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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Hp8kWJ4qBTt34CJ4RxLXZYL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00089</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100089</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190532</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190532</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tend&#234;ncia da Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares no Brasil (1996-2015) e Associa&#231;&#227;o com Desenvolvimento Humano e Vulnerabilidade Social</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7995-1893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Dornels Freire de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Jos&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Feitosa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Damasceno dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Monaliza Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariano</surname>
            <given-names>Renato de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Karine Barros Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baggio</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Almeida de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Arapiraca</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Campus Arapiraca, Arapiraca, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade S&#227;o Francisco de Juazeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juazeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade S&#227;o Francisco de Juazeiro, Juazeiro, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UPAE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Petrolina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira &#8211; UPAE, Petrolina, RE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Dornels Freire de Souza &#8226; Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Campus Arapiraca &#8211; Medicina &#8211; Av. Manoel Severino Barbosa. CEP 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>carlos.freire@arapiraca.ufal.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa estudo: Souza CDF, Santos CD, Pereira MC, Paiva JPS, Leal TC, Silva LF, Ara&#250;jo AKBF; Obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Souza CDF, Silva LF, Mariano RS, Paiva JPS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Souza CDF, Santos CD, Pereira MC, Paiva JPS, Leal TC, Silva LF, Ara&#250;jo AKBF, Baggio JAO, Oliveira DJ, Mariano RS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Souza CDF, Silva LF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>89</fpage>
      <lpage>99</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV) constituem a segunda causa de mortes no mundo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar a tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por DCVB no Brasil (1996-2015) e associa&#231;&#227;o com o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e o &#237;ndice de vulnerabilidade social (IVS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de estudo ecol&#243;gico envolvendo as taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por DCBV. Os dados dos &#243;bitos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade e os dados populacionais, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica. Para as an&#225;lises temporais, foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o por pontos de inflex&#227;o, sendo calculado o percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o anual (<italic>annual percent change</italic> [APC]) e m&#233;dio do per&#237;odo (<italic>average annual percent change</italic> [AAPC]), com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e signific&#226;ncia de 5%. As tend&#234;ncias foram classificadas em crescente, decrescente ou estacion&#225;ria. O modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada foi utilizado para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a mortalidade por DCBV, IDH e IVS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram registrados 1.850.811 &#243;bitos por DCBV no per&#237;odo estudado. Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade nacional (APC: -2,4; <italic>p =</italic> 0,001). Vinte unidades federativas apresentaram tend&#234;ncias significativas, sendo 13 de redu&#231;&#227;o, incluindo todos das regi&#245;es Centro-Oeste (n = 4), Sudeste (n = 4) e Sul (n = 3). O IDH teve associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e o IVS, associa&#231;&#227;o negativa com a mortalidade (p = 0,046 e p = 0,026, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O estudo mostrou comportamento epidemiol&#243;gico desigual da mortalidade entre as regi&#245;es, sendo maior nos estados do Sudeste e Sul, por&#233;m com tend&#234;ncia significativa de redu&#231;&#227;o, e menor nos estados do Norte e Nordeste, mas com tend&#234;ncia significativa de crescimento. O IDH e o IVS associaram-se com a mortalidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):89-99)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Encefalopatias/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Desenvolvimento da Comunidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Vulnerabilidade Social</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de S&#233;ries Temporais</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia/organiza&#231;&#227;o e administra&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT) t&#234;m ocupado lugar de destaque no cen&#225;rio epidemiol&#243;gico, representando atualmente o maior problema global de sa&#250;de, causando cerca de 38 milh&#245;es de mortes anualmente (70% de todos os &#243;bitos), sendo 16 milh&#245;es delas consideradas prematuras (idade inferior a 70 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, aproximadamente 75% dos &#243;bitos s&#227;o causados pelas DCNT, o que representa mais de 1 milh&#227;o de mortes a cada ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O grupo das DCNT &#233; composto por quatro subgrupos: cardiovasculares (DCV), c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica e diabetes melito. Dentre as DCV, destacam-se as doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV), que figuram como a segunda causa de mortalidade no mundo, ficando atr&#225;s apenas das doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o. Juntas, elas foram respons&#225;veis por 15,2 milh&#245;es de mortes em 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre os pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, o Brasil apresenta uma das maiores taxas de mortalidade por DCBV. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve um aumento expressivo do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos, passando de 104 mil, em 1990, para 144 mil, em 2015. Por outro lado, o pa&#237;s tem experimentado uma redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade, sobretudo a precoce, que decresceu de 51,4% em 1990, para 35,1% em 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando que o impacto das DCBV na morbimortalidade &#233; um desafio para o desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico e social das na&#231;&#245;es, sobretudo nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, os quais concentram cerca de 80% de todos os &#243;bitos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o monitoramento do comportamento temporal dos indicadores no Brasil, um pa&#237;s de dimens&#245;es continentais e com importantes desigualdades socioespaciais, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para a defini&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas que possam impactar na situa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou analisar a tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por DCVB no Brasil (1996-2015) e a associa&#231;&#227;o com o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e o &#237;ndice de vulnerabilidade social (IVS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo, popula&#231;&#227;o e per&#237;odo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo ecol&#243;gico envolvendo todos os &#243;bitos DCBV ocorridos no Brasil no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2015 e o IDH e o IVS. Adotou-se como unidades de an&#225;lise o Brasil, suas grandes regi&#245;es e as unidades da federa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis estudadas</title>
        <p>Foram analisadas vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas: g&#234;mero (masculino, feminino e ignorado), faixa et&#225;ria em anos (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80 e mais e idade ignorada), escolaridade em anos (nenhuma, 1-3, 4-7, 8-11, 12 ou mais e escolaridade ignorada) e estado civil (solteiro, casado, vi&#250;vo, separado, outro e estado civil ignorado). Para a an&#225;lise de s&#233;rie temporal, foi inclu&#237;da a vari&#225;vel taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade e sexo em decorr&#234;ncia das DCBV. Para o componente de associa&#231;&#227;o, foram selecionados dois &#237;ndices sociais: i) o IDH e suas tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es (longevidade, educa&#231;&#227;o e renda) e ii) o IVS e suas tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es (infraestrutura urbana, capital humano e renda e trabalho). Esses dois &#237;ndices mensuram, respectivamente, o grau de desenvolvimento humano e o grau de vulnerabilidade social a que uma popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; exposta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados e coleta</title>
        <p>Os dados dos &#243;bitos foram coletados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (SIM) do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (http://datasus.saude.gov.br/).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Considerou-se o C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10) I60 a I69 &#8211; I60: hemorragia subaracnoide; I61: hemorragia intracerebral; I62: outras hemorragias intracranianas n&#227;o traum&#225;ticas; I63: infarto cerebral; I64: acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) n&#227;o especificado como hemorr&#225;gico ou isqu&#234;mico; I65: oclus&#227;o/estenose de art&#233;rias pr&#233;-cerebrais que n&#227;o resultam em infarto cerebral; I66: oclus&#227;o/estenose de art&#233;rias cerebrais que n&#227;o resultam em infarto cerebral; I67: outras doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares; I68: transtornos cerebrovasculares em doen&#231;as classificadas em outra parte; I69: sequelas de doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os dados populacionais necess&#225;rios ao c&#225;lculo dos indicadores foram obtidos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para a obten&#231;&#227;o das taxas, foram utilizadas as seguintes equa&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Taxa de mortalidade anual: n&#186; de &#243;bitos por DCBV no local e ano/popula&#231;&#227;o no local e ano &#215; 100.000 habitantes.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Taxa de mortalidade do per&#237;odo (1996-2015): m&#233;dia de &#243;bitos por DCBV da s&#233;rie temporal (1996-2015)/popula&#231;&#227;o do meio do per&#237;odo &#215; 100.000.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Por fim, o IDH foi obtido do atlas de desenvolvimento humano (http://atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/) e o IVS, do atlas de vulnerabilidade social (http://ivs.ipea.gov.br/index.php/pt/), tendo como base o ano de 2010. Salienta-se que os dados de IDH e IVS somente s&#227;o calculados nos anos censit&#225;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade</title>
        <p>Para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da estrutura demogr&#225;fica populacional, as taxas brutas foram padronizadas por g&#234;nero e idade pelo m&#233;todo direto, considerando-se como popula&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o a brasileira do ano de 2010 (ano censit&#225;rio) e as seguintes faixas et&#225;rias: 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 e 80 ou mais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento estat&#237;stico</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise temporal, foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o por pontos de inflex&#227;o (<italic>joinpoint regression model</italic>). O modelo testa se uma linha com m&#250;ltiplos segmentos &#233; mais adequada para explicar o comportamento temporal de um conjunto de dados quando comparada com uma linha reta ou com menos segmentos. Desse modo, o <italic>joinpoint</italic> possibilita identificar a tend&#234;ncia de cada indicador (se estacion&#225;ria, crescente ou decrescente), os pontos no tempo em que h&#225; modifica&#231;&#227;o nessa tend&#234;ncia (<italic>joins</italic>), bem como a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual (<italic>annual percent change</italic> [APC]) e do per&#237;odo total (<italic>average annual percent change</italic> [AAPC]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na configura&#231;&#227;o do modelo, foram adotados os seguintes par&#226;metros: n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de <italic>joins</italic>: zero; n&#250;mero m&#225;ximo de <italic>joins</italic>: tr&#234;s; sele&#231;&#227;o do melhor modelo: teste de permuta&#231;&#227;o de Monte Carlo (n = 4.499 permuta&#231;&#245;es); m&#233;todo de autocorrela&#231;&#227;o dos erros: m&#233;todo baseado na data; intervalo de confian&#231;a: 95% (IC 95%); e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia: 5%.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o entre os indicadores sociais e a taxa padronizada de mortalidade, adotou-se o modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada (<italic>ordinary least square</italic> [OLS]).</p>
        <p>Para as an&#225;lises, foram utilizados os <italic>softwares</italic> Joinpoint Regression 4.5.0.1 (National Cancer Institute, USA), GeoDa 1.10.0.8 (Universityof Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, USA) e QGis 2.14.11 (Open Source Geospatial Foundation, USA). As malhas territoriais necess&#225;rias para a confec&#231;&#227;o dos mapas foram provenientes do IBGE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Por utilizar dados secund&#225;rios de dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico, nos quais n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos, dispensou-se a aprecia&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre 1996 e 2015, foram registrados 1.850.811 &#243;bitos por DCBV no Brasil, expressando uma m&#233;dia de 92.540 casos/ano. Desse total, 50,68% (n = 938.044) ocorreram em indiv&#237;duos do g&#234;nero masculino e 77,80% (n = 1.440.170) em idosos. Ao estratificar segundo g&#234;nero, observou-se que a &#250;nica faixa et&#225;ria na qual a propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres ultrapassou a de homens foi em indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos. Destacou-se ainda a baixa escolaridade, uma vez que 39,94% (n = 739.233) eram analfabetos ou tinham at&#233; tr&#234;s anos de estudo. Nessa vari&#225;vel, observou-se uma elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de campos ignorados (38,29%/ n = 708.685) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica dos &#243;bitos por DCBV, segundo g&#234;nero &#8211; Brasil (1996-2015)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Masculino n = 938.044 (50,68%)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Feminino n = 912.202 (49,29%)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Ignorado n = 565 (0,03%)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Total de &#211;bitos n = 1.850.811 (100%) </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-4</td>
                <td align="center">1.012</td>
                <td align="center">55,95</td>
                <td align="center">793</td>
                <td align="center">43,83</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">1.809</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5-9</td>
                <td align="center">565</td>
                <td align="center">53,25</td>
                <td align="center">496</td>
                <td align="center">46,75</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">1.061</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10-14</td>
                <td align="center">999</td>
                <td align="center">54,44</td>
                <td align="center">834</td>
                <td align="center">45,45</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1.835</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>15-19</td>
                <td align="center">1.998</td>
                <td align="center">55,27</td>
                <td align="center">1.616</td>
                <td align="center">44,70</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">3.615</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>20-29</td>
                <td align="center">7.158</td>
                <td align="center">52,66</td>
                <td align="center">6.426</td>
                <td align="center">47,27</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">13.594</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">21.278</td>
                <td align="center">50,09</td>
                <td align="center">21.186</td>
                <td align="center">49,87</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">42.481</td>
                <td align="center">2,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">62.652</td>
                <td align="center">50,98</td>
                <td align="center">60.217</td>
                <td align="center">48,99</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">122.906</td>
                <td align="center">6,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">124.934</td>
                <td align="center">56,74</td>
                <td align="center">95.185</td>
                <td align="center">43,23</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">220.184</td>
                <td align="center">11,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">200.551</td>
                <td align="center">57,92</td>
                <td align="center">145.578</td>
                <td align="center">42,05</td>
                <td align="center">106</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">346.235</td>
                <td align="center">18,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">268.228</td>
                <td align="center">53,12</td>
                <td align="center">236.627</td>
                <td align="center">46,85</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">504.990</td>
                <td align="center">27,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80 e mais</td>
                <td align="center">246.717</td>
                <td align="center">41,89</td>
                <td align="center">342.104</td>
                <td align="center">58,09</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">588.945</td>
                <td align="center">31,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade ignorada</td>
                <td align="center">1.952</td>
                <td align="center">61,85</td>
                <td align="center">1.140</td>
                <td align="center">36,12</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">2,03</td>
                <td align="center">3.156</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">162.163</td>
                <td align="center">42,91</td>
                <td align="center">215.672</td>
                <td align="center">57,07</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">377.925</td>
                <td align="center">20,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1-3 anos</td>
                <td align="center">192.038</td>
                <td align="center">53,15</td>
                <td align="center">169.257</td>
                <td align="center">46,84</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">361.308</td>
                <td align="center">19,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4-7 anos</td>
                <td align="center">126.285</td>
                <td align="center">53,86</td>
                <td align="center">108.156</td>
                <td align="center">46,13</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">234.452</td>
                <td align="center">12,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8-11 anos</td>
                <td align="center">54.461</td>
                <td align="center">54,17</td>
                <td align="center">46.075</td>
                <td align="center">45,83</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">100.542</td>
                <td align="center">5,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12 anos e mais</td>
                <td align="center">29.083</td>
                <td align="center">57,64</td>
                <td align="center">21.369</td>
                <td align="center">42,35</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">504.56</td>
                <td align="center">2,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1-8 anos*</td>
                <td align="center">4.868</td>
                <td align="center">53,92</td>
                <td align="center">4.158</td>
                <td align="center">46,06</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">9.028</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9-11 anos*</td>
                <td align="center">4.551</td>
                <td align="center">54,08</td>
                <td align="center">3.860</td>
                <td align="center">45,87</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">8.415</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ignorado</td>
                <td align="center">364.595</td>
                <td align="center">51,45</td>
                <td align="center">343.655</td>
                <td align="center">48,49</td>
                <td align="center">435</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">708.685</td>
                <td align="center">38,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estado Civil</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Solteiro</td>
                <td align="center">163.672</td>
                <td align="center">47,22</td>
                <td align="center">182.828</td>
                <td align="center">52,75</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">346.587</td>
                <td align="center">18,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Casado</td>
                <td align="center">499.651</td>
                <td align="center">67,31</td>
                <td align="center">242.565</td>
                <td align="center">32,67</td>
                <td align="center">143</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">742.359</td>
                <td align="center">40,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vi&#250;vo</td>
                <td align="center">152.794</td>
                <td align="center">28,22</td>
                <td align="center">388.484</td>
                <td align="center">71,76</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">541.402</td>
                <td align="center">29,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Separado</td>
                <td align="center">40.958</td>
                <td align="center">59,29</td>
                <td align="center">28.116</td>
                <td align="center">40,70</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">69.080</td>
                <td align="center">3,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outro</td>
                <td align="center">12.235</td>
                <td align="center">64,02</td>
                <td align="center">6.875</td>
                <td align="center">35,97</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">19.111</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ignorado</td>
                <td align="center">68.734</td>
                <td align="center">51,96</td>
                <td align="center">63.334</td>
                <td align="center">47,88</td>
                <td align="center">204</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">132.272</td>
                <td align="center">7,15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Diferentes agrupamentos de escolaridade se devem &#224;s mudan&#231;as ocorridas no formul&#225;rio de declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito (DO) em 2011.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao longo da s&#233;rie temporal, a taxa de mortalidade por DCBV na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, considerando ambos os g&#234;neros, apresentou tend&#234;ncia linear de redu&#231;&#227;o (APC -2,4%; IC 95% -2,7 a -2,0; p = 0,001), passando de 72,3/100 mil (1996) para 46,4/100 mil (2015). Comportamentos semelhantes foram observados na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina (APC -2,3%; IC 95% -2,6 a -1,9; p = 0,001) e na feminina (APC -2,4%; IC 95% -2,8 a -2,0; p = 0,001), cujas taxas reduziram de 77,8 e 71,4/100 mil para 51,1 e 45,2/100 mil, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Ainda conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>, observa-se que a distribui&#231;&#227;o espacial das taxas m&#233;dias &#233; heterog&#234;nea, sendo maior nos estados das regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul e menor no Norte. As maiores taxas m&#233;dias gerais foram observadas nos estados do Paran&#225; (75/100 mil) e Esp&#237;rito Santo (71,3/100 mil), e as menores nos estados do Rio Grande do Norte (40,9/100 mil) e Bahia (48,0/100 mil). Esse mesmo cen&#225;rio se repetiu para a mortalidade masculina (Paran&#225; com 83,4/100 mil e Esp&#237;rito Santo com 79,8/100 mil). Na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, as maiores taxas foram observadas no Paran&#225; (71,2/100 mil) e Rio Grande do Sul (69,2/100 mil) e as menores no Rio Grande do Norte (40,7/100 mil) e Bahia (49,1/100 mil).</p>
      <p>Na etapa seguinte, analisou-se a tend&#234;ncia das taxas de mortalidade considerando toda a s&#233;rie temporal completa (1996-2015). A regi&#227;o Norte foi a &#250;nica que apresentou tend&#234;ncia de crescimento da mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral (APC 0,4%; IC 95% 0,1 a 0,8; p &lt; 0,001) e masculina (APC 0,7%; IC 95% 0,3 a 1,1; p &lt; 0,001). As regi&#245;es Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul apresentaram tend&#234;ncia decrescente, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral quanto na masculina e feminina, com destaque para a regi&#227;o Sudeste com maior redu&#231;&#227;o percentual na (APC 3,8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia anual (AAPC) das taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por DCBV, segundo g&#234;nero, no Brasil, regi&#245;es e unidades federadas (1996-2015)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Unidade espacial</th>
                <th colspan="3">Ambos os g&#234;neros</th>
                <th colspan="3">Masculino</th>
                <th colspan="3">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Taxa<sup>1</sup></th>
                <th rowspan="2">AAPC (IC 95%) p valor</th>
                <th colspan="2">Taxa<sup>1</sup></th>
                <th rowspan="2">AAPC (IC 95%) p valor</th>
                <th colspan="2">Taxa<sup>1</sup></th>
                <th rowspan="2">AAPC (IC 95%) p valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>1996</th>
                <th>2015</th>
                <th>1996</th>
                <th>2015</th>
                <th>1996</th>
                <th>2015</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Norte</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,4* (0,1 a 0,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">51,0</td>
                <td align="center">61,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,7* (0,3 a 1,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">52,6</td>
                <td align="center">58,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (-0,3 a 0,5); p=0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RO</td>
                <td align="center">68,2</td>
                <td align="center">51,4</td>
                <td align="center">-1,8* (-2,2 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">65,9</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,6* (-2,3 a -1,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">74,2</td>
                <td align="center">51,5</td>
                <td align="center">-1,9* (-2,3 a -1,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AC</td>
                <td align="center">57,4</td>
                <td align="center">63,1</td>
                <td align="center">-0,1 (-1,9 a 1,7); p=0,9</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
                <td align="center">62,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 (-2,3 a 3,1); p=0,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 (-4,3 a 5,4); p=0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AM</td>
                <td align="center">49,7</td>
                <td align="center">56,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,6* (0,2 a 1,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">49,7</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9* (0,2 a 1,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">52,7</td>
                <td align="center">57,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 (-0,1 a 1,0); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RR</td>
                <td align="center">75,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,8</td>
                <td align="center">-2,2* (-3,0 a -1,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">92,0</td>
                <td align="center">50,7</td>
                <td align="center">-2,0* (-3,6 a -0,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">56,4</td>
                <td align="center">44,2</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3* (-3,3 a -1,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA</td>
                <td align="center">46,3</td>
                <td align="center">61,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (-0,8 a 3,4); p=0,2</td>
                <td align="center">45,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (-0,3 a 4,1); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">49,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (-2,0 a 2,2); p=0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AP</td>
                <td align="center">79,5</td>
                <td align="center">49,2</td>
                <td align="center">-1,7 (-7,8 a 4,9); p=0,6</td>
                <td align="center">77,1</td>
                <td align="center">54,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,8 (-4,8 a 3,5); p=0,7</td>
                <td align="center">86,2</td>
                <td align="center">46,6</td>
                <td align="center">-1,2 (-3,8 a 1,5); p=0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TO</td>
                <td align="center">43,4</td>
                <td align="center">59,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,9* (0,9 a 2,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">48,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (-1,3 a 4,3); p=0,3</td>
                <td align="center">40,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,3* (0,7 a 3,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Nordeste</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">45,4</td>
                <td align="center">54,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (-0,7 a 2,4); p=0,3</td>
                <td align="center">46,8</td>
                <td align="center">60,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (-0,3 a 2,9); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">46,7</td>
                <td align="center">52,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (-1,1 a 2,3); p=0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MA</td>
                <td align="center">29,0</td>
                <td align="center">68,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,6* (2,0 a 7,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">31,7</td>
                <td align="center">76,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,7* (2,5 a 7,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">27,2</td>
                <td align="center">64,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,3* (1,6 a 7,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PI</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">76,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,9* (2,9 a 4,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">35,0</td>
                <td align="center">90,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,2* (2,9 a 5,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">33,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,0* (3,0 a 4,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CE</td>
                <td align="center">42,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (-0,2 a 2,8); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">43,5</td>
                <td align="center">62,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,7* (0,2 a 3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">42,8</td>
                <td align="center">52,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (-0,2 a 1,6); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RN</td>
                <td align="center">33,0</td>
                <td align="center">38,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (-0,1 a 1,8); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">34,4</td>
                <td align="center">43,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,3* (0,2 a 2,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">33,0</td>
                <td align="center">35,6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,4 (-0,8 a 1,5); p=0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PB</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">48,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,7* (0,4 a 3,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">39,0</td>
                <td align="center">52,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,9* (0,3 a 3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">38,4</td>
                <td align="center">48,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (-0,1 a 2,8); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PE</td>
                <td align="center">64,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,8 (-2,2 a 0,6); p=0,3</td>
                <td align="center">68,1</td>
                <td align="center">66,6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,4 (-1,0 a 0,2); p=0,2</td>
                <td align="center">65,9</td>
                <td align="center">55,2</td>
                <td align="center">-1,1 (-2,6 a 0,4); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AL</td>
                <td align="center">55,5</td>
                <td align="center">69,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,8* (0,2 a 1,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">57,8</td>
                <td align="center">77,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,2* (0,6 a 1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">57,1</td>
                <td align="center">66,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 (-0,5 a 1,5); p=0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SE</td>
                <td align="center">41,8</td>
                <td align="center">57,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,7* (1,0 a 2,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">45,7</td>
                <td align="center">64,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,9* (1,0 a 2,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">40,2</td>
                <td align="center">55,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,5* (0,5 a 2,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BA</td>
                <td align="center">47,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,2</td>
                <td align="center">-0,0 (-0,6 a 0,5); p=0,9</td>
                <td align="center">47,4</td>
                <td align="center">47,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,2 (-0,3 a 0,8); p=0,4</td>
                <td align="center">51,0</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2 (-0,8 a 0,3); p=0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Centro-Oeste</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">69,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,3</td>
                <td align="center">-2,8* (-3,4 a -2,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">72,2</td>
                <td align="center">49,2</td>
                <td align="center">-2,7* (-3,3 a -2,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">69,1</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3 (-4,8 a 0,2); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MS</td>
                <td align="center">76,9</td>
                <td align="center">52,9</td>
                <td align="center">-2,4* (-2,9 a -2,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">83,9</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">-2,4* (-3,0 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">73,1</td>
                <td align="center">54,5</td>
                <td align="center">-2,4* (-2,8 a 1,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MT</td>
                <td align="center">65,7</td>
                <td align="center">44,2</td>
                <td align="center">-1,9* (-3,0 a -0,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">66,3</td>
                <td align="center">45,6</td>
                <td align="center">-2,1* (-3,5 a -0,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">67,6</td>
                <td align="center">44,8</td>
                <td align="center">-2,5* (-3,2 a -1,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GO</td>
                <td align="center">64,2</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">-2,2* (-2,6 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">49,7</td>
                <td align="center">-1,6* (-2,7 a -0,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">65,1</td>
                <td align="center">45,6</td>
                <td align="center">-2,2 (-2,6 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DF</td>
                <td align="center">81,3</td>
                <td align="center">41,6</td>
                <td align="center">-4,0* (-4,6 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">91,6</td>
                <td align="center">46,4</td>
                <td align="center">-4,0* (-4,6 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">77,2</td>
                <td align="center">40,5</td>
                <td align="center">-3,4 (-5,4 a -1,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sudeste</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,1</td>
                <td align="center">41,4</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,1 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">96,3</td>
                <td align="center">45,8</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,2 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">82,3</td>
                <td align="center">40,2</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,2 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MG</td>
                <td align="center">74,1</td>
                <td align="center">39,3</td>
                <td align="center">-3,2* (-3,5 a -2,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">81,0</td>
                <td align="center">41,5</td>
                <td align="center">-3,3* (-3,7 a -3,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">71,5</td>
                <td align="center">39,5</td>
                <td align="center">-3,0* (-3,3 a -2,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ES</td>
                <td align="center">98,4</td>
                <td align="center">46,7</td>
                <td align="center">-3,6* (-4,3 a -2,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">108,7</td>
                <td align="center">51,7</td>
                <td align="center">-3,5* (-4,0 a -3,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">94,2</td>
                <td align="center">45,1</td>
                <td align="center">-3,5* (-4,2 a -2,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RJ</td>
                <td align="center">101,6</td>
                <td align="center">42,3</td>
                <td align="center">-4,5* (-5,3 a -3,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">113,8</td>
                <td align="center">47,9</td>
                <td align="center">-4,3* (-4,9 a -3,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">97,7</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">-4,5* (-5,8 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SP</td>
                <td align="center">84,3</td>
                <td align="center">41,7</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,2 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">95,8</td>
                <td align="center">46,7</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,0 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">79,4</td>
                <td align="center">40,1</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,0 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sul</td>
                <td align="center">91,0</td>
                <td align="center">45,9</td>
                <td align="center">-3,7* (-4,1 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">96,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,5</td>
                <td align="center">-3,7* (-4,1 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">91,3</td>
                <td align="center">45,6</td>
                <td align="center">-3,6* (-4,0 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PR</td>
                <td align="center">98,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,9</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,1 a -3,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">108,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,3</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,1 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">95,5</td>
                <td align="center">48,0</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,1 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SC</td>
                <td align="center">89,1</td>
                <td align="center">37,7</td>
                <td align="center">-4,4* (-4,8 a -4,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">94,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,7</td>
                <td align="center">-3,9* (-5,9 a -2,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">89,5</td>
                <td align="center">38,2</td>
                <td align="center">-4,3* (-4,7 a -3,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RS</td>
                <td align="center">86,1</td>
                <td align="center">46,5</td>
                <td align="center">-3,1* (-4,2 a -1,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">88,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,4</td>
                <td align="center">-3,0* (-3,6 a -2,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">89,3</td>
                <td align="center">47,0</td>
                <td align="center">-3,4* (-4,1 a -2,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05). 1Taxa de mortalidade/100 mil habitantes. AAPC: Average Annual Percent Change; RO: Rond&#244;nia; AC: Acre; AM: Amazonas; RR: Roraima; PA: Par&#225;; AP: Amap&#225;; TO: Tocantins; MA: Maranh&#227;o; PI: Piau&#237;; CE: Cear&#225;; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; PB: Para&#237;ba; PE: Pernambuco; AL: Alagoas; SE: Sergipe; BA: Bahia; MG: Minas Gerais; ES: Esp&#237;rito Santo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: S&#227;o Paulo; PR: Paran&#225;; SC: Santa Catarina; RS: Rio Grande do Sul; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; MT: Mato Grosso; GO: Goi&#225;s; DF: Distrito Federal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise estratificada por unidade da federa&#231;&#227;o, 20 estados apresentaram tend&#234;ncias significativas, sendo sete de crescimento e 13 de redu&#231;&#227;o. Todos os estados das regi&#245;es Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste apresentaram tend&#234;ncias decrescentes, com destaque para o Rio de Janeiro e Santa Catarina, com os maiores percentuais de redu&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, dos sete estados com tend&#234;ncia de crescimento, cinco est&#227;o situados na regi&#227;o nordeste (Maranh&#227;o, Piau&#237;, Para&#237;ba, Alagoas e Sergipe) e dois no Norte (Amazonas e Tocantins) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Quanto ao IDH, apenas o Distrito Federal foi classificado como muito alto (IDH 0,824). Todos os estados do Nordeste e cinco do Norte apresentaram IDH m&#233;dio (entre 0,600 e 0,699), destacando-se Alagoas e Maranh&#227;o com valores mais baixos (IDH 0,631 e 0,639, respectivamente). Em paralelo, esses mesmos estados das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste apresentaram os maiores valores no IVS, destacando-se o Maranh&#227;o com IVS muito alto (IVS 0,521). Todos os oito estados classificados como alta vulnerabilidade social est&#227;o situados nas regi&#245;es Norte (n = 4) e Nordeste (n = 4) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o espacial do &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e do &#237;ndice de vulnerabilidade social (IVS) nos estados brasileiros. Brasil (2010).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0089-90532-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o temporal mostrou ainda que os estados das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste foram os que apresentaram o maior n&#250;mero de segmentos na s&#233;rie temporal (<italic>joins</italic>), representando maior oscila&#231;&#227;o nas taxas ao longo dos anos. Ao analisar a mortalidade geral no Nordeste, por exemplo, quatro segmentos temporais foram encontrados: crescimento discreto (1996-2003), comportamento estacion&#225;rio (2003-2006), tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o (2006-2010) e novamente um comportamento estacion&#225;rio (2010-2015). Dentre os estados dessa regi&#227;o, apenas a Bahia apresentou comportamento linear (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o anual das taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por DCBV, segundo g&#234;nero &#8211; Brasil (1996-2015)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Unidade espacial</th>
                <th colspan="2">Ambos os g&#234;neros</th>
                <th colspan="2">Masculino</th>
                <th colspan="2">Feminino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Per&#237;odo</th>
                <th>APC (IC 95%) p valor</th>
                <th>Per&#237;odo</th>
                <th>APC (IC 95%) p valor</th>
                <th>Per&#237;odo</th>
                <th>APC (IC 95%) p valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Norte</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">0,4* (0,0 a 0,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">0,7* (0,3 a 1,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (-0,3 a 0,5); p=0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RO</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,8*(-2,2 a -1,8) ; p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">1,6* (-2,3 a -1,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,9* (-2,3 a -1,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">AC</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1999</td>
                <td align="center">-16,2 (-30,7 a 1,4); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2002</td>
                <td align="center">-5,6 *(-9,4 a -1,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1999</td>
                <td align="center">-16,2 (-30,7 a 1,4); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1999-2006</td>
                <td align="center">9,9* (3,1 a 17,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2002-2006</td>
                <td align="center">13,2* (0,5 a 27,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1999-2006</td>
                <td align="center">9,9* (3,1 a 17,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2006-2011</td>
                <td align="center">-6,4 (-17 a 5,6); p=0,2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2006-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-0,8 (-2,9 a 1,4); p=0,4</td>
                <td align="center">2006-2011</td>
                <td align="center">-6,4 (-17,0 a 5,6); p=0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2011-2015</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (-5,0 a 20,8); p=0,2</td>
                <td align="center">2011-2015</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (-5,0 a 30,8); p=0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AM</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">0,6* (0,2 a 1,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">0,9* (0,2 a 1,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 (-0,1 a 1,0); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RR</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,2* (-3,0 a -1,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,0* (-3,6 a -0,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3* (-3,3 a -1,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">PA</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2004</td>
                <td align="center">-0,8 (-2,9 a 1,2); p=0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 (-1,1 a 25,9); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2004</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-0,8 (-2,9 a 1,2); p=0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2004-2008</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (-3,3 a 16,8); p=1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1998-2001</td>
                <td align="center">-4,2 (-15,1 a 8,2); p=0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2008-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2,3 (-4,7 a 0,2); p=-2,0</td>
                <td align="center">2001-2008</td>
                <td align="center">4,3* (2,2 a 6,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2004-2008</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (-3,3 a 16,8); p=0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-0,5 (-2,1 a 1,2); p=0,5</td>
                <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3 (-4,7 a 0,2); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">AP</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                <td align="center">-5,8* (-8,8 a -2,7); p=0,6</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2002</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (-4,3 a 8,4); p=0,5</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                <td align="center">-5,8* (-8,8 a -2,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">5,5* (0,1 a 11,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2002-2006</td>
                <td align="center">-11,1 (-26,1 a 7,0); p=0,2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">5,5* (0,1 a 11,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (-1,0 a 5,9); p=0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">TO</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                <td align="center">11,6* (7,5 a 15,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2000</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 (-2,5 a 8,9); p=0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                <td align="center">11,6* (7,5 a 15,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2003-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2,8* (-4,4 a -1,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2000-2003</td>
                <td align="center">15,3 (-3,1 a 37,3); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2003-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2,8* (-4,4 a -1,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2003-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3* (-3,3 a -1,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">
                  <bold>Nordeste</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                <td align="center">1,7* (0,5 a 2,9); p=0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                <td align="center">2,1* (-0,9 a 3,3); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                <td align="center">1,4* (0,1 a 2,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (-1,5 a 17,2); p=1,9</td>
                <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 (-2,3 a 16,4); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                <td align="center">8,3 (-1,5 a 19,1); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2006-2010</td>
                <td align="center">-4,5* (-8,5 a -0,2); p=0,3</td>
                <td align="center">2006-2010</td>
                <td align="center">-3,7 (-7,8 a 0,6); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">2006-2010</td>
                <td align="center">-5,1* (-9,5 a -0,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (-1,7 a 2,2); p=0,3</td>
                <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (-0,9 a 3,1); p=0,2</td>
                <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-0,4 (-2,5 a 1,8); p=0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">MA</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2006</td>
                <td align="center">4,5* (2,2 a 6,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2000</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (-7,1 a 7,8); p=1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                <td align="center">4,5* (2,2 a 6,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 (-0,2 a 40,2); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">2000-2007</td>
                <td align="center">13,4* (8,9 a 18,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 (-0,2 a 40,2); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2 (-1,7 a 1,4); p=0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-0,1 (-2,6 a 2,6); p=1,0</td>
                <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2 (-1,7 a 1,4); p=0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">PI</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2006</td>
                <td align="center">8,9* (7,6 a 10,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                <td align="center">8,4* (6,8 a 10,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2006</td>
                <td align="center">8,9* (7,6 a 10,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,3 (-2,7 a 0,2); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,4 (-3,7 a 1,1); p=0,2</td>
                <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,3 (-2,7 a 0,2); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">CE</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                <td align="center">2,8* (1,7 a 3,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">11,5 (-2,2 a 27,0); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                <td align="center">2,8* (1,7 a 3,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2,2* (-3,9 a -0,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1998-2008</td>
                <td align="center">2,0* (0,8 a 3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2,2* (-3,9 a -0,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,2 (-2,9 a 0,5); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">RN</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2009</td>
                <td align="center">2,4* (1,4 a 3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2008</td>
                <td align="center">4,2* (2,9 a 5,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2009</td>
                <td align="center">2,4* (1,4 a 3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2009-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,9* (-7,0 a -0,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,3* (-5,9 a -0,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2009-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,9* (-7,0 a -0,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">PB</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">-11,8* (-22,1 a 0,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1999</td>
                <td align="center">-5,5 (-12,3 a 2,3); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">-11,8* (-22,1 a 0,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1998-2007</td>
                <td align="center">8,9* (7,4 a 10,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1999-2007</td>
                <td align="center">10,6* (8,3 A 13,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1998-2007</td>
                <td align="center">8,9* (7,4 a 10,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,1* (-4,4 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,5* (-5,1 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,1* (-4,4 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">PE</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 (-2,8 a 13,7); p=0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2006</td>
                <td align="center">1,1* (0,3 a 2,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 (-2,8 a 13,7); p=0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1998-2001</td>
                <td align="center">-6,0 (-13,1 a 1,7); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">2006-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2,0* (-3,0 a -1,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1998-2001</td>
                <td align="center">-6,0 (-13,1 a 1,7); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2001-2005</td>
                <td align="center">4,9* (0,9 a 9,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2001-2005</td>
                <td align="center">4,9* (0,9 a 9,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,2* (-3,8 a -2,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,2* (-3,8 a -2,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">AL</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                <td align="center">2,4* (1,2 a 3,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                <td align="center">3,2* (2,4 a 4,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                <td align="center">2,4* (1,2 a 3,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,1 (-4,0 a -0,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,5* (-2,7 a -0,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,1* (-4,0 a -0,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">SE</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                <td align="center">5,7* (4,0 a 7,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                <td align="center">5,8* (4,1 a 7,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                <td align="center">5,7* (4,0 a 7,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,1* (-3,5 a -0,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,4* (-2,7 a -0,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,1* (-3,5 a -0,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BA</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-0,0 (-0,6 a 0,5); p=0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">0,2 (-0,3 a 0,8); p=0,4</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2 (-0,8 a 0,3); p=0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Centro-Oeste</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2,8* (-3,4 a -2,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2,7* (-3,3 a -2,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                <td align="center">-0,5 (-2,0 a 1,0); p=0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2005-2008</td>
                <td align="center">-0,9 (-23,1 a 7,7); p=0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-1,6 (-3,8 a 0,6); p=0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MS</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,4* (-2,9 a -2,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,4* (-3,0 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-2,4* (-2,8 a 1,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">MT</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-1,9* (-3,0 a -0,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 (-3,5 a 24,6); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2,5* (-3,2 a -1,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1998-2010</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3* (-3,1 a -1,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-5,9* (-8,6 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">GO</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2,2* (-2,6 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1999</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (-3,0 a 9,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2,2 (-2,6 a -1,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1999-2007</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-5,3 a -2,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-0,9 (-2,1 a 0,4); p=0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">DF</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (-14,4 a 30,6); p=0,6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-4,0* (-4,6 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (-14,4 a 30,6); p=0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1998-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-4,4* (-5,1 a -3,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1998-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-4,4* (-5,1 a -3,7); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sudeste</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,1 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,2 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,2 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">MG</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2009</td>
                <td align="center">-2.6* (-3,2 a -1,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3,3* (-3,7 a -3,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3,0* (-3,3 a -2,8); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2009-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-5,5* (-7,4 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">ES</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3,6 (-4,3 a -2,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3,5* (-4,0 a -3,1); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2009</td>
                <td align="center">-2,6* (-3,2 a -1,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2009-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-5,5* (-7,4 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">RJ</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                <td align="center">-5,1* (-5,9 a -4,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2010</td>
                <td align="center">-3,9* (-4,4 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                <td align="center">-5,1* (-5,9 a -4,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2005-2008</td>
                <td align="center">-0,6 (-8,9 a 8,4); p=0,9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2010-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-5,4* (-7,4 a -3,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2005-2008</td>
                <td align="center">-0,6* (-8,9 a 8,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-5,4* (-6,5 a -4,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-5,4* (-6,5 a -4,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SP</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,2 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,0 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,0 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sul</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,7* (-4,1 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,7* (-4,1 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,6* (-4,0 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PR</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,1 a -3,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,1 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,8* (-4,1 a -3,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">SC</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-4,4* (-4,8 a -4,0); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 (-9,2 a 21,9); p=0,5</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-4,3* (-4,7 a -3,9); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1998-2002</td>
                <td align="center">-8,3* (-14,8 a -1,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2002-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-3,9* (-4,7 a -3,2); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">RS</td>
                <td align="center">1996-2012</td>
                <td align="center">-3,0* (-3,0 a -3,4); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 (-0,0 a 9,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2012</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3,0* (-3,4 a -2,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">2012-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">-5,4* (-10,0 a -0,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1998-2006</td>
                <td align="center">-3,9* (-4,5 a -3,3); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2006-2010</td>
                <td align="center">-1,6 (-3,8 a 0,7); p=0,1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2012-2015</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">-5,4* (-10,0 a -0,6); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                <td align="center">-5,5* (-6,4 a -4,5); p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>*Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05). APC: Annual Percent Change; RO: Rond&#244;nia; AC: Acre; AM: Amazonas; RR: Roraima; PA: Par&#225;; AP: Amap&#225;; TO: Tocantins; MA: Maranh&#227;o; PI: Piau&#237;; CE: Cear&#225;; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; PB: Para&#237;ba; PE: Pernambuco; AL: Alagoas; SE: Sergipe; BA: Bahia; MG: Minas Gerais; ES: Esp&#237;rito Santo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: S&#227;o Paulo; PR: Paran&#225;; SC: Santa Catarina; RS: Rio Grande do Sul; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; MT: Mato Grosso; GO: Goi&#225;s; e DF: Distrito Federal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Por fim, o modelo de regress&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a taxa m&#233;dia de mortalidade e o IDH municipal (p = 0,046) e sua dimens&#227;o renda (p = 0,029), e associa&#231;&#227;o negativa com o IVS (p = 0,026) e em duas dimens&#245;es: capital humano (p = 0,046) e renda e trabalho (p = 0,018) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelo de regress&#227;o (ordinay least square [OLS]) entre a taxa de mortalidade por DCBV e o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano e &#237;ndice de vulnerabilidade social &#8211; Brasil (1996-2015)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Coeficiente</th>
                <th>Estat&#237;stica t</th>
                <th>p valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de desenvolvimento humano municipal (IDHM)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61,588</td>
                <td align="center">2,091</td>
                <td align="center">0,046*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IDHM longevidade</td>
                <td align="center">90,265</td>
                <td align="center">1,866</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IDHM educa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47,075</td>
                <td align="center">1,861</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IDHM renda</td>
                <td align="center">56,476</td>
                <td align="center">2,301</td>
                <td align="center">0,029*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de vulnerabilidade social (IVS)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-40,802</td>
                <td align="center">-2,353</td>
                <td align="center">0,026*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVS infraestrutura urbana</td>
                <td align="center">-15,998</td>
                <td align="center">-1,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVS capital humano</td>
                <td align="center">-31,883</td>
                <td align="center">-2,092</td>
                <td align="center">0,046*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVS renda e trabalho</td>
                <td align="center">-35,322</td>
                <td align="center">-2,528</td>
                <td align="center">0,018*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>*Associa&#231;&#227;o significativa.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O Brasil apresenta uma das maiores taxas de mortalidade por DCBV dentre os pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina e ainda muito superior ao de na&#231;&#245;es desenvolvidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Todavia, um comportamento temporal de decl&#237;nio da taxa nacional tem sido observado ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina quanto na feminina, corroborando a literatura existente nacional e internacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos autores t&#234;m destacado que tal redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade pode ser explicada pela amplia&#231;&#227;o do acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e da ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No Brasil, destaca-se a implanta&#231;&#227;o da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de (APS), que, por meio da Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia (ESF) desenvolve a&#231;&#245;es de controle de fatores de risco, a exemplo do incentivo &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e da ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares salutares, programa de controle do tabagismo, diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento sistem&#225;tico das condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas (p. ex., hipertens&#227;o e diabetes) e acesso &#224; assist&#234;ncia farmac&#234;utica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Entre 1998 e 2017, houve uma intensa expans&#227;o do n&#250;mero de equipe de sa&#250;de da fam&#237;lia, passando de pouco mais de 2 mil para 41 mil, alcan&#231;ando uma cobertura de 70% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, o que corresponde a aproximadamente 143 milh&#245;es de pessoas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Estudos t&#234;m mostrado associa&#231;&#227;o entre a expans&#227;o da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por doen&#231;as como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da APS, o Brasil tamb&#233;m avan&#231;ou consideravelmente no atendimento ao paciente com DCBV. Em 1997, foi implantada a primeira unidade de AVC no Brasil, situada em Joinville-SC. A partir dessa experi&#234;ncia, em 2008, o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de iniciou a organiza&#231;&#227;o da rede nacional de atendimento ao AVC, resultando na promulga&#231;&#227;o da portaria n&#186; 665/2012, com a finalidade de implantar servi&#231;os de refer&#234;ncia em todo o pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra a&#231;&#227;o importante diz respeito ao Plano de A&#231;&#245;es Estrat&#233;gicas para o Enfrentamento das DCNT. Implantado em 2011 pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, o plano estabeleceu um conjunto de metas para o pa&#237;s, como a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade prematura por DCNT, da preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo e do consumo de &#225;lcool na popula&#231;&#227;o, aumento da preval&#234;ncia da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e do consumo de frutas e conten&#231;&#227;o do crescimento da obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise regional, evidenciamos um comportamento heterog&#234;neo no padr&#227;o de mortalidade pelas DCBV no pa&#237;s, corroborando outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> As taxas de mortalidades foram maiores nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul, por&#233;m com tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o significativa. Em contraste, o Norte e o Nordeste apresentaram as menores taxas, mas com tend&#234;ncia de crescimento significativo ao longo da s&#233;rie hist&#243;rica. Esse contexto epidemiol&#243;gico-espacial heterog&#234;neo &#233; resultado das diferen&#231;as sociais, econ&#244;micas, demogr&#225;ficas e epidemiol&#243;gicas existentes entre as regi&#245;es. Em virtude disso, os achados devem ser analisados sob a &#243;tica de tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es: i) transi&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica e epidemiol&#243;gica; ii) determinantes sociais da sa&#250;de; e iii) qualidade dos sistemas de informa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Desde os anos 1940, o Brasil tem passado por importantes transforma&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas: redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade geral e o decl&#237;nio da natalidade resultaram em grandes mudan&#231;as no regime demogr&#225;fico e na estrutura et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o, com significativo aumento de idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em 2000, essa popula&#231;&#227;o era de pouco mais de 14,2 milh&#245;es, passando para 19,6 milh&#245;es em 2010, devendo alcan&#231;ar 41,5 milh&#245;es j&#225; em 2030,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> com maior concentra&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul. O impacto do processo de envelhecimento populacional no padr&#227;o de morbimortalidade &#233; significativo, uma vez que implica aumento das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> dentre as quais se destacam as DCBV. Em nosso estudo, 77,8% dos &#243;bitos ocorreram em idosos.</p>
      <p>Estudos apontam que o risco de mortalidade por DCBV na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa &#233; substancialmente maior do que em outras faixas et&#225;rias. Uma das raz&#245;es &#233; o ac&#250;mulo de fatores de risco, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemias, etilismo, tabagismo e h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em n&#237;vel nacional, por exemplo, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pode acometer 68% dos idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ademais, o processo de transi&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica ocorre em concomit&#226;ncia com uma segunda transi&#231;&#227;o, a epidemiol&#243;gica, caracterizada pelas mudan&#231;as no perfil de adoecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, tem sido observado decl&#237;nio das doen&#231;as infecciosas e parasit&#225;rias e aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia das cr&#244;nico-degenerativas, muitas das quais, conforme mencionado anteriormente, elevam o risco de mortalidade por DCBV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> As regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste s&#227;o as mais expostas &#224; vulnerabilidade social e ao menor desenvolvimento humano, resultando em maior mortalidade por doen&#231;as decorrentes desse contexto social desfavor&#225;vel e menor participa&#231;&#227;o das DCBV, diferentemente do que se observa nas regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas do pa&#237;s (Sudeste e Sul). Nesse sentido, as maiores taxas observadas nos estados mais desenvolvidos refletem as diferen&#231;as sociais e, consequentemente, maior participa&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas no perfil de mortalidade. Em contrapartida, regi&#245;es mais vulner&#225;veis podem apresentar menores taxas em raz&#227;o da persist&#234;ncia da mortalidade em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; pobreza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As duas transi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o ocorrem de modo homog&#234;neo no Brasil, havendo um descompasso entre as regi&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A transi&#231;&#227;o desigual explica, em partes, as diferen&#231;as entre as regi&#245;es brasileiras no tocante &#224; mortalidade por DCBV. Esse cen&#225;rio justifica a associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a mortalidade por DCBV e o desenvolvimento humano e a associa&#231;&#227;o negativa desta com a vulnerabilidade social, o que representa a influ&#234;ncia do contexto epidemiol&#243;gico e social no perfil de mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Todavia, a an&#225;lise isolada das taxas n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para compreender a din&#226;mica epidemiol&#243;gica das DCBV, sendo necess&#225;rio refletir sobre a sua tend&#234;ncia ao longo da s&#233;rie temporal. Nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, em geral, as taxas mostraram padr&#227;o temporal de crescimento e, nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul, observou-se decl&#237;nio. Esses achados refletem a influ&#234;ncia dos determinantes sociais da sa&#250;de no padr&#227;o de mortalidade por DCBV. As condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, incluindo desenvolvimento humano, condi&#231;&#227;o de renda e situa&#231;&#227;o educacional, exercem influ&#234;ncia significativa no risco de um indiv&#237;duo morrer por esse grupo de doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recente estudo da Carga Global de Doen&#231;as (<italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic>, 2015) mostrou que os estados brasileiros situados no tercil mais baixo do &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento social apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es menores das taxas de mortalidade, quando comparados aos estados situados no tercil superior de desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesse mesmo estudo, o tercil inferior foi composto, unicamente, por estados das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste. Sugere-se, portanto, que as melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de vida apresentam dupla influ&#234;ncia na tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade: i) reduzem os fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos de doen&#231;a; e ii) contribuem para a sobrevida dos pacientes quando tais eventos ocorrem, reduzindo a chance de ocorr&#234;ncia do &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>Por fim, &#233; necess&#225;rio refletir ainda sobre a qualidade dos registros de mortalidade, sendo este um desafio para o adequado monitoramento das condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o. O inadequado preenchimento da declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito, resultando em elevado n&#250;mero de c&#243;digos <italic>garbage,</italic> as dificuldades em realizar investiga&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica dos &#243;bitos registrados com causa mal definida e a falta de recursos humanos capacitados para atua&#231;&#227;o nos servi&#231;os de vigil&#226;ncia do &#243;bito s&#227;o problemas comuns evidenciados em todo o pa&#237;s, embora as regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste sejam as mais atingidas pelo problema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A qualidade duvidosa das informa&#231;&#245;es configura-se como uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
      <p>Entre 1996 e 2005, o percentual de &#243;bitos com causas mal definidas nessas regi&#245;es foi superior a 20%, sendo ainda maior na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa quando comparada com outras faixas et&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, as taxas de mortalidade no Norte e Nordeste, por exemplo, podem ser superiores &#224;quelas que evidenciamos neste estudo. Por outro lado, &#233; necess&#225;rio destacar que, nos &#250;ltimos anos, importantes avan&#231;os na qualidade da informa&#231;&#227;o foram observados nessas regi&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Conclui-se que a mortalidade por DCBV no Brasil apresenta comportamento epidemiol&#243;gico desigual entre as regi&#245;es. As maiores taxas foram observadas nos estados com melhor grau de desenvolvimento humano e menor vulnerabilidade social, mas com tend&#234;ncia decrescente ao longo da s&#233;rie temporal. Por outro lado, nos estados com menor desenvolvimento e maior vulnerabilidade, as taxas foram menores, mas com tend&#234;ncia de crescimento. Nesse sentido, advogamos que as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas devem ser desenvolvidas considerando o contexto regional/local.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o espacial e tend&#234;ncia das taxas de mortalidade padronizada por DCBV nos estados brasileiros, geral e segundo g&#234;nero. Brasil (1996-2015). APC: Annual Percent Change; hab.: habitantes; n&#186;: n&#250;mero; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DCBV: doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0089-90532-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality Trend in Brazil (1996 To 2015) and Association with Human Development Index and Social Vulnerability</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7995-1893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Dornels Freire de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Jos&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Feitosa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Damasceno dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Monaliza Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariano</surname>
            <given-names>Renato de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Karine Barros Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baggio</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Almeida de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Campus Arapiraca, Arapiraca, AL - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade S&#227;o Francisco de Juazeiro, Juazeiro, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira &#8211; UPAE, Petrolina, RE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Dornels Freire de Souza &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Campus Arapiraca &#8211; Medicina &#8211; Av. Manoel Severino Barbosa. Postal Code 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL &#8211; Brazil E-mail: carlos.freire@arapiraca.ufal.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Souza CDF, Santos CD, Pereira MC, Paiva JPS, Leal TC, Silva LF, Ara&#250;jo AKBF; Acquisition of data: Souza CDF, Silva LF, Mariano RS, Paiva JPS; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Souza CDF, Santos CD, Pereira MC, Paiva JPS, Leal TC, Silva LF, Ara&#250;jo AKBF, Baggio JAO, Oliveira DJ, Mariano RS; Statistical analysis: Souza CDF, Silva LF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) are the second major cause of death in the world.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze the mortality trend of CBVD in Brazil (1996 to 2015) and its association with Human Development Index (HDI) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This is an ecological study. We analyzed the mortality rate standardized by CBVD. Death data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and populational data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The model of regression by inflection points (Joinpoint regression) was used to perform the temporal analysis, calculating the Annual Percent Change (APC) and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC), with 95% of confidence interval and a significance of 5%. Trends were classified as increasing, decreasing or stationary. A multivariate regression model was used to analyze the association between mortality by CBVD, HDI and SVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> During this period, 1,850,811 deaths by CBVD were recorded. We observed a reduction in the national mortality rate (APC -2.4; p = 0.001). Twenty federation units showed a significant trend, of which 13 showed reduction, including all states in the Midwest (n=4), Southeast (n=4) and South (n=3). The HDI was positively associated and the SVI was negatively associated with mortality (p = 0.046 and p = 0.026, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> An unequal epidemiological course of mortality was observed between the regions, being higher in the Southeast and South states, with a significative tendency of reduction, and lower in the North and Northeast states, but with a significative tendency of increase. HDI and SVI showed an association with mortality. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):89-99)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Brain Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Community Development</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Vulnerability</kwd>
        <kwd>Time Seies Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Emergencies/organization and administration</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) have occupied a prominent place in the epidemiological scenario, representing the biggest global health problem and causing about 38 million deaths annually (70% of all deaths), 16 million of which are considered premature (age &lt; 70 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, approximately 75% of deaths are caused by CNCD, which represents more than 1 million deaths each year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The CNCD group consists of four subgroups: cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes mellitus. Among the CVD, cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) stand out, being the second leading cause of mortality in the world, behind ischemic heart diseases. Together, they were responsible for 15.2 million deaths in 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Of the Latin American countries, Brazil has one of the highest mortality rates due to CBVD. In the last decades, there was a significant increase in the number of deaths, from 104,000 in 1990 to 144,000 in 2015. On the other hand, the country has experienced a reduction in mortality rates, especially regarding early mortality, which decreased from 51.4% in 1990 to 35.1% in 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The impact of CBVD on morbidity and mortality is a challenge for the economic and social development of nations, especially in developing countries, which concentrate about 80% of all CBVD deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Monitoring the temporal behavior of indicators in Brazil, a country of continental dimensions and with important socio-spatial inequalities, is of fundamental importance for the definition of public policies that can impact the population&#8217;s health situation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this sense, this study aimed to analyze the trend of mortality from CBVD in Brazil (1996-2015) and its association with the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design, population and period</title>
          <p>This is an ecological study involving all CBVD deaths that occurred in Brazil from 1996 to 2015 and the HDI and SVI. The entire country, the country regions and the federation units were adopted as the analysis units.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables</title>
          <p>We analyzed the following sociodemographic variables: gender (male, female and unknown), age groups &#8211; in years (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50- 59, 60-69, 70-79, 80 and over and unknown age), education - in years (illiterate, 1-3, 4-7, 8-11, 12 or more and unknown education) and marital status (single, married, widowed, divorced, other and unknown marital status). For the time series analysis, the variable mortality rate standardized by age and gender due to CBVD was included. For the association component, two social indices were selected: i) the HDI and its three dimensions (longevity, education and income) and ii) SVI and its three dimensions (urban infrastructure, human capital and income and work). These two indices measure, respectively, the degree of human development and the degree of social vulnerability to which a population is exposed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source and data collection</title>
          <p>Death data were collected from the Ministry of Health&#8217;s Mortality Information System (SIM) (http://datasus.saude.gov.br/).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The International Disease Code (ICD-10) I60 to I69 was considered: I60- Subarachnoid hemorrhage; I61- Intracerebral hemorrhage; I62- other non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhages; I63- Cerebral infarction; I64- Stroke not specified as hemorrhagic or ischemic; I65- Occlusion / stenosis of pre-cerebral arteries that do not result in cerebral infarction; I66- Occlusion / stenosis of cerebral arteries that do not result in cerebral infarction; I67- Other cerebrovascular diseases; I68- Cerebrovascular disorders in diseases classified elsewhere; and I69- Sequelae of cerebrovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The population data necessary to calculate the indicators were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>To obtain the rates the following equations were used:</title>
          <p>a) Annual mortality rate: number of deaths due to CBVD in the local and year /local population and year X 100,000 inhabitants;</p>
          <p>b) Mortality rate for the period (1996-2015): mean number of deaths from CBVD of the time series (1996-2015)/population median of the time series (population mean of 2005 and 2006) x 100.000 inhabitants.</p>
          <p>Finally, the HDI was obtained from the human development atlas (http://atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/) and the SVI from the social vulnerability atlas (http://ivs.ipea.gov.br/index.php/pt/), based on the year 2010. It should be noted that the HDI and SVI data are only calculated in the census years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Standardization of mortality rates</title>
          <p>In order to reduce the effects of the population-demographic structure, the crude rates were standardized by gender and age using the direct method, considering the Brazilian population in 2010 (census year) as the standard population and the following age groups: 0-4, 5 -9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 and 80 or more.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For the temporal analysis, the inflection point regression model (joinpoint regression model) was used. The model tests whether a line with multiple segments is more adequate to explain the temporal behavior of a data set when compared to a straight line or one with fewer segments. Therefore, the joinpoint allows identifying the trend of each indicator (whether stationary, increasing or decreasing), the points in time in which there is a change in this trend (joins), as well as the annual percentage variation (APC- Annual Percent Change) and the total period (AAPC- Average Annual Percent Change).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the model configuration, the following parameters were adopted: minimum number of joins: zero; maximum number of joins: three; selection of the best model: Monte Carlo permutation test (n = 4499 permutations); error autocorrelation method: method based on date; confidence interval: 95% (95% CI); and significance level: 5%.</p>
          <p>For the analysis of the association between social indicators and the standardized mortality rate, the multivariate regression model (OLS - Ordinary Least Square) was adopted.</p>
          <p>For the analyses, the software Joinpoint Regression 4.5.0.1 (National Cancer Institute. USA), GeoDa 1.10.0.8 (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA) and QGis 2.14.11 (Open Source Geospatial Foundation, USA) were used. The territorial meshes necessary for making the maps came from IBGE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This study used secondary data in the public domain, in which it is not possible to identify the subjects. For this reason, the local Research Ethics Committee approval has been waived.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between 1996 and 2015, 1.850.811 deaths due to CBVD were recorded in Brazil, resulting in a mean of 92.540 cases/year. Of this total, 50.68% (n = 938.044) occurred in males and 77.80% (n = 1.440.170) in elderly people. The age group of 80 years or over was the only age group with a higher proportion of females than males. There was a high rate of low level of education: 39.94% (n = 739.233) were illiterate or had up to three years of schooling. In this variable, a high proportion of unknown fields was observed (38.29% / n = 708.685) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic characterization of deaths due to Cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD), according to gender. Brazil, 1996-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Male n= 938044 (50.68%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Female n= 912202 (49.29%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Unknown n= 565 (0.03%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total of Deaths n= 1850811 (100%) </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age range</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0-4</td>
                  <td align="center">1012</td>
                  <td align="center">55.95</td>
                  <td align="center">793</td>
                  <td align="center">43.83</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">1809</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5-9</td>
                  <td align="center">565</td>
                  <td align="center">53.25</td>
                  <td align="center">496</td>
                  <td align="center">46.75</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1061</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10-14</td>
                  <td align="center">999</td>
                  <td align="center">54.44</td>
                  <td align="center">834</td>
                  <td align="center">45.45</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1835</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>15-19</td>
                  <td align="center">1998</td>
                  <td align="center">55.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1616</td>
                  <td align="center">44.70</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">3615</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>20-29</td>
                  <td align="center">7158</td>
                  <td align="center">52.66</td>
                  <td align="center">6426</td>
                  <td align="center">47.27</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">13594</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">21278</td>
                  <td align="center">50.09</td>
                  <td align="center">21186</td>
                  <td align="center">49.87</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">42481</td>
                  <td align="center">2.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">62652</td>
                  <td align="center">50.98</td>
                  <td align="center">60217</td>
                  <td align="center">48.99</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">122906</td>
                  <td align="center">6.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">124934</td>
                  <td align="center">56.74</td>
                  <td align="center">95185</td>
                  <td align="center">43.23</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">220184</td>
                  <td align="center">11.90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">200551</td>
                  <td align="center">57.92</td>
                  <td align="center">145578</td>
                  <td align="center">42.05</td>
                  <td align="center">106</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">346235</td>
                  <td align="center">18.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70-79</td>
                  <td align="center">268228</td>
                  <td align="center">53.12</td>
                  <td align="center">236627</td>
                  <td align="center">46.85</td>
                  <td align="center">135</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">504990</td>
                  <td align="center">27.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>80 and over</td>
                  <td align="center">246717</td>
                  <td align="center">41.89</td>
                  <td align="center">342104</td>
                  <td align="center">58.09</td>
                  <td align="center">124</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">588945</td>
                  <td align="center">31.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unknown age</td>
                  <td align="center">1952</td>
                  <td align="center">61.85</td>
                  <td align="center">1140</td>
                  <td align="center">36.12</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">2.03</td>
                  <td align="center">3156</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Years of study</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Illiterate</td>
                  <td align="center">162163</td>
                  <td align="center">42.91</td>
                  <td align="center">215672</td>
                  <td align="center">57.07</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">377925</td>
                  <td align="center">20.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1-3 years</td>
                  <td align="center">192038</td>
                  <td align="center">53.15</td>
                  <td align="center">169257</td>
                  <td align="center">46.84</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">361308</td>
                  <td align="center">19.52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4-7 years</td>
                  <td align="center">126285</td>
                  <td align="center">53.86</td>
                  <td align="center">108156</td>
                  <td align="center">46.13</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">234452</td>
                  <td align="center">12.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8-11 years</td>
                  <td align="center">54461</td>
                  <td align="center">54.17</td>
                  <td align="center">46075</td>
                  <td align="center">45.83</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">100542</td>
                  <td align="center">5.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12 years and more</td>
                  <td align="center">29083</td>
                  <td align="center">57.64</td>
                  <td align="center">21369</td>
                  <td align="center">42.35</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">50456</td>
                  <td align="center">2.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1-8 years *</td>
                  <td align="center">4868</td>
                  <td align="center">53.92</td>
                  <td align="center">4158</td>
                  <td align="center">46.06</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">9028</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9-11 years *</td>
                  <td align="center">4551</td>
                  <td align="center">54.08</td>
                  <td align="center">3860</td>
                  <td align="center">45.87</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">8415</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unknown</td>
                  <td align="center">364595</td>
                  <td align="center">51.45</td>
                  <td align="center">343655</td>
                  <td align="center">48.49</td>
                  <td align="center">435</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">708685</td>
                  <td align="center">38.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Marital status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Single</td>
                  <td align="center">163672</td>
                  <td align="center">47.22</td>
                  <td align="center">182828</td>
                  <td align="center">52.75</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">346587</td>
                  <td align="center">18.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Married</td>
                  <td align="center">499651</td>
                  <td align="center">67.31</td>
                  <td align="center">242565</td>
                  <td align="center">32.67</td>
                  <td align="center">143</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">742359</td>
                  <td align="center">40.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Widowed</td>
                  <td align="center">152794</td>
                  <td align="center">28.22</td>
                  <td align="center">388484</td>
                  <td align="center">71.76</td>
                  <td align="center">124</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">541402</td>
                  <td align="center">29.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Divorced</td>
                  <td align="center">40958</td>
                  <td align="center">59.29</td>
                  <td align="center">28116</td>
                  <td align="center">40.70</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">69080</td>
                  <td align="center">3.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">12235</td>
                  <td align="center">64.02</td>
                  <td align="center">6875</td>
                  <td align="center">35.97</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">19111</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unknown</td>
                  <td align="center">68734</td>
                  <td align="center">51.96</td>
                  <td align="center">63334</td>
                  <td align="center">47.88</td>
                  <td align="center">204</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">132272</td>
                  <td align="center">7.15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Different grouping of years of study occurred because of changes in the death certificate in 2011.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When analyzing the time series, the mortality rate due to CBVD in the Brazilian population, considering both genders, showed a linear trend of reduction (APC -2.4%; 95% CI -2.7 to -2.0; p = 0.001), from 72.3/100,000 (1996) to 46.4/100,000 (2015). Similar behaviors were observed in the male population (APC -2.3%; 95% CI -2.6 to -1.9; p = 0.001) and in the female population (APC -2.4%; 95% CI -2.8 to -2.0; p = 0.001), of which rates decreased from 77.8 and 71.4/100.000 to 51.1 and 45.2/100.000, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spatial distribution and trend of mortality rates standardized by Cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) in Brazilian states, all population and according to gender. Brazil, 1996-2015. APC: Annual Percent Change; hab.: inhabitant; n&#186;: number; 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval; CBVD: Cerebrovascular diseases.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0089-90532-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows that the spatial distribution of the mean rates is heterogeneous, being higher in the Southeast and South states and lower in the North states. The highest overall mean rates were observed in the states of Paran&#225; (75/100,000) and Esp&#237;rito Santo (71.3/100,000) and the lowest in the states of Rio Grande do Norte (40.9/100,000) and Bahia (48.0/100,000). The same scenario was observed for male mortality (Paran&#225; with 83.4/100,000 and Esp&#237;rito Santo with 79.8/100,000). In the female population, the highest rates were observed in Paran&#225; (71.2/100,000) and Rio Grande do Sul (69.2/100,000) and the lowest in Rio Grande do Norte (40.7/100,000) and Bahia (49.1/100,000).</p>
        <p>The trend in mortality rates was also analyzed considering the complete time series (1996-2015). The North region was the only one that showed a tendency towards an increase in mortality in the general population (APC 0.4%; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.8; p &lt;0.001) and in the male population (APC 0.7%; 95% CI 0.3 to 1.1; p &lt;0.001). The Midwest, Southeast and South regions showed a decreasing trend, both in the general population and in the male and female populations. The Southeast region showed the highest percentage of reduction in the time series (APC 3.8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Percentage of Average Annual Variation (PAAV) of mortality rates standardized by Cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD), according to gender, in Brazil, regions and federation units. 1996-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Spatial Unit</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Both genders</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Male</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Female</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Rate<sup>1</sup></th>
                  <th rowspan="2">AAPC (CI 95%) p value</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Rate<sup>1</sup></th>
                  <th rowspan="2">AAPC (CI 95%) p value</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Rate<sup>1</sup></th>
                  <th rowspan="2">AAPC (CI 95%) p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>1996</th>
                  <th>2015</th>
                  <th>1996</th>
                  <th>2015</th>
                  <th>1996</th>
                  <th>2015</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>North</td>
                  <td align="center">50.5</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4* (0.1 to 0.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0</td>
                  <td align="center">61.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7* (0.3 to 1.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">52.6</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1 (-0.3 to 0.5); p=0.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RO</td>
                  <td align="center">68.2</td>
                  <td align="center">51.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.8* (-2.2 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">65.9</td>
                  <td align="center">53.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6* (-2.3 to -1.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">74.2</td>
                  <td align="center">51.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.9*(-2.3 to -1.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AC</td>
                  <td align="center">57.4</td>
                  <td align="center">63.1</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.1 (-1.9 to 1.7); p=0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5</td>
                  <td align="center">62.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 (-2.3 to 3.1); p=0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">58.7</td>
                  <td align="center">66.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 (-4.3 to 5.4); p=0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AM</td>
                  <td align="center">49.7</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6* (0.2 to 1.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">49.7</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9* (0.2 to 1.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">52.7</td>
                  <td align="center">57.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 (-0.1 to 1.0); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RR</td>
                  <td align="center">75.5</td>
                  <td align="center">46.8</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.2* (-3.0 to -1.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">92.0</td>
                  <td align="center">50.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.0* (-3.6 to -0.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">56.4</td>
                  <td align="center">44.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.3*(-3.3 to -1.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA</td>
                  <td align="center">46.3</td>
                  <td align="center">61.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 (-0.8 to 3.4); p=0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">45.7</td>
                  <td align="center">66.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (-0.3 to 4.1); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">49.5</td>
                  <td align="center">60.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1 (-2.0 to 2.2); p=0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AP</td>
                  <td align="center">79.5</td>
                  <td align="center">49.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.7 (-7.8 to 4.9); p=0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">77.1</td>
                  <td align="center">54.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.8 (-4.8 to 3.5); p=0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">86.2</td>
                  <td align="center">46.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.2 (-3.8 to 1.5); p=0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TO</td>
                  <td align="center">43.4</td>
                  <td align="center">59.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9* (0.9 to 2.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">48.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (-1.3 to 4.3); p=0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">40.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3* (0.7 to 3.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Northeast</td>
                  <td align="center">45.4</td>
                  <td align="center">54.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (-0.7 to 2.4); p=0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">46.8</td>
                  <td align="center">60.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (-0.3 to 2.9); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">46.7</td>
                  <td align="center">52.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (-1.1 to 2.3); p=0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MA</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0</td>
                  <td align="center">68.2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6* (2.0 to 7.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">31.7</td>
                  <td align="center">76.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7* (2.5 to 7.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">27.2</td>
                  <td align="center">64.8</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3* (1.6 to 7.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PI</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3</td>
                  <td align="center">76.9</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9* (2.9 to 4.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">35.0</td>
                  <td align="center">90.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2* (2.9 to 5.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0</td>
                  <td align="center">70.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0* (3.0 to 4.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CE</td>
                  <td align="center">42.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5</td>
                  <td align="center">62.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7* (0.2 to 3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">42.8</td>
                  <td align="center">52.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (-0.2 to 1.6); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RN</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0</td>
                  <td align="center">38.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (-0.1 to 1.8); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">34.4</td>
                  <td align="center">43.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3* (0.2 to 2.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0</td>
                  <td align="center">35.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.4 (-0.8 to 1.5); p=0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PB</td>
                  <td align="center">37.5</td>
                  <td align="center">48.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7* (0.4 to 3.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">39.0</td>
                  <td align="center">52.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9* (0.3 to 3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">38.4</td>
                  <td align="center">48.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (-0.1 to 2.8); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PE</td>
                  <td align="center">64.8</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.8 (-2.2 to 0.6); p=0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">68.1</td>
                  <td align="center">66.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.4 (-1.0 to 0.2); p=0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">65.9</td>
                  <td align="center">55.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.1 (-2.6 to 0.4); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AL</td>
                  <td align="center">55.5</td>
                  <td align="center">69.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8* (0.2 to 1.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">57.8</td>
                  <td align="center">77.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2* (0.6 to 1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">57.1</td>
                  <td align="center">66.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (-0.5 to 1.5); p=0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SE</td>
                  <td align="center">41.8</td>
                  <td align="center">57.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7* (1.0 to 2.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">45.7</td>
                  <td align="center">64.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9* (1.0 to 2.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">40.2</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5* (0.5 to 2.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BA</td>
                  <td align="center">47.7</td>
                  <td align="center">45.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.0 (-0.6 to 0.5); p=0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">47.4</td>
                  <td align="center">47.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2 (-0.3 to 0.8); p=0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0</td>
                  <td align="center">46.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.2 (-0.8 to 0.3); p=0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Midwest</td>
                  <td align="center">69.5</td>
                  <td align="center">46.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.8* (-3.4 to -2.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">72.2</td>
                  <td align="center">49.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.7* (-3.3 to -2.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">69.1</td>
                  <td align="center">46.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.3 (-4.8 to 0.2); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MS</td>
                  <td align="center">76.9</td>
                  <td align="center">52.9</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.4* (-2.9 to -2.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">83.9</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.4* (-3.0 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">73.1</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.4* (-2.8 to 1.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MT</td>
                  <td align="center">65.7</td>
                  <td align="center">44.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.9* (-3.0 to -0.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">66.3</td>
                  <td align="center">45.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.1* (-3.5 to -0.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">67.6</td>
                  <td align="center">44.8</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.5*(-3.2 to -1.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GO</td>
                  <td align="center">64.2</td>
                  <td align="center">46.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.2* (-2.6 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">66.0</td>
                  <td align="center">49.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.6* (-2.7 to -0.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">65.1</td>
                  <td align="center">45.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.2 (-2.6 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DF</td>
                  <td align="center">81.3</td>
                  <td align="center">41.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.0* (-4.6 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">91.6</td>
                  <td align="center">46.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.0* (-4.6 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">77.2</td>
                  <td align="center">40.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.4 (-5.4 to -1.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Southeast</td>
                  <td align="center">86.1</td>
                  <td align="center">41.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.1 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">96.3</td>
                  <td align="center">45.8</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.2 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">82.3</td>
                  <td align="center">40.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8*(-4.2 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MG</td>
                  <td align="center">74.1</td>
                  <td align="center">39.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.2* (-3.5 to -2.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">81.0</td>
                  <td align="center">41.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.3* (-3.7 to -3.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">71.5</td>
                  <td align="center">39.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.0*(-3.3 to -2.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ES</td>
                  <td align="center">98.4</td>
                  <td align="center">46.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.6* (-4.3 to -2.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">108.7</td>
                  <td align="center">51.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.5* (-4.0 to -3.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">94.2</td>
                  <td align="center">45.1</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.5*(-4.2 to -2.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RJ</td>
                  <td align="center">101.6</td>
                  <td align="center">42.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.5* (-5.3 to -3.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">113.8</td>
                  <td align="center">47.9</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.3* (-4.9 to -3.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">97.7</td>
                  <td align="center">40.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.5*(-5.8 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SP</td>
                  <td align="center">84.3</td>
                  <td align="center">41.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.2 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">95.8</td>
                  <td align="center">46.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.0 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">79.4</td>
                  <td align="center">40.1</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8*(-4.0 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>South</td>
                  <td align="center">91.0</td>
                  <td align="center">45.9</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.7* (-4.1 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">96.9</td>
                  <td align="center">49.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.7* (-4.1 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">91.3</td>
                  <td align="center">45.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.6*(-4.0 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR</td>
                  <td align="center">98.9</td>
                  <td align="center">49.9</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.1 to -3.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">108.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.1 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">95.5</td>
                  <td align="center">48.0</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8*(-4.1 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SC</td>
                  <td align="center">89.1</td>
                  <td align="center">37.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.4* (-4.8 to -4.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">94.4</td>
                  <td align="center">39.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.9* (-5.9 to -2.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">89.5</td>
                  <td align="center">38.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.3*(-4.7 to -3.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RS</td>
                  <td align="center">86.1</td>
                  <td align="center">46.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.1* (-4.2 to -1.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">88.9</td>
                  <td align="center">49.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.0* (-3.6 to -2.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">89.3</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.4*(-4.1 to -2.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Statistical significance(p&lt;0.05); <sup><italic>1</italic></sup> &#8211; Mortality rate/100.000 inhabitants; AAPC: Average Annual Percent Change; RO: Rond&#244;nia; AC: Acre; AM: Amazonas; RR: Roraima; PA: Par&#225;; AP: Amap&#225;; TO: Tocantins; MA: Maranh&#227;o; PI: Piau&#237;; CE: Cear&#225;; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; PB: Para&#237;ba; PE: Pernambuco; AL: Alagoas; SE: Sergipe; BA: Bahia; MG: Minas Gerais; ES: Esp&#237;rito Santo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: S&#227;o Paulo; PR: Paran&#225;; SC: Santa Catarina; RS: Rio Grande do Sul; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; MT: Mato Grosso; GO: Goi&#225;s; and DF: Distrito Federal.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the stratified analysis by federation unit, 20 states showed significant trends, 7 showed increasing trends and 13 decreasing trends. All states in the Midwest, South and Southeast regions showed decreasing trends, with emphasis on Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, with the highest reduction percentages. On the other hand, 5 of the 7 states with increasing trends are located in the northeast region (Maranh&#227;o, Piau&#237;, Para&#237;ba, Alagoas and Sergipe) and two in the north (Amazonas and Tocantins) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Only the Federal District was classified with very high HDI (HDI 0.824). All states in the Northeast and five in the North had medium HDI (between 0.600 and 0.699), with Alagoas and Maranh&#227;o standing out with the lower values (HDI 0.631 and 0.639, respectively). In parallel, these same states in the North and Northeast regions had the highest values in the SVI, especially Maranh&#227;o with very high SVI (SVI 0.521). All eight states classified as showing high social vulnerability are located in the North (n = 4) and Northeast (n = 4) regions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Spatial distribution of the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) in Brazilian states. Brazil, 2010.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0089-90532-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The temporal regression model showed the states of the North and Northeast regions with the largest number of segments in the time series (joins), representing greater oscillation in rates over the years. The mortality rate in the Northeast showed four time segments: slight growth (1996-2003), stationary behavior (2003-2006), downward trend (2006-2010) and again a stationary behavior (2010-2015). Among the states in this region, only Bahia showed a linear behavior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Percentage of annual variation in mortality rates standardized by Cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD), according to gender. Brazil. 1996-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Spatial unit</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Both genders</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Male</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Female</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Period</th>
                  <th>AAPC (95% CI) p value</th>
                  <th>Period</th>
                  <th>AAPC (CI 95%) p value</th>
                  <th>Period</th>
                  <th>AAPC (95% CI) p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>North</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4* (0.0 to 0.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7* (0.3 to 1.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1 (-0.3 to 0.5); p=0.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RO</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.8*(-2.2 to -1.8) ; p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6* (-2.3 to -1.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.9* (-2.3 to -1.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">AC</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1999</td>
                  <td align="center">-16.2 (-30.7 to 1.4); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2002</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.6 *(-9.4 to -1.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1999</td>
                  <td align="center">-16.2 (-30.7 to 1.4); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1999-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9* (3.1 to 17.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2002-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2* (0.5 to 27.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1999-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9* (3.1 to 17.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2006-2011</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.4 (-17 to 5.6); p=0.2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2006-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-0.8 (-2.9 to 1.4); p=0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2006-2011</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.4 (-17.0 to 5.6); p=0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2011-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 (-5.0 to 20.8); p=0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2011-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 (-5.0 to 30.8); p=0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AM</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6* (0.2 to 1.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9* (0.2 to 1.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 (-0.1 to 1.0); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RR</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.2* (-3.0 to -1.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.0* (-3.6 to -0.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.3* (-3.3 to -1.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">PA</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2004</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.8 (-2.9 to 1.2); p=0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6 (-1.1 to 25.9); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2004</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-0.8 (-2.9 to 1.2); p=0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2004-2008</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3 (-3.3 to 16.8); p=1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1998-2001</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.2 (-15.1 to 8.2); p=0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2008-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2.3 (-4.7 to 0.2); p=-2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2001-2008</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3* (2.2 to 6.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2004-2008</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3 (-3.3 to 16.8); p=0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.5 (-2.1 to 1.2); p=0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.3 (-4.7 to 0.2); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">AP</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.8* (-8.8 to -2.7); p=0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2002</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (-4.3 to 8.4); p=0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.8* (-8.8 to -2.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">5.5* (0.1 to 11.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2002-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">-11.1 (-26.1 to 7.0); p=0.2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">5.5* (0.1 to 11.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4 (-1.0 to 5.9); p=0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">TO</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6* (7.5 to 15.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2000</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 (-2.5 to 8.9); p=0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6* (7.5 to 15.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2003-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2.8* (-4.4 to -1.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2000-2003</td>
                  <td align="center">15.3 (-3.1 to 37.3); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2003-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2.8* (-4.4 to -1.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2003-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.3* (-3.3 to -1.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>Northeast</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7* (0.5 to 2.9); p=0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1* (-0.9 to 3.3); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4* (0.1 to 2.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 (-1.5 to 17.2); p=1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6 (-2.3 to 16.4); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">8.3 (-1.5 to 19.1); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2006-2010</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.5* (-8.5 to -0.2); p=0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2006-2010</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.7 (-7.8 to 0.6); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2006-2010</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.1* (-9.5 to -0.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3 (-1.7 to 2.2); p=0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (-0.9 to 3.1); p=0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.4 (-2.5 to 1.8); p=0.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">MA</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5* (2.2 to 6.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2000</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1 (-7.1 to 7.8); p=1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2003</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5* (2.2 to 6.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 (-0.2 to 40.2); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2000-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4* (8.9 to 18.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2003-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 (-0.2 to 40.2); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.2 (-1.7 to 1.4); p=0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.1 (-2.6 to 2.6); p=1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.2 (-1.7 to 1.4); p=0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">PI</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9* (7.6 to 10.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4* (6.8 to 10.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9* (7.6 to 10.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.3 (-2.7 to 0.2); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.4 (-3.7 to 1.1); p=0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2006-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.3 (-2.7 to 0.2); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">CE</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8* (1.7 to 3.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">11.5 (-2.2 to 27.0); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8* (1.7 to 3.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2.2* (-3.9 to -0.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1998-2008</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0* (0.8 to 3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-2.2* (-3.9 to -0.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.2 (-2.9 to 0.5); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">RN</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2009</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4* (1.4 to 3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2008</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2* (2.9 to 5.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2009</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4* (1.4 to 3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2009-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.9* (-7.0 to -0.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.3* (-5.9 to -0.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2009-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.9* (-7.0 to -0.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">PB</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">-11.8*(-22.1 to 0.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1999</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.5 (-12.3 to 2.3); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">-11.8* (-22.1 to 0.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1998-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9* (7.4 to 10.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1999-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6* (8.3 to 13.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1998-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9* (7.4 to 10.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.1* (-4.4 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.5* (-5.1 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.1* (-4.4 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">PE</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1 (-2.8 to 13.7); p=0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1* (0.3 to 2.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1 (-2.8 to 13.7); p=0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1998-2001</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.0 (-13.1 to 1.7); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">2006-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2.0* (-3.0 to -1.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1998-2001</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.0 (-13.1 to 1.7); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2001-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9* (0.9 to 9.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2001-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9* (0.9 to 9.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.2* (-3.8 to -2.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.2* (-3.8 to -2.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">AL</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4* (1.2 to 3.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2* (2.4 to 4.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4* (1.2 to 3.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.1 (-4.0 to -0.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.5* (-2.7 to -0.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.1* (-4.0 to -0.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">SE</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7* (4.0 to 7.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8* (4.1 to 7.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7* (4.0 to 7.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.1* (-3.5 to -0.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.4* (-2.7 to -0.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2005-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.1* (-3.5 to -0.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BA</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.0 (-0.6 to 0.5); p=0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2 (-0.3 to 0.8); p=0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.2 (-0.8 to 0.3); p=0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Midwest</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2.8* (-3.4 to -2.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2.7* (-3.3 to -2.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.5 (-2.0 to 1.0); p=0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2005-2008</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.9 (-23.1 to 7.7); p=0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.6 (-3.8 to 0.6); p=0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MS</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.4* (-2.9 to -2.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.4* (-3.0 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.4* (-2.8 to 1.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">MT</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-1.9* (-3.0 to -0.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7 (-3.5 to 24.6); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2.5* (-3.2 to -1.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1998-2010</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.3* (-3.1 to -1.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.9* (-8.6 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">GO</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2.2* (-2.6 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1999</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 (-3.0 to 9.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-2.2 (-2.6 to -1.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1999-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-5.3 to -2.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2007-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.9 (-2.1 to 0.4); p=0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">DF</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (-14.4 to 30.6); p=0.6</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-4.0* (-4.6 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (-14.4 to 30.6); p=0.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1998-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.4* (-5.1 to -3.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1998-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.4* (-5.1 to -3.7); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Southeast</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.1 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.2 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.2 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">MG</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2009</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.6* (-3.2 to -1.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3.3* (-3.7 to -3.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3.0* (-3.3 to -2.8); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2009-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.5* (-7.4 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">ES</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3.6 (-4.3 to -2.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3.5* (-4.0 to -3.1); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2009</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.6* (-3.2 to -1.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2009-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.5* (-7.4 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">RJ</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.1* (-5.9 to -4.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2010</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.9* (-4.4 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.1* (-5.9 to -4.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2005-2008</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.6 (-8.9 to 8.4); p=0.9</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2010-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-5.4* (-7.4 to -3.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2005-2008</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.6* (-8.9 to 8.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.4* (-6.5 to -4.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2008-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.4* (-6.5 to -4.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SP</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.2 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.0 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.0 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>South</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.7* (-4.1 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.7* (-4.1 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.6* (-4.0 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.1 to -3.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.1 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.8* (-4.1 to -3.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">SC</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-4.4* (-4.8 to -4.0); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2 (-9.2 to 21.9); p=0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1996-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-4.3* (-4.7 to -3.9); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1998-2002</td>
                  <td align="center">-8.3*(-14.8 to -1.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2002-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.9* (-4.7 to -3.2); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">RS</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-2012</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.0* (-3.0 to -3.4); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1996-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7 (-0.0 to 9.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1996-2012</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-3.0* (-3.4 to -2.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">2012-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">-5.4* (-10.0 to -0.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1998-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.9* (-4.5 to -3.3); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2006-2010</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.6 (-3.8 to 0.7); p=0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2012-2015</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">-5.4* (-10.0 to -0.6); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2010-2015</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.5* (-6.4 to -4.5); p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Statistical significance(p&lt;0.05; AAPC: Average Annual Percent Change; RO: Rond&#244;nia; AC: Acre; AM: Amazonas; RR: Roraima; PA: Par&#225;; AP: Amap&#225;; TO: Tocantins; MA: Maranh&#227;o; PI: Piau&#237;; CE: Cear&#225;; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; PB: Para&#237;ba; PE: Pernambuco; AL: Alagoas; SE: Sergipe; BA: Bahia; MG: Minas Gerais; ES: Esp&#237;rito Santo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: S&#227;o Paulo; PR: Paran&#225;; SC: Santa Catarina; RS: Rio Grande do Sul; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; MT: Mato Grosso; GO: Goi&#225;s; and DF: Distrito Federal.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Finally, the regression model showed a positive association between the mean mortality rate and the Municipal Human Development Index (p = 0.046), with the income dimension (p = 0.029), and a negative association with the general SVI (p = 0.026) and also in two dimensions: human capital (p = 0.046) and income and work (p = 0.018) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regression model (OLS, Ordinary least square) between the mortality rate due to Cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD) and the Human Development Index (HDI) and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). Brazil, 1996-2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th align="left">Coefficient</th>
                  <th align="left">t Statistics</th>
                  <th align="left">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>61.588</td>
                  <td>2.091</td>
                  <td>0.046*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MHDI Longevity</td>
                  <td>90.265</td>
                  <td>1.866</td>
                  <td>0.073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MHDI Education</td>
                  <td>47.075</td>
                  <td>1.861</td>
                  <td>0.074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MHDI Income</td>
                  <td>56.476</td>
                  <td>2.301</td>
                  <td>0.029*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Social Vulnerability Index (SVI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>-40.802</td>
                  <td>-2.353</td>
                  <td>0.026*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SVI Urban infrastructure</td>
                  <td>-15.998</td>
                  <td>-1.110</td>
                  <td>0.277</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SVI Human capital</td>
                  <td>-31.883</td>
                  <td>-2.092</td>
                  <td>0.046*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SVI Income and work</td>
                  <td>-35.322</td>
                  <td>-2.528</td>
                  <td>0.018*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* significant association</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Brazil has one of the highest mortality rates due to CBVD among the countries of Latin America and much higher than those observed in developed nations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, a temporal decline behavior has been observed over the last decades,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> in the male and female populations, corroborating the national and international literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several authors have emphasized that such reduction in mortality can be explained by the expansion of access to health services and the adoption of prevention strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In Brazil, the implementation of primary health care (PHC) stands out. The Family Health Strategy (FHS) develops actions to control risk factors, such as encouraging physical activity and adopting healthy eating habits, smoking control programs, diagnosis and systematic monitoring of chronic conditions (hypertension and diabetes, for example) and access to pharmaceutical assistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Between 1998 and 2017 there was a significant increase in the number of family health teams, going from approximately 2.000 to 41.000, reaching a coverage of 70% of the Brazilian population, which corresponds to approximately 143 million people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Studies showed an association between the expansion of primary care and the reduction of mortality from diseases such as acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to PHC, Brazil has also advanced in the care of patients with CBVD. In 1997, the first stroke unit was implemented in Brazil, located in Joinville/SC. Based on this experience, in 2008, the Ministry of Health started the organization of the national stroke care network, resulting in Ordinance number 665/2012, with the purpose of implementing stroke referral services across the country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another important action is the Strategic Action Plan for Confronting Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs). Implemented in 2011 by the Ministry of Health, the plan established a set of goals for the country, such as the reduction of premature mortality due to NCDs, the prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption in the population, an increase in the prevalence of physical activity and fruit consumption and containment of obesity increase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the regional analysis, we found a heterogeneous behavior in the pattern of mortality from CBVD in the country, corroborating other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Mortality rates were higher in the Southeast and South, but with a significant decreasing trend. In contrast, the North and Northeast regions had the lowest rates, but with a significant increasing trend over the historical series. This heterogeneous epidemiological-spatial context is the result of social, economic, demographic and epidemiological differences between the regions. Because of this, the results must be analyzed from the perspective of three dimensions: i) demographic and epidemiological transition; ii) social determinants of health and iii) quality of information systems.</p>
        <p>Since the 1940s, Brazil has going through important demographic changes: a reduction in the overall mortality rate and a decline in birth rates have resulted in major changes in the demographic regime and in the age structure of the population, with a significant increase in the number of elderly individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In 2000, this population was just over 14.2 million, increasing to 19.6 million in 2010, and is expected to reach 41.5 million by 2030,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> with a greater concentration in the Southeast and South regions. The impact of the population aging process on the pattern of morbidity and mortality is significant, since it implies an increase in chronic diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> among which CBVD stand out. In our study, 77.8% of deaths occurred among the elderly.</p>
        <p>Studies indicate that the risk of mortality from CBVD in the elderly population is substantially higher than in other age groups. One reason is the accumulation of risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, alcoholism, smoking and inappropriate eating habits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In Brazil, for example, the prevalence of hypertension can affect 68% of the elderly population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, the demographic transition process occurs concurrently with a second transition, the epidemiological one, characterized by changes in the population&#8217;s illness profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In the last decades, there has been a decline in infectious and parasitic diseases and an increase in the occurrence of chronic-degenerative diseases, many of which increase the risk of mortality from CBVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The North and Northeast regions are the most exposed to social vulnerability and show the lowest human development index, resulting in higher mortality from diseases related to an unfavorable social context and less from CBVD. In contrast to what was observed in the most developed regions of the country (Southeast and South). In this sense, the higher rates observed in the more developed states reflect social differences, and, consequently, greater participation of chronic conditions in the mortality profile. On the other hand, more vulnerable regions may have lower rates due to the persistence of mortality due to diseases related to poverty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The two transitions do not occur homogeneously in Brazil, with a mismatch between regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> This phenomenon explains, in parts, the differences between Brazilian regions regarding CBVD mortality. This scenario justifies the positive association between CBVD mortality and human development and its negative association with social vulnerability, which represents the influence of the epidemiological and social context on the population&#8217;s mortality profile.</p>
        <p>However, the isolated analysis of the rates is not enough to understand the epidemiological dynamics of CBVD. In the North and Northeast regions, in general, the rates showed a temporal pattern of growth and, in the Southeast and South regions, a decline was observed. These findings reflect the influence of social determinants of health on the pattern of mortality from CBVD. Socioeconomic conditions, including human development, income status and educational situation, have a significant influence on the risk of an individual dying from this group of diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent study of the Global Burden of Disease showed that Brazilian states located at the lower tertile of the Social Development Index showed lower reductions in mortality rates, when compared to states located in the upper tertile of development. The lower tertile comprised only states in the North and Northeast regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is suggested that better living conditions have a dual influence on the mortality trend: i) reduce risk factors for the occurrence of disease events; and ii) contribute to patient survival when such events occur, reducing the chance of death.</p>
        <p>Finally, it is necessary to reflect on the quality of the mortality records. It is a challenge to adequately monitor the population&#8217;s health conditions. The inadequate filling out of the death certificates, resulting in a high number of garbage codes, the difficulties in carrying out epidemiological investigations with undefined recorded deaths and the lack of trained human resources to act in the death surveillance services are common problems evidenced throughout the country, although the North and Northeast regions are the most affected by the problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The dubious quality of the information is an important limitation of this study.</p>
        <p>Between 1996 and 2005, the percentage of deaths with undefined causes in these regions was higher than 20%, being even higher in the elderly population when compared to other age groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In this sense, mortality rates in the North and Northeast, for example, may be higher than the ones we disclosed in this study. On the other hand, it is necessary to highlight that in recent years, important advances in the quality of information have been observed in these regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Mortality from CBVD in Brazil shows an irregular epidemiological behavior across the regions. The highest rates were observed in states with a better human development index and less social vulnerability, but with a decreasing trend over the time series. On the other hand, in less developed states and with greater vulnerability, the rates were lower, but with an upward trend. In this sense, we recommend that public policies should be developed considering the regional/local context.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
