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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">prtKfCnhZGwK3MNhCF68kBf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2021000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190391</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190391</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treino de For&#231;a Reduz Stress Oxidativo Card&#237;aco e Renal em Ratos com Hipertens&#227;o Renovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8839-3416</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel-dos-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jucilene Freitas dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7869-2922</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#231;al</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1488-0259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Valter J.</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wichi</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Brand&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lauton-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiac Exercise Reserch Group</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Trondheim</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NO">Noruega</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Norwegian University of Science and Technology - Cardiac Exercise Reserch Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Trondheim - Noruega</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal de Alagoas,Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Est&#225;cio de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Centro Universit&#225;rio Est&#225;cio de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Morfologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Miguel dos Santos &#8226; Norwegian University of Science and Technology - Cardiac Exercise Reserch Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3 Trondheim 7030 &#8211; Noruega E-mail: <email>rms.edf@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Miguel-dos-Santos R, Santana-Filho VJ, Wichi RB, Lauton-Santos S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miguel-dos-Santos R, Santos JF, Macedo FN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Miguel-dos-Santos R, Santos JF, Macedo FN, Wichi RB, Lauton-Santos S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Miguel-dos-Santos R, Santos JF, Macedo FN, Marc&#807;al AC, Santana-Filho VJ, Wichi RB, Lauton-Santos S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lauton-Santos S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miguel-dos-Santos R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O treino de for&#231;a tem efeitos ben&#233;ficos em doen&#231;as renais, al&#233;m de ajudar a melhorar a defesa antioxidante em animais saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Verificar se o treino de for&#231;a reduz o dano oxidativo ao cora&#231;&#227;o e rim contralateral para cirurgia de indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o renovascular, bem como avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes end&#243;genas super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Dezoito ratos machos foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos (n=6/grupo): placebo, hipertenso e hipertenso treinado. Os animais foram induzidos a hipertens&#227;o renovascular atrav&#233;s da liga&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal esquerda. O treino de for&#231;a foi iniciado quatro semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o renovascular, teve 12 semanas de dura&#231;&#227;o e foi realizada a 70% de 1RM. Depois do per&#237;odo de treino, os animais foram submetidos a eutan&#225;sia e o rim esquerdo e o cora&#231;&#227;o foram retirados para realizar a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xidos de hidrog&#234;nio, malondialde&#237;do e grupos sulfidr&#237;licos, que s&#227;o marcadores de danos oxidativos. Al&#233;m disso, foram medidas as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes super&#243;xido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Depois do treino de for&#231;a, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de danos oxidativos a lip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas, como pode-se observar pela redu&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xidos de hidrog&#234;nio e n&#237;veis sulfidr&#237;licos totais, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, houve um aumento nas atividades das enzimas antioxidantes super&#243;xido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O treino de for&#231;a tem o potencial de reduzir danos oxidativos, aumentando a atividades de enzimas antioxidantes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):4-11)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Renovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento de Resist&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Obstru&#231;&#227;o da Art&#233;ria Real</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxida&#231;&#227;o-Redu&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="46"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o renovascular, um tipo de hipertens&#227;o causada por estenose arterial renal total ou parcial devido a fatores gen&#233;ticos ou aterosclerose, &#233; uma causa importante de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse tipo de hipertens&#227;o, o aumento da press&#227;o arterial (PA) &#233; iniciado por uma maior libera&#231;&#227;o de renina pelo rim isqu&#234;mico resultante do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para esse &#243;rg&#227;o, devido &#224; estenose da art&#233;ria renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A renina &#233; respons&#225;vel pela convers&#227;o de angiotensinog&#234;nio em angiotensina I, que &#233; clivada pela enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) produzindo angiotensina II (Ang II).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Portanto, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da renina acarreta um aumento na libera&#231;&#227;o de Ang II. A Ang II, por sua vez, ativa as enzimas NADPH oxidase<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e xantina oxidase,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> aumentando a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#226;nion super&#243;xido (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>), uma mol&#233;cula sinalizadora de pr&#243;-oxidante altamente reativa que pode causar danos oxidativos a lip&#237;dios, prote&#237;nas e DNA, e foi descrita na hipertens&#227;o renovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O aumento dos danos oxidativos no rim e no cora&#231;&#227;o pode levar ao amento de fibrose do tecido, causando a redu&#231;&#227;o de sua fun&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e, acabando por resultar em fal&#234;ncia do rim que n&#227;o foi afetado por estenose e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Est&#225; relatada, na literatura, a a&#231;&#227;o protetora do treino de for&#231;a no tratamento de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, entre as quais est&#225; a hipertens&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entre os benef&#237;cios gerados pelo treino de for&#231;a, j&#225; se observou que ela promove a melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> bem como o aumento da atividade e/ou express&#227;o das enzimas envolvidas na s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essas mudan&#231;as causam o aumento da libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, melhoria do t&#244;nus vascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em animais normotensos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m foi descrita a a&#231;&#227;o protetora do treino de for&#231;a no stress oxidativo, melhorando a defesa antioxidante no f&#237;gado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Entretanto, os efeitos do treino de for&#231;a no cora&#231;&#227;o e no rim contralateral para estenose arterial renal n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o treino de for&#231;a reduz o dano oxidativo ao cora&#231;&#227;o e rim contralateral para cirurgia de indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o renovascular, bem como avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes end&#243;genas super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O protocolo experimental do presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Animal (CEPA - N&#186; 54/2015) da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, em conformidade com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos da Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal adotados pelo Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (CONCEA).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar machos, com idade de 10 a 12 semanas e massa corporal entre 240 e 270 g, foram obtidos pela instala&#231;&#227;o de animais da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas coletivas (cinco animais/gaiola), mantidos em condi&#231;&#245;es controladas de temperatura (23 &#177; 1&#186;C) e um ciclo claro-escuro de 12 horas, com alimenta&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua &#224; vontade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupos experimentais</title>
        <p>Dezoito animais foram divididos aleatoriamente, por meio de um software online, em tr&#234;s grupos experimentais (n = 6 por grupo): placebo, hipertensos e hipertensos treinados. O tamanho da amostra foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o renovascular</title>
        <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o foi realizada em animais dos grupos dos hipertensos e dos hipertensos treinados, pelo modelo de clipagem arterial desenvolvido por Goldblatt et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> seguindo as adapta&#231;&#245;es propostas por Cangiano et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Assim, com os animais em anestesia profunda (cetamina 90 mg/kg e xilazina 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), foi feita uma incis&#227;o no flanco esquerdo da traseira do animal para exterioriza&#231;&#227;o do rim esquerdo, e foi feita uma liga&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria renal com uma linha cir&#250;rgica de algod&#227;o est&#233;ril 4,0. Os animais do grupo de placebo passaram por cirurgia apenas para exterioriza&#231;&#227;o do rim esquerdo para reproduzir o stress gerado pela cirurgia nos animais dos grupos dos hipertensos e dos hipertensos treinados. Todos os animais receberam analg&#233;sicos (Flunixina meglumina, sc, 1 mg/Kg, a cada 24 horas) por quatro dias depois do p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do treino de for&#231;a</title>
        <p>Tr&#234;s semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia de indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, os animais dos grupos dos hipertensos e dos hipertensos treinados foram adaptados ao equipamento de treino por cinco dias, mantendo os animais presos aos equipamentos durante 10 minutos por dia. Da&#237; em diante, um teste de repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (1RM) foi realizado nos animais de ambos os grupos e a cada duas semanas no grupo dos hipertensos treinados, para determinar a carga usada nas sess&#245;es de muscula&#231;&#227;o. O teste foi realizado novamente no grupo hipertenso sedent&#225;rio apenas ao final do protocolo experimental.</p>
        <p>Os testes de repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima foram realizados segundo as diretrizes do <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> (Col&#233;gio Americano de Medicina Esportiva)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> para seres humanos, com tr&#234;s tentativas por teste. O primeiro teste 1RM foi realizado com 3x o peso corporal do animal, ajustando para cima ou para baixo para a tentativa seguinte, dependendo do desempenho do animal na tentativa. Os animais puderam descansar por tr&#234;s minutos entre cada tentativa.</p>
        <p>O treino de for&#231;a foi realizado conforme descrito por Tamaki, Uchiyama e Nakano,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e conforme j&#225; usado em outros estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Resumidamente, esse modelo de treino de for&#231;a &#233; realizado em um aparelho que simula o agachamento onde o torso do rato &#233; equipado com uma jaqueta de lona, que o mant&#233;m na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A jaqueta de lona &#233; presa a um suporte de alum&#237;nio, apoiado no bra&#231;o de madeira que segura os pesos levantados pelo animal, e um estimulador el&#233;trico foi conectado ao rabo do rato, de forma que ele recebesse um est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico (10-15v, 0,3 s dura&#231;&#227;o, 3 s intervalo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ilustra&#231;&#227;o representativa do aparelho para treino de for&#231;a. (Adaptado de Tamaki et al., 1992).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0004-90391-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O per&#237;odo de treino durou 12 semanas e foi iniciado 48 horas ap&#243;s o teste 1RM. Cada sess&#227;o de treino de for&#231;a foi realizada com 70% de sobrecarga de 1RM, com quatro sets de 12 repeti&#231;&#245;es e intervalos de noventa segundos. Os animais do grupo de hipertensos somente receberam est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico sem realizar o treino de for&#231;a. O treinamento e a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica sempre foram realizados no in&#237;cio de ciclo ativo/escuro (18-20 horas), j&#225; que os animais apresentaram melhor toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio durante o ciclo escuro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA)</title>
        <p>Vinte e quatro horas ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de treinamento, os animais hipertensos foram testados novamente por 1RM, 48 horas ap&#243;s o teste de 1RM, a PA dos animais foi aferida. A PA dos animais foi medida pela implanta&#231;&#227;o de um cateter na art&#233;ria femoral por meio de um transdutor de press&#227;o (Edwards Lifescience, CA, EUA) acoplado a um pr&#233;-amplificador (BioData, Model BD-01, PB, Brasil).</p>
        <p>Os sinais de PA puls&#225;til foram registrados por 30 minutos com os animais acordados (Advanced Codas/Windaq, Dataq Instruments Inc., OH, EUA), permitindo a an&#225;lise de pulso-batimento-a-batimento para identificar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), PA sist&#243;lica (PAS), e PA diast&#243;lica (PAD). A PA m&#233;dia (PAM) foi determinada pela PAS e pela DAP no pr&#243;prio software de registro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Danos oxidativos</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, os animais foram submetidos a eutan&#225;sia por decapita&#231;&#227;o sem anestesia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e o cora&#231;&#227;o e o rim foram coletados para os testes de danos oxidativos e atividade de enzima antioxidante.</p>
        <p>Para determinar os danos oxidativos a lip&#237;dios, os produtos de lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o foram medidos por oxida&#231;&#227;o por xilenol laranja, em que a oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ons ferrosos (Fe<sup>2</sup>) para &#237;ons f&#233;rricos (Fe<sup>3</sup>) ocorre em condi&#231;&#245;es &#225;cidas, pelos lip&#237;dios de per&#243;xidos de hidrog&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o malondialde&#237;do foi medido pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os grupos sulfidr&#237;licos, que s&#227;o estruturas associadas a prote&#237;nas e altamente suscet&#237;veis a danos oxidativos, tamb&#233;m foram medidos. Por meio de sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o, &#233; poss&#237;vel estimar o dano proteico nos tecidos. A determina&#231;&#227;o dos grupos sulfidr&#237;licos foi feita pela rea&#231;&#227;o entre o reagente de Ellman (DTNB) e sulfidrila livre da cadeia lateral de ciste&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atividade de enzima antioxidante</title>
        <p>A atividade de SOD foi determinada pela habilidade da enzima do tecido de dissociar os &#226;nions super&#243;xidos derivados da auto-oxida&#231;&#227;o do pirogalol e sua rea&#231;&#227;o reduzindo o 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazolil )-2,5-difenil-2H-tetraz&#243;lio (MTT) e formando cristais de formazan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A atividade da CAT foi estimada pelo &#237;ndice de degrada&#231;&#227;o do per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) conforme o protocolo descrito previamente por Nelson e Kiesow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A atividade de GPx foi avaliada pela oxida&#231;&#227;o de NADPH, conforme descrito por Paglia e Valentine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na</title>
        <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o de concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na nos testes realizados foi feita pela t&#233;cnica de Lowry et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> quantificando a concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas presentes no homogenato das amostras, por compara&#231;&#227;o com uma curva padr&#227;o feita com albumina s&#233;rica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi verificada utilizando-se o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk. Os resultados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de um fator, seguida do teste de Bonferroni post-hoc. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas utilizando GraphPad Prism<sup>TM</sup> 8.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Para validar nosso modelo de indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o renovascular, foram avaliados par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. Esses par&#226;metros foram medidos pela PA puls&#225;til com os animais acordados. A indu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o renovascular foi bem-sucedida e causou o aumento de PAS, PAD, PAM e FC. Por outro lado, o treino de for&#231;a conseguiu neutralizar os efeitos da hipertens&#227;o renovascular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial causada por estenose arterial renal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th>Placebo</th>
                <th>Hipertenso sedent&#225;rio</th>
                <th>Hipertenso treinado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">133&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">187&#177;5***</td>
                <td align="center">150&#177;10<sup>##</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">92&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center">151&#177;6***</td>
                <td align="center">121&#177;5**<sup>,##</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAM (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">114&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center">165&#177;5***</td>
                <td align="center">138&#177;8*<sup>,#</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (BPM)</td>
                <td align="center">337&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center">385&#177;9**</td>
                <td align="center">338&#177;4<sup>##</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Todos os dados representam m&#233;dia de &#177; EPM. *p&lt;0,05, **p&lt;0,01, ***p&lt;0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo; #p&lt;0,05, ##p&lt;0,01 comparados com o grupo dos hipertensos sedent&#225;rios, calculado por ANOVA de um fator seguido do teste de Bonferroni post hoc para compara&#231;&#245;es em pares. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, BPM: batimentos por minuto.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m avaliamos a efici&#234;ncia do treino de for&#231;a por uma medi&#231;&#227;o de 1RM, que mede a for&#231;a m&#225;xima dos animais. O treino de for&#231;a promoveu o aumento na carga suspensa pelos animais hipertensos treinados ap&#243;s 12 semanas de treinamento (p&lt;0,0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Entretanto, como esperado, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as na for&#231;a dos ratos sedent&#225;rios hipertensos (p&gt;0,05).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores absolutos do teste de for&#231;a m&#225;xima. Todos os dados representam m&#233;dia de &#177; EPM. ****p&lt;0,0001 em compara&#231;&#227;o com antes do treino; ###p&lt;0,001 comparado com o grupo dos hipertensos sedent&#225;rios, calculado por ANOVA de dois fatores seguido do teste de Bonferroni post hoc para compara&#231;&#245;es em pares. 1RM: teste de repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0004-90391-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O aumento do stress oxidativo &#233; outra marca da hipertens&#227;o. Dessa forma, medimos os danos oxidativos a lip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas, medindo per&#243;xidos de hidrog&#234;nio, malondialde&#237;do, e grupos sulfidr&#237;licos. Novamente foi poss&#237;vel validar nosso modelo de hipertens&#227;o, j&#225; que esta aumentou os danos a lip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas no rim contralateral e no cora&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A e C</xref>), pelo aumento dos per&#243;xidos de hidrog&#234;nio e pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de grupos sulfidr&#237;licos. Entretanto, os animais treinados demonstraram ter prote&#231;&#227;o contra danos oxidativos com n&#237;veis baixos de per&#243;xidos de hidrog&#234;nio e preserva&#231;&#227;o dos grupos sulfidr&#237;licos, no rim direito e no cora&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o se observaram mudan&#231;as no n&#237;vel de malondialde&#237;do (p&gt;0,05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Efeitos da hipertens&#227;o renovascular e do treino de for&#231;a nos marcadores de danos oxidativos no rim contralateral e no cora&#231;&#227;o. Todos os dados representam m&#233;dia de &#177; EPM. *p&lt;0,05, **p&lt;0,01, ***p&lt;0,001, calculado por ANOVA de um fator seguido do teste de Bonferroni post hoc para compara&#231;&#245;es em pares. MDA: malondialde&#237;do.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0004-90391-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para melhor identificar os efeitos do treino de for&#231;a no stress oxidativo em hipertens&#227;o renovascular, medimos a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes end&#243;genas. O treino de for&#231;a aumentou a atividade de SOD no cora&#231;&#227;o e resgatou a atividade de SOD no rim (p&lt;0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A</xref>), bem como a atividade da catalase em ambos os tecidos (p&lt;0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4B</xref>), enquanto a atividade da GPx s&#243; foi normalizada no cora&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4C</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Efeitos da hipertens&#227;o renovascular e do treino de for&#231;a na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. Todos os dados representam m&#233;dia de &#177; EPM. *p&lt;0,05, **p&lt;0,01, ***p&lt;0,001, calculado por ANOVA de um fator seguido do teste de Bonferroni post hoc para compara&#231;&#245;es em pares. SOD: super&#243;xido dismutase; Gpx: glutationa peroxidase.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0004-90391-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que o treino de for&#231;a de 12 semanas com intensidade moderada reduziu os danos oxidativos ao cora&#231;&#227;o e rim contralateral na hipertens&#227;o renovascular, aumentando a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes end&#243;genas, bem como reduzindo a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.</p>
      <p>Os modelos de hipertens&#227;o renovascular s&#227;o conhecidos pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina, aumentando os n&#237;veis de angiotensina II, e com consequente aumento de PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Como ocorreu no presente estudo, em que os animais passaram por indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o tinham valores de PA elevados, demonstrando que o modelo de indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o experimental foi realizado com sucesso.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, hav&#237;amos realizado o modelo de treino de for&#231;a descrito por Tamaki, Uchiyama e Nakano,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> cujos efeitos ben&#233;ficos semelhantes aos encontrados em seres humanos que praticam esse tipo de treino f&#237;sico j&#225; foram relatados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> No presente trabalho, identificou-se que um treino de for&#231;a moderado foi eficiente no aumento da for&#231;a dos animais treinados. Essa demonstra&#231;&#227;o acarretou mudan&#231;as ben&#233;ficas, como se pode ver pela redu&#231;&#227;o da PA. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos ben&#233;ficos tamb&#233;m puderam ser observados pela redu&#231;&#227;o de danos a lip&#237;dios e preserva&#231;&#227;o dos grupos sulfidr&#237;licos no cora&#231;&#227;o e nos rins. Foi relatado na literatura que o treino de nata&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bico realizado com intensidade moderada reduz os danos oxidativos no rim contralateral para estenose arterial renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outros estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram esse efeito protetor do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico no stress oxidativo. Como foi relatado, o treinamento aer&#243;bico em esteira com intensidade que aumenta progressivamente reduz os danos oxidativos renais em outro modelo de hipertens&#227;o experimental,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> bem como em outro modelo de doen&#231;as renais cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Efeitos semelhantes tamb&#233;m foram demonstrados em outros modelos de treino de for&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Essa prote&#231;&#227;o promovida pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; importante para evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrose, um processo que ocorre pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno nas &#225;reas que sofreram danos oxidativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Esses danos s&#227;o aumentados na hipertens&#227;o renovascular devido &#224; hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, gerando stress oxidativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, o organismo tem mecanismos para evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia desses danos oxidativos, um dos quais sendo a ativa&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes end&#243;genas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Por meio desse mecanismo, a enzima antioxidante SOD catalisa a dismuta&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> para H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Em seguida, o H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> &#233; reduzido para H<sub>2</sub>O e O<sub>2</sub> pelas peroxidases, GPx ou CAT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, essas enzimas s&#227;o expressas em diferentes maneiras em &#243;rg&#227;os diferentes, dependendo dos processos metab&#243;licos e funcionais que ocorrem neles. Entretanto, essas enzimas antioxidantes s&#227;o reduzidas durante a hipertens&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a atividade reduzida das enzimas antioxidantes foi observada nos animais do grupo dos hipertensos. Outros estudos corroboram esses achados, demonstrando que tanto a atividade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> quanto a express&#227;o gen&#233;tica dessas enzimas s&#227;o reduzidas nesse modelo de hipertens&#227;o renovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O treino de nata&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> demonstrou ter aumentado a atividade das enzimas SOD e CAT no cora&#231;&#227;o e no rim contralateral de animais com hipertens&#227;o induzida, usando o mesmo modelo de hipertens&#227;o renovascular. Embora os efeitos do treino de for&#231;a no stress oxidativo do rim contralateral ainda n&#227;o tenham sido estudados, demonstrou-se que o treino de for&#231;a em subida promove um aumento de enzimas antioxidantes nos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;tico e card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es porque, por motivos t&#233;cnicos, n&#227;o pudemos monitorar o decurso temporal da altera&#231;&#227;o na PA, bem como a medi&#231;&#227;o de linha de base de outros par&#226;metros para entender melhor a a&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica do treino de for&#231;a. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es, os resultados demonstram, no modelo renovascular de ratos, que o treino de for&#231;a tem um efeito protetor, como j&#225; foi observado em outras modalidades de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. O treino de for&#231;a aumentou a atividade das enzimas SOD e CAT no rim contralateral e no cora&#231;&#227;o, restabelecendo essa atividade antioxidante a valores encontrados em animais saud&#225;veis (grupo placebo), indicando que esse &#233; um mecanismo poss&#237;vel pelo qual o treino de for&#231;a consegue reduzir danos oxidativos em animais com hipertens&#227;o renovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo nos permitem concluir que o treino de for&#231;a pode neutralizar danos oxidativos produzidos por hipertens&#227;o renovascular no rim contralateral e no cora&#231;&#227;o. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o se deve, em parte, ao aumento da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes SOD e CAT promovido pelo treino de for&#231;a. Portanto, esses resultados sugerem que o treino de for&#231;a &#233; uma ferramenta n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica importante para o tratamento de hipertens&#227;o renovascular, com o potencial de evitar o avan&#231;o dos danos ao cora&#231;&#227;o e rim que n&#227;o tem estenose arterial renal.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Kalra PA, Guo H, Kausz AT, Gilbertson DT, Liu J, Chen SC, et al. Atherosclerotic renovascular disease in United States patients aged 67 years or older: risk factors, revascularization, and prognosis. Kidney Int. 2005;68(1):293-301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rodrigo Miguel dos Santos pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
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        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>.O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela CAPES e CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Strength Training Reduces Cardiac and Renal Oxidative Stress in Rats with Renovascular Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8839-3416</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel-dos-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jucilene Freitas dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7869-2922</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#231;al</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1488-0259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Valter J.</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wichi</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Brand&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lauton-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="NO">Noruega</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Norwegian University of Science and Technology - Cardiac Exercise Reserch Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Trondheim &#8211; Noruega</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Post-graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Post-graduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Physical Education, Estacio University Center of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Post-graduate Program of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Miguel dos Santos &#8226;</bold> Norwegian University of Science and Technology - Cardiac Exercise Reserch Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3 Trondheim 7030 &#8211; Noruega E-mail: rms.edf@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Miguel-dos-Santos R, Santana-Filho VJ, Wichi RB, Lauton-Santos S; Data acquisition: Miguel-dos-Santos R, Santos JF, Macedo FN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Miguel-dos-Santos R, Santos JF, Macedo FN, Wichi RB, Lauton-Santos S; Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miguel-dos-Santos R, Santos JF, Macedo FN, Marc&#807;al AC, Santana-Filho VJ, Wichi RB, Lauton-Santos S; Obtaining financing: Lauton-Santos S; Writing of the manuscript: Miguel-dos-Santos R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Strength training has beneficial effects on kidney disease, in addition to helping improve antioxidant defenses in healthy animals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To verify if strength training reduces oxidative damage to the heart and contralateral kidney caused by the renovascular hypertension induction surgery, as well as to evaluate alterations in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) endogenous antioxidant enzymes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups (n=6/group): sham, hypertensive, and trained hypertensive. The animals were induced to renovascular hypertension through left renal artery ligation. Strength training was initiated four weeks after the induction of renovascular hypertension, continued for a 12-weeks period, and was performed at 70% of 1RM. After the training period, the animals were euthanized and the right kidney and heart were removed for quantitation of hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde and sulfhydryl groups, which are markers of oxidative damage. In addition, the activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx antioxidant enzymes was also measured. The adopted significance level was 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> After strength training, a reduction in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins was observed, as could be seen by reducing hydroperoxides and total sulfhydryl levels, respectively. Furthermore, an increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes was observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Strength training is able to potentially reduce oxidative damage by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):4-11)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension, Renovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Resistance Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Arterial Obstruction</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidation-Reduction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Renovascular hypertension, a type of hypertension caused by total or partial renal artery stenosis due to genetic factors or atherosclerosis, is an important cause of secondary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In this type of hypertension, the increase in arterial pressure (AP) is triggered by the greater release of renin by the ischemic kidney as a result of the reduction of blood flow to this organ, due to the stenosis of the renal artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Renin is responsible for the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is cleaved by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), producing angiotensin II (Ang II).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, the elevation of renin triggers an increase in Ang II release. Ang II, in turn, activates the NADPH oxidase<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and xanthine oxidase<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> enzymes, increasing the production of superoxide anion (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>), a highly reactive pro-oxidant signaling molecule that can cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, as has been described in renovascular hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Increased oxidative damage in the kidney and heart may lead to increased fibrosis of the tissue, leading to a reduction of its function,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and, eventually, leading to the failure of the kidney that was not affected by stenosis and cardiac dysfunction.</p>
        <p>It is reported in the literature the protective action of strength training in the treatment of several diseases, among them arterial hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Among the benefits generated by strength training, it has already been seen that it promotes the improvement of the cardiac function,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> as well as increased activity and/or expression of the enzymes involved with the synthesis of nitric oxide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These changes result in an increased release of nitric oxide, an improvement of vascular tone,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and a reduction in AP in normotensive<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and hypertensive animals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, reports in the literature have also described the protective action of strength training in oxidative stress, improving the antioxidant defense in the liver<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and skeletal muscle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, the effects of strength training on the heart and contralateral kidney to renal artery stenosis are unknown. Hence, the present study sought to verify if strength training reduces the oxidative damage to the heart and contralateral kidney caused by renovascular hypertension induction surgery, as well as to evaluate the alterations in the activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) endogenous antioxidant enzymes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The experimental protocol of the present study was approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee (CEPA - #54/2015) of the Federal University of Sergipe, in compliance with the Ethical Principles of Animal Experimentation adopted by the National Council for Animal Experimentation Control (CONCEA).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats aged 10 to 12 weeks and body mass between 240 and 270 g were obtained from the animal facility of the Federal University of Sergipe. The animals were housed in collective cages (five animals/cage), kept under controlled temperature conditions (23 &#177; 1&#186;C) and a light-dark cycle of 12 hours, with feed and water ad libitum.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental groups</title>
          <p>Eighteen animals were randomly divided, through an online software, into three experimental groups (n = 6 per group): sham, hypertensive, and trained hypertensive. The sample size was defined by convenience.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Renovascular hypertension induction</title>
          <p>Induction to hypertension was performed in the animals from the hypertensive and trained hypertensive groups, applying the renal artery clipping model, developed by Goldblatt et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> following the adaptations proposed by Cangiano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Thus, with animals under deep anesthesia (ketamine 90 mg/kg and xylazine 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), an incision was made in the left flank of the animals&#8217; back to exteriorize the left kidney, and a ligation of the renal artery was performed with a 4.0 sterile cotton surgical line. The animals of the Sham group underwent surgery only to exteriorize the left kidney so as to mimic the stress generated by the surgery in the animals from the hypertensive and trained hypertensive groups. All animals received painkillers (Flunixin meglumine, sc, 1 mg/Kg, every 24h) for four days following post-surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Strength training protocol</title>
          <p>Three weeks after the hypertension induction surgery, the animals from the hypertensive and trained hypertensive groups were adapted to the training apparatus for five days, keeping the animals attached to the equipment for 10 minutes each day. Thereafter, a maximum repetition test (1RM) was performed in the animals of both groups and every two weeks in the trained hypertensive group, in order to determine the load used in the training sessions. The test was performed again in the sedentary hypertensive group at the end of the experimental protocol only.</p>
          <p>The maximum repetition tests were performed following the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> for humans, with three attempts per test. The first 1RM test was performed with 3x the animal body weight, adjusting up or down for the next try depending on the animal&#8217;s performance in the attempt. The animals were allowed to rest for three minutes between each try.</p>
          <p>Strength training was performed as described by Tamaki, Uchiyama, and Nakano,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and as used in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Briefly, this strength training model is performed in a squat-mimetic apparatus, where the torso of rats is fitted with a canvas jacket keeping them in an upright position (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). The canvas jacket was attached to an aluminum bracket, which is held by the wooden arm holding weights for the animals to lift, and an electro-stimulator was connected to their tail in such a way that the animals received an electrical stimulus (10-15v, 0.3s duration, 3s interval).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Representative illustration of strength training apparatus. (Adapted from Tamaki et al., 1992).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0004-90391-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The training period lasted 12 weeks and was started 48 hours after the 1RM test. Each strength training session was done with a 70% overload of 1RM, with four sets of 12 repetitions, and ninety-second intervals. The animals of the hypertensive group received only electrical stimulation without performing strength training. Training and electrostimulation were always performed at the beginning of the active/dark cycle (18-20 h), as it is during the dark cycle that the animals presented better tolerance to exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arterial pressure (AP) measurement</title>
          <p>Twenty-four hours after the training period, the hypertensive animals were again tested for 1RM and, 48 hours after the test of 1RM, the AP of the animals was measured. The AP of the animals was measured by implantation of a catheter in the femoral artery through a pressure transducer (Edwards Lifescience, CA, USA) attached to a preamplifier (BioData, Model BD-01, PB, Brazil).</p>
          <p>The pulsatile AP signals were recorded for 30 minutes with the animals awake (Advanced Codas/Windaq, Dataq Instruments Inc., OH, USA), allowing pulse-beat-to-beat analysis to identify heart rate (HR), systolic AP (SAP), and diastolic AP (DAP). The mean AP (MAP) was determined through SAP and DAP in the recording software itself.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxidative damage</title>
          <p>After the AP evaluation, the animals were euthanized by decapitation without anesthesia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and the heart and right kidney were harvested for the oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activity assays.</p>
          <p>To determine oxidative damage to lipids, the products of lipoperoxidation were measured by oxidation of xylenol orange, in which the oxidation of ferrous ions (Fe<sup>2</sup>) to ferric ions (Fe<sup>3</sup>) occurs under acidic conditions, by the hydroperoxides lipids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In addition, malondialdehyde was measured by the quantification of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Sulfhydryl groups, which are structures associated with proteins and are highly susceptible to oxidative damage, have also been measured. Through its quantification, it is possible to estimate the protein damage in the tissues. The determination of sulfhydryl groups was performed by reacting 5&#8217;5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) with free sulfhydryl of the cysteine side chain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antioxidant enzyme activity</title>
          <p>SOD activity was determined by the ability of the tissue enzyme to dissociate the superoxide anions derived from pyrogallol self-oxidation and their reaction reducing 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) and forming formazan crystals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>CAT activity was estimated by the rate of degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) according to the protocol previously described by Nelson and Kiesow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> GPx activity was assessed by oxidation of NADPH, as described by Paglia and Valentine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of protein concentration</title>
          <p>The protein concentration was determined in this study&#8217;s tests by applying the technique set forth by Lowry et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> quantifying the concentration of proteins present in the homogenate of the samples by comparing this to a standard curve made with serum albumin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normality of the data was verified by applying the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Results are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed through the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. A value of p&lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism<sup>TM</sup> 8.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>To validate our model of renovascular hypertension induction, hemodynamic parameters were assessed. These parameters were measured through the pulsatile AP with the animals awake. The induction of renovascular hypertension was successful and caused the increase of SAP, DAP, MAP, and HR, whereas the strength training was able to counteract the effects of renovascular hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Arterial pressure alteration caused by renal artery stenosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th align="left">Sham</th>
                  <th align="left">Hypertensive sedentary</th>
                  <th align="left">Hypertensive trained</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>133&#177;2</td>
                  <td>187&#177;5***</td>
                  <td>150&#177;10<sup>##</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>92&#177;1</td>
                  <td>151&#177;6***</td>
                  <td>121&#177;5**<sup>,##</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MAP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>114&#177;2</td>
                  <td>165&#177;5***</td>
                  <td>138&#177;8*<sup>,#</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (BPM)</td>
                  <td>337&#177;4</td>
                  <td>385&#177;9**</td>
                  <td>338&#177;4<sup>##</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>All data represent mean &#177; SEM. *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001 compared with sham; #p&lt;0.05, ##p&lt;0.01 compared with hypertensive sedentary, calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons. SAP: systolic arterial pressure, DAP: diastolic arterial pressure, MAP: mean arterial pressure, HR: heart rate, BPM: beats per minute.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We also evaluated the effectiveness of strength training through the measurement of 1RM, which measures the maximum strength of the animals. Strength training promoted an increase in the load lifted by the trained hypertensive animals after 12 weeks of training (p&lt;0.0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). Nonetheless, as expected, there was no change in the strength of the sedentary hypertensive rats (p&gt;0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Absolute values of the maximum strength test. All data represent mean &#177; SEM. ****p&lt;0.0001 compared with before training; ###p&lt;0.001 compared with hypertensive sedentary before, calculated by two-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons. 1RM: maximum repetition test.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0004-90391-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Increased oxidative stress is another hallmark of hypertension. In this light, we measured the oxidative damage to lipids and proteins by measuring hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde, and sulfhydryl groups. Again, it was possible to validate our model of hypertension since hypertension increased the damage to lipids and proteins in the contralateral kidney and heart (p&lt;0.01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A and C</xref>), through the increase of hydroperoxides and reduction of sulfhydryl group levels. However, trained animals showed protection against oxidative damage with low levels of hydroperoxides and the preservation of sulfhydryl groups in both the right kidney and the heart. In addition, no significant change was observed in the level of malondialdehyde (p&gt;0.05; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Effects of renovascular hypertension and strength training on the markers of oxidative damage in the contralateral kidney and heart. All data represent mean &#177; SEM. *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001, calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons. MDA: malondialdehyde.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0004-90391-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>To further identify the effects of strength training on oxidative stress in renovascular hypertension, the activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes was measured. Strength training increased SOD activity in the heart and rescued SOD activity in the kidney (p&lt;0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A</xref>), as well as catalase activity in both tissues (p&lt;0,01; Figure 4B), whereas GPx activity was only normalized in the heart (p&lt;0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Effects of renovascular hypertension and strength training on the antioxidant enzyme activity. All data represent mean &#177; SEM. *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001, calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons. SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-01-0004-90391-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main results of the present study demonstrated that 12-week strength training with a moderate intensity reduced oxidative damage to the heart and contralateral kidney in renovascular hypertension by increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes as well as by reducing blood pressure.</p>
        <p>Renovascular hypertension models are well-known for renin-angiotensin system activation, increasing angiotensin II levels and consequent increases in AP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> As occurred in the present study, the animals that underwent hypertension induction presented elevated AP values, demonstrating that the experimental hypertension induction model was successfully performed.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the strength training model was performed, as described by Tamaki, Uchiyama and Nakano,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> which has been reported to show beneficial effects that are similar to those found in humans who practice this type of physical training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> In the present work, it was found that moderate strength training was efficient in increasing the strength of the trained animals. Demonstrating that triggered beneficial changes, as was also seen by the reduction of AP. In addition, the beneficial effects could also be observed by reducing lipid damage and preserving the sulfhydryl groups in the heart and kidney. It has been reported in the literature that aerobic swimming training performed with moderate intensity reduces oxidative damage in the kidney contralateral to renal artery stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Other studies have also demonstrated this protective effect of physical exercise on oxidative stress. As has been reported, aerobic treadmill training with progressively increasing intensity reduces renal oxidative damage in other models of experimental hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> as well as in another models of chronic kidney diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Similar effects have been also shown in other strength training models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> This protection promoted by physical exercise is important to prevent the occurrence of fibrosis, a process that occurs through the deposition of collagen in the areas that suffered oxidative damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> These damages are increased in renovascular hypertension due to the hyperactivation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, generating oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the organism has mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of these oxidative damages; one of these mechanisms occurs through the activation of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> By means of this mechanism, the antioxidant enzyme SOD catalyzes the dismutation of O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Subsequently, the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is reduced to H<sub>2</sub>O and O<sub>2</sub> by the peroxidases, GPx, or CAT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> In healthy individuals, these enzymes are expressed in different ways in different organs, depending on the metabolic and functional processes that occur in them. Nevertheless, these antioxidant enzymes are reduced during arterial hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes was observed in the animals from the hypertensive group. Other studies corroborate these findings, showing that both the activity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and the gene expression of these enzymes are reduced in this model of renovascular hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Aerobic swimming training<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> has been shown to increase the activity of SOD and CAT enzymes in the heart and contralateral kidney of animals with induced hypertension, using the same renovascular hypertension model. Although the effects of strength training on contralateral kidney oxidative stress have not yet been studied, it has been shown that climbing strength training promotes an increase in antioxidant enzymes in skeletal and cardiac muscles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study presents limitations since, for technical reasons, we were not able to monitor the time-course of change in AP not the baseline measurement of other parameters for a better understanding of the therapeutical action of strength training. Despite the limitations, our results demonstrate, in a rat renovascular model, that strength training has a protective effect, as has already been observed in other modalities of physical exercise. Strength training increased the activity of SOD and CAT enzymes in the contralateral kidney and heart, reestablishing this antioxidant activity to values found in healthy animals (Sham group), indicating that this is a possible mechanism by which strength training is able to reduce oxidative damage in renovascular hypertensive animals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The results found in the present study allow us to conclude that strength training is able to counteract oxidative damage produced by renovascular hypertension in the contralateral kidney and heart. This reduction is due, in part, to the increased activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT promoted by strength training. Therefore, these results suggest that strength training is an important non-pharmacological tool for the treatment of renovascular hypertension, potentially preventing the progression of damage to the heart and kidney without renal artery stenosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rodrigo Miguel dos Santos, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>.This study was partially funded by CAPES and CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
