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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RFq98sKLKvL4tFZy85vbRtm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00075</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100075</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200625</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200625</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico pode Substituir Radiografia de T&#243;rax na Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Cardiomegalia na Miocardiopatia Chag&#225;sica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6728-3565</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Senra</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Tiago Senra &#8226; Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 - Vila Mariana. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>senra.tiago@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>75</fpage>
      <lpage>76</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Miocardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspectos Socioecon&#244;micos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiografia Tor&#225;cica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica (MC), descrita originalmente em 1909 por Carlos Chagas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> segue nos dias atuais associada a elevada morbimortalidade e impacto socioecon&#244;mico, especialmente nos pa&#237;ses da America Latina.</p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, a busca por marcadores epidemiol&#243;gicos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e de imagem associados ao progn&#243;stico cumpre papel importante na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico (ICT), originalmente descrito em 1919 e calculado a partir da radiografia de t&#243;rax &#233; uma das vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; mortalidade na MC.</p>
    <p>Rodriguez-Salas et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> identificaram o ICT&gt;0,55 como vari&#225;vel independente associada &#224; mortalidade em estudo que incluiu 960 pacientes. Notadamente, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) avaliado pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico n&#227;o se associou &#224; m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o nesse estudo.</p>
    <p>Posteriormente, Salles et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> detectaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre o ICT&gt;0,5 e mortalidade por todas as causas em estudo que incluiu 738 pacientes, mas o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo medido pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi vari&#225;vel independente mais fortemente associada &#224; morte por todas as causas, al&#233;m de morte relacionada &#224; MC e morte s&#250;bita. Esse achado possivelmente reflete melhor a rela&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o que o aspecto morfol&#243;gico dessa c&#226;mara.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, Bestetti et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> identificaram o DDVE analisado pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico como preditor independente de morte s&#250;bita em estudo que incluiu 74 pacientes e n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre ICT alterado e o desfecho.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, Rassi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> conduziram um estudo retrospectivo incluindo 424 pacientes que identificou o ICT&gt;0,5 como vari&#225;vel independente associada &#224; mortalidade, com raz&#227;o de risco de 3,43, superior &#224; raz&#227;o de risco relacionada &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o global ou segmentar da contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo identificada pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico de 2,46. Esses achados contribu&#237;ram para a elabora&#231;&#227;o do escore de Rassi, que atribui mais pontos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> para a cardiomegalia identificada na radiografia de t&#243;rax que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda avaliada pelo ecocardiograma<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e foi validado em coorte independente. Notadamente, apesar de ter sido inclu&#237;do como vari&#225;vel no estudo, o DDVE n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho e n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do no escore, que conta ainda com classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada, baixa voltagem e sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, autor Ramos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> avaliaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o ICT e o DDVE num grupo de 58 pacientes com MC e apresentam seus resultados na atual edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>Os autores encontraram boa acur&#225;cia (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC 0,806) &#224; custa principalmente de especificidade elevada (89%) e sensibilidade moderada (64%) para um limiar de DDVE de 60mm na detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiomegalia identificada pela radiografia de t&#243;rax.</p>
    <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o do ICT pelo DDVE para defini&#231;&#227;o do escore de Rassi resultou na reclassifica&#231;&#227;o com mudan&#231;a de patamar em 24% dos pacientes, a maioria com redu&#231;&#227;o da faixa de risco.</p>
    <p>Ainda que a radiografia de t&#243;rax acarrete exposi&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, o que n&#227;o ocorre com o ecocardiograma, o argumento de que a substitui&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo radiol&#243;gico pelo ultrassonogr&#225;fico possa ser ben&#233;fica ao paciente n&#227;o parece justificado, visto que a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o de uma radiografia de t&#243;rax &#233; m&#237;nima e seu eventual potencial carcinog&#234;nico na popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da no estudo (m&#233;dia de 61 anos) seja question&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, &#233; ineg&#225;vel que todo paciente com sorologias positivas para Chagas e sinais/sintomas de acometimento card&#237;aco deve realizar ecocardiograma como parte de sua investiga&#231;&#227;o e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Uma &#243;tima correla&#231;&#227;o entre ICT e DDVE poderia dispensar a radiografia de t&#243;rax, com vantagem pr&#225;tica na rotina, mas muito provavelmente sem impacto significativo no custo.</p>
    <p>A sensibilidade de 64% do DDVE para diagn&#243;stico de cardiomegalia na compara&#231;&#227;o com a radiografia de t&#243;rax detectada no estudo preocupa, especialmente se lembrarmos que essa vari&#225;vel assume tamanha import&#226;ncia no escore de Rassi, superior &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda global/segmentar, podendo levar &#224; reclassifica&#231;&#227;o err&#244;nea para faixas menores de risco.</p>
    <p>A melhor forma de confirmar se os novos valores do escore de Rassi determinados pela substitui&#231;&#227;o do ICT pelo DDVE melhora a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ser&#225; o seguimento da coorte, j&#225; proposto pelos autores.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lises adicionais como a regress&#227;o linear entre os valores de ICT e DDVE, an&#225;lise de Bland-Altmann, de concord&#226;ncia kappa e a indexa&#231;&#227;o do DDVE pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea podem fornecer dados interessantes para elucidar as discrep&#226;ncias entre os dois m&#233;todos.</p>
    <p>Nessa linha, o acometimento segmentar na MC pode estar subdimensionado ao avaliarmos a morfologia de uma estrutura tridimensional e complexa como ventr&#237;culo atrav&#233;s de uma medida simplificada como o DDVE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ao inv&#233;s do volume diast&#243;lico final. De fato, estudos pr&#233;vios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> identificaram o volume diast&#243;lico final aumentado como vari&#225;vel associada &#224; mortalidade na MC.</p>
    <p>Mesmo com suas pr&#243;prias limita&#231;&#245;es, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o ICT represente melhor o acometimento global card&#237;aco pela patologia do que a avalia&#231;&#227;o isolada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por uma medida bidimensional. Na MC, sabemos que o ventr&#237;culo direito pode estar acometido de maneira independente do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e que a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada ao progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Assim, agregar a an&#225;lise do ventr&#237;culo direito poderia melhorar o desempenho do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico na identifica&#231;&#227;o da cardiomegalia na MC e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Se por um lado a radiografia de t&#243;rax ainda parece manter seu lugar na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com MC, novas pesquisas em ecocardiografia s&#227;o promissoras.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Cardiomegalia pela Radiografia de T&#243;rax e Di&#226;metro do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo pela Ecocardiografia em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Can Transthoracic Echocardiography Replace Chest Radiography in the Evaluation of Cardiomegaly in Chagas Cardiomyopathy?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6728-3565</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Senra</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Senra</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Av. Pedro Calmon, 550. Postal Code 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: senra.tiago@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas, Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Socioeconomic Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiography, Thoracic/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM), first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> is still associated with high morbidity and mortality and socioeconomic impact, especially in Latin American countries.</p>
      <p>The search for epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and image markers associated with its prognosis plays an important role in the risk stratification of these patients.</p>
      <p>The cardiothoracic ratio (CR), originally described in 1919 and calculated from chest radiography imaging, is one of the variables associated with mortality in CCM.</p>
      <p>Rodriguez-Salas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>identified CR&gt;0.55 as an independent variable associated with mortality in a study with 960 patients. Notably, the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDD) assessed by transthoracic echocardiogram was not associated with poor prognosis in this study.</p>
      <p>Afterwards, Salles et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> detected an association between CR&gt;0.5 and all-cause mortality in a study including 738 patients, but the left ventricular end-systolic diameter measured by transthoracic echocardiogram was an independent variable most strongly associated with all-cause mortality, in addition CCM mortality and sudden death. This finding could be a more accurate reflection of the relationship between the left ventricular systolic dysfunction and poor evolution compared to the morphological aspect of this chamber.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, Bestetti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> identified the LVDD upon transthoracic echocardiogram as an independent predictor of sudden death in a study with 74 patients and showed no association between altered CR and the outcome.</p>
      <p>Finally, Rassi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> conducted a retrospective study with 424 patients and reported CR&gt;0.5 as an independent variable associated with mortality, with a risk ratio of 3.43, higher than the risk ratio related to global or segmental change in left ventricular contractility of 2.46 identified by transthoracic echocardiogram. These findings contributed to the elaboration of the Rassi score, which attributes more points<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> to the cardiomegaly identified by chest radiography than the left ventricular dysfunction assessed by echocardiogram<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and was validated in an independent cohort. Notably, despite being included as a variable in the study, the LVDD was not associated with the outcome and was not included in the score, which also considers the functional class of heart failure, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), low voltage and male gender.</p>
      <p>In the same context, author Ramos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>evaluated the correlation between CR and LVDD in a group of 58 patients with CCM and their results are presented in the current edition of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>The authors found good accuracy (area under the ROC curve of 0.806) at the expense of high specificity (89%) and moderate sensitivity (64%) for a 60mm LVDD threshold in the detection of cardiomegaly identified by chest radiography.</p>
      <p>The replacement of CR by LVDD to define the Rassi score resulted in a reclassification with a change in level in 24% of the patients, most of them with a reduction in risk range.</p>
      <p>Although chest radiography exposes the patient to radiation, unlike the echocardiogram, the argument that the replacement of radiography with ultrasound may be beneficial to the patient does not seem justified, since the radiation dose in a radiography of thorax is minimal and its eventual carcinogenic potential in the population included in the study (average of 61 years) is questionable.</p>
      <p>It is undeniable that every patient testing positive for Chagas disease and presenting signs/symptoms of cardiac involvement should undergo echocardiography as part of the investigation and risk stratification. A great correlation between CR and LVDD could discard chest radiography, with a practical advantage in routine but most likely without significant impact on cost.</p>
      <p>The sensitivity of 64% of the LVDD for diagnosis of cardiomegaly in comparison with the chest radiography detected in the study is concerning, especially if we bear in mind that this variable assumes an importance in the Rassi score that is superior to the global/segmental left ventricular dysfunction, which may lead to a wrong reclassification in lower risk ranges.</p>
      <p>The best way to confirm whether the new values of the Rassi score determined by replacing CR with LVDD improves risk stratification will be the follow-up of the cohort, already proposed by the authors.</p>
      <p>Additional analyses such as linear regression between CR and LVDD values, Bland-Altmann analysis, kappa agreement coefficient and indexing of LVDD by the body surface can provide interesting data to elucidate the discrepancies between the methods.</p>
      <p>In the same scenario, the segmental involvement in CCM may be undersized upon evaluation of the morphology of a three-dimensional and complex structure like a ventricle by means of a simplified measurement such as the LVDD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> instead of the end-diastolic volume. In fact, previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> identified the increased end-diastolic volume as a variable associated with mortality in CCM.</p>
      <p>Even with its own limitations, the CR could possibly better represent the global cardiac involvement by this pathology compared to an isolated assessment of the left ventricle by a two-dimensional method. In CCM, we know that the right ventricle can be affected regardless of the left ventricle<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and that the right ventricular systolic dysfunction is also associated with prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, gathering the analysis of the right ventricle could improve the accuracy of the transthoracic echocardiogram when it comes to the identification of cardiomegaly in CCM and its association with the prognosis.</p>
      <p>If, on one hand, chest radiography still seems to keep its place in the assessment of patients with CCM, further research in echocardiography is promising.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Correlation between Cardiomegaly on Chest X-Ray and Left Ventricular Diameter on Echocardiography in Patients with Chagas Disease</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
