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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yxbKtFMR5prMQfWzkdcFRyb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00056</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100056</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190535</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190535</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Express&#227;o de Prote&#237;na-1 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (LRP1) em Mon&#243;cito em Correla&#231;&#227;o com EIMC em Pacientes Mexicanos Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gamboa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jaramillo-Estrella</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mart&#237;nez-Alvarado</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a del Rocio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres-Paz</surname>
            <given-names>Yazmin Estela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalo-Calvo</surname>
            <given-names>David de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Del Valle-Mondrag&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>L&#243;pez-Marure</surname>
            <given-names>Rebeca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Llorente-Cort&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Vicenta C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6806-3484</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huesca-G&#243;mez</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ciudad de M&#233;xico</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Sant Pau</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Catalunya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Sant Pau - Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Barcelona, Catalunya &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudia Huesca-G&#243;mez &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez &#8211; Physiology - &#8220;. Juan Badiano No 1, Col. Secci&#243;n XVI Mexico 14080 &#8211; M&#233;xico E-mail: <email>claudia.huesca@cardiologia.org.mx</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Llorente-Cort&#233;s VC, Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gamboa R, Jaramillo-Estrella MJ, Mart&#237;nez-Alvarado M del R, Torres-Paz YE, Gonzalo-Calvo D, Del Valle-Mondrag&#243;n L, L&#243;pez-Marure R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gamboa R, Jaramillo-Estrella MJ, Soto ME, Huesca-G&#243;mez C; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soto ME, Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gamboa R, Jaramillo-Estrella MJ, Llorente-Cort&#233;s VC, Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gamboa R, Llorente-Cort&#233;s VC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>56</fpage>
      <lpage>65</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HTA) representa um grande fator de risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. Ainda n&#227;o se sabe que mecanismos moleculares espec&#237;ficos est&#227;o associados ao desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o essencial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Neste trabalho, analisamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre express&#227;o mRNA de mon&#243;cito LRP1, express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1, e espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de car&#243;tida (EIMC) de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o essencial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A express&#227;o mRNA de mon&#243;cito LRP1 e os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na e EIMC foram quantificados em 200 indiv&#237;duos mexicanos, sendo 91 normotensos (NT) e 109 hipertensos (HT) A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O grupo de pacientes HT tinha EIMC maior altamente significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes NT (p = 0,002), e isso est&#225; relacionado ao aumento na express&#227;o mRNA de LRP1 (6,54 versus. 2,87) (p = 0,002) e express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1 (17,83 versus 6,25), respectivamente (p = 0,001). Essas diferen&#231;as foram mantidas mesmo quando dividimos nossos grupos de estudo, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas aqueles que apresentavam dislipidemia na express&#227;o de mRNA (p = 0,041) e de prote&#237;nas (p &lt; 0,001). Tamb&#233;m se identificou que a indu&#231;&#227;o de LRP1 mediada por LRP1 em mon&#243;citos em de maneira dependente de dose e tempo, com diferen&#231;a significativa em NT versus HT (0,195 &#177; 0,09 versus 0,226 &#177; 0,12, p = 0,046).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Foi encontrado um aumento em EIMC em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o, associada a express&#245;es de prote&#237;na LRP1 e mRNA mais altas em mon&#243;citos, independente da presen&#231;a de dislipidemia em pacientes HT. Esses resultados que a upregulation de LRP1 em mon&#243;citos de pacientes hipertensos mexicanos poderia estar envolvida na diminui&#231;&#227;o da EIMC. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):56-65)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mon&#243;citos</kwd>
        <kwd>LRP1</kwd>
        <kwd>mRNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/epidemiologia, M&#233;xico</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura Intima M&#233;dia Car&#243;tida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Apoio Complementar para Pesquisadores</funding-source>
          <award-id>SNI-1-2009</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CONACyT</funding-source>
          <award-id>119410</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de Financiamento.O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Apoio Complementar para Pesquisadores em Processo de Consolida&#231;&#227;o SNI-1-2009 de CONACyT n&#250;mero 119410.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="4"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HTA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e multifatorial que constitui um problema grave de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o raramente causa sintomas em est&#225;gios iniciais; &#233; uma assassina silenciosa, causando aterosclerose acelerada, dano a &#243;rg&#227;os importantes, incapacidade e morte por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas incluem c&#233;lulas endoteliais alteradas, mon&#243;citos circulantes, migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV), e desenvolvimento de c&#233;lulas espumosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O endot&#233;lio alterado permite a entrada e reten&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) na camada &#237;ntima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Quando o LDL est&#225; preso na &#237;ntima arterial, ele passa por altera&#231;&#245;es tais como oxida&#231;&#227;o e agrega&#231;&#227;o, o que facilita a capta&#231;&#227;o por mon&#243;citos-macr&#243;fagos da &#237;ntima e (CMLV), por meio de seu reconhecimento por receptores de LDL n&#227;o cl&#225;ssicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esses receptores n&#227;o s&#227;o regulados por colesterol e permitem uma capta&#231;&#227;o em massa de LDL modificado que causa ac&#250;mulo lip&#237;dico intracelular.</p>
      <p>A prote&#237;na-1 relacionada a receptor de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LRP1), que &#233; uma prote&#237;na transmembrana multiligante<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> pertencente &#224; fam&#237;lia LDLR. Ela &#233; expressa em diferentes c&#233;lulas semelhantes a neur&#244;nios, fibroblastos, c&#233;lulas tumorais, hepat&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares, e mon&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Sabe-se que ela participa na capta&#231;&#227;o do LDL modificado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e &#233; tem express&#227;o excessiva em placas ateroscler&#243;ticas em modelos animais e humano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a express&#227;o de genes de LRP1 &#233; aumentada em c&#233;lulas mononucleares de pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em mon&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos, a LRP1 contribui para a capta&#231;&#227;o do LDL modificado agregado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Entretanto, os efeitos da hipertens&#227;o na express&#227;o de LRP1 em humanos n&#227;o s&#227;o exatamente conhecidos. Portanto, a obten&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos circulantes possibilitou o estudo dos mecanismos de sua participa&#231;&#227;o na forma&#231;&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> De outra forma, o EIMC &#233; considerado um excelente marcador n&#227;o invasivo de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, e foi associado a aterosclerose e fatores de risco cardiovascular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e &#224; preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, provando que &#233; &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico de aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Conforme mencionado acima, o objetivo deste trabalho era o estudo de n&#237;veis de LRP1 e mRNA e de express&#227;o de prote&#237;na e mon&#243;citos de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial essencial, e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de car&#243;tida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e Modelo do Estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 200 indiv&#237;duos mexicanos n&#227;o relacionados (109 pacientes diagnosticados com hipertens&#227;o, e 91 indiv&#237;duos normotensos) foram recrutados no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8220;Ignacio Ch&#225;vez&#8221;. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o de ambos os grupos eram: terem nascido no M&#233;xico e ser descendente de pelo menos 3 gera&#231;&#245;es anteriores, ter mais de 40 anos de idade, e concordar em participar do estudo, assinando o consentimento informado. Os controles eram indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis, assintom&#225;ticos, sem hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura, com press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea &#8804;120/80 mmHg. Para o grupo de hipertensos, os indiv&#237;duos tinham press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea &#8805;140/90 mmHg ou j&#225; tinham sido diagnosticados anteriormente com hipertens&#227;o essencial. O crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi sofrer de uma doen&#231;a degenerativa cr&#244;nica. Todos os participantes responderam a question&#225;rios padronizados e validados para obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre seu hist&#243;rico familiar e m&#233;dico, consumo de &#225;lcool e tabagismo, h&#225;bitos alimentares, e atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>O comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8220;Ignacio Ch&#225;vez&#8221; aprovou o projeto. Os pacientes preencheram formul&#225;rios de consentimento informado antes do estudo. Todos os procedimentos estavam de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, conforme sua revis&#227;o de 2013.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es Antropom&#233;tricas</title>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos selecionados passaram por medi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas para determinar suas alturas em metros (m) e seus pesos em quilogramas (kg). A press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea foi medida utilizando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio, em conformidade com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do VII Comit&#234; Nacional Conjunto para Preven&#231;&#227;o, Detec&#231;&#227;o, Avalia&#231;&#227;o, e Tratamento de Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea Alta (JNC VII).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Espessura da &#205;ntima-m&#233;dia da Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida</title>
        <p>Um especialista em resolu&#231;&#227;o de ultrassonografia avaliou a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de car&#243;tida (EIMC). Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com o ultrassom A Sonosite Micromax acoplado a um transdutor linear de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e multifrequ&#234;ncia. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas na car&#243;tida comum ap&#243;s exame de uma se&#231;&#227;o longitudinal de 10 mm a 2 cm de dist&#226;ncia da bifurca&#231;&#227;o. A parede anterior ou proximal e na parede posterior ou distal foram medidas nas proje&#231;&#245;es lateral, anterior e posterior, seguidas de um eixo perpendicular &#224; art&#233;ria, para discriminar duas linhas: uma para a interface &#237;ntima-sangue, e outra na interface m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cio. Cinco medi&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas da car&#243;tida direita, e 5 da car&#243;tida esquerda, usando valores m&#233;dios (EIMC m&#233;dia) e m&#225;ximos (EIMC m&#225;xima), automaticamente calculados pelo software. A EIMC foi considerada anormal com valores maiores ou iguais ao 75 percentil por idade e sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#245;es Bioqu&#237;micas</title>
        <p>Foram coletadas amostras de sangue ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. Foram medidos: glicemia, colesterol total (CT), triglic&#233;rides (TG), e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) em amostras frescas (plasma em jejum), usando procedimentos enzim&#225;ticos padronizados em um analisador Hitachi 902 (Hitachi Ltd, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o); o colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) foi estimada utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de DeLong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Todos os testes passaram por um esquema de controle de qualidade externo ( <italic>Lipid Standardization Program, Center for Disease Control</italic> em Atlanta, GA, EUA).</p>
        <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de soro Ang II foram avaliadas por eletroforese na zona capitar conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis totais de prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade total (PCR-as) foram determinados pela imunonefelometria em um nefel&#244;metro BN Pro Spec (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Alemanha). Os valores de varia&#231;&#227;o de coeficiente (VC) entre ensaios foram &lt; 6% para todos esses ensaios. O colesterol n&#227;o HDL (n&#227;o HDL-C) foi calculado subtraindo-se o HDL-C do colesterol total. O valor de dislipidemia foi definido de acordo com fatores de risco cardiovascular convencionais: (TC) &#8805;200 mg/dL e/ou HDL-C &#8804; 40mg/dL /ou LDL-C &#8805;130 mg/dL e/ou TG &#8805;150mg/dL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Separa&#231;&#227;o de Mon&#243;cito de Sangue Perif&#233;rico</title>
        <p>O sangue integral coletado em tubos com EDTA foi dilu&#237;do 1:1 com heparina PBS 1&#215;&#8211;1%; em seguida, foi adicionado Histopaque 1077 (10771, Sigma-Aldrich). As c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas mononucleares perif&#233;ricas (CSMP) foram obtidas da faixa branca central do gradiente ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, os mon&#243;citos foram obtidos pelo enriquecimento direto das c&#233;lulas CD14+ pelo sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o magn&#233;tica (MACS; Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch-Gladbach, Alemanha). Uma al&#237;quota de 1 mL de reagente Tripure<sup>TM</sup> (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) foi adicionada para coletar os mon&#243;citos. As c&#233;lulas foram armazenadas a -80 &#176;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Linha Celular de Cultura THP-l</title>
        <p>C&#233;lulas de leucemia monoc&#237;tica humana foram mantidas em uma cultura em suspens&#227;o de meio RPMI-1640 (Gibco-BRL) contendo 2 mM de glutamina, 25 mM HEPES, 1,5 g/L de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio, 50 U/mL de penicilina, e 50 &#956;g/mL de estreptomicina (Sigma), suplementados com 10% soro fetal bovino (SFB), a 37&#176;C, em 5% CO2. C&#233;lulas THP-1 paradas foram pr&#233;-incubadas com Ang II (1 &#181;mol/L) para aumentar os per&#237;odos de an&#225;lise dos efeitos da Ang II na express&#227;o de LRP1 nos mon&#243;citos. A dose de angiotensina II foi selecionada com base em estudos pr&#233;vios em nosso grupo e oferece uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de plasma de angiotensina II de forma semelhante ao reportado em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de RNA e S&#237;ntese de cDNA</title>
        <p>O RNA total foi extra&#237;do utilizando o Reagente de isolamento Tripure<sup>TM</sup> (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Indian&#225;polis, EUA), de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. O rendimento e a qualidade do RNA foram avaliados com eletroforese de gel de agarose 1%; RNA foi armazenado a -80 &#176;C at&#233; serem analisadas. A rea&#231;&#227;o de transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa foi realizada utilizando-se 1 &#181;g do RNA total para s&#237;ntese de cDNA de acordo com o kit <italic>High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription</italic> kit (Applied Biosystems Foster City, CA, EUA). O cDNA foi armazenado a -80 &#176;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaios de Express&#227;o G&#234;nica</title>
        <p>A express&#227;o g&#234;nica de LRP1 (Hs00233899_m1) e <italic>HPRT</italic> (Hs99999909_m1) (gene end&#243;geno) foram realizadas via uma rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase de transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa em tempo real e semiquantitativa (RT-PCR), utilizando-se um kit comercial. A &#8220;Express&#227;o G&#234;nica TaqMan&#8221; foi realizada utilizando-se 1 &#181;l de produtos de transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa misturados com 10 &#181;l de TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA), 1 &#181;l 20x ensaios em 8 &#181;l de &#225;gua sem nuclease. Depois de misturar ligeiramente, a mistura foi transferida para uma microplaca de PCR de tempo real, utilizando o equipamento 7300 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems).</p>
        <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es usadas foram: 50&#176;C por 2 min e 10 min a 95&#176;C, seguido de 40 ciclos a 95&#176;C por 15s, e 60&#176;C por 1min. Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o foram medidos em duplicata e os valores de ciclo de limiar [Ct] foram determinados e normalizados usando a express&#227;o g&#234;nica end&#243;gena (HPRT).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Western Blot</title>
        <p>A prote&#237;na total foi isolada de mon&#243;citos, utilizando-se o Reagente de isolamento TriPure<sup>TM</sup> (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Indian&#225;polis, EUA), de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. A prote&#237;na foi quantificada utilizando-se o Ensaio proteico Pierce BCA (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, EUA). Valores equivalentes de prote&#237;na total (25 &#181;g) foram carregados em gel SDS-poliacrilamida a 10% (v/v) sob condi&#231;&#245;es de redu&#231;&#227;o. As amostras foram eletrotransferidas para membranas de nitrocelulose, que estavam saturadas em temperatura ambiente 1 h em TTBS (20 mM Tris&#8211;HCl, pH 7,5, 500 mM NaCl, 0,01% Tween 20 e 5% de leite desnatado). Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de western blot utilizando anticorpos monoclonais espec&#237;ficos contra a LRP1 humana (85kDa -chain, clone 8B8 RDI 61067, dilui&#231;&#227;o1:40) e os anticorpos secund&#225;rios correspondentes (1:10.000 dilui&#231;&#227;o; Dako; Glostrup, Dinamarca). O software QuantityOne (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA) foi usado para quantificar as faixas presentes nas membranas via densitometria, e foram detectados utilizando o reagente de detec&#231;&#227;o ECL Prime Western Blotting (Amersham). Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o foram medidos em duplicata e normalizados pela compara&#231;&#227;o com a concentra&#231;&#227;o de controle de prote&#237;na de carga. Os resultados foram expressos como unidades de intensidade arbitr&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o software SPSS v19 (SPSS Inc. Chicago EUA). Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) em vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuase as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagem. O teste usado para avaliar a normalidade foi o Shapiro-Wilk. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada usando o teste t Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi feita de acordo como m&#233;todo de Pearson. Regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas m&#250;ltiplas foram usadas para explorar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre a express&#227;o de EIMC e LRP1. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como raz&#227;o de chance (RC), com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado usando a refer&#234;ncia de Schulz 2002.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> De acordo com propor&#231;&#245;es de amostras independentes levando em considera&#231;&#227;o uma incid&#234;ncia de gene de LRP1 de aproximadamente 0,08 nos casos e 0,02 nos controles, com um &#8710; = 0,06, e um poder estat&#237;stico de 95%, p &lt;0,05. De acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula, nosso valor de n foi = 70.</p>
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                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:msup>
                  <mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">z</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>&#945;</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">z</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>&#946;</mml:mi>
                      <mml:msqrt>
                        <mml:mfrac>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
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                      </mml:msqrt>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msup>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:msup>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msup>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:mfrac>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>po= Probabilidade de que a express&#227;o de LRP1 ocorra em casos</p>
        <p>q0= Probabilidade de que a express&#227;o de LRP1 n&#227;o ocorra em casos</p>
        <p>pi= Probabilidade de que a express&#227;o de LRP1 ocorra em controles</p>
        <p>qi= Probabilidade de que a express&#227;o de LRP1 n&#227;o ocorra em controles</p>
        <p>1,96= valor &lt;0,05</p>
        <p>1,28= poder (0,84)</p>
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          <mml:math>
            <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
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                            <mml:mi>q</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>0.98</mml:mn>
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                          </mml:mrow>
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                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>0.08</mml:mn>
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                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>0.92</mml:mn>
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                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
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              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
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                <mml:mn>0.08</mml:mn>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mn>0.02</mml:mn>
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                <mml:msup>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
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      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
        <p>Uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 200 indiv&#237;duos mexicanos foi estudada, sendo que 91 eram indiv&#237;duos normotensos (NT), e 109 eram hipertensos (HT). As caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas e antropom&#233;tricas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Da popula&#231;&#227;o total, 62,5% eram mulheres, e 37,5% eram homens. Idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), EIMC, HDL-C, prote&#237;na C reativa, Ang II, e &#237;ndices de LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C apresentaram estat&#237;sticas diferentes entre os grupos. Esses par&#226;metros foram mais altos no grupo dos hipertensos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo normotenso, exceto para os n&#237;veis de HDL-C, que foram mais baixos no grupo dos hipertensos. A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi 19,8% no grupo dos normotensos e 44,1% in no grupo dos hipertensos. Quando foi feita a compara&#231;&#227;o entre ambos os sexos, com os mesmos par&#226;metros, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas. Tamb&#233;m comparamos nossos grupos de acordo com n&#237;veis de dislipidemia conforme ATP III. Entretanto, houve apenas diferen&#231;as significativas em HDL-C (&#8804;40 mg/dL), (NT= 16,5% versus HT= 32,7%, p=0,001) e triglic&#233;rides (&#8805;150mg/dL) (NT= 42,7% versus HT= 57,3%, p=0,001) (dados n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas dos pacientes do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>Normotensos (N=91)</th>
                  <th>Hipertensos (N=109)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0&#177;11,35</td>
                  <td align="center">50,36&#177;11,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (F/M) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5/37,5</td>
                  <td align="center">64/36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,44&#177;14,30</td>
                  <td align="center">75,21&#177;12,71</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">161,99&#177;9,81</td>
                  <td align="center">159,39&#177;9,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,92&#177;4,06</td>
                  <td align="center">29,36&#177;3,77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">110,23&#177;9,07</td>
                  <td align="center">142,78&#177;10,82</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,90&#177;75,85</td>
                  <td align="center">91,94&#177;7,72</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EIMC (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,587&#177;0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,729&#177;0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EIMC m&#225;x. (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,606&#177;0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,787&#177;0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">197,32&#177;40,41</td>
                  <td align="center">198,91&#177;37,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,772</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">166,56&#177;94,45</td>
                  <td align="center">192,95&#177;98,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log TG</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16&#177;0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23&#177;0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dlL)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,51&#177;13,25</td>
                  <td align="center">46,66&#177;13,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">117,02&#177;33,20</td>
                  <td align="center">122,23&#177;31,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,258</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL/HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">2,36&#177;0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">2,76&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">144,80&#177;41,28</td>
                  <td align="center">152,67&#177;36,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT/HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">3,96&#177;1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">4,50&#177;1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG/HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">3,62&#177;2,73</td>
                  <td align="center">4,65&#177;3,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">89,36&#177;7,78</td>
                  <td align="center">89,18&#177;8,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,877</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37&#177;2,06</td>
                  <td align="center">3,87&#177;2,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,83&#177;0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67&#177;0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,491</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como &#177; DP m&#233;dio ou porcentagens de valore categ&#243;ricos. O teste t Student n&#227;o pareado e o teste qui-quadrado foram usados. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PSS; Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica; PSD: Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica; EIMC: espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida; EIM m&#225;x.: Espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia m&#225;xima; HDL-C: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Hipertens&#227;o e Express&#227;o de LRP1 de Mon&#243;citos.</title>
        <p>Com o objetivo de saber os n&#237;veis de mRNA e express&#227;o de prote&#237;na, foram realizadas an&#225;lises em LRP1 para ambos os grupos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de NT e HT na express&#227;o de mRNA (p=0,002) e express&#227;o de prote&#237;na (p=0,001). Portanto, quando os indiv&#237;duos foram comparados em grupos de homens e mulheres, uma diferen&#231;a significativa s&#243; foi encontrar em LRP1 mRNA em nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Houve uma express&#227;o excessiva no grupo das mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens (p=0,044). Al&#233;m disso, encontramos um aumento na express&#227;o de LRP1 mRNA e prote&#237;na em indiv&#237;duos dislipid&#234;micos hipertensos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos dislipid&#234;micos normotensos (dados n&#227;o exibidos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de LRP1 no total de indiv&#237;duos e dividida por sexo. (A) Compara&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de LRP1 em mon&#243;citos de indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos. An&#225;lise de PCR em tempo real da express&#227;o de LRP1 mRNA. Os dados foram processados com um software especialmente projetado, baseado no valor Ct de cada amostra e normalizado por an&#225;lise western blot HPRT1 (B) mostrando a express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1 em mon&#243;citos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0056-90535-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Por outro lado, para examinar se outros fatores, como EIMC e Ang II poderiam participar dos valores de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, analisamos essas vari&#225;veis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Foi encontrada uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos NT e HT em rela&#231;&#227;o a EIMC (p=0,002) e Ang II (p=0,046), respectivamente. Entretanto, quando dividimos o grupo de acordo com o sexo, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as em nenhum dos par&#226;metros estudados.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Valores de EIMC e Ang II divididos por sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>NT</th>
                  <th>HTA</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>NT Mulheres</th>
                  <th>NT Homens</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>HTA Mulheres</th>
                  <th>HTA Homens</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>EIM (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,568 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,715 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,553 &#177; 0,149</td>
                  <td align="center">0,583 &#177; 0,178</td>
                  <td align="center">0,303</td>
                  <td align="center">0,692 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,719 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,643</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ang II (pmol/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,195&#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,226 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  <td align="center">0,200 &#177;0,090</td>
                  <td align="center">0,186 &#177; 0,090</td>
                  <td align="center">0,468</td>
                  <td align="center">0,220 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,238 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>NT: Normotensos; HTA: Hipertensos; EIM: espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, Ang II: Angiotensina II. Teste t Student n&#227;o pareado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos da Angiotensina II nos N&#237;veis de Express&#227;o do Mon&#243;cito LRP1</title>
        <p>Para estudar os efeitos da indu&#231;&#227;o de LRP1 mediada por Ang II nos mon&#243;citos, a linha celular do mon&#243;cito THP1 foi incubada com Ang II por 4h e 8h, com concentra&#231;&#245;es de 1 e 10 &#181;M. Na linha celular do mon&#243;cito THP1, a Ang II aumentou a express&#227;o de LPR1 mRNA de maneira dependente de dose e tempo, sendo mais evidente ap&#243;s 8 horas de incuba&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeitos da angiotensina II na express&#227;o de LRP1 em c&#233;lulas THP1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0056-90535-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Express&#227;o de LRP1 Mon&#243;citos e Espessura &#205;ntima/m&#233;dia da Car&#243;tida de Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para saber se havia uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a espessura da EIMC e express&#227;o de LRP1 mRNA e/ou express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1, foram realizadas regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas m&#250;ltiplas ajustadas por perfil lip&#237;dico, idade e sexo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Uma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre EIMC e os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de LRP1 mRNA (p=0,047) e os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na LRP1 (p=0,039) em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a express&#227;o de LRP1 e EIMC ajustada para par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">mRNA</th>
                  <th>RC [95% de IC]</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ajuste [-]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,308 [0,230 &#8211; 38,650]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,310 [0,340 - 38,887]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,303 [-0,280 - 38,511]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,308 [0,131 &#8211; 38,832]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,312 [0,150 &#8211; 38,33]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,301 [-0,181 - 38,19]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prote&#237;na</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RC [95% de IC]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ajuste [-]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,312 [1,771 - 65,319]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,294 [-2,150 - 65,208]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,211 [1,544 - 65,637]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,313 [1,445 - 65,77]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317 [2,020 - 66,015]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,313 [1,528 - 65,6689]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Modelo 1: ajustado por todos os par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos. Modelo 2: ajustado por colesterol total. Modelo 3: ajustado por triglic&#233;rides Modelo 4: ajustado por HDL-C. Modelo 5: ajustado por LDL-C. An&#225;lise de regress&#245;es log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Portanto, uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada para lip&#237;dios foi realizada para analisar se a dislipidemia poderia influenciar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre LRP1 e EIMC em pacientes hipertensos, ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> , Modelos 1-4). Foi encontrada entre EIMC e express&#227;o de LRP1 mRNA com todo o conjunto de par&#226;metros de lip&#237;dios: Modelo 1 (p=0,045), a associa&#231;&#227;o foi mantida ap&#243;s o ajuste de cada par&#226;metro lip&#237;dico: Modelo 2: ajustado por colesterol total (p= 0,053), Modelo 3 ajustado por triglic&#233;rides (p=0,049), Modelo 4 ajustado por HDL-C (p=0,038), e Modelo 5 ajustado por LDL-C (p=0,052).</p>
        <p>Entretanto, n&#227;o observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre EIMC express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1 quando ajustamos o conjunto completo de par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, Modelo 1 (P=0,066). Entretanto, quando ajustamos cada par&#226;metro lip&#237;dico, encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o Modelo 2: ajustado por colesterol total (p= 0,040), Modelo 3 ajustado por triglic&#233;rides (p=0,041), Modelo 4 ajustado por HDL-C (p=0,038), e Modelo 5 ajustado por LDL-C (p=0,040).</p>
        <p>Depois disso, fizemos uma regress&#227;o linear entre EIMC e n&#237;veis de express&#227;o ajustados por perfil lip&#237;dico e express&#227;o de prote&#237;na ajustada por perfil lip&#237;dico, uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre essas vari&#225;veis foi mantida ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre EIM e n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de mRNA e prote&#237;na LRP1 ajustada por CT, TG, HDL-C e LDL-C. P&lt;0,005 &#233; considerado estatisticamente significativo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0056-90535-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostraram, conforme esperado, que a EIMC m&#233;dia era mais alta nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Entretanto, esse valor foi associado de maneira importante com a express&#227;o excessiva de LRP1 nos mon&#243;citos circulantes.</p>
      <p>A EIMC &#233; considerada um marcador de aterosclerose e um indicador excelente de morte e eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em pacientes hipertensos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a EIMC aumentada est&#225; intimamente associada a aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nossos dados mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o forte entre hipertens&#227;o e EIMC. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com dados publicados anteriormente em estudos realizados em pacientes e modelos animais. Em um estudo envolvendo jovens com hipertens&#227;o lim&#237;trofe (130-140/85-89 mmHg), observou-se um aumento de EIMC nas art&#233;rias braquiais quando os pacientes foram comparados com sujeitos normotensos; foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es entre EIMC e PSS ambulatorial de 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, hipertens&#227;o, juntamente com diabetes e idade, s&#227;o consideradas fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes para hiperplasia da &#237;ntima na art&#233;ria radial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In Em um modelo de animais com hipertens&#227;o, foi relatado um espessamento significativo da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia como causa direta da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o est&#225; entre os principais fatores de risco na etiologia da doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Entretanto os mecanismos pelos quais a press&#227;o arterial aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente claros. Estudos que focam em elucidar esses mecanismos t&#234;m uma import&#226;ncia cr&#237;tica. H&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o forte entre hipertens&#227;o e a express&#227;o de LRP1 na parede vascular de um modelo com rato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A upregulation da LRP1 por hipertens&#227;o tem consequ&#234;ncias funcionais, j&#225; que promove ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;dios intracelular e, portanto, a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas. A hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m tem um impacto alto na remodelagem vascular, mudan&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em for&#231;as hemodin&#226;micas, e altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais na parede vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostram a exposi&#231;&#227;o excessiva em mRNA e express&#227;o de receptor de LRP1 em mon&#243;citos de pacientes hipertensos. Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m mostram que Ang II aumentou a express&#227;o de LRP1 em culturas de THP-1 de maneira dependente de dose e tempo. Portanto, o mecanismo pelo qual a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea alta poderia regular a express&#227;o de LRP1 poderia ser mediado pelo efeito da angiotensina II, que &#233; considerado um dos principais mediadores de hipertens&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m se relatou que a angiotensina induz a atividade dos fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o Sp/Sp3, que est&#227;o envolvidos no reconhecimento do promotor LRP1<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> causando a express&#227;o excessiva em um n&#237;vel vascular e favorecendo a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares humanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da angiotensina II, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo age na fun&#231;&#227;o e na estrutura do endot&#233;lio pela modula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais que s&#227;o sofridas pelos mon&#243;citos devido &#224;s cont&#237;nuas mudan&#231;as em fluxo sangu&#237;neo podem ter uma influ&#234;ncia positiva na express&#227;o do LRP1, estimulando a capta&#231;&#227;o de LDL e causando um aumento na EIMC.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de uma alta preval&#234;ncia da obesidade, a popula&#231;&#227;o mexicana est&#225; enfrentando um problema s&#233;rio de dislipidemia, que foi explicada por uma intera&#231;&#227;o de fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de sujeitos com dislipidemia de acordo com o risco cardiovascular convencional, observamos um aumento na express&#227;o de LRP1 mRNA e de prote&#237;na em indiv&#237;duos dislipid&#234;micos hipertensos, o que poderia significar que LRP1 tem express&#227;o excessiva por hipertens&#227;o independente da dislipidemia.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na-1 relacionada a receptor de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade circulante sol&#250;vel (sLRP1) poderia estar intimamente associado a hipercolesterolemia (LDL-C&gt;200 mg/dL) e um efeito de upregulation de hipercolesterolemia na express&#227;o de LRP1 em c&#233;lulas dos modelos <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> da parede vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Em nossos resultados, apesar de observarmos uma porcentagem alta de hipercolesterolemia em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre ambos os grupos. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel sobre essas diferen&#231;as poderia ser: a) a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sLPR1 e colesterol foi realizada em popula&#231;&#245;es hipercolesterol&#234;micas (com hipercolesterolemia grave); b) a LRP1 poderia ser expressa em uma variedade de tecidos e a especificidade poderia ser diferente; em nosso caso, medimos a express&#227;o de LRP1 em mon&#243;citos; c) as popula&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o muito diferentes, nosso estudo &#233; feito em uma mistura de ind&#237;genas americanos [65%], europeus [31%], e africanos [3%], enquanto o deles foi feito inteiramente com caucasianos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos dados indicam que a express&#227;o de LRP1 em mon&#243;citos de pacientes hipertensos est&#225; correlacionada com o aumento de EIMC. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada mostra que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre EIMC e express&#227;o de LRP1 mRNA &#233; mantida mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste de par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos. Entretanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi perdida quando o ajuste foi feito com prote&#237;na LRP1. Esses resultados podem ser explicados pelo efeito positivo forte de LDL modificado sobre a estabilidade da prote&#237;na LRP1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Portanto, a dislipidemia provavelmente contribui para manter uma express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1 em mon&#243;citos alta em pacientes hipertensos. Isso poderia justificar porque a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EIMC e express&#227;o de prote&#237;na LRP1 ap&#243;s o ajuste do perfil lip&#237;dico &#233; perdida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos achados permitem que sugiramos que o efeito da hipertens&#227;o na aterosclerose pode ocorrer pela express&#227;o excessiva de LRP1 em mon&#243;citos circulantes. A Ang II induziu a upregulation de LRP1 em mon&#243;citos, e pode ter um papel importante no aumento de EIMC associado ao fator de risco cardiovascular indu&#231;&#227;o de progress&#227;o de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica. Esses resultados refor&#231;am que a alta relev&#226;ncia de express&#227;o excessiva de LRP1 na forma&#231;&#227;o e na progress&#227;o de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas em seres humanos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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              <surname>Cal</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Llenas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juan-Babot</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camino-L&#243;pez</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cholesterol-lowering strategies reduce vascular LRP1 overexpression induced by hypercholesterolaemia</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <mixed-citation>42. Cal R, Garc&#237;a-Arguinzonis M, Revuelta-L&#243;pez E, Castellano J, Padr&#243; T, Badimon L, et al. Aggregated low-density lipoprotein induces LRP1 stabilization through E3 ubiquitin ligase CHFR downregulation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33(2):369-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <surname>Cal</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a-Arguinzonis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Revuelta-L&#243;pez</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castellano</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padr&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badimon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Mar&#237;a Jos&#233; Jaramillo-Estrella pela Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M&#233;xico.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Apoio Complementar para Pesquisadores em Processo de Consolida&#231;&#227;o SNI-1-2009 de CONACyT n&#250;mero 119410.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Monocyte Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) Expression Correlates with cIMT in Mexican Hypertensive Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gamboa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jaramillo-Estrella</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mart&#237;nez-Alvarado</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a del Rocio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres-Paz</surname>
            <given-names>Yazmin Estela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalo-Calvo</surname>
            <given-names>David de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Del Valle-Mondrag&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>L&#243;pez-Marure</surname>
            <given-names>Rebeca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Llorente-Cort&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Vicenta C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6806-3484</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huesca-G&#243;mez</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="MX">Mexico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - Mexico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Sant Pau - Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Barcelona, Catalunya &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudia Huesca-G&#243;mez</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez &#8211; Physiology - &#8220;. Juan Badiano No 1, Col. Secci&#243;n XVI Mexico 14080 &#8211; Mexico E-mail: claudia.huesca@cardiologia.org.mx</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Llorente-Cort&#233;s VC, Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Acquisition of data: Gamboa R, Jaramillo-Estrella MJ, Mart&#237;nez-Alvarado M del R, Torres-Paz YE, Gonzalo-Calvo D, Del Valle-Mondrag&#243;n L, L&#243;pez-Marure R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gamboa R, Jaramillo-Estrella MJ, Soto ME, Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Statistical analysis: Soto ME, Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Obtaining financing: Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Writing of the manuscript: Gamboa R, Jaramillo-Estrella MJ, Llorente-Cort&#233;s VC, Huesca-G&#243;mez C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gamboa R, Llorente-Cort&#233;s VC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Arterial hypertension (HTA) represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is not yet known which specific molecular mechanisms are associated with the development of essential hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>In this study, we analyzed the association between LRP1 monocyte mRNA expression, LRP1 protein expression, and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) of patients with essential hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The LRP1 monocyte mRNA expression and protein levels and cIMT were quantified in 200 Mexican subjects, 91 normotensive (NT) and 109 hypertensive (HT). Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>HT patients group had highly significant greater cIMT as compared to NT patients (p=0.002) and this correlated with an increase in the expression of LRP1 mRNA expression (6.54 vs. 2.87) (p = 0.002) and LRP1 protein expression (17.83 vs. 6.25), respectively (p = 0.001). These differences were maintained even when we divided our study groups, taking into account only those who presented dyslipidemia in both, mRNA (p = 0.041) and proteins expression (p &lt; 0.001). It was also found that Ang II mediated LRP1 induction on monocytes in a dose and time dependent manner with significant difference in NT vs. HT (0.195 &#177; 0.09 vs. 0.226 &#177; 0.12, p = 0.046).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>An increase in cIMT was found in subjects with hypertension, associated with higher mRNA and LRP1 protein expressions in monocytes, irrespective of the presence of dyslipidemias in HT patients. These results suggest that LRP1 upregulation in monocytes from Mexican hypertensive patients could be involved in the increased cIMT. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):56-65)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Monocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>LRP1</kwd>
        <kwd>mRNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mexico</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima Media Thickness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Arterial hypertension (HTA) is a chronic and multifactorial disease that constitutes a serious public health problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Hypertension rarely causes symptoms in the early stages; it is a silent killer, causing accelerated atherosclerosis, damage to major organs, disability, and death from cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atherosclerotic lesions include altered endothelial cells, circulating monocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) migration, and foam cell development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The altered endothelium allows the entrance and retention of low density lipoprotein (LDL) into the intima layer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Once LDL is trapped in the arterial intima, it undergoes changes, such as oxidation and aggregation, that facilitate its uptake by intimal monocytes-macrophages and VSMC through their recognition by non-classic LDL receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> These receptors are not regulated by cholesterol and allow a massive uptake of modified LDL, causing intracellular lipid accumulation.</p>
        <p>The low-density lipoprotein receptor&#8211;related protein 1 (LRP1), which is a transmembrane multiligand receptor<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> belonging to the LDLR family, is expressed in different cells such as neurons, fibroblasts, tumoral cells, hepatocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and monocytes and macrophages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is known to participate in the uptake of modified LDL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and is over expressed in atherosclerotic plaques in both animal and human models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, <italic>LRP1</italic> gene expression is increased in mononuclear cells from patients with coronary occlusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In monocytes and macrophages, <italic>LRP1</italic> contributes to the uptake of modified aggregated LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the effects of hypertension on <italic>LRP1</italic> expression in humans are not exactly known. Therefore, obtaining circulating monocytes made it possible to study the mechanisms of their participation in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In another way, the cIMT is considered an excellent non-invasive marker for cardiovascular disease; it has been associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, proving it is useful in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Accordingly, the purpose of this paper was to study the <italic>LRP1</italic> mRNA levels and protein expression in monocytes from patients with essential arterial hypertension and their correlation with carotid intima media thickness.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population and Design</title>
          <p>A total of 200 unrelated Mexican subjects (109 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension and 91 normotensive subjects) were recruited at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog&#237;a &#8220;Ignacio Ch&#225;vez&#8221;. The inclusion criteria for both groups were: to be Mexican by birth with at least 3 previous generations, be older than 40 years, and to agree to participate in the study by signing an informed consent. Controls were apparently healthy, asymptomatic individuals, without a family history of hypertension or premature cardiovascular disease, with blood pressure &#8804;120/80 mmHg. For the hypertensive group, subjects had blood pressure &#8805;140/90 mmHg or had been previously diagnosed with essential hypertension. The exclusion criterion was suffering from a chronic degenerative disease. All participants answered standardized and validated questionnaires to obtain information on their family and medical history, alcohol and tobacco consumption, eating habits, and physical activity.</p>
          <p>The ethics committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog&#237;a &#8220;Ignacio Chavez&#8221; approved the project; the patients gave written informed consent prior to the study. All procedures were in agreement with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric Measurement</title>
          <p>The selected subjects underwent anthropometric measurements to determine their height in meters (m) and weight in kilograms (kg). Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, following the recommendations of the VII Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VII).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Carotid Intima Media Thickness</title>
          <p>A specialist in sonography resolution assessed the carotid intima media thickness (cIMT); all measurements were performed with A Sonosite Micromax ultrasound coupled to a 13 MHz multifrequency high-resolution linear transducer. Measurements were made on the common carotid after the examination of a 10-mm longitudinal section at a 2-cm distance from the bifurcation, the anterior or proximal wall, and the posterior or distal wall were measured on the lateral, anterior, and posterior projections, followed by an axis perpendicular to the artery to discriminate two lines: one for the intima-blood interface and the other to the media-adventitious interface. Five measurements were obtained of the right carotid and five of the left carotid, using average (average cIMT) and maximum values (maximum cIMT), automatically calculated by the software. cIMT was considered abnormal with values greater than or equal to 75 percentile by age and sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical Determinations</title>
          <p>Blood samples were collected after a 12-hour fasting period; glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured in fresh samples (fasting plasma) using standardized enzymatic procedures in a Hitachi 902 analyzer (Hitachi Ltd,Tokio, Japan); low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was estimated using the DeLong et al. formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> All assays were under an external quality control scheme (Lipid Standardization Program, Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA, USA).</p>
          <p>Ang II serum concentrations were evaluated by capillary zone electrophoresis as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Total high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were determined by immunonephelometry on a BN Pro Spec nephelometer (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany). Inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) values were &lt;6 % for all of these assays. Non-HDL-cholesterol (non HDL-C) was calculated by subtracting HDL-C from total cholesterol. The dyslipidemia value was defined according to conventional cardiovascular risk factors: (TC) &#8805;200 mg/dL and/or HDL-C &#8804; 40mg/dL and/or LDL-C &#8805;130 mg/dL and/or TG &#8805;150mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Separation of Peripheral Blood Monocyte</title>
          <p>Collected whole-blood in tubes with EDTA was diluted 1:1 with PBS 1&#215;&#8211;1% heparin; Histopaque 1077 (10771, Sigma-Aldrich) was subsequently added. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from the central white band of the gradient after centrifugation. Next, monocytes were obtained by directly enriching for CD14+ cells by the magnetic sorting system (MACS; Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany). 1 mL aliquot of TripureTM reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) was then added for collecting the monocytes. Cells were stored at &#8722;80 &#176;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell Line THP-l Culture</title>
          <p>Human monocytic leukemia cells were maintained in a suspension culture of RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco-BRL) containing 2 mM glutamine, 25 mM HEPES, 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, 50 U/mL penicillin, and 50 &#956;g/mL streptomycin (Sigma), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), at 37&#176;C, in 5% CO2. Arrested THP-1 cells were pre-incubated with Ang II (1 &#181;mol/L) for increasing periods of time to analyze the effect of Ang II on LRP1 expression in the monocytes. The dose of angiotensin II was selected on the basis of previous studies in our group and provides a plasma concentration of angiotensin II similar to that reported in patients with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis</title>
          <p>Total RNA was extracted using monocyte Tripure<sup>TM</sup>Isolation Reagent (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Indianapolis, USA), according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. RNA yield and quality were assessed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis; RNA was stored at -80&#176;C until analysis. Reverse transcription reaction was performed using 1 &#181;g of total RNA for cDNA synthesis according to High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems Foster City, CA, USA). The cDNA was stored at -80&#176;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Gene Expression Assays</title>
          <p><italic>LRP1</italic> gene expression (Hs00233899_m1) and <italic>HPRT</italic> (Hs99999909_m1) (endogenous gene) were performed via semi-quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using a commercial kit. The &#8220;TaqMan Gene Expression&#8221; was performed using 1 &#181;l reverse transcription products mixed with 10 &#181;l of TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), 1 &#181;l 20x assays and 8 &#181;l nuclease-free water. After gentle mixing, the mixture was transferred to a real-time PCR microplate, using 7300 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) equipment.</p>
          <p>The used conditions were: 50&#176;C for 2 min and 10 min at 95&#176;C, followed by 40 cycles at 95&#176;C for 15s, and 60&#176;C for 1min. Expression levels were measured in duplicate and the threshold cycle [Ct] values were determined and normalized using the endogenous gene expression ( <italic>HPRT</italic> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western Blot analysis</title>
          <p>Total protein was isolated from monocytes using TriPure<sup>TM</sup>Isolation Reagent (Roche Molecular Diagnostics), according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. The protein was quantified using Pierce BCA Protein Assay (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Equivalent amounts of total protein (25 &#181;g) were loaded onto 10% (v/v) SDS-polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions. The samples were electrotransferred to nitrocellulose membranes, which were saturated at room temperature for 1 h in TTBS (20 mM Tris&#8211;HCl, pH 7.5, 500 mM NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20 and 5% non-fat milk). Western blot analyses were performed using specific monoclonal antibodies against human <italic>LRP1</italic> (85kDa -chain, clone 8B8 RDI 61067, dilution 1:40) and the corresponding secondary antibodies (1:10,000 dilution; Dako; Glostrup, Denmark). The QuantityOne software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) was used to quantify the bands present in the membranes via densitometry, and they were detected using ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Reagent (Amersham). The expression levels were measured in duplicate and normalized by comparing them with the concentration of a loading protein control. The results were expressed as arbitrary units of intensity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using the SPSS v19 software (SPSS Inc. Chicago USA). The results were expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) in the continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test used to assess normality. The comparison between groups was performed using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test for continuous variables and chi square test for categorical variables. The correlation analysis was done according to the Pearson method. Multiple logistic regressions were used to explore the associations between cIMT and <italic>LRP1</italic> expression. Data is presented as odds ratios (OR) with a confidence interval of 95%. A p &lt;0.05 value was considered as statistically significant. The sample size was calculated taking the reference of Schulz 2002,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> according to proportions of independent samples, taking into account an incidence of the <italic>LRP1</italic> gene of approximately 0.08 in the cases and 0.02 in the controls with a &#8710; = 0.06, with a statistical power of 95%, p &lt;0.05. According to the following formula our value of n was =79</p>
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                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">z</mml:mi>
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                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">z</mml:mi>
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                              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
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                              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfrac>
                        </mml:msqrt>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfenced>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
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                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
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          <p>po= Probability that <italic>LRP1</italic> expression occurs in cases</p>
          <p>q0= Probability that <italic>LRP1</italic> expression doesn&#8217;t occur in cases</p>
          <p>pi= Probability that <italic>LRP1</italic> expression occurs in controls</p>
          <p>qi= Probability that <italic>LRP1</italic> expression doesn&#8217;t occur in controls</p>
          <p>1.96= value &lt;0.05</p>
          <p>1.28= power (0.84)</p>
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            <mml:math>
              <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>0.92</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:msup>
                    <mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>1.96</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>1.28</mml:mn>
                        <mml:msqrt>
                          <mml:mfrac>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>0.02</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mi>q</mml:mi>
                              <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>0.98</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                            </mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>0.08</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>0.92</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfrac>
                        </mml:msqrt>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfenced>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msup>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>0.08</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>0.02</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:msup>
                    <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msup>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:mfrac>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the Study Population</title>
          <p>A population of 200 Mexican subjects was studied, of which 91 were normotensive (NT) and 109 were hypertensive (HT) subjects. The biochemical and anthropometric characteristics of the studied population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Out of the total population, 62.5% was female and 37.5% was male. Age, body mass index (BMI), cIMT, HDL-C, C-reactive protein, Ang II, and LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C indexes were statistically different between groups. These parameters were higher in the hypertensive group as compared to the normotensive group, except for HDL-C levels, which were lower in the hypertensive group. Obesity prevalence was 19.8% in normotensive and 44.1% in hypertensive subjects. No significant differences were found when the comparison was made between both genders of the same parameters. Also, we compared our groups according to dislipidemia levels according to ATP III; however, significant differences were only found in HDL-C (&#8804;40 mg/dL), (NT= 16.5% vs HT= 32.7%, p=0.001) and triglycerides (&#8805;150mg/dL) (NT= 42.7% vs HT= 57.3%, p=0.001) (data no shown).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of study patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>Normotensive (n=91)</th>
                    <th>Hypertensive (n=109)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.0&#177;11.35</td>
                    <td align="center">50.36&#177;11.57</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender (W/M) (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.5/37.5</td>
                    <td align="center">64/36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.313</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.44&#177;14.30</td>
                    <td align="center">75.21&#177;12.71</td>
                    <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Height (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">161.99&#177;9.81</td>
                    <td align="center">159.39&#177;9.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.057</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (Kg/m2)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.92&#177;4.06</td>
                    <td align="center">29.36&#177;3.77</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">110.23&#177;9.07</td>
                    <td align="center">142.78&#177;10.82</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">69.90&#177;75.85</td>
                    <td align="center">91.94&#177;7.72</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cIMT mean (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.587&#177;0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.729&#177;0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>cIMT max (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.606&#177;0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.787&#177;0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">197.32&#177;40.41</td>
                    <td align="center">198.91&#177;37.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.772</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">166.56&#177;94.45</td>
                    <td align="center">192.95&#177;98.43</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log TG</td>
                    <td align="center">2.16&#177;0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">2.23&#177;0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C (mg/dlL)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.51&#177;13.25</td>
                    <td align="center">46.66&#177;13.59</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">117.02&#177;33.20</td>
                    <td align="center">122.23&#177;31.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.258</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL/HDL</td>
                    <td align="center">2.36&#177;0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">2.76&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">144.80&#177;41.28</td>
                    <td align="center">152.67&#177;36.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.154</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CT/HDL</td>
                    <td align="center">3.96&#177;1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">4.50&#177;1.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG/HDL</td>
                    <td align="center">3.62&#177;2.73</td>
                    <td align="center">4.65&#177;3.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">89.36&#177;7.78</td>
                    <td align="center">89.18&#177;8.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.877</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C Reactive Protein (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.37&#177;2.06</td>
                    <td align="center">3.87&#177;2.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">1.83&#177;0.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1.67&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.491</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>The values are expressed as mean &#177; SD or percentages for categorical values. Unpaired Student T Test and chi-square test for categorical values were used. BMI: body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; cIMT mean: carotid intima media thickness mean; IMT max: Intima-media thickness maximal; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation Between Hypertension and Expression of LRP1 in Monocytes</title>
          <p>With the purpose of ascertaining the levels of mRNA and protein expression, an LRP1 analysis was performed for both groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Significant differences were found between NT versus HT groups in mRNA expression (P=0.002) and for protein expression (p=0.001). When men and women subjects were compared, the only signficiant difference found was in LRP1 mRNA in hypertensive subjects and there was an overexpression in women as compared to men (p=0.044). Moreover, an increase in the LRP1 mRNA and protein expression was found in hypertensive dyslipidemic subjects as compared to normotensive dyslipidemic subjects (data no shown).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Quantification of LRP1 expression in total subjects and broken down by genders. (A) Comparison of LRP1 expression in monocytes from normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Real-time PCR analysis of LRP1 mRNA expression. Data were processed with a specially designed software, based on the Ct value of each sample, and normalized to HPRT1 (B) Western blot analysis showing LRP1 protein expression in monocytes.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0056-90535-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Conversely, to examine if others factors like cIMT and Ang II variable were analyzed to determine whether they could participate in the blood pressure values ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). A significant difference was found between NT versus HT for cIMT (p=0.002) and Ang II (p=0.046), respectively. However, when subjects were broken down by gender, no differences were found in either of the two parameters.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Values of cIMT and Ang II broken down by gender</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th>NT</th>
                    <th>HTA</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>NT Women</th>
                    <th>NT Men</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>HTA Women</th>
                    <th>HTA Men</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IMT (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.568 &#177; 0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.715 &#177; 0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.553 &#177; 0.149</td>
                    <td align="center">0.583 &#177; 0.178</td>
                    <td align="center">0.303</td>
                    <td align="center">0.692 &#177; 0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.719 &#177; 0,19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.643</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ang II (pmol/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.195&#177; 0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.226 &#177; 0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.046</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.200 &#177;0.090</td>
                    <td align="center">0.186 &#177; 0.090</td>
                    <td align="center">0.468</td>
                    <td align="center">0.220 &#177; 0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.238 &#177; 0,14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.482</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>NT: Normotensive; HTA: Hypertensive; IMT: mean intima-media thickness, Ang II: Angiotensin II. Unpaired Student T Test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiotensin II Effect on Monocyte <italic>LRP1</italic> Expression Levels</title>
          <p>To study the effect of Ang II mediated <italic>LRP1</italic> induction on monocytes, the THP1 monocyte cell line was incubated with Ang II for 4h and 8h, with concentrations of 1 and 10 &#181;M. In the THP1 monocyte cell line, Ang II increased <italic>LPR1</italic> mRNA expression in a dose and time dependent manner, being more evident at 8 hours of incubation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Effect of angiotensin II on the LRP1 expression in THP1 cells.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0056-90535-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Association between monocytes <italic>LRP1</italic> expression and carotid intima/media thickness from patients with hypertension.</p>
          <p>To know if there was a relationship between the thickness of the cIMT and <italic>LRP1</italic> mRNA expression and/or <italic>LRP1</italic> protein expression, multiple logistic regressions adjusted by lipid profile, age, and gender were conducted ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). A significant difference was found between cIMT and the <italic>LRP1</italic> mRNA expression levels (p=0.047) and <italic>LRP1</italic> protein levels (p=0.039) in hypertensive patients.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association between the expression of LRP1 and cIMT adjusted for lipid parameters in patients with hypertension</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">mRNA</th>
                    <th>OR [CI 95%]</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Adjustment [-]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.308 [0.230 &#8211; 38.650]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.310 [0.340 - 38.887]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.303 [-0.280 - 38.511]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.053</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.308 [0.131 &#8211; 38.832]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.049</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.312 [0.150 &#8211; 38.33]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.301 [-0.181 - 38.19]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.052</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Protein</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR [CI 95%]</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>adjustment [-]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.312 [1.771 - 65.319]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.294 [-2.150 - 65.208]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.211 [1.544 - 65.637]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.313 [1.445 - 65.77]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.317 [2.020 - 66.015]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.313 [1.528 - 65.6689]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Model 1: adjusted by all lipid parameters. Model 2: adjusted by total Cholesterol. Model 3: adjusted by Triglycerides. Model 4: adjusted by HDL-C. Model 5: adjusted by LDL-C. Multiple logistic regressions analysis.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Therefore, an adjusted logistic regression for lipids was performed to analyze whether dyslipidemia could influence the association between <italic>LRP1</italic> and cIMT in hypertensive patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> , Models 1-4). An association between cIMT and <italic>LRP1</italic> mRNA expression with the entire set of lipid parameters was found: Model 1 (p=0.046), the association was maintained after adjusting each of the lipid parameters, Model 2 adjusted by total cholesterol (p= 0.053), Model 3 adjusted by triglycerides (p=0.049), Model 4 adjusted by HDL-C (p=0.038), and Model 5 adjusted by LDL-C (p=0.052).</p>
          <p>However, we did not observe an association between cIMT and LRP1 protein expression when adjusting the complete set of lipid parameters, Model 1 (p=0.066). Nevertheless, when we adjusted with each lipid parameter, an association was found: Model 2 adjusted by total cholesterol (p=0.040), Model 3 adjusted by Triglycerides (p=0.041), Model 4 adjusted by HDL-C (p=0.038), and Model 5 adjusted by LDL-C (p=0.040).</p>
          <p>Afterwards, a linear regression was made between cIMT and expression levels of both <italic>LRP1</italic> mRNA and protein expression adjusted by lipid profile; a positive correlation between these variables was maintained ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation between cIMT and the expression levels of mRNA and LRP1 protein adjusted for CT, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C. P&lt;0.005 is considered as statistically significant.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0056-90535-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>As expected, our results showed that the average cIMT was higher in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects. However, this value was associated in an important way with the LRP1 overexpression in circulating monocytes.</p>
        <p>cIMT is considered an atherosclerosis marker and an excellent predictor of death and cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease, increased cIMT is closely associated with atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Our data showed a strong association between hypertension and cIMT. These results agree with previously published data in studies made in patients and animal models. In a study of young people with borderline hypertension (130-140/85-89 mmHg), an increase in the cIMT in the brachial arteries was observed when patients were compared to normotensive subjects; an association between cIMT and ambulatory SBP of 24 hours was found.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In addition, hypertension, diabetes, and age are considered independent prognostic factors for intima hyperplasia in the radial artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In a hypertension animal model, a significant thickening of the intima-media was reported as the direct cause of the illness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hypertension is among the main risk factors in the etiology of atherosclerotic vascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> However, the mechanisms by which arterial pressure increases the incidence of atherosclerosis are not completely clear. Studies that focus on elucidating these mechanisms are critically important. There is a strong association between hypertension and the <italic>LRP1</italic> expression in the vascular wall of a rat model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The upregulation of <italic>LRP1</italic> by hypertension has functional consequences as it promotes intracellular lipid accumulation and, thus, the formation of foam cells. Hypertension also has a high impact on vascular remodeling, chronic changes in hemodynamic forces, and structural alterations in the vascular wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results show overexpression on both mRNA and protein expression of the <italic>LRP1</italic> receptor in monocytes from hypertensive patients. They also show that Ang II increased the expression of <italic>LRP1</italic> in cultures of THP-1 in a time and dose dependent manner. Therefore, the mechanism through which high blood pressure regulates the expression of <italic>LRP1</italic> could be mediated by the angiotensin II effect, which is considered one of the main hypertension mediators. It has also been reported that angiotensin induces the activity of Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors, which are involved in the recognition of <italic>LRP1</italic> promoter,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> causing <italic>LRP1</italic> overexpression at a vascular level and favoring the formation of foam cell in human vascular smooth muscle cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to angiotensin II, blood flow acts on the function and structure of the endothelium through the modulation of the gene expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The functional changes that are experienced by monocytes due to continuous changes in blood flow might have a positive influence on <italic>LRP1</italic> expression, thus stimulating LDL uptake and causing an increase in cIMT.</p>
        <p>In addition to a high prevalence of obesity, the Mexican population is facing a serious problem of dyslipidemia, which is explained by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the analysis of dyslipidemia subjects according to conventional cardiovascular risk factors, we found an increase in the <italic>LRP1</italic> mRNA and protein expression in hypertensive dyslipidemic subjects as compared to normotensive dyslipidemic subjects, which could mean that <italic>LRP1</italic> is overexpressed by hypertension regardless of dyslipidemia.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have shown that circulating soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (sLRP1) concentration may be intimately associated with hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C&gt;200 mg/dL) and an upregulating effect of hypercholesterolemia on the expression of <italic>LRP1</italic> in cells of the vascular wall in <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Despite observing a high percentage of hypercholesterolemia in normotensive and hypertensive subjects, our results found no significant differences between both groups. A possible explanation for these differences could be: a) the association between sLPR1 and cholesterol was performed in hypercholesterolemic populations (severe hypercholesterolemia); b) the <italic>LRP1</italic> could be expressed in a wide range of tissues and the specificity could be different; in our case, the <italic>LRP1</italic> expression in monocytes was measured; c) the populations are very different; whereas our study was done using a mixture of indigenous American [65%], European [31%], and African [3%] subjects, the other study consisted solely of Caucasians.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our data indicate that the expression of <italic>LRP1</italic> in monocytes from hypertensive patients correlates with increased cIMT. Adjusted logistic regression shows that the correlation between cIMT and <italic>LRP1</italic> mRNA expression is maintained even after adjusting lipid parameters. However, this association was lost when the adjustment was done with <italic>LRP1</italic> protein. These results can be explained by the strong positive effect of modified LDL on the stability of <italic>LRP1</italic> protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Therefore, dyslipidemia probably contributes to maintaining a high <italic>LRP1</italic> protein expression in monocytes from hypertensive patients. This could justify why the association between cIMT and <italic>LRP1</italic> protein expression after adjustment for lipid profile is lost.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our findings suggest that the effect of hypertension on atherosclerosis might occur through the overexpression of <italic>LRP1</italic> in circulating monocytes. Ang II induced monocyte <italic>LRP1</italic> upregulation, and it may play an important role in the increased cIMT associated with cardiovascular risk factor induction of atherosclerotic lesion progression. These results reinforce the high relevance of <italic>LRP1</italic> overexpression in the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques in humans.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mar&#237;a Jos&#233; Jaramillo-Estrella, from Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M&#233;xico.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> This study was funded by Complementary Support for Researchers in the Consolidation Process SNI-1-2009 de CONACyT number 119410.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
