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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KfxkqTmDQDdjPqB6TZFQfQt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000100026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190522</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190522</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qualidade do Sono Associada ao N&#237;vel Habitual de Atividade F&#237;sica e Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo de Fumantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0743-3231</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trevisan</surname>
            <given-names>Iara Buriola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1891-3153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Mahara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreira</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7608-9986</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6147-0124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gouveia</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Ercy Mara Cipulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Dionei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jacarezinho</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran&#225; (UENP), Jacarezinho, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Syracuse University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Syracuse University, New York &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Iara Buri <bold>ola Trevisan</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Ci&#234;ncias - Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305. CEP 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>iara_buriola@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Trevisan IB, Vanderlei LCM, Proen&#231;a M, Ramos EMC, Ramos D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Trevisan IB, Vanderlei LCM, Barreira TV, Santos CP, Gouveia TS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Trevisan IB, Vanderlei LCM, Proen&#231;a M, Barreira TV, Santos CP, Gouveia TS, Ramos EMC, Ramos D; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Trevisan IB, Proen&#231;a M, Barreira TV, Ramos D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Trevisan IB, Ramos D.</p>
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>26</fpage>
      <lpage>35</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Poucos estudos j&#225; examinaram a rela&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica e a modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) na qualidade do sono de fumantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar altera&#231;&#245;es na qualidade do sono de fumantes e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica e modula&#231;&#227;o do SNA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 42 fumantes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o 50&#186; percentil de atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a vigorosa (AFMV). A qualidade do sono foi avaliada utilizando-se o <italic>Mini-Sleep Questionnaire</italic> (mini question&#225;rio do sono), e a modula&#231;&#227;o do SNA foi avaliada por &#237;ndices de variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC). Para a an&#225;lise de poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as de m&#233;dia, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) para ajuste de idade, g&#234;nero, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, ma&#231;os-ano, betabloqueadores, ansiedade, e depress&#227;o, em log base 10, exceto por dados qualitativos, tais como g&#234;nero e betabloqueadores. Foram estabelecidas correla&#231;&#245;es utilizando-se a correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os fumantes que eram menos ativos demonstraram pior qualidade do sono (p=0,048) e ins&#244;nia (p=0,045). Al&#233;m disso, o grupo menos ativo apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica [HF (un; p=0,049); RMSSD (ms; p=0,047) e SD1 (ms; p=0,047)] e aumento do &#237;ndice de LF (un) index (p=0,033) e raz&#227;o LF/HF (p=0,040). Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a pontua&#231;&#227;o total no <italic>Mini-sleep</italic> com o &#237;ndice de LF (un) (r=0,317, p=0,041) e raz&#227;o LF/HF (r=0,318, p=0,040) e correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com o &#237;ndice de HF (un) (r= -0,322, p=0,038).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Fumantes com baixo n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica habitual apresentaram baixa qualidade do sono e altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade do Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2016/06454-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de Financiamento. O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e FAPESP (processo: 2016/06454-1).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="54"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tabagismo &#233; considerado um grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todo o mundo, apesar de ser uma das causas principais de mortes preven&#237;veis no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A carga global de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas est&#225; aumentando e o tabagismo representa um fator de risco importante para o desenvolvimento dessas doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tabagismo tamb&#233;m pode ser respons&#225;vel por altera&#231;&#245;es neurocomportamentais, tais como diminui&#231;&#227;o da mem&#243;ria de trabalho, lapsos de aten&#231;&#227;o, humor depressivo e dist&#250;rbios do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#250;ltimo, v&#225;rios estudos relatam, em adultos, uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o tabagismo e a qualidade do sono, tais como ins&#244;nia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> hipersonia, fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> sonol&#234;ncia diurna<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e m&#225; qualidade do sono noturno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A restri&#231;&#227;o do sono devido ao tabagismo pode ser causada por v&#225;rios mecanismos, entre os quais se destaca o impacto da nicotina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Durante o sono, os n&#237;veis de nicotina abaixam, acarretando sintomas de abstin&#234;ncia, que dependem do n&#250;mero de cigarros fumados por dia, n&#237;vel de depend&#234;ncia da nicotina, e &#237;ndice de abstin&#234;ncia de nicotina. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de mon&#243;xido de carbono e a elimina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de nicotina no sangue diminuem durante o sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Durante o sono, a modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) apresenta mudan&#231;as ao longo das transi&#231;&#245;es entre vig&#237;lia e sono. A modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca aumenta aproximadamente duas horas antes do in&#237;cio do sono, atinge o pico no in&#237;cio do sono, e diminui no per&#237;odo de sono, enquanto a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica n&#227;o muda no in&#237;cio do sono, mas diminui durante est&#225;gios de sono mais profundo. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es produzem a diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o aumento da variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fumantes apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es no SNA caracterizadas por redu&#231;&#245;es de modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> o que sugere que, al&#233;m de os fumantes apresentarem dist&#250;rbios do sono devido ao consumo de cigarros, a redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica nesses indiv&#237;duos tamb&#233;m pode afetar a qualidade do sono.</p>
      <p>A literatura sugere que um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel e ativo pode induzir a um aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> promovendo a regula&#231;&#227;o e o equil&#237;brio do SNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Portanto, um estilo de vida ativo habitual &#233; um dos benef&#237;cios &#224; qualidade do sono devido a seus efeitos na regula&#231;&#227;o do SNA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> que tamb&#233;m pode acontecer com fumantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A investiga&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade do sono e modula&#231;&#227;o do SNA de acordo com o n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica de fumantes pode gerar informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para identificar a import&#226;ncia de um estilo de vida mais ativo nesse grupo e, al&#233;m disso, melhoria da qualidade do sono pode aumentar as chances de &#237;ndices de sucesso durante a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade do sono em fumantes e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica e a modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes e Procedimentos</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram recrutados por an&#250;ncios na m&#237;dia. Os fumantes foram selecionados independentemente de g&#234;nero, com idades entre 18 e 60 anos. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: 1) consumir pelo menos 10 cigarros/dia, por pelo menos um ano, 2) aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiorrespirat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas pr&#233;-existentes que influenciam o SNA significativamente (por exemplo, arritmias, hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, tosse cr&#244;nica, bronquite cr&#244;nica, enfisema pulmonar ou FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &lt;70%), 3) n&#227;o fazer uso excessivo de &#225;lcool ou outras drogas il&#237;citas, 4) n&#227;o fazer uso de produtos de reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina e/ou antidepressivos como auxiliares na cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) avalia&#231;&#245;es incompletas; 2) outliers (mais de 3 desvios padr&#227;o de dist&#226;ncia da m&#233;dia, indicando erro na coleta de dados de VFC).</p>
        <p>Um total de 239 fumantes demonstraram interesse em participar do estudo. Dessa forma, 83 participantes foram inclu&#237;dos, mas 41 participantes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a avalia&#231;&#245;es incompletas (n = 29), e participantes que tinham um desvio padr&#227;o acima de 3 nos &#237;ndices de VFC (outliers n = 12). Portanto, 42 participantes foram, ent&#227;o, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o 50&#186; percentil de atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a vigorosa (AFMV). ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo. VFC: variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AFMV: atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a vigorosa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0026-90522-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os participantes foram previamente informados sobre os objetivos da pesquisa e procedimentos e, depois do acordo, assinaram o formul&#225;rio de consentimento. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAAE: 54550116.6.0000.5402).</p>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em dois dias n&#227;o consecutivos, todos os procedimentos foram realizados no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; em condi&#231;&#245;es controladas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar (22,0&#177;2,2&#186;C, 56,6&#177;6,9%), e todos os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o ingerirem &#225;lcool, cafe&#237;na, analg&#233;sicos ou barbit&#250;ricos, e a n&#227;o fazerem exerc&#237;cios moderados ou vigorosos 13 horas antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizada a medi&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono exalado (exCO), com um ponto de corte de 10 ppm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> para comprovar a abstin&#234;ncia de nicotina por 24 horas antes das avalia&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No primeiro dia, os participantes realizaram uma avalia&#231;&#227;o para coletar dados pessoais, o status do tabagismo, a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, dados antropom&#233;tricos e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, bem como para fazer uma an&#225;lise de ansiedade, depress&#227;o e qualidade do sono. No segundo dia, todos os participantes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o do SNA pelos &#237;ndices de VFC, e do n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica realizado no aceler&#244;metro. Profissionais previamente treinados acompanharam todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Status do Tabagismo</title>
        <p>Todos os participantes responderam perguntas sobre o n&#250;mero de cigarros consumidos por dia, a dura&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, e a depend&#234;ncia da nicotina foi avaliada pelo teste de Fagerstr&#246;m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero de ma&#231;os/anos foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula: n&#250;mero de cigarros consumido por dia, dividido por 20 e multiplicado pelo tempo de tabagismo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</title>
        <p>Esse teste foi realizado com um espir&#244;metro port&#225;til (Spirobank 3.6 Medical International Research, Roma, It&#225;lia). A interpreta&#231;&#227;o foi feita considerando os padr&#245;es da <italic>American Thoracic Society</italic> e da <italic>European Respiratory Society</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> com valores normais para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</title>
        <p>O aparelho octopolar InBody 720 (Copyright&#174;, 1996&#8211;2006, da Biospace Corporation, EUA) foi utilizado para calcular o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), porcentagem de massa gorda (% MG), massa muscular esquel&#233;tica (MME) e a massa gorda (MG). O InBody 720 usa oito eletrodos, dois em contato com a palma (E1 e E3) e polegar (E2 e E4) de cada m&#227;o, e dois em contato com a ponta (E5 e E7) e o calcanhar (E6 e E8) de cada p&#233;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estas foram avaliadas pela Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o (HADS - do ingl&#234;s <italic>Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Este instrumento consiste em uma escala de 14 itens, sete exclusivos para ansiedade e sete exclusivos para depress&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade do Sono</title>
        <p>A qualidade do sono foi avaliada pelo <italic>Mini-sleep Questionnaire</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> validado para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira por Falavigna et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> que consiste em 10 perguntas de autorrelato, com sete respostas poss&#237;veis (nunca = 1, muito raramente = 2, raramente = 3, &#224;s vezes = 4, frequentemente = 5, muito frequentemente = 6 e sempre = 7). A ins&#244;nia (perguntas 1, 2, 3 e 7) e hipersonia (perguntas 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 e 10) tamb&#233;m s&#227;o avaliadas por esse instrumento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;vel Habitual de Atividade F&#237;sica</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a usar um aceler&#244;metro ActiGraph GT3X+ (AG), (ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, EUA) por um per&#237;odo de 7 dias, inclusive enquanto dormiam, retirando os dispositivos apenas quando estivessem em contato direto com a &#225;gua (por exemplo, durante o banho ou nata&#231;&#227;o).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O AG foi preso a uma faixa el&#225;stica e posicionado no quadril direito. O dispositivo AG &#233; um aceler&#244;metro triaxial e mede a acelera&#231;&#227;o em 3 planos, gerando contagens de atividades para cada eixo e uma grandeza vetorial representando a combina&#231;&#227;o de todos os 3 eixos. No presente estudo, os dados brutos foram coletados na frequ&#234;ncia de 80 Hz. Dados do dispositivo AG foram baixados utilizando o filtro de baixa extens&#227;o do software ActiLife (vers&#227;o 6.13, ActiGraph LLC), exceto pelos passos/dias em que foram baixados usando o filtro normal. Para a an&#225;lise de dados, os dados brutos do aceler&#244;metro foram convertidos em contagens e somados em um <italic>epoch</italic> de 60 seg. com a extens&#227;o de baixa frequ&#234;ncia habilitada.</p>
        <p>Um algoritmo previamente validado foi aplicado aos dados do aceler&#244;metro para separar o tempo gasto durante o sono e o tempo gasto acordado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Os dados do tempo de uso do sono n&#227;o foram utilizados na an&#225;lise dos padr&#245;es de atividade descritos abaixo. Per&#237;odos de n&#227;o uso (identificados utilizando-se os dados do aceler&#244;metro AG) foram definidos como blocos consecutivos de pelo menos 60 minutos de contagem zero de atividades, incluindo at&#233; 2 minutos consecutivos de contagem de atividades inferiores a 100, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Um dia completo de uso do aceler&#244;metro foi definido como pelo menos 10 horas de uso durante a vig&#237;lia. Era necess&#225;rio um m&#237;nimo de 4 dias (incluindo pelo menos 1 dia no final de semana) de dados de uso para que o participante pudesse ser inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise de dados.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a inspe&#231;&#227;o e processamento inicial, os dados do tempo de uso foram analisados para determinar quanto tempo os participantes passaram em atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a vigorosa (AFMV), utilizando o ponto de corte definido por Troiano et al. &gt; 2020 <italic>counts</italic> /min (equivalente a 3 MET), intensidade vigorosa (5999 <italic>counts</italic> ou 6 MET).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Cada <italic>epoch</italic> foi classificado como tempo de sedentarismo quando os <italic>counts</italic> do eixo vertical eram &lt;100 <italic>counts</italic> /min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</title>
        <p>Para analisar os &#237;ndices de modula&#231;&#245;es do SNA, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi captada batimento a batimento, utilizando-se um cardiofrequenc&#237;metro (Polar S810i, Finl&#226;ndia), equipamento previamente validado para capta&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento e para c&#225;lculo dos &#237;ndices de VFC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todos os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o consumir subst&#226;ncias estimulantes tais como ch&#225;, caf&#233;, refrigerante, chocolate e &#225;lcool por 24 horas antes dessa an&#225;lise. Durante o registro da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a permanecer em sil&#234;ncio, acordados, em repouso, sem realizar movimentos ou conversar durante a execu&#231;&#227;o, e com respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea por 20 minutos sentados. N&#227;o era permitida a circula&#231;&#227;o de pessoas na sala durante a execu&#231;&#227;o das coletas, para evitar erros de captura e reduzir a ansiedade dos volunt&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Os dados obtidos pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o foram transferidos para o computador utilizando o software Polar ProTrainer 5 (vers&#227;o 5.41.002). Cinco minutos do gr&#225;fico s&#227;o analisados, com pelo menos 256 intervalos RR, selecionados da parte mais est&#225;vel, depois de filtragem digital, conclu&#237;da por filtragem manual para eliminar artefatos e batimentos ect&#243;picos. Apenas s&#233;ries com mais de 95% de batimentos sinusais foram inclu&#237;das no estudo.</p>
        <p>Os &#237;ndices de VFC foram calculados nos dom&#237;nios de tempo e frequ&#234;ncia e do <italic>plot</italic> de Poincar&#233;. No dom&#237;nio do tempo (DT), foram utilizados os &#237;ndices RMSSD (raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas) e SDNN (desvio padr&#227;o de intervalos de normal a normal), ambos expressos em milissegundos (ms). No dom&#237;nio de frequ&#234;ncia, (DF) foram usados componentes de baixa (LF, 0,04 &#8211; 0,15 Hz), e alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF, 0,15 &#8211; 0,40 Hz), em valores absolutos (ms<sup>2</sup>) e em unidades normalizadas (un), bem como a raz&#227;o LF/HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise espectral foi calculada usando o algoritmo da transformada r&#225;pida de Fourier.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O <italic>plot</italic> de Poincar&#233; foi utilizado para calcular os seguintes &#237;ndices: SD1 (desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento), SD2 (desvio padr&#227;o em longo prazo dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos), e a rela&#231;&#227;o SD1/SD2, que mostra a raz&#227;o entre as varia&#231;&#245;es curta e longa dos intervalos RR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Para a an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de VFC foi utilizado o software Kubios (Universidade de Kuopio, Finl&#226;ndia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo pr&#233;vio para determinar o tamanho da amostra, e foi estimada uma correla&#231;&#227;o de r = 0,43 entre qualidade do sono, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e SNA, com erro alfa de 5% e poder amostral de 80%, e uma amostra de 41 participantes foi considerada apropriada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos de acordo com o 50&#186; percentil (26,65 min) de AFMV (&lt;p50 ou &gt;p50). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk analisou a normalidade dos dados. Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou m&#233;dia e faixa interquartil (IQR) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e as qualitativas, em frequ&#234;ncia (f) e porcentagem (%) para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste t n&#227;o pareado ou o teste Mann-Whitney foram aplicados na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os percentis nas vari&#225;veis de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra. A compara&#231;&#227;o de qualidade do sono, n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica e VFC entre percentis foi realizada usando a an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) ajustada para idade, g&#234;nero, IMC, %MG, MME, ma&#231;os-ano, betabloqueadores, e depress&#227;o, em log base 10 (log10) para diminuir a variabilidade de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, exceto para dados qualitativos, como g&#234;nero e betabloqueadores. As premissas para comparar duas amostras independentes foram testadas, examinando a normalidade dos dados, homogeneidade entre os grupos, conforme o teste de Levene e rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre as covari&#225;veis e as vari&#225;veis dependentes. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre qualidade do sono, VFC e n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica foram calculadas utilizando-se a correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman, j&#225; que os dados eram n&#227;o param&#233;tricos de acordo com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS (vers&#227;o 22.0) e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. O grupo de fumantes menos ativos (&lt;p50 AFMV) tinha mais mulheres (81%) do que homens (19%) comparada com o grupo mais ativo (&gt;p50 AFMV). A % de MG era mais alta no grupo &lt;p50 AFMV (p=0,017), enquanto a MME era mais alta no grupo &gt;p50 AFMV (p=0,015).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos fumantes dos 50&#176; percentis de AFMV (&lt;p50 ou &gt;p50)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</th>
                <th>&lt;p50 (N=21)</th>
                <th>&gt;p50 (N=21)</th>
                <th>p valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero (F/M)</td>
                <td align="center">17/4</td>
                <td align="center">8/13</td>
                <td align="center">0,005&#8224;*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">42,0 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">44,3 (8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,644&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,138&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">70,1 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">74,6 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,302&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,893&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">34,4 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017&#167;*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MME (kg), m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">23,3 (22,2&#8211;27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 (24,2&#8211;34,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015&#8225;*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MG (kg), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">24,5 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">22,0 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,323&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Status do tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de tabagismo (anos), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 (9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,724&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cigarros por dia, m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">20,0 (12,0&#8211;20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">20,0 (10,0&#8211;30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.827&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cigarros por dia, m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">22,0 (13,5&#8211;31,9)</td>
                <td align="center">24,8 (13,3&#8211;35,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,537&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depend&#234;ncia de nicotina, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,594&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HADS</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ansiedade, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,144&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depress&#227;o, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndices espirom&#233;tricos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FVC (% pred), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">94,1 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">94,4 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,968&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEV1 (% pred), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">93,5 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">91,1 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,629&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEV1/FVC (% pred), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">99,0 (6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">96,2 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,120&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PFE (% pred), m&#233;dia (IQR))</td>
                <td align="center">76,0 (72,0&#8211;87,0)</td>
                <td align="center">76,5 (58,8-90,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,657&#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEV1/FVC (% pred), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">94,7 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">86,3 (26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,365&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medicamentos atuais, f (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">6 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">0.469&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">1 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (25)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores AT1</td>
                <td align="center">4 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (75)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores da ECA</td>
                <td align="center">1 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antidepressivos</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,147&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Metab&#243;licos</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou m&#233;dia e faixa interquartil (IQR) e frequ&#234;ncia (f) e porcentagem (%). F/M: Feminino/Masculino; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; MME: massa muscular esquel&#233;tica; MG: massa gorda; FVC: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; FEV1: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo; FEV1/FVC: raz&#227;o de FEV1 e FVC; PEF: fluxo expirat&#243;rio de pico; FEF25-75%: fluxo expirat&#243;rio entre 25% e 75% de FVC. * p valor para diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa; &#8224;Teste qui-quadrado; &#167; Teste t n&#227;o pareado; &#8225; teste Mann-Whitney. Fonte: preparado pelo autor.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as vari&#225;veis de qualidade do sono, n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica e VFC de fumantes nos percentis de &lt;p50 e &lt;p50 de AFMV, ajustadas para fatores confusos tais como idade, g&#234;nero, IMC, %MG, MME, betabloqueadores, ma&#231;os-ano, ansiedade e depress&#227;o. Observamos que os fumantes menos ativos (&lt;p50) apresentaram m&#225; qualidade do sono de acordo com as pontua&#231;&#245;es totais no Mini-sleep, ins&#244;nia e menos passos/dias de AFMV, comparada &#224;queles com n&#237;vel mais alto de AFMV (&gt;p50). Para os &#237;ndices de VFC, o grupo menos ativo (&lt;p50) demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica expressa por RMSSD, HF (un) e &#237;ndices de SD1, e aumento de LF (un) e raz&#227;o LF/HF, quando comparado com o grupo mais ativo (&gt;p50).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Qualidade do sono, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca dos fumantes dos 50&#176; percentis de AFMV (&lt;p50 ou &gt;p50)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Mini-sleep</th>
                <th>&lt; p50 (N=21)</th>
                <th>&lt; p50 (N=21)</th>
                <th>p&#8224;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Total, m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">34,0 (28,5&#8211;38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 (22,5&#8211;32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,048*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ins&#244;nia, m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">14,0 (8,0&#8211;19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (7,0&#8211;14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipersonia, m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">20,0 (16,5&#8211;22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 (13,0&#8211;22,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AFMV (min), m&#233;dia (IQR))</td>
                <td align="center">14,0 (7,4&#8211;19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">38,0 (30,4&#8211;48,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedent&#225;rio (min), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">450,5 (147,0)</td>
                <td align="center">466,4 (100,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,939</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passos/Dia, m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">7058,0 (5874,5&#8211;8431,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9753,0 (7977,5&#8211;11354,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VFC</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RR m&#233;dio (ms), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">751,8 (71,2)</td>
                <td align="center">805,3 (96,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN (ms), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">32,2 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">33,2 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,982</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC m&#233;dia (bpm), m&#233;dia (DP))</td>
                <td align="center">80,7 (7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">75,6 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMSSD (ms), m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">14,6 (10,1&#8211;26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 (14,6&#8211;31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,047*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice triangular RR, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">8,7 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,970</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TINN (ms), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">142,9 (57,8)</td>
                <td align="center">138,8 (66,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,648</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (IQR))</td>
                <td align="center">220,0 (91,5&#8211;607,0)</td>
                <td align="center">264,0 (71,5&#8211;526,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,530</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (IQR))</td>
                <td align="center">101,0 (23,5&#8211;206,0)</td>
                <td align="center">114,0 (47.5&#8211;269,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF (un), m&#233;dia (IQR))</td>
                <td align="center">74,5 (57,3&#8211;82,3)</td>
                <td align="center">70,4 (54,0 -79,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,033*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF (un), m&#233;dia (IQR))</td>
                <td align="center">25,5 (17,5&#8211;42,6)</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 (21,0&#8211;45,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (1,4&#8211;4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (1,2&#8211;3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,040*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SD1 (ms), m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 (7,2&#8211;18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13,3 (10,3&#8211;22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,047*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SD2 (ms), m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">43,5 (17,0)</td>
                <td align="center">43,6 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,670</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SD1/SD2 (ms<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (0,3&#8211;0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (0,3&#8211;0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,457</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou m&#233;dia e faixa interquartil (IQR). AFMV: atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a vigorosa; nu: unidades normalizadas; RR: entre batimentos card&#237;acos sucessivos; SDDN: Desvio padr&#227;o de intervalo de normal a normal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RMSSD: Raiz quadrada m&#233;dia de diferen&#231;as sucessivas; TINN: interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular de intervalos de RR; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; SD1: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade batimento a batimento instant&#226;nea; SD2: desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos de RR cont&#237;nuos de longo prazo. * p valor para diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa; &#8224;ANCOVA ajustada para idade, g&#234;nero, IMC, %MG, MME, ma&#231;os-ano, betabloqueadores, ansiedade e depress&#227;o. Fonte: preparado pelo autor.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> mostra que houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa moderada entre AFMV (min) e pontua&#231;&#227;o total no Mini-sleep e ins&#244;nia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade do sono e n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica. AFMV: atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a vigorosa; r: Postos de Spearman; p: signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (0,05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0026-90522-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> mostra que houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva de fraca a moderada entre a pontua&#231;&#227;o total no Mini-sleep o &#237;ndice de LF (un) e a raz&#227;o LF/HF, e uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa de fraca a moderada com o RR m&#233;dio e o &#237;ndice de HF (un).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade do sono VFC. RR: entre batimentos card&#237;acos sucessivos; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; LF: frequ&#234;ncia baixa; HF: frequ&#234;ncia alta; r: Postos de Spearman; p: signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (0,05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0026-90522-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade do sono em fumantes e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica e a modula&#231;&#227;o do SNA. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que fumantes com n&#237;veis mais baixos de atividade f&#237;sica habitual tinham m&#225; qualidade do sono e ins&#244;nia, bem como diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica e aumento de &#237;ndice de LF (un) e raz&#227;o LF/HF.</p>
      <p>Os fumantes t&#234;m mais chance de desenvolver dist&#250;rbios do sono do que os n&#227;o fumantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A literatura indica que a nicotina &#233; um dos principais mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelos dist&#250;rbios no sono em tabagistas, devido aos efeitos independentes e interativos de seus neurotransmissores nos mecanismos centrais que regulam o ciclo sono-vig&#237;lia, aumentando a lat&#234;ncia do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> De acordo com McNamara et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> para cada cigarro consumido, h&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 1,2 minutos no tempo total de sono, o que sugere uma poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da nicotina como causa potencial dessa rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta. Al&#233;m disso, a diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de nicotina durante o sono produz sintomas relacionados &#224; s&#237;ndrome de abstin&#234;ncia, que aumenta a ins&#244;nia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer dist&#250;rbios do sono nesses indiv&#237;duos devido &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as pulmonares que podem surgir por causa do tabagismo (por exemplo, c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o e obstru&#231;&#227;o pulmonar cr&#244;nica)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> e vari&#225;veis comportamentais, ou seja, quando um indiv&#237;duo usa o cigarro como forma de aliviar tens&#245;es, probabilidade de baixa qualidade de vida, e o surgimento de sintomas de depress&#227;o e ansiedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando a forte evid&#234;ncia sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre tabagismo e qualidade do sono, alguns estudo investigaram a influ&#234;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica para melhorar a qualidade do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Segundo Chen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> fumantes inativos (0-999 kcal/semana) t&#234;m um &#237;ndice mais alto de ocorr&#234;ncia de ins&#244;nia em compara&#231;&#227;o com os fumantes ativos (&#8805;1000 kcal/semana) conforme as atividades de lazer e n&#227;o lazer. Masood et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> observaram que fumantes pesados tinham mais probabilidade de ter menos de cinco horas de sono por dia e de ter comportamentos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, tais como sedentarismo, dieta ruim e consumo de &#225;lcool. Assim como esses estudos, nossos resultados tamb&#233;m mostraram que fumantes com n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a vigorosa abaixo de 26,65 min/dia tamb&#233;m exibiram m&#225; qualidade do sono e ins&#244;nia. Entretanto, ainda &#233; necess&#225;rio investigar os v&#225;rios n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica nessa doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Uma das hip&#243;teses para melhorar atividade f&#237;sica qualidade do sono com pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica &#233; a adapta&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica, como melhoria do humor, diminui&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o de cortisol, aumento do consumo de energia e fadiga, que aumenta a necessidade de dormir para recuperar as energias, al&#233;m das mudan&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a este &#250;ltimo ponto, nossos resultados demonstraram que os fumantes fisicamente mais ativos com boa qualidade do sono apresentam % MG mais baixa e MME mais alta.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a pr&#225;tica da atividade f&#237;sica, especialmente a realizada continuamente, &#233; capaz de acarretar mudan&#231;as em FC e VFC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Em indiv&#237;duos treinados, ocorrem aumentos na modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, que podem estar relacionados &#224; melhoria do humor, qualidade do sono, tempo de lat&#234;ncia e uso de medicamentos para melhorar a qualidade do sono de adultos e dos idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Indiv&#237;duos com ins&#244;nia apresentam aumento de FC durante o sono, diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de sono total, e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de VFC, o que pode dificultar transi&#231;&#245;es dos est&#225;gios do sono, o que exige a atividade parassimp&#225;tica para chegar a est&#225;gios mais profundos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Em fumantes, essas mudan&#231;as podem ser mais evidentes, porque o tabagismo pode levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de VFC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Bodin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> avaliaram fumantes em per&#237;odos durante os quais eles consumiram e n&#227;o consumiram cigarros por 12 horas, e observaram que, depois de fumar, os participantes apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de VFC, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de HF e intervalos de RR quando comparados a per&#237;odos em que n&#227;o fumaram. Em fumantes pesados, Santos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> observaram aumento de &#237;ndice de LF (un) e de LF/HF, e a diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice HF (un) e da raz&#227;o SD1/SD2, em compara&#231;&#227;o com fumantes moderados.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, nossos resultados demonstraram que o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica em fumantes estava associado a VFC, mesmo que seja uma popula&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es em VFC devido ao tabagismo. Os fumantes mais ativos fisicamente aumentaram a modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica expressa por &#237;ndices de RMSSD, HF(un) e SD1, e diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice LF(un) e raz&#227;o LF/HF, comparado com fumantes menos ativos, o que sugere que a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o melhora as condi&#231;&#245;es, e essas evid&#234;ncias podem, pelo menos parcialmente, estar relacionadas a mudan&#231;as no SNA.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade do sono e &#237;ndices de VFC, observa-se que a m&#225; qualidade do sono estava associada a n&#237;veis mais altos da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, &#237;ndice LF (un) e raz&#227;o LF/HF, e a n&#237;veis mais baixos de modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, sugerindo que a baixa qualidade do sono e a ins&#244;nia podem estar correlacionadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC, especialmente em fumantes menos ativos.</p>
      <p>Podemos destacar, como limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, a falta de um grupo de controle de n&#227;o fumantes para avaliar melhor a influ&#234;ncia do tabagismo nos aspectos estudados, a n&#227;o determina&#231;&#227;o da fase de ciclo menstrual de mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa, e uso de medicamentos antidepressivos, que podem influenciar o SNA. Esses itens podem ser realizados em estudos futuros. Al&#233;m disso, os &#237;ndices de VFC s&#227;o influenciados por idade, g&#234;nero, medicamentos cardiovasculares, e isso pode ter afetado os resultados. Entretanto, as an&#225;lises foram ajustadas quanto a poss&#237;veis fatores confusos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, este estudo demonstrou que a qualidade do sono de fumantes e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;vel habitual de atividade f&#237;sica e modula&#231;&#227;o do SNA. Portanto, al&#233;m da nicotina, a pior qualidade do sono pode estar associada a n&#237;veis mais baixos de atividade f&#237;sica e altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, sugerindo que a promo&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica em fumantes pode ajudar a melhorar a qualidade do sono e garantir maior controle aut&#244;nomo. Entretanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos que avaliem n&#237;veis diferentes de atividade f&#237;sica na modula&#231;&#227;o do SNA durante o sono em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o que pode evitar dist&#250;rbios do sono, incentivar um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel &#224; medida que incentiva a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP; bolsa 2016/06454-1) e &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), que financiaram a pesquisa que deu origem ao artigo cient&#237;fico.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Iara Buriola Trevisan pela Universidade Estadual Paulista.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento. O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e FAPESP (processo: 2016/06454-1).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sleep Quality Associated with Habitual Physical Activity Level and Autonomic Nervous System of Smokers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0743-3231</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trevisan</surname>
            <given-names>Iara Buriola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1891-3153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Mahara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreira</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7608-9986</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6147-0124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gouveia</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Ercy Mara Cipulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Dionei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran&#225; (UENP), Jacarezinho, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Syracuse University, New York &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Iara Buriola Trevisan</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Ci&#234;ncias - Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305. Postal Code 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: iara_buriola@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Trevisan IB, Vanderlei LCM, Proen&#231;a M, Ramos EMC, Ramos D; Acquisition of data: Trevisan IB, Vanderlei LCM, Barreira TV, Santos CP, Gouveia TS; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Trevisan IB, Vanderlei LCM, Proen&#231;a M, Barreira TV, Santos CP, Gouveia TS, Ramos EMC, Ramos D; Statistical analysis: Trevisan IB, Proen&#231;a M, Barreira TV, Ramos D; Obtaining financing: Trevisan IB, Ramos D.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Few studies have examined the relationship of one&#8217;s habitual physical activity level and autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation on sleep quality in smokers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to identify changes in the sleep quality of smokers and its relation with their habitual physical activity level and ANS modulation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Forty-two smokers were divided into two groups according to the 50th percentile of the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Sleep quality was assessed using the Mini-sleep Questionnaire, and ANS modulation was assessed by indices of heart rate variability (HRV). To examine the possible mean differences, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used, adjusted for age, sex, body composition, pack-years, beta-blockers, anxiety, and depression in log base 10, not including qualitative data, such as sex and beta-blockers. Correlations were made by using the Spearman rank correlation. The statistical significance was set at 5%</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The smokers who were less active showed poor sleep quality (p=0.048) and insomnia (p=0.045). Furthermore, the less active group presented decreased parasympathetic modulation [HF (un; p=0.049); RMSSD (ms; p=0.047) and SD1 (ms; p=0.047)] and an increased LF (un) index (p=0.033) and LF/HF ratio (p=0.040). A positive correlation between the total Mini-sleep score with LF (un) index (r=0.317, p=0.041) and LF/HF ratio (r=0.318, p=0.040) and negative correlation with HF (un) index (r= -0.322, p=0.038).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Smokers with lower levels of habitual physical activity showed poor sleep quality and alterations in autonomic nervous system modulation; (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sleep</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep,Quality</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise. Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use Disorder</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Smoking is considered a major public health problem worldwide, despite being a major cause of preventable death worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The global burden of chronic diseases is increasing and smoking represents an important risk factor for the development of these diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Smoking may also be responsible for neurobehavioral alterations, such as reduced working memory, lapses of attention, depressed mood, and sleep disturbances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the latter respect, several studies conducted with adults reported a negative association between smoking and sleep quality, such as insomnia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> hypersomnia, sleep fragmentation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> daytime sleepiness,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and poor nocturnal sleep quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sleep restriction due to smoking can be caused by several mechanisms, the most prevalent of which is the impact of nicotine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> During sleep, the nicotine levels decrease, triggering withdrawal symptoms, which are dependent on the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the nicotine dependence level, and the rate of nicotine withdrawal. Moreover, carbon monoxide levels and the elimination of nicotine levels in the blood decrease during sleep.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>During sleep, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation presents changes along transitions between wakefulness and sleep. The cardiac parasympathetic modulation increases approximately two hours before sleep onset, reaches the peak at sleep onset, and decreases in the sleep period, while sympathetic modulation does not change at sleep onset but does decrease during the deeper stages of sleep. These changes produce decreased heart rate and increased heart rate variability (HRV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Smokers show changes in ANS characterized by reductions in parasympathetic modulation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> suggesting that in addition to smokers presenting sleep disturbances due to cigarette consumption, the decrease in parasympathetic modulation in these individuals may also affect one&#8217;s sleep quality.</p>
        <p>The literature suggests that a healthy and active lifestyle is able to induce an increase in parasympathetic modulation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> promoting ANS regulation and balance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, a habitual active lifestyle, is one of the benefits to sleep quality due to its effects on ANS regulation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> which can also happen with smokers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Investigating the relationship between sleep quality and ANS modulation according to the habitual physical activity level of smokers can promote valuable information to identify the importance of a more active lifestyle in this population. Moreover, improvement in sleep quality may increase the chances of success rates during smoking cessation. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the sleep quality in smokers and its relationship with the habitual physical activity level and ANS modulation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants and Procedures</title>
          <p>Participants were recruited through announcements in the media. Smokers, 18 to 60 years of age and regardless of sex, were selected. The inclusion criteria were: 1) consume at least 10 cigarettes/day, for at least one year; 2) absence of known pre-existing chronic cardiorespiratory diseases that significantly influence the ANS (e.g arrhythmias, uncontrolled hypertension, chronic cough, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, or FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC &lt;70%); 3) No excessive use of alcohol or other illicit drugs; 4) No use of nicotine replacement products and/or antidepressants as an aid to stop smoking. The exclusion criteria were: 1) incomplete assessments and 2) Outliers (more than 3 standard deviations away from mean, indicating error in collected HRV data).</p>
          <p>A total of 239 smokers expressed interest in participating in the study. Thus, 83 participants were included, but 41 participants were excluded due to incomplete assessments (n = 29) and participants who had a standard deviation greater than 3 in the HRV indices (outliers, n = 12). Therefore, 42 participants were then divided into two groups according to the 50<sup>th</sup>percentile of the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flow chart of the study. HRV: heart rate variability, MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0026-90522-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Participants were previously informed about the research objectives and procedures and, after agreement, signed the consent form. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Sao Paulo State University (CAAE: 54550116.6.0000.5402).</p>
          <p>The assessment was performed on two non-consecutive days; all procedures were performed in the morning under controlled temperature and relative humidity (22.0&#177;2.2&#186;C, 56.6&#177;6.9%), and all participants were instructed not to ingest alcohol, caffeine, anesthetics, or barbiturates, nor to perform moderate or vigorous exercise 24 hours prior to assessment. Measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (exCO), with a cut-off point of 10 ppm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> was performed to prove nicotine abstinence from 24 hours prior to the assessments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> On the first day, the participants took part in an assessment to collect personal data, as well as data regarding smoking status, pulmonary function, and anthropometric and body composition, along with an analysis of anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. On the second day, all participants underwent an assessment of ANS modulation by HRV indices and of the habitual physical activity level performed by the accelerometer. Previously trained professionals accompanied all the assessments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Smoking Status</title>
          <p>All participants answered questions from the Fagerstr&#246;m questionnaire concerning the number of cigarettes consumed per day, time of smoking, and nicotine dependence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The pack/years was calculated by the formula: number of cigarettes consumed per day divided by 20 and multiplied by the time of smoking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulmonary Function</title>
          <p>The pulmonary function was analyzed using a portable spirometer (Spirobank 3.6 Medical International Research, Rome, Italy). The interpretation was made considering the standards of American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> with normal values recorded for the Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Body Composition</title>
          <p>The InBody 720 octopolar apparatus (Copyright&#174;, 1996&#8211;2006, by Biospace Corporation, USA) was used to calculate the body mass index (BMI), percent fat mass (%FM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and fat mass (FM). The InBody 720 uses eight electrodes, two in contact with the palm (E1 and E3) and thumb (E2 and E4) of each hand and two in contact with the front (E5 e E7) and heel (E6 and E8) of each foot.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anxiety and Depression</title>
          <p>Anxiety and depression were assessed by applying the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> This instrument consists of a 14-item scale, seven exclusive for anxiety and seven exclusive for depression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sleep Quality</title>
          <p>The sleep quality was assessed by a Mini-sleep Questionnaire,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> validated for the Brazilian population by Falavigna et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> which consists of 10 self-reported questions with seven possible answers (never = 1, very rarely = 2, rarely = 3, sometimes = 4, often = 5, very often = 6, and always = 7). Insomnia (questions 1, 2, 3, and 7) and hypersomnia (questions 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10) are also assessed in this instrument.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Habitual Physical Activity Level</title>
          <p>Participants were instructed to wear an ActiGraph GT3X+ (AG) accelerometer, (ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL USA) for a 7-d period, including while sleeping, only removing the devices when coming in direct contact with water (i.e. bathing or swimming).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The AG was attached to an elastic waistband and positioned on the right hip. The AG device is a triaxial accelerometer and measures acceleration in 3 planes, generating activity counts for each axis and a vector magnitude representing the combination of all 3 axes. In the current study, the raw data was collected at a frequency of 80 Hz. Data from the AG device was downloaded using the low extension filter from the ActiLife software (version 6.13, ActiGraph LLC), not including the steps/day, which was downloaded using the normal filter. For data analysis, raw accelerometer data was converted into counts and summed over a 60 sec period with the low frequency extension enabled.</p>
          <p>A previously validated algorithm was applied to the AG accelerometer data to separate sleep wear time from awake wear time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Data from sleep wear time was not used in the analysis of the activity patterns described below. Periods of non-wear (identified using the AG accelerometer data) were defined as consecutive blocks of at least 60 min of zero activity counts, including up to 2 consecutive minutes of activity counts less than 100, in line with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A complete day of acclerometer use was defined as at least 10 hours of wake wear time. A minimum of 4 days (including at least 1 weekend day) of wear data was necessary in order for participants to be included in the data analysis.</p>
          <p>After initial inspection and processing, accelerometer data from awake wear time was analyzed to determine how much time participants spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using the cut point by Troiano et al. &gt; 2020 counts/min (equivalent to 3 METs), vigorous intensity (5,999 counts or 6 METs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Each period was classified as sedentary time if vertical axis counts were &lt; 100 counts/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Modulation</title>
          <p>To analyze the indices of ANS modulations, the heart rate was captured beat by beat, using a cardio-frequency (Polar S810i, Finland) equipment, which had been previously validated for the capitation of one&#8217;s heart rate, beat by beat, and its use for calculating HRV indices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All participants were instructed not to consume stimulating substances, such as tea, coffee, soda, chocolate, and alcohol for 24 hours prior to this analysis. While recording the heart rate, participants were instructed to remain silent, awake, at rest, without performing movements and conversations during execution, and with spontaneous breathing for 20 minutes while sitting. The circulation of people was not allowed in the room during the execution of data collection in order to avoid capture errors and reduce the anxiety of volunteers.</p>
          <p>Data obtained by monitoring were transferred to the computer using the software Polar ProTrainer 5 (version 5.41.002) and each five minutes of the chart were analyzed, with at least 256 RR intervals, selected from the most stable part of the chart, after digital filtration, completed via manual filtering to eliminate artifacts and ectopic beats; only series with over 95% of sinus beats were included in the study.</p>
          <p>HRV indices were calculated in the time and frequency domains and the Poincar&#233; plot. In the time domain (TD), the indices of Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD) and Standard Deviation of Normal to Normal intervals (SDNN) were calculated, both expressed in milliseconds (ms). In the frequency domain (FD), this study used the low frequency spectrum component (LF, 0.04 &#8211; 0.15 Hz) and the high frequency (HF, 0.15 &#8211; 0.40 Hz), in absolute values (ms<sup>2</sup>) and in normalized units (un), as well as the LF/HF ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The spectral analysis was calculated using the fast Fourier transform algorithm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The Poincar&#233; plot was used to calculate the following indices: SD1 (standard deviation of the instantaneous beat to beat variability); SD2 (standard deviation of the long-term continuous R-R intervals); and the SD1/SD2 ratio, which shows the ratio between short and long-term variations of the RR intervals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> To analyze the HRV index, the Kubios software (University of Kuopio, Finland) was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Analysis</title>
          <p>Previous research was used to determine the sample size. A correlation of r = 0.43 between sleep quality, physical activity level, and ANS was estimated, with an alpha error of 5% and a sample power of 80%. Hence, a sample of 41 participants was deemed appropriate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The sample was divided into two groups according to the 50<sup>th</sup>percentile (26.65 min) of the MVPA (&lt;p50 or &gt;p50). The Shapiro-Wilk test analyzed data normality. The continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation or as median and interquartile range (IQR), except for categorical variables which were described as frequency (f) and percentage (%). Unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney test were applied in the comparison between the percentiles in the characterization variables of the sample. Comparison of sleep quality, habitual physical activity level, and HRV between percentiles was performed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, sex, BMI, %FM, SMM, pack-years, beta-blockers, anxiety, and depression in log base 10 (log10) to decrease the variability of nonparametric variables, not including qualitative data, such as sex and beta-blockers. The assumptions for comparing two independent samples were tested by examining the normality of the data, homogeneity between the groups, according to the Levene&#8217;s test, and the linear relationship between the covariates and the dependent variables. Correlations between sleep quality, HRV, and habitual physical activity level were calculated using Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation, which was used because, according to the Shapiro-Wilk test, the data proved to be nonparametric. All analyzes were performed using software SPSS (version 22.0) and statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents information about the general characteristics of the studied population. The group of less active smokers (&lt;p50 MVPA) had more women (81%) than men (19%), as compared to the more active group (&gt;p50 MVPA). The % FM was higher in the &lt;p50 MVPA (p=0.017), whereas, the SMM was higher in the &gt;p50 MVPA group (p=0.015).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics of smokers in 50th percentiles of MVPA (&lt;p50 or &gt;p50)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Demographic characteristics</th>
                  <th>&lt;p50 (N=21)</th>
                  <th>&gt;p50 (N=21)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (F/M)</td>
                  <td align="center">17/4</td>
                  <td align="center">8/13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005&#8224;*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.0 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.3 (8.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.644&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body Composition</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (0.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (0.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.138&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weigh (kg), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.1 (12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.6 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.302&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.893&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>%FM, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.4 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 (7.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017&#167;*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SMM (kg), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.3 (22.2&#8211;27.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5 (24.2&#8211;34.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015&#8225;*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FM (kg), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.5 (7.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.0 (8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.323&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking duration (years), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.3 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5 (9.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.724&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cigarettes days, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0 (12.0&#8211;20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0 (10.0&#8211;30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.827&#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pack-years, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.0 (13.5&#8211;31.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.8 (13.3&#8211;35.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.537&#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nicotine dependence, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.594&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HADS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anxiety, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.144&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Depression, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1 (4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Spirometric indices</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FVC (% pred), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">94.1 (12.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">94.4 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.968&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV1 (% pred), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">93.5 (12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">91.1 (19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.629&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEV1/FVC (% pred), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.0 (6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">96.2 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.120&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PFE (% pred), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.0 (72.0&#8211;87.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.5 (58.8-90.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.657&#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEF25-75% (% pred), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">94.7 (31.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">86.3 (26.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.365&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Current medications, f (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469&#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (25)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AT1-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (75)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE inhibitors</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antidepressant</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.147&#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metabolic</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1&#8224;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as mean and std. deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR) and frequency (f) and percentage (%). F/M: Female/Male; BMI: body mass index; SMM: skeletal muscle mass; FM: fat mass; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FEV1/FVC: ratio of FEV1 and FVC; PEF: peak expiratory flow; FEF25-75%: expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC. * p-value for significant statistical difference; &#8224;Chi-square test; &#167; Unpaired t test; &#8225; Mann-Whitney test. Source: author himself</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the variables of sleep quality, habitual physical activity level, and HRV of smokers in the &lt;p50 and &gt;p50 percentiles of MVPA, which was adjusted for confounding factors, such as age, sex, BMI, %FM, SMM, beta-blockers, pack-years, anxiety, and depression. It was observed that less active smokers (&lt;p50), as compared to those with a higher MVPA level (&gt;p50), showed poor sleep quality according to the total scores regarding Mini-sleep, insomnia, lower MVPA, and steps/days. As regards the HRV indices, the less active group (&lt;p50) showed a decreased parasympathetic modulation, expressed by the RMSSD, HF(un), and SD1 indices, and an increased LF(un) and LF/HF ratio when compared to the more active group (&gt;p50).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sleep quality, physical activity level, and autonomic cardiac modulation of smokers in 50th percentiles of MVPA (&lt;p50 or &gt;p50)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Mini-sleep</th>
                  <th>&lt; p50 (N=21)</th>
                  <th>&gt; p50 (N=21)</th>
                  <th>p&#8224;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.0 (28.5&#8211;38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 (22.5&#8211;32.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insomnia, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0 (8.0&#8211;19.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0 (7.0&#8211;14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypersomnia, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0 (16.5&#8211;22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0 (13.0&#8211;22.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.113</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Physical activity level</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MVPA (min), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0 (7.4&#8211;19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.0 (30.4&#8211;48.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary (min), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">450.5 (147.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">466.4 (100.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.939</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Steps/Day. median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">7058.0 (5874.5&#8211;8431.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9753.0 (7977.5&#8211;11354.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HRV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean RR (ms), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">751.8 (71.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">805.3 (96.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.161</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN (ms), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.2 (12.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.2 (14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.982</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean HR (bpm), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.7 (7.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.6 (9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.147</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMSSD (ms), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.6 (10.1&#8211;26.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.8 (14.6&#8211;31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RR triangular index, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.7 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 (3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.970</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TINN (ms), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">142.9 (57.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">138.8 (66.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.648</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">220.0 (91,5&#8211;607.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">264.0 (71.5&#8211;526.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.530</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">101.0 (23,5&#8211;206.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">114.0 (47.5&#8211;269.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.351</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF (nu), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.5 (57.3&#8211;82.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.4 (54.0 &#8211;79.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (nu), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5 (17.5&#8211;42.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.7 (21.0&#8211;45.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.049*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 (1.4&#8211;4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (1.2&#8211;3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SD1 (ms), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 (7.2&#8211;18.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.3 (10.3&#8211;22.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SD2 (ms), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5 (17.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.6 (18.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.670</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SD1/SD2 (ms<sup>2</sup>), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3 (0.3&#8211;0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3 (0.3&#8211;0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.457</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as mean and std. deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR). MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; nu: normalized units; RR: between successive heart beats; SDNN: Standard Deviation of Normal to Normal interval; HR: heart rate; RMSSD: Root Mean Square of Successive Differences; TINN: triangular interpolation of RR intervals; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; SD1: standard deviation of the instantaneous beat to beat variability; SD2: standard deviation of the long-term continuous R-R intervals. * p-value for significant statistical difference; &#8224;ANCOVA adjusted for age, sex, BMI, %FM, SMM, pack-years, Beta-blockers, anxiety, and depression. Source: author himself.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows that there was a moderate negative correlation between MVPA (min) and total Mini-sleep score and insomnia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation analysis between sleep quality and habitual physical activity level. MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; r: Spearman&#8217;s rank; p: statistical significance (0.05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0026-90522-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows that there was a weak to moderate positive correlation between the total Mini-sleep score with Mean HR (l/min), LF (un) index, and LF/HF ratio, as well as a weak to moderate negative correlation with Mean RR (ms) and HF (un) index.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation analysis between sleep quality and HRV. RR: between successive heart beats; HR: heart rate; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; r: Spearman&#8217;s rank; p: statistical significance (0.05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0026-90522-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study aimed to assess smokers sleep quality and its relationship to one&#8217;s habitual physical activity level and ANS modulation. Therefore, our results showed that smokers with a lower level of habitual physical activity had poor sleep quality and insomnia, as well as a decrease in the parasympathetic modulation and an increase in the LF (un) index and LF/HF ratio.</p>
        <p>Smokers are more likely to develop sleep disturbances than nonsmokers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The literature indicates that nicotine is one of the main mechanisms responsible for sleep disturbances in smokers, due to the independent and interactive effects of their neurotransmitters on the central mechanisms that regulate the sleep-wake cycle, increasing sleep latency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> According to McNamara et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> for each cigarette consumed, there is a decrease of 1.2 min in total sleep time, which suggests a possible influence of nicotine as a potential cause of this dose-response relationship. Furthermore, the decrease in nicotine levels during sleep produces symptoms related to the withdrawal syndrome, which increases insomnia in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sleep disturbances in these individuals may also occur due to the presence of pulmonary diseases that may arise due to smoking (e.g, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> and behavioral variables, i.e., when the individual uses cigarettes as stress relief, because of a likelihood of a poor quality of life, and due to the appearance of depression and anxiety symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the strong evidence about smoking on poor sleep quality, some studies have investigated the influence of physical activity on improved sleep quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> According to Chen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> inactive smokers (0-999 kcal/week) have a higher rate of insomnia when compared to active smokers (&#8805;1000 kcal/week), when considering leisure and non-leisure activities. Masood et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> observed that heavy smokers were more likely to have less than five hours of sleep per day and more likely to take on unhealthy behaviors, such as a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and alcohol consumption. In addition to these studies, our results showed that smokers with moderate to vigorous physical activity levels below 26.65 min/day presented poor sleep quality and insomnia. However, there is still a need to investigate the different levels of physical activity in this condition.</p>
        <p>One of the hypotheses to improve sleep quality through the regular practice of physical activity involves physiological adaptations, such as mood improvement, decreasing cortisol secretion, increase in energy consumption, and fatigue that increases the need to sleep for energy restoration, besides changes in body composition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Regarding this last point, our results showed that more physically active smokers with good sleep quality present lower %FM and higher SMM.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the practice of physical activity, especially that performed continuously, is capable of causing changes in HR and HRV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> In trained individuals, increased parasympathetic modulation occurs, which may be related to one&#8217;s improvement in mood, sleep quality, latency time, and use of medications to improve sleep quality in both adults and the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Individuals with insomnia present increased HR during sleep, decreased total sleep time, and decreased HRV indices, which may hinder transitions of the stages of sleep, in turn requiring parasympathetic activity to achieve deeper stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> In smokers, these changes may be more evident, because smoking may lead to a reduction in HRV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Bodin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> evaluated smokers in periods in which they consumed and did not consume cigarettes for 12 hours and observed that after smoking the participants presented a reduction in HRV, with a decrease in HF and RR intervals when compared to non-smoking periods. In heavy smokers, Santos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> observed increased LF(un) and LF/HF indices and a decreased HF(un) index and SD1/SD2 ratio when compared to moderate smokers.</p>
        <p>However, our results demonstrated that the physical activity level in smokers was associated with HRV even though it is a population with changes in HRV due to smoking. More physically active smokers presented increased parasympathetic modulation, expressed by the RMSSD, HF (un), and SD1 indices, as well as a decrease in the LF (un) index and LF/HF ratio when compared to less active smokers. This finding suggests that the practice of physical activity in this population improves sleep conditions; such evidence may, at least partly, be related to changes in the ANS.</p>
        <p>In the analysis of correlation between sleep quality and HRV indices, it was observed that poorer sleep quality was associated with higher levels of heart rate, LF(un) index, and LF/HF ratio, as well as lower levels of parasympathetic modulation, suggesting that poor sleep quality and insomnia may be correlated with a reduction in HRV, especially in less active smokers.</p>
        <p>Limitations of this study include the lack of a control group of non-smokers to better evaluate the influence of smoking on the studied aspects, the non-determination of the phase of menstrual cycles of women in premenopause, and antidepressant medication, which may influence the ANS. Future studies on these issues are warranted. Furthermore, HRV indices are influenced by age, sex, and cardiovascular medication, which may have influenced the results. However, the analyzes were adjusted for potential confounding factors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary this study showed that the sleep quality of smokers was associated with one&#8217;s physical activity level and ANS modulation. Thus, in addition to nicotine, the poorer sleep quality may be associated with a lower level of physical activity and alterations in autonomic nervous system modulation, suggesting that promoting physical activity in smokers may help improve sleep quality and better autonomic control. However, there is a need for new studies that evaluate different levels of physical activity in ANS modulation during sleep as compared to healthy individuals, which may prevent sleep disorders and encourage a healthy lifestyle by encouraging patients to stop smoking.</p>
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      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP; grant 2016/06454-1) and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), which funded the research that gave rise to the scientific article.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Iara Buriola Trevisan, from Universidade Estadual Paulista.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4001">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .This study was funded by CAPES and FAPESP (process: 2016/06454-1).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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