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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bP34ygLgnbM6HqJ5LX8ft5P</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200576</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200576</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9477-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8895-9456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Paula Felippe Martinez &#8226; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de &#8211; Av. Costa e Silva, s/n. CEP 79070-900, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Bairro Universit&#225;rio, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>paula.martinez@ufms.br</email>, <email>paulafmartinez@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>24</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o a Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</funding-source>
          <award-id>310876/2018-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</funding-source>
          <award-id>153424/2018-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</funding-source>
          <award-id>482556/2013-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica com sintomas t&#237;picos causados por anormalidades card&#237;acas estruturais e/ou funcionais. Sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; de at&#233; 1-2% em adultos de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos com alta mortalidade por causas cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A taxa de morbimortalidade tamb&#233;m &#233; elevada em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A principal terminologia usada para classificar a IC se baseia nos valores da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Em 2016, a For&#231;a-Tarefa para o Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda e Cr&#244;nica da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC) introduziu uma nova classe de IC composta por pacientes com FEVE entre 40 e 49%, que foi chamada de IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Uma &#225;rea de indefini&#231;&#227;o entre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) e preservada (ICFEp) foi reconhecida em estudos anteriores. A introdu&#231;&#227;o dessa nova classifica&#231;&#227;o de IC levou a um r&#225;pido aumento no n&#250;mero de estudos sobre ICFEi nos anos seguintes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> com muitos resultados conflitantes em termos de sobrevida e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de ICFEi. Embora a mortalidade e a morbidade na ICFEr tenham sido reduzidas com as melhorias nos tratamentos nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos, os resultados n&#227;o foram semelhantes para a ICFEp e poucos estudos foram especificamente desenhados para avaliar a mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, lemos com grande interesse o estudo de Petersen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> sobre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e a taxa de sobrevida de pacientes com IC, comparando ICFEi com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida e preservada. O estudo de coorte acompanhou 380 pacientes adultos com IC aguda internados no pronto atendimento para cardiologia em um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia no Sul do Brasil. Curiosamente, os pacientes com ICFEi apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas intermedi&#225;rias de idade, press&#227;o arterial e di&#226;metro ventricular entre ICFEp e ICFEr. A maioria dos pacientes com ICFEi tinha hipertens&#227;o arterial e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Embora a curva de Kaplan-Meier n&#227;o tenha mostrado diferen&#231;as na taxa de sobrevida global entre os diferentes grupos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, a mortalidade por causas cardiovasculares foi maior em pacientes com ICFEi do que em pacientes com ICFEp, e menor comparada a pacientes com ICFEr. O estudo teve o potencial de uma amostra de tamanho consider&#225;vel e um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento mais longo, de aproximadamente quatro anos.</p>
    <p>Os resultados desse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com pesquisas observacionais anteriores e registros cl&#237;nicos, que mostraram que os pacientes com ICFEi geralmente apresentam um perfil cl&#237;nico intermedi&#225;rio, entre a FEVE preservada e reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com ICFEi ainda est&#225; em discuss&#227;o, principalmente considerando que a FEVE muda ao longo do tempo, levantando a quest&#227;o sobre o estado transicional de ICFEi entre ICFEp e ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da FEVE usando o <italic>Swedish Heart Failure Registry</italic> mostrou que pacientes com ICFEi mudaram para ICFEp, ICFEr ou permaneceram no mesmo est&#225;gio aproximadamente nas mesmas propor&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos recentes mostraram taxas de eventos reduzidas ou semelhantes em ICFEi em compara&#231;&#227;o com ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os pr&#243;s e contras de uma classifica&#231;&#227;o baseada na FEVE para pacientes com ICFEi foram discutidos recentemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O uso de outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, pode ajudar a definir melhor o fen&#243;tipo e o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com ICFEi. Em um modelo experimental de longo prazo, usando uma combina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros estruturais card&#237;acos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos do VE, foi poss&#237;vel diagnosticar de forma n&#227;o invasiva a IC em ratos ap&#243;s um infarto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Inclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis adicionais, como outros par&#226;metros de imagem e biomarcadores, etiologia da IC, idade e comorbidades para caracterizar pacientes com IC devem melhorar a compreens&#227;o na &#225;rea de indefini&#231;&#227;o da ICFEi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimento</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS/MEC), Brasil; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), processos 310876/2018-4, 153424/2018-4 e 482556/2013-7; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Sobrevida de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria em um Pa&#237;s em Desenvolvimento &#8211; Estudo de Coorte no Sul do Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Failure Mid-Range Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9477-3386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Felippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8895-9456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Paula Felippe Martinez</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de &#8211; Av. Costa e Silva, s/n. Postal Code 79070-900, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Bairro Universit&#225;rio, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: paula.martinez@ufms.br, paulafmartinez@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognostic</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication, Adherence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with typical symptoms caused by structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities. It has a prevalence of up to 1-2% in adults from developed countries with high mortality due to cardiovascular causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Elevated morbidity and mortality can also be seen in developing countries such as Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The main terminology used to classify HF is based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values. In 2016, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure introduced a new HF class consisting of patients with an LVEF between 40 and 49%, which was called HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A grey area between heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) and preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction had been recognized in previous studies. The introduction of this new HF classification led to a rapid increase in the number of studies on HFmrEF over the next few years,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> with many conflicting results in terms of survival and the clinical characteristics of HFmrEF being reported in literature. Although mortality and morbidity in HFrEF has been reduced by improving treatment in the last thirty years, similar results were not seen in HFpEF and few studies were specifically designed to evaluate mortality in patients with HFmrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the current edition of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, we read with great interest the study by Petersen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> about the clinical characteristics and survival rate of HF patients, comparing HFmrEF with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. The cohort study followed up 380 adult patients with acute HF admitted via the emergency department to cardiology in a reference tertiary hospital in South Brazil. Interestingly, patients with HFmrEF showed intermediate age, blood pressure, and ventricular diameter characteristics between those of HFpEF and HFrEF. Most patients with HFmrEF had arterial hypertension and myocardial ischemia. Although a Kaplan-Meier curve showed no differences in overall survival rate between the different ejection fraction groups, mortality due to a cardiovascular cause was higher in patients with HFmrEF than those with HFpEF, and lower than those with HFrEF. The study had the strength of a considerable sample size and a long median follow up time of approximately four years.</p>
      <p>The results of their study are in accordance with previous observational research and clinical records, which have shown that patients with HFmrEF usually present an intermediate clinical profile between preserved and reduced LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, the prognosis of HFmrEF patients is still a matter of discussion, particularly considering that LVEF changes over time, raising the question about the transitional status of HFmrEF between HFpEF and HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A longitudinal evaluation of LVEF using the Swedish Heart Failure Registry showed that HFmrEF patients moved to HFpEF, HFrEF, or remained as HFmrEF in approximately the same proportions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, recent studies have shown both reduced or similar event rates in HFmrEF compared to HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The pros and cons of an LVEF-based classification for patients with HFmrEF have recently been discussed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The use of other echocardiographic parameters including a detailed evaluation of systolic and diastolic function could help to better define the phenotype and prognosis of patients with HFmrEF. In a long-term experimental model, by using a combination of cardiac structural and echocardiographic LV systolic and diastolic functional parameters, it was possible to non-invasively diagnose HF in post-infarction rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The inclusion of additional variables such as other imaging parameters and biomarkers, HF etiology, age, and co-morbidities to characterize HF patients should improve understanding in the gray area of HFmrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul &#8211; UFMS/MEC &#8211; Brasil; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), process number 310876/2018-4, 153424/2018-4, and 482556/2013-7; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Survival of Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Mid-range Ejection Fraction in a Developing Country &#8211; A Cohort Study in South Brazil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
