de Radia&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O produto dose-comprimento do procedimento, em mGy*cm foi utilizada para estimar a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o. Um cilindro de 32 cm foi usado para estimativas de produto dose-comprimento em todos os pacientes, independentemente do tamanho. A dose de radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; relatada como sendo o produto dose-comprimento do exame.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de Administra&#231;&#227;o de Metoprolol</title>
        <p>Um protocolo de metoprolol padr&#227;o foi usado para todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. As crian&#231;as passaram por triagem para determinar as contraindica&#231;&#245;es do uso de betabloqueador, incluindo estenose a&#243;rtica grave, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de moderada a grave, ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda ou direita grave. Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de qualquer uma dessas entidades cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o receberam o betabloqueador. Quando a FC basal era &lt; 60 bpm, o metoprolol n&#227;o foi administrado. Quando a FC basal ficava entre 60 e 70 bpm, 1 mg/kg de metoprolol, at&#233; a dose m&#225;xima de 100 mg, foi administrado. Quando a FC basal era &gt; 70 bpm, 2 mg/kg de metoprolol, at&#233; a dose m&#225;xima de 100 mg, foram administrados. Quando a FC permanecia acima de 70 bpm uma hora ap&#243;s a dose oral, 0,2 mg/kg de metoprolol intravenoso era administrada at&#233; a dose m&#225;xima de 1 mg/kg, para pacientes &lt; 20 kg, ou dose m&#225;xima de 20 mg de dose intravenosa total, eram administrados para pacientes com peso acima de 20 kg. Se a FC no tom&#243;grafo estiver &gt; 70 bpm quando a FC basal tiver sido aceit&#225;vel, o metoprolol intravenoso s&#243; foi administrado de acordo com as diretrizes acima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos Estat&#237;sticos</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos do paciente foram resumidos usando contagens (%) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas simetricamente distribu&#237;das, e medias (faixas interquartis) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas distorcidas. A mudan&#231;a da FC ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do betabloqueador foi estimada utilizando-se um modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada, com a diferen&#231;a em FC como vari&#225;vel de resposta, e idade, sexo, o produto dose-comprimento e a dose de metoprolol como covari&#225;veis. As premissas do modelo foram definidas usando-se an&#225;lise residual e o teste Shapiro-Wilk de normalidade. As estimativas do modelo, seus intervalos de confian&#231;a (CI) de 95%, e os p-valores foram relatados. A an&#225;lise foi realizada usando o R 3.5.2 em ambiente R-Studio 1.1.463.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>Foi usado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados Demogr&#225;ficos dos Pacientes e Redu&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Identificamos 78 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos que passaram por uma CCTA com o uso de metoprolol antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem no contexto de pacientes externos em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2016. Destes, cinquenta e nove (75%) pacientes fizeram a tomografia para avaliar as coron&#225;rias, e 19 (25%) a fizeram para avaliar outro tipo de DCC. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes, a FC e o mecanismo de administra&#231;&#227;o do betabloqueador est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade na tomografia foi 13,33 (IQR 10, 16) anos de idade, 36 pacientes (46%) eram do sexo masculino, e a m&#233;dia de peso foi de 46 (IQR 31, 61) kg. Um paciente recebeu nitroglicerina sem efeito adverso.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes e redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Todos</th>
                  <th>Apenas oral</th>
                  <th>Apenas IV</th>
                  <th>IV + Oral</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paciente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade na tomografia, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">13,0&#177;3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1&#177;3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2&#177;4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3&#177;2,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso, kg,*</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (31, 61)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (29, 59)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (29, 58)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (36, 62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC inicial, bpm,*</td>
                  <td align="center">78&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">74&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">91&#177;26</td>
                  <td align="center">87&#177;16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC na tomografia, bpm,*</td>
                  <td align="center">60&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">56&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">66&#177;11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o de FC, bpm,*</td>
                  <td align="center">19&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">18&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">18&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">20&#177;12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o relativa da FC, %,*</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (16, 30)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (17, 30)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (17, 22)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (15, 33)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>N: n&#250;mero; IV: intravenosa; kg: quilograma; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batimentos por minuto. * Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nua s&#227;o relatadas como &#177; desvios padr&#227;o m&#233;dios ou como faixas m&#233;dias e interquartis (IQR, 25&#176;, 75&#176; percentis) se distorcidas. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas resumidas por contagens (%).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>No geral, a FC de linha de base foi de 77 (IQR 66, 90) bpm. A maioria dos pacientes, n = 51, (65%) recebeu apenas o metoprolol por via oral, e quatro pacientes (5%) receberam apenas o metoprolol intravenoso. Os demais pacientes receberam uma combina&#231;&#227;o de metoprolol via oral e intravenoso, n = 23 (29%). Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do metoprolol, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 23% na FC basal que corresponde a 19 bpm, IQR (12-26). A partir da an&#225;lise multivariada, a redu&#231;&#227;o estimada na FC foi 20 bpm, com 95% IC (17,24) (Ap&#234;ndice 1).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o de Metoprolol</title>
        <p>A dose de metoprolol depende do peso do paciente, conforme definido no Protocolo de administra&#231;&#227;o de metoprolol, descrito anteriormente. Para os pacientes que pesavam &#8804; 50 kg, a dose m&#233;dia de metoprolol oral ou intravenoso foi de 1,6 mg/kg (IQR 1,3, 1,9) e 0,6 mg/kg (IQR 0,3, 0,8), respectivamente. Para os pacientes que pesavam acima de 50 kg, a dose m&#233;dia de metoprolol oral ou intravenoso foi de 1,4 mg/kg (IQR 1,0, 1,6) e 0,3 mg/kg (IQR 0,1, 0,5), respectivamente. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) As doses e quantidades administradas na pr&#225;tica eram consistentes com as especificadas em nosso protocolo cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Protocolo de Betabloqueadores - Dose e entrega por peso</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Todos</th>
                  <th>Peso &#8804; 50 kg</th>
                  <th>Peso &gt; 50 kg</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose oral, mg/kg (n=74*)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose IV, mg/kg (n=27*)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4&#177;0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quantidade oral, mg</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (50, 100)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (50, 75)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (62, 100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quantidade IV, mg</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (15, 28)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (13, 23)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18, 35)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>MG: miligramas; kg: quilogramas; IV: intravenosa; *inclui os que receberam IV e oral Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nua s&#227;o relatadas como &#177; desvios padr&#227;o m&#233;dios ou como faixas m&#233;dias e interquartis (IQR, 25&#176;, 75&#176; percentis) se distorcidas.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dose de Radia&#231;&#227;o e Detalhes da Imagem</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o da tomografia e detalhes da imagem. A m&#233;dia do produto dose-comprimento do exame foi de 57 (IQR 30, 119) mGy*cm. A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da qualidade da imagem foi de 1,2. Das 78 tomografias, 11 (14%) ficaram abaixo da qualidade ideal, com 10 casos pontuados como &#8220;2&#8221; devido ao contraste ruim e/ou ru&#237;do, e um caso foi classificado como &#8220;3&#8221;, devido a movimento do paciente. A representa&#231;&#227;o das sequ&#234;ncias de imagem foi uniforme, com aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos em cada tipo de sequ&#234;ncia. N&#227;o foram relatadas complica&#231;&#245;es durante os procedimentos de imagem por CCTA ou depois do procedimento at&#233; o momento da alta do ambiente de paciente externo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dose de radia&#231;&#227;o da tomografia e detalhes da imagem</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">DLP, mGy*cm*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">57 (30, 119)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Qualidade da imagem da tomografia*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1, n(%) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (86)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2, n(%) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (13)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3, n(%) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4, n(%) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sequ&#234;ncia de imagem</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG anat&#244;mico-prospectivo disparado com alta frequ&#234;ncia (Flash), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG anat&#244;mico-prospectivo disparado (Prospectivo), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (32)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG retrospectivo-funcional (espiral), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (35)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>DLP: produto dose-comprimento (do ingl&#234;s dose-length product); mGy*cm. * vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas resumidas por contagens (%); vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas relatadas como m&#233;dias e faixas de interquartil (IQR, 25&#186; 75&#186; percentis). Descri&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da imagem 1=totalmente aceit&#225;vel com visualiza&#231;&#227;o ideal de todos os alvos anat&#244;micos; 2=boa qualidade de imagem com visualiza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de todos os alvos anat&#244;micos; 3=qualidade marginal da imagem, com visualiza&#231;&#227;o da maioria dos alvos anat&#244;mico; e 4=m&#225; qualidade da imagem, n&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de alvos anat&#244;micos</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes adultos submetidos a CCTA, o uso de betabloqueador com controle da FC adequada demonstrou que melhora a qualidade da imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A pr&#233;-medica&#231;&#227;o por via oral demonstrou ser eficiente na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, embora a varia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia seja afetada pela dosagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> J&#225; est&#225; bem documentado que os riscos de exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida a anestesia e radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante devem ser evitadas para todos os pacientes de DCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Portanto, uma FC mais lenta permite o uso de eletrocardiograma prospectivo de disparo, que demonstrou reduzir significativamente a dose para angiografia coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em nossa experi&#234;ncia, o uso de metoprolol intravenoso uma hora ap&#243;s a dose oral n&#227;o teve efeito adicional na redu&#231;&#227;o da FC. Portanto, interrompemos a administra&#231;&#227;o de metoprolol intravenoso ap&#243;s a dose oral em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos a partir de 2013. Deve-se notar que tr&#234;s pacientes receberam o metoprolol IV depois de 2013 devido a FC elevada durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o do topograma por sofrerem de ansiedade. A redu&#231;&#227;o da FC nas popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas pode ser alcan&#231;ada com seguran&#231;a e efici&#234;ncia com um protocolo de administra&#231;&#227;o de metoprolol padronizado, para pacientes submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o de CCTA no contexto de pacientes externos. Com triagem cuidadosa para contraindica&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o encontramos complica&#231;&#245;es ou efeitos colaterais com o uso de betabloqueadores em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Esse breve relat&#243;rio est&#225; limitado a achados relacionados a FC e o uso de metoprolol, e n&#227;o tem um grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o. Os autores concordam que um desenho prospectivo teria sido robusto. Entretanto, essa foi uma revis&#227;o retrospectiva que analisou nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante mencionar que os leitores deste estudo n&#227;o fizeram a leitura cega, o que poderia introduzir um vi&#233;s.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Um protocolo de dose de metoprolol na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica externa com DCC, antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o da CCTA, demonstrou ser segura e eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes entre 6 e 18 anos de idade. Um controle de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca adequado na popula&#231;&#227;o, utilizando o metoprolol, pode oferecer imagens mais claras devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da movimenta&#231;&#227;o e artefato, e garantindo tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o menores e, portanto, associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Han</surname>
            <given-names>B. Kelly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation, Minnesota - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Children&#8217;s Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Mariana de Oliveira Nunes</bold> &#8226; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation - 920 East 28th st suite 610 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55407-1195 &#8211; USA E-mail: nunes.mo@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Casey SA, Chu BJ, Lesser JR, Han BK; Data acquisition: Casey SA, Caye DJ, Chu BJ, Lindberg BJ, Lesser JR, Han BK; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Casey SA, Chu BJ, Han BK; Statistical analysis: Casey SA, Stanberry LI, Han BK; Obtaining financing: Han BK; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nunes MO, Witt DR, Casey SA, Chu BJ, Han BK.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn2">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Image quality and radiation dose are optimized with a slow, steady heart rate (HR) when imaging the coronary arteries during cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA). The safety, efficacy, and protocol for HR reduction with beta blocker medication is not well described in a pediatric patient population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> Provide a safe and efficient metoprolol dose protocol to be used in pediatric outpatients undergoing CCTA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We conducted a retrospective review of all pediatric outpatients who received metoprolol during CCTA. Demographic and clinical characteristics were summarized and the average reduction in HR was estimated using a multivariate linear regression model. Images were evaluated on a 1-4 scale (1= optimal).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Seventy-eight pediatric outpatients underwent a CCTA scan with the use of metoprolol. The median age was 13 years, median weight of 46 kg, and 36 (46%) were male. The median doses of metoprolol were 1.5 (IQR 1.1, 1.8) mg/kg and 0.4 (IQR 0.2, 0.7) mg/kg for oral and intravenous administrations, respectively. Procedural dose-length product was 57 (IQR 30, 119) mGy*cm. The average reduction in HR was 19 (IQR 12, 26) beats per minute, or 23%. No complications or adverse events were reported.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Use of metoprolol in a pediatric outpatient setting for HR reduction prior to CCTA is safe and effective. A metoprolol dose protocol can be reproduced when a slower HR is needed, ensuring faster acquisition times, clear images, and associated reduction in radiation exposure in this population. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):100-105)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Metoprolol</kwd>
        <kwd>Adrenergic, Antagonists</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed, Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is the imaging standard for non-invasive assessment of coronary arteries in patients of all ages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> To optimize image quality and radiation dose, a slower and steady HR is preferred.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A reduction in HR can be achieved by using beta blocker medication. Imaging coronary arteries in children presents unique challenges due to smaller vessel size and higher resting HR. The main diagnostic modality for coronary imaging in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients has historically been cardiac catheterization, requiring anesthesia, central vascular access, contrast administration, and significant radiation exposure. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is useful for coronary imaging in older children but has limited value in the youngest patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> CCTA has been shown to be diagnostic in infants and children of all ages using latest generation scanner technology with appropriate spatial and temporal resolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Radiation dose optimization techniques have significantly decreased radiation exposure as compared to earlier scanner technology. Coronary imaging can be reproducibly acquired in a single heart beat or in several heart beats during a single breath hold sequence in patients of all ages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A slower, steady HR allows for the use of a narrow acquisition window for radiation exposure during systole or diastole depending on HR. The safety and efficacy of HR reduction with beta blocker medication is well described for coronary imaging in the adult population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> but is scarce in the pediatric setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy, and define a dosage protocol of metoprolol for HR reduction in an outpatient population of pediatric patients who underwent CCTA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>Patients between 6 and 18 years of age were included if they presented as an outpatient and received metoprolol prior to CCTA from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2016. Patients were excluded if they underwent a CT scan for a non-CHD indication, underwent CCTA without metoprolol medication, or were referred for coronary imaging from the inpatient setting or presented as an outpatient but were scanned under anesthesia for cooperation with suspended respiration. The baseline HR was measured at presentation to the outpatient imaging center prior to administration of metoprolol medication and again during the scan. Metoprolol dose, image quality, and any adverse events were documented. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Scanner Platform, Scan Sequence, and Patient Preparation</title>
          <p>CCTA were performed using a first, second, or third -generation dual-source CT scanner (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany) with gantry rotation time = 280ms, temporal resolution=66-83ms, and collimation=2&#215;128&#215;0.6 mm. A prospectively electrocardiogram-triggered high-pitch (3.4) scan was performed using automated online tube current modulation for slow and steady HR &lt; 55 beats per minute (bpm) with the second or third generation dual source scanner. For higher HR or significant HR irregularity despite beta blocker, a retrospective electrocardiogram gated (Mindose) or sequential scan was done with the acquisition window adjusted for HR. Typically, a wider acquisition window that included systole was used for HR above 60 bpm. When coronary lesions were suspected in patients with symptoms of ischemia or Kawasaki disease, a retrospective electrocardiogram-gated (Mindose) or a sequential scan was used regardless of HR to allow evaluation of more than a single dataset. The tube potential was adjusted for all patients to a lower value based on the use of the automated software Care kV (Siemens, Forchheim) or on clinical judgement. In 2011, a 70 kV peak tube potential became available with a scanner upgrade. Scans were reconstructed using the Siemens second-generation iterative reconstruction algorithm, Safire, at a strength of 3. In 2014, a third- generation iterative reconstruction algorithm, Admire, began to be used, also with a strength of 3. Contrast dose was injected at the rate appropriate for age and intravenous gauge. Contrast was power-injected using a 20-24-gauge catheter based on patient size.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Image Quality Assessment</title>
          <p>Images were retrospectively reviewed by two expert readers (KH and BC) qualitatively on a four-point scale: 1=fully acceptable with optimal visualization of all anatomical targets; 2=good image quality with diagnostic visualization of all anatomical targets; 3=marginal image quality with diagnostic visualization of most anatomical targets; and 4=poor image quality, non-diagnostic for evaluation of anatomical targets. Any discrepancies in the scoring of image quality were re-reviewed by KH and reconciled. Anatomic targets were defined as the ability to see clear definition of coronary ostia and origin from the great artery; clear definition of coronary course, including relationship to great arteries and sternum; and the ability to identify distal coronary vessel anatomy to determine coronary dominance. All scans with a score &gt;1 were considered suboptimal. For these scans, the reason for the suboptimal image quality was determined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Radiation Dose Estimation</title>
          <p>Procedural dose length product in mGy*cm was used to estimate the radiation dose. A 32 cm phantom was used for dose length product estimates in all patients regardless of size. Radiation dose is reported as scan dose length product.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metoprolol Administration Protocol</title>
          <p>A standard metoprolol protocol was used for all patients included in this study. Children were screened for contraindications to beta blockade including severe aortic stenosis, moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension, or severe left or right ventricular systolic dysfunction. Patients with a history of any of these clinical entities were not given beta blocker medication. If the baseline HR was &lt; 60 bpm, metoprolol was not administered. If the baseline HR was between 60-70 bpm, 1 mg/kg metoprolol to maximum oral dose of 100 mg was administered. If the baseline HR was &gt; 70 bpm, 2 mg/kg metoprolol to maximum oral dose of 100 mg was administered. If the HR remained over 70 bpm one hour after oral dose, 0.2 mg/kg intravenous metoprolol was given to a maximal dose of 1 mg/kg for patients &lt; 20 kg, or maximum of 20 mg total intravenous dose was given for those over 20 kg. If the HR in the scanner is &gt; 70 bpm when baseline HR was acceptable, intravenous metoprolol only was given according to guidelines above.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Methods</title>
          <p>Patient demographic and clinical data were summarized using counts (%) for categorical variables, means &#177; standard deviations for symmetrically-distributed continuous variables, and medians (interquartile ranges) for skewed continuous variables. The change in HR following beta blocker administration was estimated using a multivariate linear regression model with difference in HR as a response variable and age, gender, dose length product, and metoprolol dose as covariates. Model assumptions were verified using residual analysis and the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality. The model estimates, their 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p-values are reported. The analysis was performed using R 3.5.2 in R-Studio 1.1.463 environment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>The significance level of 5% was used.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient Demographics and Heart Rate Reduction</title>
          <p>We identified 78 pediatric patients who underwent a CCTA scan with the use of metoprolol prior to image acquisition in the outpatient setting at our institution between January 2007 and December 2016. Fifty nine (75%) patients had the CCTA scan to assess coronaries and 19 (25%) had the study to assess another type of CHD. Patient demographics, HR, and beta blocker delivery mechanism are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The median age at scan was 13.33 (IQR 10, 16) years, 36 (46%) were male and the median weight of 46 (IQR 31, 61) kg. One patient received nitroglycerin with no adverse event.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient demographics and heart rate reduction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>All</th>
                    <th>Oral only</th>
                    <th>IV only</th>
                    <th>IV + Oral</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patient, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (29)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age at scan, years</td>
                    <td align="center">13.0&#177;3.3</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1&#177;3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">10.2&#177;4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">13.3&#177;2.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (46)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (43)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (57)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight, kg,*</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (31, 61)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (29, 59)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (29, 58)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (36, 62)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR initial, bpm,*</td>
                    <td align="center">78&#177;15</td>
                    <td align="center">74&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">91&#177;26</td>
                    <td align="center">87&#177;16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR at scan, bpm,*</td>
                    <td align="center">60&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">56&#177;9</td>
                    <td align="center">73&#177;16</td>
                    <td align="center">66&#177;11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR reduction, bpm,*</td>
                    <td align="center">19&#177;10</td>
                    <td align="center">18&#177;9</td>
                    <td align="center">18&#177;10</td>
                    <td align="center">20&#177;12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Relative reduction in HR, %,*</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (16, 30)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (17, 30)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (17, 22)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (15, 33)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>N: number; IV: intravenous; kg: kilogram; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute. * Continuous variables are reported as means &#177; standard deviations or as medians and interquartile (IQR, 25<sup><italic>th,</italic></sup> 75<sup><italic>th</italic></sup> percentile) ranges if skewed. Categorical variables summarized by counts (%).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Overall, the baseline HR was 77 (IQR 66, 90) bpm. The majority of patients, n = 51, (65%) received oral metoprolol only and four patients (5%) received intravenous metoprolol only. The remainder of the patients received a combination of oral and intravenous metoprolol n = 23 (29%). Following the metoprolol administration, there was a 23% reduction in baseline HR that corresponds to 19 bpm, IQR (12-26). From the multivariate analysis, the estimated reduction in HR was 20 bpm 95% CI (17, 24) (Appendix 1).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metoprolol Administration</title>
          <p>Metoprolol dose is dependent on patient&#8217;s weight as outlined in the Metoprolol Administration Protocol previously described. For those weighing less than &#8804; 50 kg, the median oral and intravenous metoprolol dose was 1.6 mg/kg (IQR 1.3, 1.9) and 0.6 mg/kg (IQR 0.3, 0.8), respectively. For patients weighing over 50 kg, the median oral and intravenous metoprolol dose was 1.4 (IQR 1.0, 1.6) and 0.3 (IQR 0.1, 0.5) mg/kg, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). The doses and amounts administered in practice are consistent with those specified in our clinical protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Beta Blocker Protocol- Dose and Delivery by Weight</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>All</th>
                    <th>Weight &#8804; 50 kg</th>
                    <th>Weight &gt; 50 kg</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dose oral, mg/kg (n=74*)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5&#177;0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7&#177;0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dose IV, mg/kg (n=27*)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5&#177;0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6&#177;0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4&#177;0.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amount oral, mg</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (50, 100)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (50, 75)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (62, 100)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amount IV, mg</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (15, 28)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (13, 23)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (18, 35)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Mg: milligrams; kg: kilogram; IV: intravenous; *includes those that received both IV and oral. Continuous variables are reported as means &#177; standard deviations or as medians and interquartile (IQR, 25th, 75th percentile) ranges if skewed.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Radiation Dose and Imaging Details</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> provides scan radiation dose and imaging details. The median procedural dose-length product was 57 (IQR 30, 119) mGy*cm. The mean image quality score was 1.2. Out of 78 scans, 11 (14%) were of suboptimal quality with 10 cases scored as a &#8220;2&#8221; due to poor contrast and/or noise and one case ranked &#8220;3&#8221; due to patient motion. The representation of the imaging sequences was uniform, with approximately a third of patients included in each sequence type. No complications were reported during CCTA imaging procedures or after the procedure until the time of discharge from the outpatient setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Scan Radiation Dose and Imaging Details</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">DLP, mGy*cm*</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">57 (30, 119)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Scan image quality*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (86)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (13)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Imaging Sequence</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anatomic-Prospective ECG triggered with high pitch (Flash), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (33)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anatomic-Prospective ECG triggered (Prospective), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (32)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Functional-Retrospective ECG gated (Spiral), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (35)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>DLP: dose-length product; mGy*cm. *categorical variables summarized by counts (%); continuous variables reported as median and interquartile (IQR, 25<sup><italic>th,</italic></sup> 75<sup><italic>th</italic></sup> percentile) ranges. Description of image quality: 1=fully acceptable with optimal visualization of all anatomical targets; 2=good image quality with diagnostic visualization of all anatomical targets; 3=marginal image quality with diagnostic visualization of most anatomical targets; and 4=poor image quality, non-diagnostic for evaluation of anatomical targets</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In adult patients undergoing CCTA, beta blocker use with adequate HR control has been shown to improve image quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Oral pre-medication has been shown to be effective in the adult population, although variation in efficacy is affected by dosing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> It is well documented that risks of repeated exposure to anesthesia and ionizing radiation for all CHD patients should be avoided.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Therefore, a slower HR allows for the use of prospective electrocardiogram triggering, which has been shown to significantly reduce radiation dose for coronary angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In our experience, intravenous metoprolol after an oral dose did not have an additional effect on reducing HR. Therefore, we have discontinued administration of intravenous metoprolol after oral dose in our pediatric patient population since 2013. Of note, three patients did receive IV metoprolol after 2013 due to elevated HR during topogram acquisition due to anxiety. HR reduction in pediatric populations can be safely and effectively achieved with a standardized metoprolol delivery protocol for patients undergoing CCTA assessment in the outpatient setting. With careful screening for contraindications, we found no complications or side effects with the use of beta blockers in pediatric patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This report is limited to findings regarding HR and metoprolol use and does not have a comparison group. The authors agree that a prospective design would have been more robust; however, this was a retrospective review that analyzed our clinical practice. Furthermore, the readers for this study were not blinded, which could introduce bias.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>A metoprolol dose protocol in the outpatient pediatric population with CHD before the acquisition of cardiac CTA showed safety and efficacy in heart rate reduction in patients between 6 and 18 years of age. An adequate heart rate control in pediatric population with metoprolol can provide clearer images due to reduction in motion and artifact, ensure faster acquisition times, and reduce radiation exposure.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Alina Health IRB under the protocol number 1036442-1. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.This study was partially funded by Jon Dehaan Foundation, Siemens Medical Solutions.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
