<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bmSMzNXvyqn5VZDZBKdvhzS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190427</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190427</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sobrevida de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria em um Pa&#237;s em Desenvolvimento &#8211; Estudo de Coorte no Sul do Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3958-8521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petersen</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Celia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Danzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bartholomay</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0151-3460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Donay</surname>
            <given-names>Brenda Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magedanz</surname>
            <given-names>Ellen Hettwer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Vier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porciuncula</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3314-9712</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Imagem Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Imagem Cardiovascular, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Prevencor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital M&#227;e de Deus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Prevencor - Hospital M&#227;e de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucas Celia Petersen &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas PUC-RS &#8211; Av. Ipiranga, 6690. CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lucaspetersen@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Petersen LC, Danzmann LC, Bodanese LC, Miglioranza MH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Petersen LC, Donay BG, Magedanz EH, Azevedo AV, Porciuncula G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Petersen LC, Oliveira EB, Bodanese LC, Miglioranza MH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Petersen LC, Miglioranza MH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Petersen LC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Petersen LC, Danzmann LC, Miglioranza MH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>14</fpage>
      <lpage>23</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na faixa m&#233;dia ou intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEI) (em ingl&#234;s, &#8220;<italic>mid-range ejection fraction</italic>) foi recentemente descrita em diretrizes europeia e brasileira recentes sobre o manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &#233; um par&#226;metro importante para direcionar terapia e progn&#243;stico. Estudos t&#234;m mostrado resultados conflitantes sem dados representativos de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar e comparar a taxa de sobrevida em pacientes com ICFEI com pacientes com IC e FE reduzida (ICFEr), e pacientes com IC e FE preservada, e avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo coorte que incluiu pacientes com IC aguda admitidos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia de um hospital terci&#225;rio, refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, localizado no sul do Brasil, entre 2009 e 2011. A amostra foi dividida em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a FE: reduzida, intermedi&#225;ria e preservada. Curva de Kaplan-Meier foi analisada de acordo com a FE, e uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 380 pacientes foram analisados. A maioria dos pacientes apresentaram ICFEp (515), seguido de ICFEr (32%) e ICFEI (17%). Os pacientes com ICFEI apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas intermedi&#225;rias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, press&#227;o arterial, e di&#226;metros ventriculares, e a maioria era de etiologia isqu&#234;mica. O per&#237;odo mediano de acompanhamento foi de 4 anos. N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a na sobrevida geral ou na mortalidade cardiovascular (p=0,03) entre os grupos de FE (FE reduzida: mortalidade de 40,5%; FE intermedi&#225;ria: 39,7%, e FE preservada 26%). A mortalidade hospitalar foi 7,6%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de sobrevida entre os grupos de FE diferentes. Os pacientes com ICFEI apresentaram maior mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com ICFEp. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):14-23)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="14"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa, considerada uma das principais causas de admiss&#227;o hospitalar e morbimortalidade no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos observacionais descrevem taxas de mortalidade por IC de 4 a 12% durante interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e de 20% a 30% um ano ap&#243;s a alta. As taxas de readmiss&#227;o tamb&#233;m s&#227;o elevadas, variando de 20% a 30% em 90 dias, e atingindo 60% em um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Avan&#231;os na terapia cardiovascular t&#234;m sido associados a uma maior expectativa de vida e aumento na preval&#234;ncia de IC na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, criando a necessidade de um melhor conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia, o diagn&#243;stico, e o tratamento dessa importante doen&#231;a de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento.</p>
      <p>Apesar de a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) n&#227;o ser ideal para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, esse par&#226;metro tem sido historicamente utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para o direcionamento de terapias e estabelecimento de progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A fim de fomentar a pesquisa e melhor categorizar pacientes com IC, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (<italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>) criou uma nova categoria de FE em sua recente diretriz sobre IC &#8211; a IC com FE na faixa m&#233;dia ou intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEI) (em ingl&#234;s, &#8220;<italic>mid-range ejection fraction</italic>&#8221;)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#8211; que engloba pacientes com FE entre 40 e 49%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa nova classifica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi adotada pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia pela diretriz de IC publicada em 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Desde ent&#227;o, muitos artigos descrevem os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFEI, com resultados conflitantes. Enquanto alguns estudos com pacientes com IC aguda e cr&#244;nica apresentaram sobrevida similar entre as tr&#234;s categorias de FE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> outros apresentaram melhor sobrevida de ICFEI e IC com FE preservada (ICFEp) em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com IC com FE reduzida (ICFEr).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dados sobre pacientes com ICFEI no Brasil e em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento s&#227;o escassos na literatura. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a sobrevida e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com ICFEI em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes admitidos com IC aguda e FE reduzida ou preservada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo coorte prospectivo, derivado de um registro cl&#237;nico de 424 pacientes consecutivos admitidos com IC aguda no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas / Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2011 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: 1) idade maior que 18 anos; 2) diagn&#243;stico de IC aguda definido pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham e posteriormente confirmado por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Os pacientes que n&#227;o realizaram ecocardiografia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos. O protocolo de registro cl&#237;nico foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (cidade de Porto Alegre) e um banco de dados de IC aguda foi constru&#237;do. Os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra do estudo; PAC: press&#227;o arterial central; DM: diabetes mellitus; PH: pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o; HT: hipertens&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0014-90427-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com base na meta-an&#225;lise <italic>Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure</italic> (MAGGIC) publicada em 2012. Para detectar uma diferen&#231;a na mortalidade, seriam necess&#225;rios entre 330 e 364 pacientes, com um poder de 80% e erro alfa de 5% (Roasoft e WinPepi Sample Size Calculator Software).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Coleta de Dados</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e o tratamento dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram conduzidos pelo m&#233;dico da emerg&#234;ncia e a equipe de cardiologia de plant&#227;o, seguindo-se o protocolo de rotina da institui&#231;&#227;o, sem interfer&#234;ncia dos pesquisadores. A coleta de dados foi realizada utilizando-se um formul&#225;rio estruturado e revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos.</p>
        <p>Os primeiros sinais e sintomas dos pacientes foram registrados na chegada ao departamento de emerg&#234;ncia, antes da admiss&#227;o, por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, hemodin&#226;mica, dos sinais vitais e da classe funcional segundo a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. Al&#233;m do tratamento prescrito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, os medicamentos usados em casa e prescritos na alta foram avaliados.</p>
        <p>Causas da IC descompensada foram analisadas &#8211; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (se algum tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar); hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada (no caso de hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio &#8805;II na chegada ao hospital); arritmia (ritmo n&#227;o sinusal, exceto na presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente com taxa ventricular controlada); baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso; infec&#231;&#227;o (diagn&#243;stico durante a interna&#231;&#227;o).</p>
        <p>A etiologia isqu&#234;mica da IC foi considerada na presen&#231;a de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via ou recente; teste funcional com isquemia maior que 10%; exame anat&#244;mico mostrando estenose maior que 50% na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ou 70% na art&#233;ria descente anterior esquerda ou em outros dois vasos coron&#225;rios. Tamb&#233;m foram registrados comorbidades relatadas pelo paciente ou diagnosticadas durante interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Como parte do protocolo institucional, cada paciente foi submetido a um eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, radiografia de t&#243;rax, exames laboratoriais (hemograma, eletr&#243;litos, fun&#231;&#227;o renal, perfil lip&#237;dico, glicemia, urina), e um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com medida de FE usando o m&#233;todo de Simpson.</p>
        <p>A amostra foi dividida em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a medida de FE no ecocardiograma: reduzido (&lt;40%), intermedi&#225;rio (40-49%), e preservada (&#8805; 50%). O diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp foi feito de acordo com diretrizes existentes, baseado principalmente no di&#226;metro atrial, na massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento e Desfechos</title>
        <p>Os dados de desfechos foram obtidos por revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio e pelo Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade do Centro de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Sa&#250;de do Rio Grande do Sul para identificar mortalidade e causa de morte at&#233; dezembro de 2017.</p>
        <p>Causa direta de morte foi estabelecida segundo Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (10&#170; edi&#231;&#227;o).</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio avaliado foi mortalidade geral, e o desfecho secund&#225;rio foi mortalidade por causas cardiovasculares (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, IC, acidente vascular cerebral e arritmia).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov) foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, conforme apropriado. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. As curvas de sobrevida foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, utilizando-se o teste de log-rank para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as categorias de FE. Regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas univariada e bivariada foram avaliadas para determinar as principais vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; mortalidade. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p&lt;0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics, vers&#227;o 21.0.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De 424 pacientes internados com IC aguda, 380 pacientes foram estudados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A maioria dos pacientes apresentavam ICFEp (51,6%), seguido de ICFEr (31,8%) e ICFEI (16,6%). A idade m&#233;dia foi 68 &#177; 13 anos, e a maioria era do sexo feminino (53%). O tempo mediano de acompanhamento foi de 4,0 anos (intervalo interquartil: 0,92 &#8211; 7,62 anos).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo com ICFEp era predominantemente composta por mulheres de idade avan&#231;ada, com press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea mais alta e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mais baixos. O grupo com ICEFr foi composto majoritariamente por homens jovens, com press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea mais baixa e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mais altos. Pacientes com ICEFI apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas intermedi&#225;rias entre os pacientes com ICEFp e ICEFr com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, sexo, press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos e comorbidades dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca categorizados segundo fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 40-49%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>31.8% (N=121)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16.6% (N=63)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>51.6% (N=196)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade m&#233;dia (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,1 &#177;13,8</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0 &#177;12,6<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">66,6 &#177;15,3<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">71,3 &#177;13,4<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">52,9% (201)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,5%(43)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">52,4%(33)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">63,8%(125)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dia (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1 &#177;6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6 &#177;6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">29,2 &#177;6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6 &#177;6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0% (152)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,3% (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,4% (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,1% (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">93,2% (354)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,1% (109)</td>
                  <td align="center">92,1% (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,4% (187)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,176</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">74,8% (243)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,2% (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,9% (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,2% (123)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,796</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">46,2% (156)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1% (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,9% (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,8% (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,135</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">45,9% (169)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,9% (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,8% (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,5% (87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,668</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valvulopatia</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1% (99)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1% (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,2% (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,0% (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,230</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">32,2% (111)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1%(45)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,1% (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,8% (54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispositivo card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">20,7% (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3% (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6% (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5% (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0% (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8% (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1% (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1% (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio do ramo esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">16,3% (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1% (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9% (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3% (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente Vascular cerebral</td>
                  <td align="center">17,5% (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2% (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3% (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,8% (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,390</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotiroidismo</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0% (49)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,7% (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,9% (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,4% (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso excessivo de &#225;lcool</td>
                  <td align="center">19,4% (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,4% (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5% (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1% (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7% (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9% (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9% (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6% (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#226;ncer</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0% (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4% (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4% (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5% (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,070</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: teste de qui-quadrado com res&#237;duo ajustado e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com teste de Bonferroni (letras &#8220;a&#8221; e &#8220;b&#8221;).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de imagem na admiss&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 40-49%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>31,8% (N=121)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16,6% (N=63)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>51,6% (N=196)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (&#177;35)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (&#177;26)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">139 (&#177;33)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">147 (&#177;39)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (&#177;23)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (&#177;22)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">89 (&#177;20)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">88 (&#177;22)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (mg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 (&#177;2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6 (&#177;2,5)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11,9 (&#177;2,3)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11,6 (&#177;2,6)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (&#177;1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 (&#177;1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 (&#177;0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (&#177;1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,615</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (&#177;46)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (&#177;48)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (&#177;40)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (&#177;50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#243;dio (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (&#177;17)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (&#177;4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (&#177;3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (&#177;2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,324</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (&#177;0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 (&#177;0,8)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 (&#177;0,6)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 (&#177;0,7)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 (&#177;1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0 (&#177;1,6)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4,0(&#177;1,5)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 (&#177;0,8)<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 (&#177;2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 (&#177;1,8)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 (&#177;1,9)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 (&#177;0,9)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 (&#177;1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (&#177;1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 (&#177;1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (&#177;0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,182</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste ANOVA com teste de Bonferroni (letras &#8220;a&#8221;, &#8220;b&#8221;, e &#8220;c&#8221;).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com ICFEI, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de pot&#225;ssio foram maiores na admiss&#227;o, e a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi a principal etiologia da IC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Os pacientes com ICEFI apresentaram uma menor preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool. Os pacientes com ICFEr apresentaram maior uso de inibidor de enzima conversora de angiotensina, antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a, e dispositivos aparelhos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>). A maioria dos pacientes apresentaram um perfil hemodin&#226;mico &#8220;&#250;mido e quente&#8221; na admiss&#227;o, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos segundo FE.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medicamentos usados pelos pacientes em casa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Medicamentos</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 40-49%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>31,8% (N=121)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16,6% (N=63)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>51,6% (N=196)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">60,1% (218)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,0% (77)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,7% (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,9% (103)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidor de enzima conversora de angiotensina</td>
                  <td align="center">51,5% (187)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5% (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,6% (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,2% (92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">49,0% (179)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0% (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,6% (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,5% (95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,641</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">40,7% (149)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0% (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,6% (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,3% (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,367</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">43,3 (156)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0% (49)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0% (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,6% (79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,533</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">25,6% (93)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0% (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6% (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,3% (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipoglicemiante oral</td>
                  <td align="center">20,9% (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1% (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,5% (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,0% (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,568</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina</td>
                  <td align="center">19,3% (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,9% (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6% (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8% (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,370</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antagonistas de mineralocorticoides</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5% (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0% (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,8% (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0% (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">16,9% (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8% (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8% (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,1% (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6% (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0% (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0% (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2% (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,954</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulante oral</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0% (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7% (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5% (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1% (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,660</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2% (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2% (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,5% (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7% (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: teste de qui-quadrado com res&#237;duo ajustado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A baixa ades&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa foi a principal causa de IC descompensada, seguida por infec&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ICEFr e ICEFp, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Causas da descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Causas</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 40-49%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>31.8% (N=121)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16.6% (N=63)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>51.6% (N=196)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medicamentos</td>
                  <td align="center">30,5% (116)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1% (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0% (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,5% (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">27,1% (103)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0% (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0% (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,7% (68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmia</td>
                  <td align="center">18,7% (71)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,7% (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0% (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,4% (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,721</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5% (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1% (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9% (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,3% (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6% (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3% (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7% (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6% (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,174</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrecarga de sal</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4% (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4% (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9% (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1% (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,978</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecida</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2% (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2% (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,8% (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,3% (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,407</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: teste do qui-quadrado com res&#237;duo ajustado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 7,6%. A mortalidade geral nos oito anos de acompanhamento foi de 60,7%, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre as categorias de FE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida geral. ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEI: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0014-90427-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A mortalidade por grupo de FE, ao longo do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mortalidade durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Mortalidade geral</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 40-49%</th>
                  <th>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>31.8% (N=121)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16.6% (N=63)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>51.6% (N=196)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6% (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6% (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8% (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2% (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,453</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">10,8% (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7% (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9% (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,7% (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,699</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7% (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2% (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3% (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8% (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,814</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6% (101)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5% (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0% (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0% (49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,742</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">55,0% (209)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3% (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,4% (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,6% (103)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,439</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">60,7% (231)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,3% (79)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5% (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1% (112)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,398</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: teste ANOVA.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A taxa de sobrevida m&#233;dia foi de 4,7 anos (IC 95%: 3,7 &#8211; 5,6), com tend&#234;ncia de aumento gradual com o aumento da FE (FE reduzida: 4,3 anos; FE intermedi&#225;ria: 4,7 anos; e FE preservada 4,9 anos). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi respons&#225;vel por quase metade das mortes (54,1%). Houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos de FE quando as mortes cardiovasculares foram analisadas separadamente (p=0,031): FE reduzida 40,5%; FE intermedi&#225;ria 39,7%; e FE preservada 26% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEI: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0014-90427-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Univariada</title>
        <p>Quando a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foi analisada com vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e n&#237;veis de ureia maior que 92 mg/dL foram identificados como fatores de risco. Quando analisada como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, valores mais altos da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica foram identificados como um fator protetor. Os dados coletados na chegada a emerg&#234;ncia s&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade geral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Odds Ratio</th>
                  <th>Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEr</td>
                  <td align="center">0,245</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 - 2,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58 - 2,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEp</td>
                  <td align="center">_</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">_</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,775</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 - 1,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico &gt; 5,6 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">0,421</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 - 2,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 115 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,494</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 - 2,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 - 0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina &gt; 2,75 mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">0,741</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51 - 2,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ureia &gt; 92 mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 - 3,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                  <td align="center">1,98</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 - 3,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio do ramo esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54 - 1,97</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEI: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Multivariada</title>
        <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada revelou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas ou taxa de mortalidade, entre os grupos de categorias diferentes de FE e etiologias de IC. Quando a morte cardiovascular foi analisada, ICFEr, ICFEI, e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram identificados como fatores de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada e mortalidade cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Odds Ratio</th>
                  <th>Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEr</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 - 3,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                  <td align="center">2,04</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 - 4,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEp</td>
                  <td align="center">_</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">_</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrillation atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31 - 4,08</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEI: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Existe um debate sobre qual o melhor m&#233;todo para avaliar o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC, al&#233;m da FE, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a etiologia isqu&#234;mica, o remodelamento ventricular, comorbidades, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que a FE &#233; uma medida din&#226;mica, com uma varia&#231;&#227;o intraobservador e interobservador de 7%, sendo poss&#237;vel reclassificar 80% dos pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em sua &#250;ltima diretriz sobre IC de 2016, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomenda identificar aqueles pacientes com ICFEI. Nas diretrizes de 2013 para o manejo da IC da <italic>American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology</italic>, e <italic>Heart failure Society of America</italic>, utilizam-se o termo &#8220;borderline&#8221; para pacientes com caracter&#237;stics cl&#237;nicas similares &#224; ICFEp e &#8220;melhores&#8221; (improved) para pacientes isqu&#234;micos com melhora na FE ap&#243;s evento agudo, mas ambos os termos como uma subclassifica&#231;&#227;o da ICFEp. A atualiza&#231;&#227;o de 2017 n&#227;o menciona uma nova classifica&#231;&#227;o para a FE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, em sua diretriz mais recente sobre IC (2018), tamb&#233;m adotou o termo ICFEI de uma maneira din&#226;mica, com uma preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 10-20%, o que est&#225; de acordo com os nossos achados no presente estudo (preval&#234;ncia de 17%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, os pacientes com ICFEI apresentam preval&#234;ncia intermedi&#225;ria de comorbidades em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com ICFEr e ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A etiologia isqu&#234;mica parece ter preval&#234;ncia similar em pacientes com ICFEI e paciente com ICFEr, em concord&#226;ncia com o presente estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No entanto, outros estudos relataram preval&#234;ncia semelhante de comorbidades entre pacientes com ICFEI e ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O I Registro Brasileiro de IC Aguda (BREATHE), publicado em 2015, apresentou uma mortalidade hospitalar de 13%, ao passo que registros norte-americanos e europeus relatam uma taxa de mortalidade hospitalar de 4%. Esse dado indica diferen&#231;as importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade hospitalar entre pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. No presente estudo, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 8%. Tal fato pode ser explicado pelo local do estudo, um hospital terci&#225;rio, refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, equipado com uma unidade coronariana. Assim como no estudo BREATHE, a baixa ades&#227;o medicamentosa e infec&#231;&#227;o foram as principais causas de IC descompensada. Enquanto a primeira foi mais expressiva na popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFEr, a segunda mais comum na ICFEp. Pacientes com ICFEI apresentaram uma maior tend&#234;ncia a descompensar por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, o que pode explicar por que essa popula&#231;&#227;o apresentou maior etiologia isqu&#234;mica. Estudos recentes com pacientes com ICFEI aguda n&#227;o investigaram a causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; um entendimento cl&#225;ssico de que quanto maior a FE, maior a taxa de sobrevida, o que sugere um papel progn&#243;stico importante da FE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estudos recentes que analisaram a mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEI mostraram resultados conflitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Enquanto em alguns desses estudos n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade geral entre os grupos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> em outros, foram detectadas diferen&#231;as nas taxas de mortalidade entre ICFEr e ICFEp<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ou similar com pacientes com ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No presente estudo, n&#227;o foi detectada diferen&#231;a na mortalidade geral entre as tr&#234;s categorias de FE. Contudo, quando foram analisadas mortes cardiovasculares, os pacientes com ICFEI apresentaram pior progn&#243;stico, similar aos pacientes com ICFEr. Isso pode ser explicado pelo fato que a maioria dos pacientes com ICEFI apresentavam isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, um fator de pior progn&#243;stico. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o conseguimos comprovar rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre mortalidade e etiologia isqu&#234;mica por meio da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Outra poss&#237;vel interfer&#234;ncia &#233; o impacto de comorbidades sobre mortes n&#227;o cardiovasculares em pacientes com ICFEp.</p>
      <p>Foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para identificar o valor progn&#243;stico de algumas caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com IC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade geral. N&#237;veis elevados de ureia foram identificados como um fator de risco, e elevada press&#227;o arterial identificada como um fator protetor. Esse dado est&#225; de acordo com o escore ADHERE (<italic>Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry</italic>) em pacientes admitidos com IC aguda, que demonstrou pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com press&#227;o sist&#243;lica inferior a 115 mmHg, n&#237;veis de creatinina maior que 2,75 mg/dL e de ureia maior que 92 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tamb&#233;m foi um fator de risco nas an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada, o que est&#225; de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Na an&#225;lise multivariada de dados de mortalidade cardiovascular, pacientes com ICFEr e ICFEI apresentaram risco de morte duas vezes maior que pacientes com ICFEp, em conformidade com estudos recentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>mas discordantes com estudos que n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre categorias de FE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O plano de a&#231;&#227;o global para a preven&#231;&#227;o e controle de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (2013-2020) da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de foi criado com a inten&#231;&#227;o de diminuir o impacto dessas doen&#231;as principalmente reduzindo-se os fatores de risco. Ao se comparar dados sobre doen&#231;a cardiovascular e mortalidade, incluindo pacientes com IC, encontraram-se diferen&#231;as ao se comparar pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No Brasil, a IC &#233; principalmente causada por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas, hipertensivas e valvares, e ainda representa uma importante manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a de Chagas e doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas. Os recursos e a abordagem necess&#225;rios aos pacientes com IC muitas vezes n&#227;o s&#227;o providos pelo sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de local, causando um impacto negativo na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade, como mostrado neste estudo, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Estudos observacionais e registros t&#234;m se tornado extremamente importantes para ajudar a orientar estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de acordo com demandas e recursos locais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Em um estudo recente sobre ICEFI, os autores descreveram achados variados em rela&#231;&#227;o a caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e fenot&#237;picas, e desfechos e tratamentos em pacientes com ICFEI, justificando a complexa an&#225;lise dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Esperamos que nosso estudo possa contribuir para o melhor entendimento dessa quest&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A pequena amostra de 380 pacientes pode explicar o fato de o modelo regress&#227;o log&#237;stica n&#227;o ter sido capaz de mostrar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o a caracter&#237;sticas importantes dos pacientes com IC. O estudo foi conduzido em um &#250;nico centro de aten&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria, refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, o que pode limitar a valida&#231;&#227;o externa do estudo. Uma vez que a mortalidade foi verificada pelo Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade, podem ter ocorrido perdas de seguimento. Devido a dificuldades log&#237;sticas, nenhum dos pacientes foi contatado ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar para se verificar reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, a qual &#233; um importante desfecho.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na sobrevida geral entre os pacientes com ICFEr, ICFEI, e ICFEp. Pacientes com ICFEI e pacientes com ICFEr apresentaram maior mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com ICFEp. A mortalidade hospitalar foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o a de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Pacientes com ICFEI apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas intermedi&#225;rias &#224;s observadas entre as categorias de FE, e isquemia como principal causa da IC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. Jul 2016;37(27):2129-200</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>27</issue>
          <fpage>2129</fpage>
          <lpage>2200</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Oct 15;62(16):e147-239.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jessup</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drazner</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <day>15</day>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>e147</fpage>
          <lpage>e239</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Rohde LE, Montera MW, Bocchi EA, Clausell NO, Albuquerque DC, Rassi S, et al. Brazilian Guideline for Chronic and Acute Heart Failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018 Sep;111(3):436-539.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clausell</surname>
              <given-names>NO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Guideline for Chronic and Acute Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>436</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Albuquerque DC, Neto JDS, Bacal F, Rohde LE, Pereira SB, Berwanger O, et al. I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure - Clinical Aspects, Care Quality and Hospitalization Outcomes. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015 Jun;104(6):433-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JDS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berwanger</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure - Clinical Aspects, Care Quality and Hospitalization Outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <month>06</month>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>433</fpage>
          <lpage>442</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Adams KF Jr, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, LeJemtel TH, Costanzo MR, Abraham WT, et al. ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated. Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J. 2005 Feb;149(2):209-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emerman</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LeJemtel</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costanzo</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated. Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <month>02</month>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>209</fpage>
          <lpage>216</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Maggioni AP, Dahlstr&#246;m U, Filippatos G, Chioncel O, Crespo Leiro M, Drozdz J, et al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (HFA), EURObservational Research Programme: regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot). Eur J Heart Fail . 2013 Jul;15(7):808-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahlstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chioncel</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crespo Leiro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drozdz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (HFA), EURObservational Research Programme: regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <month>07</month>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>808</fpage>
          <lpage>817</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Lam CSP, Solomon SD. The middle child in heart failure: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (40-50%), Editorial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014 Oct;16(10):1049-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CSP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The middle child in heart failure: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (40-50%), Editorial</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1049</fpage>
          <lpage>1055</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Meta-analysis Global Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2012 Jul;33(14):1750-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Meta-analysis Global Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <month>07</month>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1750</fpage>
          <lpage>1757</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Lunch LH. Heart Failure with &#8220;Mid-Range&#8221; Ejection Fraction &#8211; New Opportunities. J Cardiac Fail. 2016 Oct;22(10):769-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lunch</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure with &#8220;Mid-Range&#8221; Ejection Fraction &#8211; New Opportunities</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiac Fail</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>769</fpage>
          <lpage>771</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Toma M, Ezekowitz JA, Bakal JA, O&#8217;Connor CM, Hernandez AF, Sardar MR, et al. The relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction and mortality in patients with acute heart failure: insights from the ASCEND-HF Trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014 Mar;16(3):334-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toma</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakal</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Connor</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hernandez</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sardar</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction and mortality in patients with acute heart failure: insights from the ASCEND-HF Trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <month>03</month>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>334</fpage>
          <lpage>341</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Gomez-Otero I, Ferrero-Gregori A, Roman AV, Amigo JS, Pascual-Figal DA, Jim&#233;nez JD, et al. Mid-range Ejection Fraction Does Not Permit Risk Stratification Among Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2017 May;70(5):338-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez-Otero</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrero-Gregori</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roman</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amigo</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascual-Figal</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jim&#233;nez</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mid-range Ejection Fraction Does Not Permit Risk Stratification Among Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>338</fpage>
          <lpage>346</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Rickenbacher P, Kaufmann BA, Maeder MT, Bernheim A, Goetschalckx K, Pfister O, et al. Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction: a distinct clinical entity? Insights from the Trial of Intensified versus standard Medical therapy in Elderly patients with Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Dec;19(12):1586-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rickenbacher</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaufmann</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maeder</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernheim</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goetschalckx</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfister</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction: a distinct clinical entity? Insights from the Trial of Intensified versus standard Medical therapy in Elderly patients with Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>12</month>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1586</fpage>
          <lpage>1596</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Chioncel O, Lainscak M, Seferovic PM, Anker SD, Crespo-Leiro MG, Harjola VP, et al. Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Dec;19(12):1574-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chioncel</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lainscak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seferovic</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crespo-Leiro</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harjola</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>12</month>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1574</fpage>
          <lpage>1585</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Takei M, Kohsaka S, Shiraishi Y, Kohno T, Fukuda K, Yoshikawa T, et al. Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction in Patients Admitted for Acute Decompensation: A Report from the Japanese Multicenter Registry. J Card Fail. 2019 Aug;25(8):666-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takei</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohsaka</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiraishi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohno</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fukuda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshikawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction in Patients Admitted for Acute Decompensation: A Report from the Japanese Multicenter Registry</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <month>08</month>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>666</fpage>
          <lpage>673</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Lam CS, Gamble GD, Ling LH, Sim D, Leong KT, Yeo PS, et al. Mortality associated with heart failure with preserved vs, reduced ejection fraction in a prospective international multi-ethnic cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2018 May 21;39(20):1770-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gamble</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leong</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality associated with heart failure with preserved vs, reduced ejection fraction in a prospective international multi-ethnic cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <day>21</day>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1770</fpage>
          <lpage>1780</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Farmakis D, Simitsis P, Vasiliki Bistola V, Triposkiadis F, Ikonomidis I, Katsanos S, et al. Acute heart failure with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction: clinical profile, in-hospital management, and short-term outcome. Clin Res Cardiol. 2017 May;106(5):359-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farmakis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simitsis</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasiliki Bistola</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Triposkiadis</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikonomidis</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katsanos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute heart failure with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction: clinical profile, in-hospital management, and short-term outcome</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>359</fpage>
          <lpage>368</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Villacorta H, Mesquita ET. Prognostic Factors in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1999;72(3):343-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villacorta</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Factors in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>343</fpage>
          <lpage>362</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Get With The Guidelines - American Heart Association. [Cited in 2018 Jan 10], Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www,heart,org/HEARTORG/Professional/GetWithTheGuidelines/Get-With-The-Guidelines---HFStroke_UCM_ 001099_ SubHomePage,jsp">http://www,heart,org/HEARTORG/Professional/ GetWithTheGuidelines/Get-With-The-Guidelines---HFStroke_UCM_ 001099_ SubHomePage,jsp</ext-link>,</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Get With The Guidelines - American Heart Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">Cited in 2018 Jan 10</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www,heart,org/HEARTORG/Professional/GetWithTheGuidelines/Get-With-The-Guidelines---HFStroke_UCM_ 001099_ SubHomePage,jsp">http://www,heart,org/HEARTORG/Professional/ GetWithTheGuidelines/Get-With-The-Guidelines---HFStroke_UCM_ 001099_ SubHomePage,jsp</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Felker GM, Shaw LK, O&#8217;Connor CM. A Standardized Definition of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy for Use in Clinical Research. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Jan 16;39(2):210-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Felker</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Connor</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Standardized Definition of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy for Use in Clinical Research</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <month>01</month>
          <day>16</day>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>210</fpage>
          <lpage>218</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Rastogi A, Novak E, Platts AE, Mann DL. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes for heart failure patients with a mid-range ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail . 2017 Dec;19(12):1597-605.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rastogi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Novak</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Platts</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes for heart failure patients with a mid-range ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>12</month>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1597</fpage>
          <lpage>1605</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Tsuji K, Sakata Y, Nochioka K, Miura M, Yamauchi T, Onose T, et al. Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction-a report from the CHART-2 Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Oct;19(10):1258-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuji</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakata</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nochioka</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamauchi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onose</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction-a report from the CHART-2 Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1258</fpage>
          <lpage>1269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017 Aug 8;136(6):e137-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jessup</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>08</month>
          <day>8</day>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>e137</fpage>
          <lpage>e161</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Lopatin Y. Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction and How to Treat It. Card Fail Rev. 2018 May;4(1):9-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopatin</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction and How to Treat It</article-title>
          <source>Card Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Nauta JF, Hummel YM, vanMelle JP, van der Meer P, Lam CS, Ponikowski P, et al. What have we learned about heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction one year after its introduction? Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Dec;19(12):1569-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nauta</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hummel</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>vanMelle</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Meer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What have we learned about heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction one year after its introduction?</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>12</month>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1569</fpage>
          <lpage>1573</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Gianluigi S, Vedin O, D&#8217;Amario D, Uijl A, Dahlstr&#246;m U, Rosano G, et al. Prevalence and Prognostic Implications of Longitudinal Ejection Fraction Change in Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2019 Apr;7(4):306-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gianluigi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vedin</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Amario</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uijl</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahlstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and Prognostic Implications of Longitudinal Ejection Fraction Change in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <month>04</month>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>306</fpage>
          <lpage>317</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Chamberlain AM, Redfield MM, Alonso A, Weston SA, Roger VL. Atrial fibrillation and mortality in heart failure: a community study. Circ Heart Fail. 2011 Nov;4(6):740-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chamberlain</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weston</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation and mortality in heart failure: a community study</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <month>11</month>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>740</fpage>
          <lpage>746</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Piccini JP, Allen LA. Heart Failure Complicated by Atrial Fibrillation; Don&#8217;t Bury the Beta-Blockers Just Yet. JACC Heart Fail. 2017 Feb;5(2):107-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piccini</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure Complicated by Atrial Fibrillation; Don&#8217;t Bury the Beta-Blockers Just Yet</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>02</month>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>107</fpage>
          <lpage>109</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Global Burden of Disease Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016 Oct 8;388(10053):1659-724.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Global Burden of Disease Risk Factors Collaborators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <day>8</day>
          <volume>388</volume>
          <issue>10053</issue>
          <fpage>1659</fpage>
          <lpage>1724</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Bocchi EA. Heart Failure in South America. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013 May; 9(2):147-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure in South America</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rev</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>147</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Mesquita ET, Barbetta LMS, Correia ET. Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction &#8211; State of the Art. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(6):784-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbetta</surname>
              <given-names>LMS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction &#8211; State of the Art</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>784</fpage>
          <lpage>790</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Lucas Celia Petersen pelo Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Survival of Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Mid-range Ejection Fraction in a Developing Country &#8211; A Cohort Study in South Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3958-8521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petersen</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Celia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Danzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bartholomay</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0151-3460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Donay</surname>
            <given-names>Brenda Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magedanz</surname>
            <given-names>Ellen Hettwer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Vier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porciuncula</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3314-9712</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Imagem Cardiovascular, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Prevencor - Hospital M&#227;e de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucas Celia Petersen</bold> &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas PUC-RS &#8211; Av. Ipiranga, 6690. Postal Code 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lucaspetersen@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Petersen LC, Danzmann LC, Bodanese LC, Miglioranza MH; Acquisition of data: Petersen LC, Donay BG, Magedanz EH, Azevedo AV, Porciuncula G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Petersen LC, Oliveira EB, Bodanese LC, Miglioranza MH; Statistical analysis: Petersen LC, Miglioranza MH; Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Petersen LC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Petersen LC, Danzmann LC, Miglioranza MH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Heart Failure with mid-range Ejection Fraction (HFmEF) was recently described by European and Brazilian guidelines on Heart Failure (HF). The ejection fraction (EF) is an important parameter to guide therapy and prognosis. Studies have shown conflicting results without representative data from developing countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze and compare survival rate in patients with HFmEF, HF patients with reduced EF (HFrEF), and HF patients with preserved EF (HFpEF), and to evaluate the clinical characteristics of these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A cohort study that included adult patients with acute HF admitted through the emergency department to a tertiary hospital, reference in cardiology, in south Brazil from 2009 to 2011. The sample was divided into three groups according to EF: reduced, mid-range and preserved. A Kaplan-Meier curve was analyzed according to the EF, and a logistic regression analysis was done. Statistical significance was established as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 380 patients were analyzed. Most patients had HFpEF (51%), followed by patients with HFrEF (32%) and HFmEF (17%). Patients with HFmEF showed intermediate characteristics related to age, blood pressure and ventricular diameters, and most patients were of ischemic etiology. Median follow-up time was 4.0 years. There was no statistical difference in overall survival or cardiovascular mortality (p=.0031) between the EF groups (reduced EF: 40.5% mortality; mid-range EF 39.7% and preserved EF 26%). Hospital mortality was 7.6%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> There was no difference in overall survival rate between the EF groups. Patients with HFmEF showed higher mortality from cardiovascular diseases in comparison with HFpEF patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):14-23)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Survivorship</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart Failure (HF) is a complex syndrome considered one of the major causes of hospital admission, morbidity, and mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Observational studies have described mortality rates from HF ranging from 4% to 12% during hospitalization and 20% to 30% one year after discharge. Readmission rates are also high ranging from 20% to 30% in 90 days and up to 60% in one year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Advances in cardiovascular therapy have been associated with a higher life expectancy and increased prevalence of HF in the elderly population, creating the need for a better knowledge of epidemiology, diagnosis and therapeutics of this important public health disease in developed and developing countries.</p>
        <p>Although ejection fraction (EF) is not an ideal parameter to stratify HF patients, it has been historically used to guide therapy and determine prognosis in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> To stimulate research and better categorize HF patients, the European Society of Cardiology created a new EF category in its recent guideline &#8211; HF with mid-range EF (HFmEF) &#8211; addressing patients with EF between 40-49%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This new classification was also adopted by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology by the 2018 guideline on HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Since then, many studies have described the clinical outcomes and characteristics of the HFmEF population, with conflicting results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> While some studies with acute and chronic HF patients have shown similar survival among the three EF categories,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> others have shown better survival of HFmEF and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) as compared with HF patients with reduced EF (HFrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Data about HFmEF patients in Brazil and in developing countries are scarce in the literature. The objective of this study is to analyze survival and clinical characteristics of patients with HFmEF in comparison with patients admitted with acute HF (AHF) presenting reduced or preserved EF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design and Population</title>
          <p>This was a prospective cohort study, derived from a clinical registry of 424 consecutive patients admitted with AHF to the emergency department of S&#227;o Lucas hospital / Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, during the period from January 2009 to December 2011 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). The inclusion criteria were: 1) age above 18 years old; 2) AHF diagnosis defined by the Framingham criteria and later confirmed with transthoracic echocardiography. Patients who did not realize an echocardiography during the hospital stay were excluded. The clinical registry protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of S&#227;o Lucas Hospital (city of Porto Alegre) and a databank of AHF was developed. An informed consent form was obtained from participants.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study population with median follow-up of 4.0 years; HF: heart failure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0014-90427-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Sample size calculation was based on the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC), published in 2012. To observe a difference in mortality, it would be needed between 330 and 364 patients, with an 80% power and a 5% alpha error (Roasoft and WinPepi Sample Size Calculator Software).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Assessment and Data Collection</title>
          <p>Clinical assessment and treatment of patients included in the study were conducted by the emergency physician and the cardiology team on call according to the institutional routine protocol, without interference from the researchers. Data collection was done using a structured research form and medical chart reviews.</p>
          <p>Patient&#8217;s initial signs and symptoms were registered at arrival to the emergency department by assessment of clinical status, hemodynamic profile, vital signs and New York Heart Association functional class, prior to admission. In addition to the treatment prescribed during the hospital stay, medications used at home and prescribed on discharge were also evaluated.</p>
          <p>Causes of HF decompensation were analyzed: myocardial ischemia (if any type of myocardial revascularization was performed during hospital stay); uncontrolled hypertension (if hypertension stage &#8805; II on arrival); arrhythmia (any non-sinus rhythm, except for permanent atrial fibrillation with controlled ventricular rate); poor medication adherence; infection (diagnosis during hospital stay).</p>
          <p>Ischemic etiology of HF was considered when previous or recent myocardial revascularization was performed; functional test with ischemia higher than 10%; and anatomical examination revealing stenosis greater than 50% in the left main coronary artery or 70% in the proximal left anterior descending artery or other two coronary vessels. Self-reported comorbidities or those diagnosed during hospital stay were also registered.</p>
          <p>As part of the institutional protocol, every patient underwent a 12-lead electrocardiography, chest radiography, laboratory exams (complete blood count, electrolytes, renal function, lipid profile, glucose, and urine analysis) and a transthoracic echocardiogram with measurement of EF by Simpson&#8217;s method.</p>
          <p>The sample was divided in three groups according to left ventricular EF measured on echocardiogram: reduced (&lt;40%), mid-range (40-49%) and preserved (&#8805; 50%). The diagnosis of HFpEF was made according to existing guidelines, based mainly on atrial diameter, left ventricular mass and diastolic function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and Outcomes</title>
          <p>Outcome data were obtained through medical chart review and through the Mortality Information System of the Health Center Information of the Rio Grande do Sul state to identify mortality and cause of death until December 2017.</p>
          <p>Direct cause of death was established according to the International Classification of Diseases 10<sup>th</sup> edition.</p>
          <p>The primary outcome assessed was overall mortality and secondary outcome was mortality from cardiovascular causes (acute myocardial infarction, HF, stroke, and arrhythmia).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution (analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were expressed as average and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, as appropriate. Comparison between categorical variables was performed by the chi-square test, and comparison between continuous variables was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, using the log rank test statistics to compare EF categories. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were assessed to determine the main variables related to mortality. Statistical significance was established with a p value &lt; 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics, version 21.0.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of 424 patients admitted with AHF, 380 patients were studied (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). Most of patients had HFpEF (51.6%), followed by HFrEF (31.8%) and HFmEF (16.6%). Average age was 68 &#177;13 years old, mostly females (53%). The median follow up time was 4.0 years (interquartile range: 0.92 &#8211; 7.62 years).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Characteristics</title>
          <p>The patient population with HFpEF was mostly older women with higher levels of blood pressure and lower heart rate and left ventricle dimensions. The HFrEF group was mostly composed of young men with lower levels of blood pressure and higher heart rate and left ventricle dimensions. Patients with HFmEF presented intermediate characteristics between HFpEF and HFrEF population regarding to age, gender, blood pressure, heart rate and ventricle dimensions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic data and comorbidities of patients with heart failure according to ejection fraction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>Ejection fraction &lt; 40%</th>
                    <th>Ejection fraction 40-49%</th>
                    <th>Ejection fraction &#8805; 50%</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>31.8% (N=121)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>16.6% (N=63)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>51.6% (N=196)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Demographics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (mean in years)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.1 &#177;13.8</td>
                    <td align="center">64.0 &#177;12,6<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">66.6 &#177;15,3<sup>ab</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">71.3 &#177;13,4<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">52.9% (201)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.5%(43)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">52.4%(33)<sup>ab</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">63.8%(125)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body Mass Index (mean in Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.1 &#177;6,5</td>
                    <td align="center">26.6 &#177;6,1</td>
                    <td align="center">29.2 &#177;6,3</td>
                    <td align="center">28.6 &#177;6,6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.100</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic etiology</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0% (152)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.3% (56)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.4% (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">32,1% (63)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">93.2% (354)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.1% (109)</td>
                    <td align="center">92.1% (58)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.4% (187)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.176</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">74.8% (243)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.2% (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.9% (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.2% (123)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.796</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic Renal Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">46.2% (156)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.1% (45)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.9% (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.8% (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.135</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">45.9% (169)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.9% (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.8% (32)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.5% (87)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.668</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valvulopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">35.1% (99)</td>
                    <td align="center">28,1% (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.2% (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">39.0% (57)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.230</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">32.2% (111)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.1%(45)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.1% (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.8% (54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implantable Cardiac Device</td>
                    <td align="center">20.7% (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.3% (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.6% (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.5% (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.031</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial Fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">20.0% (76)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.8% (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1% (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.1% (42)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.085</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Bundle Branch Block</td>
                    <td align="center">16.3% (62)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.1% (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9% (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3% (24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">17.5% (62)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.2% (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.3% (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.8% (37)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.390</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypothyroidism</td>
                    <td align="center">18.0% (49)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.7% (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.9% (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.4% (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.112</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alcohol abuse</td>
                    <td align="center">19.4% (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.4% (34)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.5% (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.1% (26)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">17.7% (63)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.9% (29)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.9% (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.6% (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cancer</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0% (43)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.4% (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.4% (2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.5% (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.070</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Statistical analysis: Chi-square test with adjusted residual and ANOVA with Bonferroni test when applied (small letters a and b).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical, laboratory and image data on admission</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>Ejection fraction &lt; 40%</th>
                    <th>Ejection fraction40-49%</th>
                    <th>Ejection fraction &#8805; 50%</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>31.8% (N=121)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>16.6% (N=63)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>51.6% (N=196)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Demographics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic Blood Pressure (mean in mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (&#177;35)</td>
                    <td align="center">128 (&#177;26)b</td>
                    <td align="center">139 (&#177;33)ab</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (&#177;39)a</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart Rate (mean in bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (&#177;23)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (&#177;22)a</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (&#177;20)ab</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (&#177;22)b</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (mg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0 (&#177;2.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.6 (&#177;2.5)a</td>
                    <td align="center">11.9 (&#177;2.3)ab</td>
                    <td align="center">11.6 (&#177;2.6)b</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8 (&#177;1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.9 (&#177;1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.9 (&#177;0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8 (&#177;1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.615</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (&#177;46)</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (&#177;48)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (&#177;40)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (&#177;50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.766</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sodium (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (&#177;17)</td>
                    <td align="center">139 (&#177;4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">139 (&#177;3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (&#177;2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.324</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Potassium (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3 (&#177;0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4 (&#177;0.8)ab</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5 (&#177;0.6)a</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2 (&#177;0.7)b</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Ventricle Systolic Diameter (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 (&#177;1.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0 (&#177;1.6)a</td>
                    <td align="center">4.0(&#177;1.5)b</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1 (&#177;0.8)c</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Ventricle Diastolic Diameter (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7 (&#177;2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7 (&#177;1.8)a</td>
                    <td align="center">5.2 (&#177;1.9)b</td>
                    <td align="center">4.8 (&#177;0.9)b</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Atrium Diameter (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.9 (&#177;1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3 (&#177;1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.0 (&#177;1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3 (&#177;0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.182</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Statistical analysis: ANOVA test - with Bonferroni test when applied (small letters a, b and c).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In the population with HFmEF patients, plasma potassium levels were higher at admission and myocardial ischemia was the main HF etiology (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Patients with HFmEF had a smaller prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tobacco and alcohol use. Patients with HFrEF had a higher use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, antimineralocorticoid, digoxin and loop diuretics, and more implantable electronic cardiac devices (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref>). Most patients presented with a &#8220;wet and warm&#8221; hemodynamic profile on admission, with no difference between the EF groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Medications at home</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Medications </th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>EF &lt; 40%</th>
                    <th>EF 40-49%</th>
                    <th>EF &#8805; 50%</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>31.8% (N=121)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>16.6% (N=63)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>51.6% (N=196)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Loop diuretic</td>
                    <td align="center">60.1% (218)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.0% (77)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.7% (38)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.9% (103)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor</td>
                    <td align="center">51.5% (187)</td>
                    <td align="center">63.5% (73)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.6% (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">48.2% (92)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Betablocker</td>
                    <td align="center">49.0% (179)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.0% (58)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.6% (26)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.5% (95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.641</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acetylsalicylic Acid</td>
                    <td align="center">40.7% (149)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.0% (51)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.6% (26)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.3% (72)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.367</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">43.3 (156)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.0% (49)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.0% (28)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.6% (79)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.533</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Digoxin</td>
                    <td align="center">25.6% (93)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0% (46)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.6% (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.3% (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oral antidiabetic</td>
                    <td align="center">20.9% (76)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.1% (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.5% (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.0% (44)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.568</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin</td>
                    <td align="center">19.3% (70)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.9% (24)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.6% (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.8% (32)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.370</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist</td>
                    <td align="center">18.5% (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.0% (31)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.8% (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0% (23)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium Channel Blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">16.9% (61)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.8% (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.8% (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.1% (42)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thiazide Diuretic</td>
                    <td align="center">14.6% (53)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.0% (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.0% (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.2% (29)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.954</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oral anticoagulation</td>
                    <td align="center">14.0% (51)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.7% (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.5% (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.1% (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.660</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angiotensin Receptor Blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">12.2% (44)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.2% (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.5% (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.7% (28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Statistical analysis: Chi-Square test with adjusted residual.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Poor adherence to medical therapy was the main cause of HF decompensation, followed by infection in patients with HFrEF and HFpEF respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Causes of decompensation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>EF &lt; 40%</th>
                    <th>EF 40-49%</th>
                    <th>EF &#8805; 50%</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>31.8% (N=121)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>16.6% (N=63)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>51.6% (N=196)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Causes of decompensation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Medications</td>
                    <td align="center">30.5% (116)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.1% (51)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.0% (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.5% (48)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infection</td>
                    <td align="center">27.1% (103)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.0% (23)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.0% (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.7% (68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arrhythmia</td>
                    <td align="center">18.7% (71)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.7% (19)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.0% (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.4% (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.721</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">14.5% (55)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1% (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.9% (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.3% (34)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.120</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial Ischemia</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6% (29)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.3% (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.7% (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6% (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Salt overload</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4% (28)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4% (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.9% (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.1% (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.978</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">18.2% (69)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.2% (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.8% (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.3% (32)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.407</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Statistical analysis: Chi-square test with adjusted residual.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>In-hospital mortality was 7.6%. Overall mortality in the eight years of follow- up was 60.7%, with no significant difference between the EF categories (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Overall survival curve. HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction); HFmrEF (heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction); HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction).,</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0014-90427-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Mortality in the EF groups through the follow-up time is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mortality during study follow up</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Overall Mortality </th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>EF &lt; 40%</th>
                    <th>EF 40-49%</th>
                    <th>EF &#8805; 50%</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>% (N = 380)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>31.8% (N=121)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>16.6% (N=63)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>51.6% (N=196)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6% (29)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.6% (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.8% (3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.2% (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.453</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 month</td>
                    <td align="center">10.8% (41)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.7% (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.9% (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.7% (23)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.699</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">14.7% (56)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.2% (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.3% (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.8% (31)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.814</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">26.6% (101)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.5% (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.0% (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.0% (49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.742</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5 years</td>
                    <td align="center">55.0% (209)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.3% (73)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.4% (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.6% (103)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.439</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 years</td>
                    <td align="center">60.7% (231)</td>
                    <td align="center">65.3% (79)</td>
                    <td align="center">63.5% (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.1% (112)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.398</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Statistical analysis: ANOVA test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Mean survival rate was 4.7 years (CI 95%: 3.7 &#8211; 5.6), with the tendency of a gradual increase with the EF (reduced EF: 4.3 years; mid-range EF: 4.7 years; and preserved EF: 4.9 years). Cardiovascular mortality was responsible for nearly half of the deaths (54.1%). There was a statistically significant difference between the EF groups when cardiovascular deaths were analyzed separately (p=0.031) &#8211; reduced EF: 40.5%; mid-range EF: 39.7%; and preserved EF: 26% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Survival curve for cardiovascular cause. HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction); HFmrEF (heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction); HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0014-90427-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Univariate Analysis</title>
          <p>When univariate logistic regression was analyzed with categorical variables, the presence of atrial fibrillation and urea levels higher than 92 mg/dL were identified as risk factors. When analyzed as a continuous variable, higher values of systolic blood pressure were identified as a protective factor. Data collected at arrival to the emergency department are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate logistic regression in relation to overall mortality</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Univariate Logistic Regression</th>
                    <th align="left">p</th>
                    <th align="left">Odds Ratio</th>
                    <th align="left">Confidence Interval 95%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFrEF</td>
                    <td>0.245</td>
                    <td>1.44</td>
                    <td>0.78 - 2.65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFmEF</td>
                    <td>0.62</td>
                    <td>1.2</td>
                    <td>0.58 - 2.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFpEF</td>
                    <td>_</td>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td>_</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic Etiology</td>
                    <td>0.775</td>
                    <td>1.07</td>
                    <td>0.66 - 1.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic diameter &gt; 5.6 cm</td>
                    <td>0.421</td>
                    <td>1.26</td>
                    <td>0.72 - 2.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic Blood Pressure &lt; 115 mmHg</td>
                    <td>0.494</td>
                    <td>1.22</td>
                    <td>0.69 - 2.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic Blood Pressure</td>
                    <td>0.006</td>
                    <td>0.99</td>
                    <td>0.98 - 0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine &gt; 2.75 mg/dl</td>
                    <td>0.741</td>
                    <td>1.15</td>
                    <td>0.51 - 2.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urea &gt; 92 mg/dl</td>
                    <td>0.034</td>
                    <td>2.00</td>
                    <td>1.05 - 3.80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td>0.028</td>
                    <td>1.98</td>
                    <td>1.08 - 3.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left bundle branch block</td>
                    <td>0.921</td>
                    <td>1.03</td>
                    <td>0.54 - 1.97</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate Analysis</title>
          <p>Multivariate logistic regression revealed that there was no difference in clinical characteristics or mortality rate between the groups of EF categories and HF etiologies. When cardiovascular death was analyzed, HFrEF, HFmrEF and atrial fibrillation were identified as risk factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7001">
              <label>Table 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate logistic regression and cardiovascular mortality</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Multivariate Logistic Regression</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>Odds Ratio</th>
                    <th>Confidence Interval 95%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFrEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">2.23</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 - 3.78</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFmEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                    <td align="center">2.04</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06 - 4.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFpEF</td>
                    <td align="center">_</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">_</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial Fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">2.31</td>
                    <td align="center">1.31 - 4.08</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN7001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction); HFmrEF (heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction); HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>There is a debate about how to better evaluate the prognosis in HF patients beyond EF, also considering ischemic etiology, ventricular remodeling, comorbidities, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> It is also known that EF is a dynamic measure with an intra- and inter-observer variability of 7%, making it possible to reclassify 80% of the HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In its last 2016 guidelines on HF, the European Society of Cardiology recommends identifying those patients with HFmEF. The American Heart Association / American College of Cardiology / Heart failure Society of America, in the 2013 guideline for the management of HF, use the term &#8220;borderline&#8221; for patients with clinical characteristics similar to HFpEF, and &#8220;improved&#8221; for ischemic patients with improved EF after the acute event, but both as HFpEF subclassification. The focused 2017 update does not mention a new EF classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The Brazilian Society of Cardiology in its latest 2018 HF guideline, also adopted the term HFmEF in a dynamic manner, with a prevalence of approximately 10-20%, in agreement with the 17% prevalence in the present study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In regard to clinical characteristics, patients with HFmEF have intermediate prevalence of comorbidities in relation to HFrEF and HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The prevalence of ischemic etiology seems to be similar in HFmEF and HFrEF patients, in agreement with the present study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, other studies have reported similar prevalence of comorbidities between patients with HFmEF and HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The I Brazilian Registry of Acute Heart Failure (BREATHE) published in 2015 showed a hospital mortality of 13%, while American and European registries have reported 4% hospital mortality rate. This data indicates important differences regarding in-hospital mortality between developed and developing countries. In the present study, in-hospital mortality was 8%. This may be explained by the place of the study, a tertiary care hospital, reference in cardiology, with a coronary care unit. As in the BREATHE study, poor medication adherence and infection were the main causes of HF decompensation. The first was more representative in the HFrEF population, while the second in the HFpEF. Patients with HFmEF had a higher tendency to decompensate due to myocardial ischemia, which may explain why this population had a higher ischemic etiology. Recent studies with acute HFmEF patients did not investigate the cause of decompensation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is a classical understanding that the higher the EF, the higher the survival rate, supporting an important prognostic role of EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recent studies that analyzed mortality in HFmEF patients showed conflicting results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In some of these studies, there was no difference in overall mortality between the groups,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> while in others, showed mortality rates between HFrEF and HFpEF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> or similar with HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In the present study, there was no difference in overall mortality between the three EF categories. However, when cardiovascular deaths were analyzed, patients with HFmEF had a worse prognosis, similar to HFrEF patients. This may be explained by the fact that most of HFmEF patients had myocardial ischemia, a poor prognostic factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In our study, we were unable to proof a direct relation between mortality related to ischemic etiology through logistic regression. Another possible interference is the impact of comorbidities on non-cardiovascular deaths in HFpEF patients.</p>
        <p>Univariate logistic regression was made to identify the prognostic value of some characteristics of HF patients regarding overall mortality. An elevated level of urea was identified as a risk factor and a higher blood pressure was identified as a protective factor. This data agrees with the ADHERE score (Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry) in patients admitted with acute heart failure that demonstrated worse prognosis in patients with systolic blood pressure below 115mmHg, levels of creatinine above 2.75 mg/dL and urea above 92 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Atrial fibrillation was also a risk factor in the univariate and multivariate analysis, which also agrees with previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In the multivariate analysis with cardiovascular mortality data, HFrEF and HFmEF showed a twofold mortality risk when compared with HFpEF patients in agreement with recent studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> but in discordance with studies that did not show a difference in mortality between EF categories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The &#8216;Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020&#8217; was created by the World Health Organization with the intention to reduce the impact of these diseases manly by risk factor reduction. When comparing data on cardiovascular disease and mortality, including HF patients, there have been differences when comparing developed and developing countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In Brazil, HF is mainly caused by ischemic, hypertensive and valve diseases, and still represent an important cardiac manifestation of Chagas disease and rheumatic disorders. The resources and management required by HF patients that are often not met by local public health systems, causing negative impact on hospitalization and mortality, as shown in this study, when compared with developed countries. Observational studies and registries become extremely important to help guide effective public health strategies according to local demands and resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In a recent &#8216;state of the art&#8217; study about HFmEF, the authors reported various findings regarding clinical characteristics and phenotypes, and outcomes and treatment in patients with HFmEF, justifying the complex analysis of this patient population. We hope that our study can add to a better understanding of this issue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The small sample of 380 patients may explain the fact that the logistic regression model was not able to show statistical significance about important characteristics of HF patients. The study was conducted in a single tertiary center, reference in cardiology, which may limit the external validation of the study. As mortality was verified through the Mortality Information System, losses to follow-up may have occurred. Due to logistic difficulties, no contact was made with any of the patients after hospital discharge to verify readmission, an important outcome.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>There was no difference in overall survival between HF patients with reduced, intermediate, and preserved EF. HFmEF and HFrEF patients had a higher mortality from cardiovascular cause when compared with HFpEF patients. Hospital mortality was higher when compared with developed countries. HFmEF patients had clinical characteristics intermediate between EF categories, and ischemia as the main cause of HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the a Master Degree thesis submitted by Lucas Celia Petersen, from Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
