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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JG7vQYVvCVyGdg4yjgWsBLG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00077</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100077</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190439</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190439</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice Hemodin&#226;mico Agudo Prediz Mortalidade Intra-Hospitalar de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda Descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5560-693X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Renata R. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lechnewski</surname>
            <given-names>Luka</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Homero</surname>
            <given-names>Alan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2178-1518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>David</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Womens Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Womens Hospital &#8211; Medicine, Boston - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Igua&#231;u</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Nova Igua&#231;u</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Igua&#231;u, Nova Igua&#231;u, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Renata R. T. Castro &#8226; Universidade Igua&#231;u - Rua Ab&#237;lio Augusto T&#225;vora, 2134. CEP 26260-045 Nova Igua&#231;u, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>castrorrt@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Castro RRT, Albuquerque DC, Rohde LE, Almeida D, David J, Rassi S, Bacal F, Bocchi E, Moura L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lechnewski L, Homero A, Albuquerque DC, Rohde LE, Almeida D, David J, Rassi S, Bacal F, Bocchi E, Moura L; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Castro RRT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Castro RRT, Lechnewski L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Albuquerque DC, Rohde LE, Almeida D, David J, Rassi S, Bacal F, Bocchi E, Moura L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>77</fpage>
      <lpage>86</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O exame f&#237;sico permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) descompensada, por&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; suficientemente confi&#225;vel e depende da experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica do profissional. Considerando as respostas hemodin&#226;micas a situa&#231;&#245;es do tipo &#8220;luta ou fuga&#8221; tais como a admiss&#227;o no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia, foi proposto o &#237;ndice hemodin&#226;mico agudo (IHA), calculado a partir da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o de pulso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> avaliar a capacidade progn&#243;stica intra-hospitalar do IHA na IC descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> estudo prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico e observacional baseado no registro BREATHE, incluindo dados de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados no Brasil. Foram utilizadas an&#225;lises ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>), de estat&#237;stica c e de regress&#227;o multivariada, assim como o crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike, para testar a capacidade progn&#243;stica do IHA. O valor-p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram analisados dados de 463 pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida a partir do registro BREATHE. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 9%. A mediana do IHA foi considerada o valor de corte (4 mmHg&#8901;bpm). Um baixo IHA (&#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm) foi encontrado em 80% dos pacientes falecidos. O risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com baixo IHA foi 2,5 vezes maior que aquele para pacientes com IHA &gt; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm. O IHA foi capaz de predizer independentemente a mortalidade intra-hospitalar na IC aguda descompensada [sensibilidade: 0,786; especificidade: 0,429; AUC (&#225;rea sob a curva): 0,607 (0,540-0,674), p = 0,010] mesmo depois dos ajustes para comorbidades e uso de medicamentos [raz&#227;o de chances (RC): 0,061 (0,007-0,114), p = 0,025].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O IHA &#233; capaz de predizer independentemente a mortalidade intra-hospitalar na IC aguda descompensada. Esse &#237;ndice simples e realizado &#224; beira do leito pode se mostrar &#250;til em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):77-86)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma das principais raz&#245;es de admiss&#245;es hospitalares de emerg&#234;ncia no mundo ocidental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar de estudos terem mostrado que o tratamento com um especialista em IC pode fornecer melhores resultados, a maioria dos casos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda da IC s&#227;o originalmente avaliados e manejados por m&#233;dicos emergencistas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> em institui&#231;&#245;es com diferentes disponibilidades de recursos.</p>
      <p>Mesmo com o avan&#231;o da tecnologia e dos dispositivos m&#233;dicos, o exame f&#237;sico continua sendo o pilar principal da avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> M&#233;dicos avaliam a congest&#227;o e perfus&#227;o a partir do hist&#243;rico do paciente e do exame f&#237;sico, determinando perfis hemodin&#226;micos que podem guiar a terap&#234;utica e fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas numa situa&#231;&#227;o de IC aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar da praticidade, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o feita pelo m&#233;dico n&#227;o &#233; suficientemente confi&#225;vel<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e depende da experi&#234;ncia do profissional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> posto que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es subjetivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Logo, par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos objetivos que podem ser facilmente obtidos em um atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia seriam &#250;teis no manejo da IC aguda.</p>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o par&#226;metros que podem ser facilmente obtidos por qualquer profissional de sa&#250;de, com boa reprodutibilidade e acur&#225;cia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#233; um preditor independente de desfechos intra-hospitalares e p&#243;s-alta na IC aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, baixos valores de press&#227;o arterial e press&#227;o de pulso proporcional s&#227;o indicadores de baixa perfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso na admiss&#227;o e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC n&#227;o &#233; completamente direta. Na realidade, a literatura apresenta resultados controversos, indicando que uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca alta no momento da admiss&#227;o pode estar relacionada a um progn&#243;stico melhor ou pior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Apesar de baixas frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas em repouso indicarem um menor risco em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> &#233; ineg&#225;vel que a capacidade de aumentar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca numa rea&#231;&#227;o do tipo &#8220;luta ou fuga&#8221; tamb&#233;m confere um bom progn&#243;stico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> independentemente do uso de betabloqueadores.</p>
      <p>A admiss&#227;o aguda no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o de estresse onde se esperam respostas auton&#244;micas que preparam o corpo para uma situa&#231;&#227;o de luta ou fuga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, aumentos na press&#227;o de pulso e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o esperados, aumentando a perfus&#227;o nos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos e &#243;rg&#227;os vitais.</p>
      <p>Com base nas respostas hemodin&#226;micas fisiol&#243;gicas inerentes a situa&#231;&#245;es de luta ou fuga, prop&#245;e-se o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice hemodin&#226;mico agudo (IHA) a partir da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o de pulso. Nossa principal hip&#243;tese &#233; que o IHA poderia representar um par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico objetivo e intra-hospitalar a ser usado na descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda de pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER). Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade progn&#243;stica intra-hospitalar do IHA na ICFER aguda descompensada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta an&#225;lise foi baseada no I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (BREATHE),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> um estudo observacional transversal tipo registro da IC aguda com seguimento longitudinal que ocorreu de fevereiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Para inclus&#227;o no registro, pacientes deveriam possuir mais de 18 anos e ter sido admitidos com IC descompensada; os pacientes n&#227;o poderiam ter sido submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea no m&#234;s anterior, nem ter sido admitidos com um diagn&#243;stico de sepse. Os crit&#233;rios de Boston foram utilizados para a confirma&#231;&#227;o da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A participa&#231;&#227;o no registro n&#227;o requeria nenhum regime de tratamento especial. Os m&#233;todos detalhados, assim como os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre cada paciente foram inclu&#237;das num formul&#225;rio de registro individual, dispon&#237;vel <italic>online</italic>.</p>
      <p>Este estudo incluiu a an&#225;lise da admiss&#227;o hospitalar e do seguimento dos pacientes at&#233; a alta m&#233;dica, morte ou transfer&#234;ncia para outro hospital (o que foi verificado primeiro) dos pacientes com ICFER aguda descompensada. O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo foi a mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes do registro com evid&#234;ncia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menor que 40% foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise, exceto aqueles com informa&#231;&#245;es faltantes (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na admiss&#227;o, press&#227;o arterial, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ou interrup&#231;&#227;o do seguimento devido &#224; transfer&#234;ncia). Indiv&#237;duos com ritmo card&#237;aco controlado por marca-passo tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos, visto que n&#227;o era esperado que suas frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas possu&#237;ssem um controle auton&#244;mico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diagrama de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para o registro. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ICFER: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0077-90439-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis derivadas</title>
        <p>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica na admiss&#227;o foram obtidas a partir da base de dados do registro e utilizadas no c&#225;lculo das vari&#225;veis derivadas da seguinte maneira: press&#227;o de pulso = press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8211; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; press&#227;o de pulso proporcional = press&#227;o de pulso / press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IHA= (Press&#227;o de pulso x frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) / 1000</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Este estudo est&#225; de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo (registro 144/2011) e pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa de cada institui&#231;&#227;o participante. Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento esclarecido antes do recrutamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, utilizado o teste de Shapiro Wilk para verificar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, validando o uso da estat&#237;stica param&#233;trica. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o, e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como propor&#231;&#245;es. Dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes que vieram a &#243;bito durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (falecidos) e daqueles que receberam alta m&#233;dica (vivos) foram comparados por um teste t de Student n&#227;o-pareado ou qui-quadrado. Um valor-p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <p>Depois de verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os percentis 25&#186;, 50&#186; e 75&#186; de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram utilizados na constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) usando a mortalidade intra-hospitalar como desfecho principal. O valor de corte do IHA foi definido pelo 50&#186; percentil de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. Sensibilidade, especificidade, e &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) foram estabelecidas para cada valor de corte. Estat&#237;stica c foi usada para comparar a capacidade progn&#243;stica dos valores de corte de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial com os valores de corte de IHA.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o foi realizada ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o de rela&#231;&#227;o linear, normalidade multivariada, homoscedasticidade e da aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade e autocorrela&#231;&#227;o. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para testar a capacidade progn&#243;stica independente de cada um dos valores de corte significativos de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e IHA. Esta an&#225;lise tamb&#233;m incluiu vari&#225;veis com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de acordo com testes t n&#227;o-pareado e qui-quadrado. Visto que nem todos os pacientes apresentavam dados laboratoriais, estes n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o. O crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike (AIC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> foi usado para comparar os modelos de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla.</p>
        <p>O <italic>software</italic> STATA vers&#227;o 14.2 (StataCorp, Texas, EUA) foi utilizado em todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas e gr&#225;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O registro BREATHE incluiu 463 pacientes com ICFER admitidos em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia no Brasil (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), com um &#237;ndice de mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 9%. A principal causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o foi m&#225; ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento medicamentoso (em 37% dos pacientes que receberam alta e 31% daqueles que faleceram, p = 0,75). Outras causas importantes de descompensa&#231;&#227;o foram infec&#231;&#245;es (em 21% dos pacientes que receberam alta e 24% daqueles que faleceram, p = 0,17) e ingest&#227;o excessiva de sal ou fluidos (em 11% dos pacientes que receberam alta e 12% daqueles que faleceram, p = 0,90).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Total (N = 463)</th>
                <th>Pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar (n = 421)</th>
                <th>Pacientes falecidos (n = 42)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">318 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">290 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">164 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">162 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depress&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tratamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">273 (66)</td>
                <td align="center">241 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor de ECA/BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">274 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">251 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos e de al&#231;a, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">311 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">277 (66)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digit&#225;licos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">182 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">112 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, mmHg &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de pulso, mmHg &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de pulso proporcional, % &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IHA, mmHg&#8901;bpm &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IHA &lt; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">273 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">240 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, % &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Perfil hemodin&#226;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A, %</td>
                <td align="center">49 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B, %</td>
                <td align="center">311 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">288 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C, %</td>
                <td align="center">81 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>L, %</td>
                <td align="center">22 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Exames laboratoriais*</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemat&#243;crito, % &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia, mg/dL &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 50</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio, mEq/L &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">138 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; IHA: &#237;ndice hemodin&#226;mico agudo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Valor-p calculado a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o univariada entre ambos os grupos.*N=412.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes falecidos apresentavam mais comorbidades, assim como frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica mais altas que aqueles que sobreviveram. Considerando o 50&#186; percentil do IHA como valor de corte (4 mmHg&#8901;bpm), quase 80% dos pacientes falecidos possu&#237;am um baixo IHA.</p>
      <p>Visto que o c&#225;lculo do IHA inclui valores de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial, foram comparadas as AUC de IHA &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm e de diferentes valores de corte de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). IHA &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm foi um melhor preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar que frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8804; 88 bpm, mas teve desempenho semelhante a outros valores de corte de press&#227;o arterial. Quando estes fatores progn&#243;sticos hemodin&#226;micos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o IHA manteve capacidade progn&#243;stica independente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). O modelo de regress&#227;o que incluiu a etiologia de doen&#231;a de Chagas, comorbidades, uso de medicamentos e IHA mostrou uma melhor capacidade progn&#243;stica de mortalidade intra-hospitalar que os outros modelos propostos (Modelo 0: sem IHA; Modelos 1-4: com par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos adicionados ao Modelo 0). Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer ou acidente vascular cerebral permaneceram como preditores independentes de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em todos os modelos propostos. IHA &lt; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm esteve independentemente relacionado &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar neste registro mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para a etiologia da IC, comorbidades e uso de medicamentos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Pacientes admitidos com baixos IHAs tinham probabilidade de &#243;bito de 12,1%, um valor 250% maior que pacientes admitidos com IHAs maiores que 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm (4,8%, p = 0,008, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). Como trata-se de um estudo tipo registro, n&#227;o houve interven&#231;&#245;es no tratamento recebido pelos pacientes. Medicamentos inotr&#243;picos foram utilizados em 11% dos pacientes que receberam alta e em 28% dos que vieram a &#243;bito (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade, especificidade, AUC com IC de 95% e melhores valores de corte para mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos propostos</th>
                <th colspan="4">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th>Compara&#231;&#227;o com AUC considerando valor de IHA &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sensibilidade</th>
                <th>Especificidade</th>
                <th>AUC (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IHA &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm</td>
                <td align="center">0,786</td>
                <td align="center">0,429</td>
                <td align="center">0,607 (0,540-0,674)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 74 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
                <td align="center">0,750</td>
                <td align="center">0,530 (0,456-0,604)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 88 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">0,667</td>
                <td align="center">0,513</td>
                <td align="center">0,590 (0,514-0,666)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 104 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">0,857</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
                <td align="center">0,556 (0,498-0,613)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 100</td>
                <td align="center">0,452</td>
                <td align="center">0,698</td>
                <td align="center">0,575 (0,496-0,654)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,450</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 120</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
                <td align="center">0,430</td>
                <td align="center">0,584 (0,513-0,655)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,570</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 140</td>
                <td align="center">0,905</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
                <td align="center">0,547 (0,498-0,596)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 60</td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
                <td align="center">0,741</td>
                <td align="center">0,596 (0,518-0,676)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,830</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 73</td>
                <td align="center">0,643</td>
                <td align="center">0,513</td>
                <td align="center">0,578 (0,500-0,655)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 84</td>
                <td align="center">0,857</td>
                <td align="center">0,257</td>
                <td align="center">0,557 (0,499-0,614)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (Receiving Operating Characteristic); IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IHA: &#237;ndice hemodin&#226;mico agudo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada para predi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade intra-hospitalar incluindo diferentes par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos n&#227;o-invasivos.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 1</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 2</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 3</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 4</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo 5</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">AIC</th>
                <th colspan="2">137,0</th>
                <th colspan="2">136,3</th>
                <th colspan="2">135,6</th>
                <th colspan="2">135,7</th>
                <th colspan="2">133,7</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Valor-p em compara&#231;&#227;o com Modelo 0</th>
                <th colspan="2">0,294</th>
                <th colspan="2">0,183</th>
                <th colspan="2">0,113</th>
                <th colspan="2">0,116</th>
                <th colspan="2">0,035</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th>RC IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>RC IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>RC IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>RC IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>RC IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">0,089 0,006-0,171</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
                <td align="center">0,784 -0,006-0,163</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
                <td align="center">0,080 -0,003-0,164</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
                <td align="center">0,777 -0,006-0,162</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
                <td align="center">0,765 -0,007-0,160</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC</td>
                <td align="center">0,104 0,041-0,167</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,104 0,040-0,167</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,107 0,044-0,170</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,100 0,037-0,164</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,112 0,048-0,175</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">0,840 0,054-0,163</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
                <td align="center">0,089 0,011-0,168</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
                <td align="center">0,093 0,014-0,170</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">0,858 0,007-0,164</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
                <td align="center">0,092 0,013-0,169</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer</td>
                <td align="center">0,143 0,011-0,276</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
                <td align="center">0,148 0,016-0,281</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
                <td align="center">0,139 0,007-0,271</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
                <td align="center">0,139 0,007-0,272</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">0,140 0,009-0,273</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">0,168 -0,40-0,073</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
                <td align="center">0,196 -0,037-0,076</td>
                <td align="center">0,497</td>
                <td align="center">0,180 -0,038-0,074</td>
                <td align="center">0,531</td>
                <td align="center">0,021 -0,035-0,077</td>
                <td align="center">0,463</td>
                <td align="center">0,172 -0,394-0,073</td>
                <td align="center">0,551</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos e de al&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">-0,005 -0,066-0,057</td>
                <td align="center">0,887</td>
                <td align="center">-0,003 -0,065-0,058</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
                <td align="center">-0,005 -0,066-0,057</td>
                <td align="center">0,884</td>
                <td align="center">-0,004 -0,065-0,058</td>
                <td align="center">0,909</td>
                <td align="center">-0,006 -0,068-0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,850</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digit&#225;licos</td>
                <td align="center">0,053 -0,009-0,115</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
                <td align="center">0,056 -0,005-0,117</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
                <td align="center">0,538 -0,007-0,115</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
                <td align="center">-0,003 -0,007-0,115</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
                <td align="center">0,515 -0,009-0,113</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">0,540 -0,004-0,112</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
                <td align="center">0,527 -0,005-0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
                <td align="center">0,053 -0,004-0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
                <td align="center">0,053 -0,004-0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
                <td align="center">0,053 -0,005-0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8804; 88 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">0,277 -0,025-0,080</td>
                <td align="center">0,627</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,380 -0,018-0,094</td>
                <td align="center">0,188</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 120 mmHg</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,042 -0,010-0,095</td>
                <td align="center">0,117</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8804; 60 mmHg</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,046 -0,012-0,105</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IHA &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,061 0,007-0,114</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>AIC: crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike; RC: raz&#227;o de chance; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; IHA: &#237;ndice hemodin&#226;mico agudo. O Modelo 0 incluiu doen&#231;a de Chagas como etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer, uso cont&#237;nuo de betabloqueadores, diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos e de al&#231;a, digit&#225;licos e espironolactona. Os Modelos 1 a 5 inclu&#237;ram todas as vari&#225;veis do Modelo 0 mais um par&#226;metro e valor de corte da seguinte forma: o Modelo 1 considerou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8804; 88 bpm; o Modelo 2 considerou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804; 100 mmHg, o Modelo 3 considerou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804; 120 mmHg, o Modelo 4 considerou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8804; 60 mmHg e o Modelo 5 considerou IHA &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Raz&#227;o de chance, calculada a partir de um modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada que incluiu etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, comorbidades, uso de medicamentos e &#237;ndice hemodin&#226;mico de pacientes admitidos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (N = 463). IHA: &#237;ndice hemodin&#226;mico agudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0077-90439-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#205;ndices de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida de acordo com a presen&#231;a de fatores progn&#243;sticos. *p &lt; 0,05 quando comparado ao &#8220;N&#227;o&#8221; no mesmo &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0077-90439-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo apresentou o IHA e demonstrou que este &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com ICFER aguda descompensada. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar de pacientes com IC aguda descompensada &#233; elevada, como demonstrado pelo registro BREATHE e por estudos realizados em outros pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Diferentes raz&#245;es contribuem para uma alta mortalidade a curto prazo de pacientes com IC aguda descompensada, como idade, comorbidades e tempo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas e admiss&#227;o hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Visto que o manejo de pacientes com IC aguda pode incluir procedimentos invasivos e de alto custo, como o suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico, a valida&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos que possam auxiliar em decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A IC aguda descompensada pode ser manejada por especialistas em IC, cardiologistas, intensivistas, m&#233;dicos emergencistas ou cl&#237;nicos; em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, enfermarias ou unidades de tratamento intensivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O treinamento destes profissionais e a disponibilidade de recursos nestes ambientes pode variar substancialmente. Quando somados &#224; diversidade de casos de pacientes, estes aspectos tornam dif&#237;cil a cria&#231;&#227;o de escores progn&#243;sticos que possam ser utilizados amplamente. Por exemplo, apesar do recente interesse no uso de biomarcadores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> a avalia&#231;&#227;o destes pode n&#227;o estar dispon&#237;vel em estabelecimentos de sa&#250;de afastados dos grandes centros ou com poucos recursos. Nohria et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> apresentaram uma abordagem cl&#237;nica pr&#225;tica para classificar os pacientes em perfis hemodin&#226;micos, permitindo a predi&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e guiando o tratamento da IC aguda. Esta abordagem depende da experi&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e pode perder sua utilidade quando se trata de um m&#233;dico n&#227;o-especialista em IC. Nossos resultados corroboram a falta de acur&#225;cia do exame f&#237;sico cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> visto que 11% dos pacientes foram classificados como de perfil hemodin&#226;mico A e ainda assim considerados casos de IC aguda descompensada.</p>
      <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em praticamente qualquer estabelecimento de sa&#250;de, tem boa acur&#225;cia e requer treinamento m&#237;nimo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores tentaram utilizar estes par&#226;metros como fatores progn&#243;sticos na IC aguda descompensada. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e progn&#243;stico &#233; conhecida h&#225; d&#233;cadas, e com o advento dos betabloqueadores e, mais recentemente, da ivabradina, frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas baixas s&#227;o um alvo no tratamento da IC est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica tamb&#233;m &#233; um marcador de risco: pacientes cujas frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas n&#227;o aumentam durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico t&#234;m progn&#243;sticos piores que aqueles com frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas de reserva normais, mesmo com o uso de betabloqueadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Apesar de estudos terem determinado o aumento esperado na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante um teste de esfor&#231;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> n&#227;o h&#225; valores de refer&#234;ncia para o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em situa&#231;&#245;es do tipo &#8220;luta ou fuga&#8221; como &#233; o caso das admiss&#245;es em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia. Pacientes japoneses com IC aguda descompensada admitidos com frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas acima de 120 bpm apresentaram menores &#237;ndices de mortalidade que aqueles admitidos com frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Entretanto, uma alta frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi considerada um preditor independente de mortalidade a curto prazo em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O registro OPTIMIZE-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> observou que press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica abaixo de 120 mmHg identificava pacientes com IC aguda descompensada que possu&#237;am um progn&#243;stico ruim apesar dos tratamentos. Baixa press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica tamb&#233;m indicou risco a curto prazo numa coorte europeia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a press&#227;o arterial abaixo de 120 mmHg n&#227;o estava independentemente relacionada &#224; mortalidade de acordo com a an&#225;lise multivariada. Pacientes do registro BREATHE eram mais jovens, e os protocolos de tratamento estavam mais atualizados que aqueles utilizados nos outros estudos (quase uma d&#233;cada antes). Al&#233;m disso, esses dois estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> inclu&#237;ram pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada ou reduzida, e o valor progn&#243;stico da press&#227;o arterial pode variar de acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Baixa press&#227;o de pulso foi definida como um preditor independente de mortalidade na IC aguda descompensada pelo estudo VMAC-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O tratamento da IC evoluiu substancialmente desde ent&#227;o, o que pode explicar a falta de poder progn&#243;stico da press&#227;o de pulso em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca entre press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e como elas s&#227;o influenciadas por medicamentos para IC pode ter influenciado os resultados de estudos pr&#233;vios considerando cada um destes par&#226;metros. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a apresentar um &#237;ndice que combina a an&#225;lise da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o de pulso de pacientes com IC aguda descompensada e demonstrar que sua capacidade como ferramenta progn&#243;stica &#233; superior &#224;quelas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou press&#227;o arterial sozinhas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Esta an&#225;lise possui limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi baseada no registro feito por pesquisadores e n&#227;o foi confirmada. Na realidade, registros s&#227;o estudos observacionais, e an&#225;lises quanto &#224; adequa&#231;&#227;o do tratamento a cada paciente n&#227;o estavam no escopo de nosso estudo. Considerando que nosso principal objetivo foi analisar a utilidade de um &#237;ndice facilmente obtido no momento da admiss&#227;o do paciente no setor de emerg&#234;ncia e que os testes de troponina e BNP (pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral) n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em todos os estabelecimentos de sa&#250;de brasileiros, par&#226;metros laboratoriais n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos em nosso modelo.</p>
        <p>Os dados do registro n&#227;o foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de um protocolo padronizado, portanto as medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem ter sido realizadas com equipamentos diferentes. De qualquer maneira, estes s&#227;o sinais vitais que requerem treinamento m&#237;nimo para sua medi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o fato de n&#227;o existir uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o neste caso aumenta a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica do nosso &#237;ndice, j&#225; que reflete resultados reais.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar que os resultados apresentados neste estudo se restringem a pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. O estudo foi conduzido entre 2011 e 2012, antes da aprova&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos novos como a ivabradina e sacubitril-valsartana,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> que poderiam influenciar o IHA.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#233; muito diversa quanto &#224; etnia e acesso a estabelecimentos de sa&#250;de, e este estudo incluiu hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados de todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Embora a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados possa ser limitada, &#233; importante enfatizar que os dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo s&#227;o semelhantes aos de outras coortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a AUC da an&#225;lise do IHA foi relativamente pequena. Mesmo assim, sua sensibilidade foi boa e pode ser &#250;til na orienta&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos emergencistas na triagem de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diferentes fatores progn&#243;sticos t&#234;m sido propostos para a IC aguda descompensada. Entretanto, muitos dependem de biomarcadores, treinamento de pessoal e recursos tecnol&#243;gicos, que nem sempre est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. O IHA consiste num fator progn&#243;stico de mortalidade intra-hospitalar pr&#225;tico, objetivo e facilmente obtido em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada. Futuros estudos prospectivos dever&#227;o avaliar a reprodutibilidade destes resultados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem aos investigadores do registro BREATHE: Helder Jos&#233; Lima Reis, Paulo Roberto Nogueira, Ricardo Pavanello, Luiz Claudio Danzmann, Elizabete Silva dos Santos, Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Filho, Silvia Marinho Martins, Marcelo Iorio Garcia, Antonio Baruzzi, Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva, Ricardo Gusm&#227;o, Aguinaldo Figueiredo de Freitas J&#250;nior, Fernando Carvalho Neuenschwander, Manoel Fernandes Canesin, Eduardo Darz&#233;, Mauro Esteves Hernandes, Ricardo Mourilhe Rocha, Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Jose Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto, Renato D. Lopes, Jacqueline Sampaio, Est&#234;v&#227;o Lanna Figueiredo, Abilio Augusto Fragata Filho, Alvaro Rabelo Alves J&#250;nior, Carlos V. Nascimento, Antonio Carlos Pereira-Barretto, Fabio Serra Silveira, Gilson Soares Feitosa, Conrado Roberto Hoffmann Filho, Humberto Villacorta J&#250;nior, Sidney Ara&#250;jo, Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara, Ot&#225;vio Gebara, Gustavo Luiz Gouvea de Almeida, Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira Moreira, Roberto Luiz Marino, Jo&#227;o Miguel de Malta Dantas, Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt, Marcelo Silveira Teixeira, Elias Pimentel Gouvea, Marcus Vin&#237;cius Sim&#245;es, Renato Jorge Alves, Fabio Villas-Boas, Charles Mady, Felipe Montes Pena, Eduardo Costa, Sabrina Bernardez-Pereira, Otavio Berwanger.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Hemodynamic Index Predicts In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5560-693X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Renata R. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lechnewski</surname>
            <given-names>Luka</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Homero</surname>
            <given-names>Alan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2178-1518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>David</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Womens Hospital &#8211; Medicine, Boston - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Igua&#231;u, Nova Igua&#231;u, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Renata R. T. Castro &#8226;</bold> Universidade Igua&#231;u - Rua Ab&#237;lio Augusto T&#225;vora, 2134. Postal Code 26260-045 Nova Igua&#231;u, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: castrorrt@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Albuquerque DC, Rohde LE, Almeida D, David J, Rassi S, Bacal F, Bocchi E, Moura L; Data acquisition: Lechnewski L, Homero A, Albuquerque DC, Rohde LE, Almeida D, David J, Rassi S, Bacal F, Bocchi E, Moura L; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Castro RRT; Writing of the manuscript: Castro RRT, Lechnewski L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Albuquerque DC, Rohde LE, Almeida D, David J, Rassi S, Bacal F, Bocchi E, Moura L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The physical examination enables prognostic evaluation of patients with decompensated heart failure (HF), but lacks reliability and relies on the professional&#8217;s clinical experience. Considering hemodynamic responses to &#8220;fight or flight&#8221; situations, such as the moment of admission to the emergency room, we proposed the calculation of the acute hemodynamic index (AHI) from values of heart rate and pulse pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the in-hospital prognostic ability of AHI in decompensated HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A prospective, multicenter, registry-based observational study including data from the BREATHE registry, with information from public and private hospitals in Brazil. The prognostic ability of the AHI was tested by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, C-statistics, Akaike&#8217;s information criteria, and multivariate regression analyses. p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> We analyzed data from 463 patients with heart failure with low ejection fraction. In-hospital mortality was 9%. The median AHI value was used as cut-off (4 mmHg&#8901;bpm). A low AHI (&#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm) was found in 80% of deceased patients. The risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with low AHI was 2.5 times that in patients with AHI &gt; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm. AHI independently predicted in-hospital mortality in acute decompensated HF (sensitivity: 0.786; specificity: 0.429; AUC: 0.607 [0.540&#8211;0.674]; p = 0.010) even after adjusting for comorbidities and medication use [OR: 0.061 (0.007&#8211;0.114); p = 0.025).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The AHI independently predicts in-hospital mortality in acute decompensated HF. This simple bed-side index could be useful in an emergency setting. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):77-86)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the main reasons for emergency admissions in the Western world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although previous studies have shown that treatment by a HF specialist can lead to better results, most cases of acute decompensated HF are originally evaluated and managed by emergency physicians<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> in facilities with different levels of resource availability.</p>
        <p>Despite recent advances in technology and medical devices, the physical examination remains the cornerstone of the evaluation of patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Physicians evaluate congestion and perfusion from the patient&#8217;s history and a physical examination, assigning hemodynamic profiles that guide therapy and provide prognostic information in an acute HF setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although practical, the physician&#8217;s assessment of perfusion lacks reliability<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and depends on clinician experience,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> providing subjective information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, objective prognostic parameters that can be easily obtained in the emergency room would be useful in the management of acute HF.</p>
        <p>Blood pressure and heart rate are parameters that can be easily obtained by any healthcare professional with good reproducibility and accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Systolic blood pressure is an independent predictor of in-hospital and post-discharge outcomes in acute heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Additionally, low blood pressure and narrow proportional pulse pressure are markers of low perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between admission resting heart rate and the prognosis of patients with HF is not as straightforward. In fact, the literature is controversial, showing that a high admission heart rate can be related to worse or better prognoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Although low resting heart rates reduce risk in patients with stable chronic HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> the ability to increase heart rate during a &#8220;fight or flight&#8221; reaction certainly confers good prognosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> regardless of the use of beta-blockers.</p>
        <p>Acute admission to the emergency room is a stressful situation, expected to elicit autonomic responses that prepare the body to fight or flight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Increases in pulse pressure and heart rate are thus expected in this scenario, augmenting perfusion in skeletal muscles and vital organs.</p>
        <p>Based on the physiological hemodynamic responses inherent to &#8220;fight or flight&#8221; situations, we have proposed the calculation of the acute hemodynamic index (AHI) using heart rate and pulse pressure. Our main hypothesis was that AHI could be an objective in-hospital prognostic parameter to be used in patients with acute decompensated HFrEF. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the in-hospital prognostic ability of AHI in acute decompensated HFrEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This analysis is based on the I Brazilian registry of HF (BREATHE Registry),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> a cross-sectional, observational acute HF registry with longitudinal follow-up that happened from February 2011 to December 2012. For inclusion in the registry, patients should be over 18 years old and have been admitted with decompensated HF; patients should not have been submitted to a coronary artery bypass graft of percutaneous coronary intervention in the previous month or have been admitted with a sepsis diagnosis. Boston criteria were used for HF confirmation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Participation in the registry did not require any special treatment regimen. Detailed methods, as well as exclusion and inclusion criteria, have been previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Data on each patient are available online in individual registration forms.</p>
        <p>This study includes the analysis of patients with acute decompensated HFrEF from hospital admission and follow-up until discharge, death, or transfer to another hospital (whichever happened first). The primary endpoint of the study was in-hospital mortality.</p>
        <p>All patients in the registry with evidence of left ventricle ejection fraction &lt; 40% were included in the present analysis, except those with missing information (admission heart rate, blood pressure, ejection fraction, or loss of follow-up due to transfer to another hospital). Individuals with pacemaker-controlled heart rhythm were also excluded, as their heart rate was not expected to be autonomic-driven (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patient selection flowchart. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0077-90439-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Derived variables</title>
          <p>Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at admission were available from the registry database and were used for calculating derived variables as follows: pulse pressure = systolic blood presssure &#8211; diastolic blood pressure; proportional pulse pressure = pulse pressure / systolic blood pressure; AHI= (pulse pressure x heart rate) / 1000.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics</title>
          <p>This investigation conforms to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo (registry 144/2011) and the Institutional Review Board of each participating institution. All patients signed an informed consent form before enrollment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Initially, a Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of data distribution and validate the use of parametric statistics. Continuous variables were reported as means and standard deviations, while categorical variables were reported as proportions. Clinical and demographic data from patients who died during the hospitalization period (deceased) and those who were successfully discharged (alive) were compared using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-tests or chi-squared tests. A two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
          <p>After verifying a normal distribution, the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were used to construct receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves using in-hospital mortality as the main outcome. The cut-off value defined for the AHI was its 50th percentile. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were reported for each cut-off value. C-statistics were used to compare the prognostic ability of heart rate and blood pressure cut-off values to the AHI cut-off values.</p>
          <p>Regression analyses were performed after verifying for linear relationships, multivariate normality, homoscedasticity, and the absence of multicollinearity and autocorrelation.</p>
          <p>Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to test the independent prognostic ability of each significant cut-off value regarding heart rate, blood pressure, and AHI. This analysis included variables with statistical significance according to the previously cited unpaired Student&#8217;s t-tests or chi-squared tests. As laboratory results were not available for all patients, they were not included in the regression analysis. Akaike&#8217;s information criterion (AIC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> was used to compare multiple regression models. All statistical analyses and graphs were performed using STATA 14.2 (StataCorp, Texas, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The BREATHE registry included 463 patients with HFrEF admitted to emergency services in Brazil (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>), with an in-hospital mortality index of 9%. The main reason for decompensation was poor medication adherence (37% of discharged patients vs 31% of deceased patients, p = 0.75). Other important causes of decompensation were infection (21% of discharged patients vs 24% of decease patients, p = 0.17) and excessive salt or fluid intake (11% of discharhed patients vs 12% of deceased patients, p = 0.9).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical data of patients with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>All patients (n = 463)</th>
                  <th>Discharged patients (n = 421)</th>
                  <th>Deceased patients (n = 42)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Demographic</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart failure etiology</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">318 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">290 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney failure, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Depression, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of cancer, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Treatment</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">273 (66)</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi/ARB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">274 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">251 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Loop/thiazide diuretics, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">311 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">277 (66)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blockers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digitalis, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemodynamics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, bpm &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">82 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure, mmHg &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">122 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">112 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse pressure, mmHg &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Proportional pulse pressure, % &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AHI, mmHg&#8901;bpm &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">4 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">4 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">3 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AHI &lt; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">273 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">240 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, % &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemodynamic profile</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A, %</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B, %</td>
                  <td align="center">311 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">288 (68)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C, %</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>L, %</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Laboratory results*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hematocrit, % &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urea, mg/dL &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 41</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium, mEq/L &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">137 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; AHI: acute hemodynamic index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SD: standard deviation. p-values were obtained in the univariate comparison between both groups. *N = 412.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Deceased patients presented more comorbidities and higher values of heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared to survivors. Considering the AHI&#8217;s 50th percentile, its cut-off value was 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm; almost 80% of the deceased patients had a low AHI.</p>
        <p>As the AHI calculation included heart rate and blood pressure values, we compared the AUC of AHI &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm as a cut-off value with the AUC of different cut-off values of heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). AHI &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm was a better predictor of in-hospital mortality than heart rate &#8804; 88 bpm, but had similar results when compared to prognostic cut-off values of blood pressure. When these hemodynamic prognostic factors were included in multivariate analyses, only AHI kept an independent prognostic ability (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). The regression model including Chagas disease etiology, comorbidities, medications, and AHI showed a better predictive capacity for in-hospital mortality than the other proposed models (Model 0: without AHI; Models 1&#8211;4: with hemodynamic parameters added to model 0). Chronic kidney disease and a history of cancer or stroke remained as independent in-hospital mortality predictors in all proposed models. AHI &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm was independently related to in-hospital mortality in this registry even after adjusting for HF etiology, comorbidities, and medication use (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). Patients admitted with low AHI had a 12.1% chance of dying, which was 250% higher than that for patients with AHI &gt; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm (4.8%, p = 0.008, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>). As this was a registry study, the research protocol did not intervene in the treatment received by patients. Inotropes were used in 11% of discharged patients and 28% of deceased patients (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensitivity, specificity, AUC with 95% CI, and best cut-off values for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Proposed prognostic parameters</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Univariate analysis</th>
                  <th>Comparison to AUC for AHI &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Sensitivity</th>
                  <th>Specificity</th>
                  <th>AUC (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AHI &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.786</td>
                  <td align="center">0.429</td>
                  <td align="center">0.607 (0.540&#8211;0.674)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">----</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart rate</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 74 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.309</td>
                  <td align="center">0.750</td>
                  <td align="center">0.530 (0.456&#8211;0.604)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">----</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 88 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.667</td>
                  <td align="center">0.513</td>
                  <td align="center">0.590 (0.514&#8211;0.666)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 104 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.857</td>
                  <td align="center">0.254</td>
                  <td align="center">0.556 (0.498&#8211;0.613)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  <td align="center">----</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Systolic blood pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 100</td>
                  <td align="center">0.452</td>
                  <td align="center">0.698</td>
                  <td align="center">0.575 (0.496&#8211;0.654)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.450</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 120</td>
                  <td align="center">0.738</td>
                  <td align="center">0.430</td>
                  <td align="center">0.584 (0.513&#8211;0.655)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.570</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 140</td>
                  <td align="center">0.905</td>
                  <td align="center">0.190</td>
                  <td align="center">0.547 (0.498&#8211;0.596)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">----</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diastolic blood pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.453</td>
                  <td align="center">0.741</td>
                  <td align="center">0.596 (0.518&#8211;0.676)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.830</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.643</td>
                  <td align="center">0.513</td>
                  <td align="center">0.578 (0.500&#8211;0.655)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">----</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.857</td>
                  <td align="center">0.257</td>
                  <td align="center">0.557 (0.499&#8211;0.614)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">----</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AUC: area under receiver-operating characteristic curves; CI: confidence interval; AHI: acute hemodynamic index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate models for in-hospital mortality prediction including different non-invasive hemodynamic parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 2</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 3</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 4</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Model 5</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">AIC</th>
                  <th colspan="2">137.0</th>
                  <th colspan="2">136.3</th>
                  <th colspan="2">135.6</th>
                  <th colspan="2">135.7</th>
                  <th colspan="2">133.7</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">p-value vs Model 0</th>
                  <th colspan="2">0.294</th>
                  <th colspan="2">0.183</th>
                  <th colspan="2">0.113</th>
                  <th colspan="2">0.116</th>
                  <th colspan="2">0.035</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th>OR 95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR 95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR 95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR 95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR 95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas disease</td>
                  <td align="center">0.089 0.006&#8211;0.171</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                  <td align="center">0.784 -0.006&#8211;0.163</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080 -0.003&#8211;0.164</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                  <td align="center">0.777 -0.006&#8211;0.162</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                  <td align="center">0.765 -0.007&#8211;0.160</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.104 0.041&#8211;0.167</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.104 0.040&#8211;0.167</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.107 0.044&#8211;0.170</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.100 0.037&#8211;0.164</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112 0.048&#8211;0.175</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">0.840 0.054&#8211;0.163</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036</td>
                  <td align="center">0.089 0.011&#8211;0.168</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093 0.014&#8211;0.170</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center">0.858 0.007&#8211;0.164</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  <td align="center">0.092 0.013&#8211;0.169</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of cancer</td>
                  <td align="center">0.143 0.011&#8211;0.276</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148 0.016&#8211;0.281</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  <td align="center">0.139 0.007&#8211;0.271</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  <td align="center">0.139 0.007&#8211;0.272</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">0.140 0.009&#8211;0.273</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">0.168 -0.40&#8211;0.073</td>
                  <td align="center">0.563</td>
                  <td align="center">0.196 -0.037&#8211;0.076</td>
                  <td align="center">0.497</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180 -0.038&#8211;0.074</td>
                  <td align="center">0.531</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021 -0.035&#8211;0.077</td>
                  <td align="center">0.463</td>
                  <td align="center">0.172 -0.394&#8211;0.073</td>
                  <td align="center">0.551</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Loop and thiazide diuretics</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.005 -0.066&#8211;0.057</td>
                  <td align="center">0.887</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.003 -0.065&#8211;0.058</td>
                  <td align="center">0.918</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.005 -0.066&#8211;0.057</td>
                  <td align="center">0.884</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.004 -0.065&#8211;0.058</td>
                  <td align="center">0.909</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.006 -0.068&#8211;0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.850</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digitalis</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053 -0.009&#8211;0.115</td>
                  <td align="center">0.096</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056 -0.005&#8211;0.117</td>
                  <td align="center">0.073</td>
                  <td align="center">0.538 -0.007&#8211;0.115</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.003 -0.007&#8211;0.115</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                  <td align="center">0.515 -0.009&#8211;0.113</td>
                  <td align="center">0.100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">0.540 -0.004&#8211;0.112</td>
                  <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  <td align="center">0.527 -0.005&#8211;0.110</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053 -0.004&#8211;0.111</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053 -0.004&#8211;0.111</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053 -0.005&#8211;0.110</td>
                  <td align="center">0.074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate &#8804; 88 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.277 -0.025&#8211;0.080</td>
                  <td align="center">0.627</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure &#8804; 100 mmHg</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380 -0.018&#8211;0.094</td>
                  <td align="center">0.188</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 120 mmHg</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042 -0.010&#8211;0.095</td>
                  <td align="center">0.117</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure &#8804; 60 mmHg</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046 -0.012&#8211;0.105</td>
                  <td align="center">0.121</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AHI &#8804; 4 mmHg*bpm</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.061 0.007&#8211;0.114</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AIC: Akaike&#8217;s information criterion; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; CKD: chronic kidney disease; AHI: acute hemodynamic index. Model 0 included Chagas disease as heart failure etiology; chronic kidney disease; history of cancer; and home use of beta-blockers, loop and thiazide diuretics, digitalis, and spironolactone. Models 1 to 5 included all variables from model 0 plus another parameter and cut-off value, as follows: Model 1: heart rate &#8804; 88 bpm; Model 2: systolic blood pressure &#8804; 100 mmHg; Model 3: systolic blood pressure &#8804; 120 mmHg; Model 4: diastolic blood pressure &#8804; 60 mmHg; Model 5: AHI &#8804; 4 mmHg&#8901;bpm.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Odds ratios according to a multivariate regression model including heart failure etiology, comorbidities, medication use, and acute hemodynamic index (AHI) of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (n = 463).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0077-90439-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; In-hospital mortality indices of patients with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction according to the presence of prognostic factors. *p &lt; 0.05 in comparison to &#8220;No&#8221; within the same prognostic parameter.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0077-90439-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study introduced the AHI and demonstrated that it is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated HFrEF. In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated HF is high, as shown by this Brazilian registry and by studies conducted in other countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Different reasons for this high short-term mortality include age, comorbidities, and the delay between symptom onset and hospital admission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Since the management of patients with acute HF may include invasive and high-cost procedures such as circulatory support, it is critical to validate prognostic factors that can help guiding therapeutic decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Acute decompensated HF can be managed by HF specialists, general cardiologists, intensivists, emergency physicians, or internists; this can be performed in emergency departments, hospital wards, or intensive care units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The physician&#8217;s experience and the available resources can vary substantially. Together with the patients&#8217; diversity, these aspects hinder the production of widely applicable prognostic scores. Despite the recent attention received by biomarkers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> for example, their verification may not be available in remote or low-income health facilities. Nohria et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> have introduced a practical clinical approach for categorizing patients with hemodynamic profiles, thus enabling prognosis prediction and guiding treatment in acute HF settings. This approach relies on clinician experience<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and may be less useful when considering non-HF specialists. Our results corroborate the lack of accuracy of cardiovascular physical examinations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> since 11% of the patients were classified as hemodynamic profile A despite having acute decompensated HF.</p>
        <p>Heart rate and blood pressure measurements are available in virtually any healthcare facility with good accuracy and requiring minimal training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Previous studies have tried to use blood pressure and heart rate as prognostic factors in acute decompensated HF; the relationship between heart rate and prognosis in heart disease has been known for decades. Since the emergence of therapies using beta-blockers and more recently, ivabradine, low heart rates have been considered a target in the treatment of stable HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> On the other hand, chronotropic incompetence is also a risk marker. Patients whose heart rates do not increase during exercise have worst prognoses than those with normal heart rate reserves, even with the use of beta-blockers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Although previous studies have determined the expected increase in heart rate during an exercise test,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> no normality values have been established for heart rate increases during &#8220;fight or flight&#8221; situations such as the admission to emergency rooms. Japanese patients with acute decompensated HF admitted with heart rates above 120 bpm presented lower mortality indices than those with lower heart rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Conversely, high heart rate was considered an independent predictor of short-term mortality in patients with acute decompensated HF in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The OPTIMIZE-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> registry found that systolic blood pressure values below 120 mmHg characterized patients with acute decompensated HF who had poor prognoses despite medical therapy. Low systolic blood pressure levels also indicated high short-term risk in a European cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In our study, blood pressure below 120 mmHg was not independently related to mortality in a multivariate analysis. Patients in the BREATHE registry were younger, and treatment protocols were more updated when compared to those used in studies conducted almost a decade earlier. Furthermore, both studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> included patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction, and the prognostic value of blood pressure is known to vary according to the left ventricular ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Low pulse pressure was defined as an independent predictor of mortality in acute decompensate HF by the VMAC-HF study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Since the publication of this trial, HF therapy has evolved substantially, which may explain the lack of prognostic power of pulse pressure in our patients.</p>
        <p>The intrinsic interaction between blood pressure and heart rates and how they are affected by HF medications may have influenced the results of previous investigations on each of these parameters. To our knowledge, this is the first study to introduce an index that analyzes both heart rate and pulse pressure in patients with acute decompensated HF; moreover, we have shown that the prognostic ability of the AHI is higher than that of heart rate or blood pressure alone.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present analysis has limitations. First, in-hospital mortality was based on investigator reports instead of being adjudicated. In fact, registries are observational studies and analyzing the treatment delivered to each patient was not within the scope of our study. As our main objective was to analyze the usefulness of an easily obtained index to be applied as soon as patients arrive in the emergency room, and considering the unavailability of troponin and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) tests in some Brazilian health facilities, laboratory parameters were not included in the model.</p>
          <p>Data in the registry was not obtained by any specific protocol, and blood pressure and heart rate measurements may have been performed using different equipment. Nevertheless, blood pressure and heart rate are vital signs that require minimal training for their measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Additionally, the fact that the registry had no standardized assessment methods enhances the clinical applicability of our study, as it shows realistic results.</p>
          <p>The present results are restricted to patients with HFrEF. The study was conducted from 2011 to 2012, before the approval of new HF medications as ivabradine and salcubitril-valsartan,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> which could influence AHI values.</p>
          <p>The Brazilian population is very diverse regarding ethnicity and access to health care facilities. The study included private and public hospitals in all regions of the country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Although the generalization to other populations may be limited, we highlight that the demographical and clinical data of patients included in this registry are very similar to those of other cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Finally, the AUC in the ROC analysis of the AHI was relatively low. Nevertheless, its sensitivity was quite good and this may be useful to guide emergency physicians while triaging patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Different prognostic factors have been proposed in acute decompensated HF but rely on biomarker measurement, medical staff training, and technology; these may not be widely available. The AHI is a practical, objective, and easily obtained prognostic factor for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated HF. Further prospective studies should evaluate the reproducibility of these results in other populations.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors thank the BREATHE registry&#8217;s investigators: Helder Jos&#233; Lima Reis, Paulo Roberto Nogueira, Ricardo Pavanello, Luiz Claudio Danzmann, Elizabete Silva dos Santos, Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Filho, Silvia Marinho Martins, Marcelo Iorio Garcia, Antonio Baruzzi, Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva, Ricardo Gusm&#227;o, Aguinaldo Figueiredo de Freitas J&#250;nior, Fernando Carvalho Neuenschwander, Manoel Fernandes Canesin, Eduardo Darz&#233;, Mauro Esteves Hernandes, Ricardo Mourilhe Rocha, Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Jose Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto, Renato D. Lopes, Jacqueline Sampaio, Est&#234;v&#227;o Lanna Figueiredo, Abilio Augusto Fragata Filho, Alvaro Rabelo Alves J&#250;nior, Carlos V. Nascimento, Antonio Carlos Pereira-Barretto, Fabio Serra Silveira, Gilson Soares Feitosa, Conrado Roberto Hoffmann Filho, Humberto Villacorta J&#250;nior, Sidney Ara&#250;jo, Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara, Ot&#225;vio Gebara, Gustavo Luiz Gouvea de Almeida, Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira Moreira, Roberto Luiz Marino, Jo&#227;o Miguel de Malta Dantas, Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt, Marcelo Silveira Teixeira, Elias Pimentel Gouvea, Marcus Vin&#237;cius Sim&#245;es, Renato Jorge Alves, Fabio Villas-Boas, Charles Mady, Felipe Montes Pena, Eduardo Costa, Sabrina Bernardez-Pereira, Otavio Berwanger.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
