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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wD8Rr8wKGr7rSpjGrvHWzHG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00066</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100066</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201335</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201335</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novos Marcadores de Espessamento Carot&#237;deo na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP 04040-001, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>66</fpage>
      <lpage>67</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mon&#243;citos</kwd>
        <kwd>mRNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura Intima Media Carotidea</kwd>
        <kwd>Marcadores Gen&#233;ticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial foi considerada como importante fator de risco cardiovascular somente ap&#243;s os estudos de Framingham, pois se acreditava que era um &#8220;bem&#8221; necess&#225;rio para uma boa perfus&#227;o tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Estes estudos emblem&#225;ticos de coorte em longo prazo sobre o sistema cardiovascular trouxeram dados que permitiram avaliar a intera&#231;&#227;o de diversas outras doen&#231;as, tais como as dislipidemias e o diabetes, para a forma&#231;&#227;o da placa de ateroma que &#233; o passo inicial para as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. &#201;poca em que o exame cl&#237;nico era fundamental para detectarmos os marcadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Por&#233;m, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento, os marcadores biol&#243;gicos cl&#237;nicos j&#225; n&#227;o eram suficientes para prever o risco, pois precisamos cada vez mais articular medidas preventivas o mais precoce poss&#237;vel para um tratamento mais eficaz e uma melhor preven&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a intera&#231;&#227;o meio ambiente com todos os seus fatores de risco e a gen&#233;tica se mostraram interativos e de fundamental import&#226;ncia no desenvolvimento da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. Para o lado da hipertens&#227;o ficou claro o componente gen&#233;tico com estimativa de heran&#231;a de 15-40%, tanto que os irm&#227;os apresentam uma taxa de concord&#226;ncia de risco para a doen&#231;a com varia&#231;&#245;es de 1,2 a 1,7. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para entendermos este mecanismo extremamente complexo, que envolve diversas vias moleculares e bioqu&#237;micas, tais como o sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona (SRAA), intimamente ligado &#224; hipertens&#227;o, a an&#225;lise de marcadores biomoleculares e/ou gen&#233;ticos pode agregar conhecimento para desvendar as diversas vias que levam a aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>Os fatores &#233;tnicos e raciais tamb&#233;m contribuem, predispondo a maior preval&#234;ncia de diversas doen&#231;as e entre elas a hipertens&#227;o. Exemplo disso s&#227;o os afrodescendentes e os latinos com maior preval&#234;ncia e gravidade, al&#233;m de acentua&#231;&#227;o das comorbidades relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a hipertensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O objetivo do trabalho de Gamboa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de marcadores biomoleculares e gen&#233;ticos com a hipertens&#227;o arterial focando principalmente a espessura intima-m&#233;dia de car&#243;tida (EIMC) em mexicanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o mexicana tem uma mistura &#233;tnica de 65% de &#237;ndios americanos, 31% de europeus, e 3% de africanos diferindo muito de outros pa&#237;ses com predomin&#226;ncia caucasiana, onde a maioria dos estudos &#233; feita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Esta carga gen&#233;tica diversificada pode levar a um comportamento espec&#237;fico em termos de risco cardiovascular e de express&#227;o de marcadores.</p>
    <p>O EIMC que &#233; um marcador de aterosclerose, correlaciona-se com um aumento de mortes e eventos cardiovasculares em adultos e tamb&#233;m com anormalidades vasculares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Lande et al. observaram que crian&#231;as ou adolescentes com EIMC acima do normal apresentavam hipertens&#227;o mais grave, e era independente da obesidade usualmente relacionada, nesta faixa et&#225;ria, com a doen&#231;a hipertensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Gamboa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> encontraram no grupo de hipertensos valores maiores do EIMC e relacionaram ao aumento na express&#227;o mRNA de LRP1 e a express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1 a qual apresentou valores elevados e muito evidentes nos hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos pelo qual a hipertens&#227;o predisp&#245;e a aterosclerose ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem esclarecidos, por&#233;m sabe-se que &#233; multifatorial envolvendo diversas causas, desde aspectos endoteliais, lip&#237;dicos e gen&#233;ticos. Entretanto a EIMC tamb&#233;m aumenta como rea&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica vascular em adapta&#231;&#227;o ao aumento press&#243;rico e ao progredir dos anos refletindo resposta adaptativa ao envelhecimento e ao estresse mec&#226;nico. Estes achados s&#227;o interessantes mostrando estes marcadores mais elevados naqueles hipertensos com maior EIMC. Isto corrobora a teoria multifatorial da hipertens&#227;o e das les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, onde o perfil gen&#233;tico influencia profundamente a agress&#227;o vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>Fato tamb&#233;m encontrado em estudos experimentais em animais que mostraram que a LRP1 promove a entrada de l&#237;pides em mon&#243;citos que migaram ao vaso formando as c&#233;lulas espumosas e assim a aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Achado curioso foi na divis&#227;o dos grupos pelo sexo. A express&#227;o mRNA de LRP1 em hipertensos foi significantemente maior em mulheres e pouco expressivo no homem, que foi praticamente igual aos normotensos. Isto dificulta o entendimento, pois carece de uma explica&#231;&#227;o objetiva desta diferen&#231;a. Fato que n&#227;o ocorreu na express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1, que se elevou no grupo hipertenso de forma similar em homens e mulheres. A m&#233;dia de idade dos hipertensos foi de 50,3 anos e possivelmente fatores hormonais ligados ao sexo feminino talvez possam estar envolvidos.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo foi avaliado a angiotensina II (Ang II), visto a import&#226;ncia do SRAA na regula&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o. Verificaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva da Ang II com a express&#227;o de LRP1, relacionando a press&#227;o elevada como regulador da express&#227;o de LRP1 mediado pela Ang II.</p>
    <p>O SRAA &#233; muito complexo e cada vez mais amplia os conhecimentos, pois novos dados s&#227;o acrescentados na did&#225;tica cascata bioqu&#237;mica que se inicia com a renina e finaliza na aldosterona. A complexidade &#233; tanta que o bloqueio &#250;nico com os inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou dos bloqueadores AT1 da Ang II promovem benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos fant&#225;sticos, entretanto o bloqueio duplo apresenta resultados p&#237;fios ou at&#233; mal&#233;ficos ao paciente. De tal forma, conclus&#245;es &#243;bvias baseadas em aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos n&#227;o se aplicam plenamente para o SRAA.</p>
    <p>O estudo apesar de complexo em an&#225;lise dos dados, &#233; um caminho para o desenvolvimento de novos marcadores em hipertens&#227;o arterial que possam nos guiar na procura de les&#245;es a &#243;rg&#227;os-alvos precoces que ser&#225; traduzido em uma terap&#234;utica mais precisa com metas mais otimizadas, beneficiando o paciente.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Express&#227;o de Prote&#237;na-1 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (LRP1) em Mon&#243;cito em Correla&#231;&#227;o com EIMC em Pacientes Mexicanos Hipertensos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>New Markers of Carotid Thickening in Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Rui P&#243;voa</bold> &#8226; Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code 04040-001, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: rmspovoa@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>mRNA, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Markers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Arterial hypertension was considered an important cardiovascular risk factor only after the Framingham studies, as it was believed that it was a necessary &#8220;good&#8221; for good tissue perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These emblematic long-term cohort studies about the cardiovascular system brought data that allowed the evaluation of the interaction with several other diseases, such as dyslipidemias and diabetes, for the atheromatous plaque formation, which is the initial step for cardiovascular complications. A time when clinical examination was essential to detect markers of atherosclerotic disease.</p>
      <p>However, with the evolution of knowledge, clinical biological markers were no longer sufficient to predict risk, as we increasingly need to articulate preventive measures as early as possible, for more effective treatment and better prevention. Additionally, the interaction between the environment, with all its risk factors and genetics proved to be interactive and of crucial importance in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque. Regarding hypertension, the genetic component with an estimated inheritance of 15-40% became clear, so much so that the brothers have a risk agreement rate for the disease ranging from 1.2 to 1.7.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>To understand this extremely complex mechanism, which involves several molecular and biochemical pathways, such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), closely linked to hypertension, the analysis of biomolecular and/or genetic markers can add knowledge to reveal the several pathways that lead to atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>Ethnic and racial factors also contribute to it, predisposing to a higher prevalence of several diseases, including hypertension. An example of this fact are Afro-descendant and Latin populations, with greater disease prevalence and severity, in addition to more marked comorbidities related to hypertensive disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The objective of the study by Gamboa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> was to evaluate the association of biomolecular and genetic markers with arterial hypertension, focusing mainly on the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in Mexicans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Mexican population has an ethnic mix of 65% American Indians, 31% Europeans, and 3% Africans, differing greatly from other countries with a predominance of Caucasians, where most studies are performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This diverse genetic load can lead to a specific behavior in terms of cardiovascular risk and marker expression.</p>
      <p>The CIMT, which is a marker of atherosclerosis, correlates with an increase in deaths and cardiovascular events in adults and also with vascular abnormalities in hypertensive children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Lande et al. observed that children or adolescents with CIMT that was above normal values had more severe hypertension, irrespective of obesity, usually associated to hypertensive disease in this age group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Gamboa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> found higher CIMT values in the hypertensive group and associated it to an increase in LRP1 mRNA expression and the expression of LRP1 protein, which showed high and very evident values in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms through which hypertension predisposes to atherosclerosis are not yet well understood, but it is known that they are multifactorial involving several causes, from endothelial aspects, to lipid and genetic ones. However, CIMT also increases as a physiological vascular reaction in adaptation to pressure increase and as the years progress, reflecting an adaptive response to aging and mechanical stress. These findings are interesting, demonstrating that these markers are higher in hypertensive patients with higher CIMT. This corroborates the multifactorial theory of hypertension and target-organ injury, where the genetic profile profoundly influences vascular injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A fact also found in experimental studies in animals that showed that LRP1 promotes the entry of lipids in monocytes that migrated to the vessel forming foam cells and, therefore, atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A curious finding was related to the division of groups by gender. The mRNA expression of LRP1 in hypertensive individuals was significantly higher in women and less significant in men, which was practically the same as in normotensive individuals. This makes understanding difficult, as it lacks an objective explanation of this difference. This did not occur in the expression of LRP1 protein, which increased in the hypertensive group in a similar manner in men and women. The mean age of hypertensive patients was 50.3 years and, possibly, hormonal factors related to the female gender may be involved.</p>
      <p>In this study, angiotensin II (Ang II) was evaluated, considering the importance of RAAS in hypertension regulation. They found a positive relationship between Ang II and LRP1 expression, associating high pressure as a regulator of LRP1 expression mediated by Ang II.</p>
      <p>The RAAS is very complex and knowledge about it has been increasingly expanding, as new data is added to the didactic biochemical cascade that begins with renin and ends with aldosterone. The complexity is such that the single block with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Ang II AT1 blockers promotes fantastic clinical benefits; however, the double block has poor or even harmful results for the patient. Thus, obvious conclusions based on pathophysiological aspects are not fully applicable to RAAS.</p>
      <p>The study, although complex regarding the data analysis, is a way for the development of new markers in arterial hypertension that can guide us in the search for early target-organ injuries that will be translated into more accurate therapy, with more optimized goals, benefiting the patient.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Monocyte Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) Expression Correlates with cIMT in Mexican Hypertensive Patients</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
