<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7PmTZVN8hQ66mRS6nH4gZqq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001000031</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190488</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190488</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4/2020 &#8211; Tempo Prolongado (38 Dias) de Extravasamento Pleural Bilateral ap&#243;s Opera&#231;&#227;o Cavopulmonar, Aliviado por Emboliza&#231;&#227;o de Vasos Colaterais Sist&#234;mico-Pulmonares, em Cardiopatia Complexa de Crian&#231;a com 40 Meses</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Case 4/2020 &#8211; Prolonged Time (38 Days) of Bilateral Pleural Effusion after Cavopulmonary Surgery, Relieved by Embolization of Systemic-Pulmonary Collateral Vessels, in a 40-Month-Old Child with Complex Heart Disease</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arrieta</surname>
            <given-names>Raul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik &#8226; Consult&#243;rio privado. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>31</fpage>
      <lpage>33</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnica de Fontan</kwd>
        <kwd>Dupla Via de Sa&#237;da</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="2"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Dados Cl&#237;nicos</title>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico fetal de anomalia complexa (dupla via de sa&#237;da das grandes art&#233;rias de ventr&#237;culo direito, estenose pulmonar acentuada por desvio anterior do septo infundibular, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular trabecular e hipoplasia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da valva mitral) foi confirmado logo ap&#243;s o nascimento com hip&#243;xia acentuada, aliviada por prostaglandina E1 e dilata&#231;&#227;o do canal arterial por <italic>stent</italic> percut&#226;neo. Com o retorno da hip&#243;xia mais acentuada, opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn bidirecional foi realizada com 9 meses. Boa evolu&#231;&#227;o foi observada at&#233; 39 meses, ocasi&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total por retorno da hip&#243;xia com satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 70%. Usou propranolol e AAS at&#233; a &#250;ltima interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p><bold>Exame f&#237;sico:</bold> bom estado geral, eupneico, cianose acentuada, pulsos normais nos 4 membros. Peso: 16,35 Kg, Alt.: 91 cm, PAMSD: 90 x 60 mmHg, FC: 116 bpm, Sat O<sub>2</sub>: 70%, Hg= 15,5 g, Hct= 55%.</p>
      <p><bold>Prec&#243;rdio:</bold><italic>ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o palpado, sem impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas. Bulhas card&#237;acas hiperfon&#233;ticas, sem sopros. F&#237;gado n&#227;o palpado. Pulm&#245;es limpos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Exames Complementares</title>
      <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> Ritmo sinusal, com sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
      <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> &#193;rea card&#237;aca se mostrava normal com &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,47. A trama vascular pulmonar era normal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Radiografias de t&#243;rax no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar em cardiopatia complexa. As duas da esquerda na express&#227;o dos derrames pleurais e a da direita ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o de molas e plug arteriais na demonstra&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal e hipertr&#243;fica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0031-90488-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold><italic>Situs solitus</italic> em levocardia, conex&#227;o atrioventricular concordante e conex&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-arterial do tipo dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito com aorta anterior, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial ampla, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular trabecular n&#227;o relacionada, com 8 mm de di&#226;metro e efetivo de 4 mm pela protus&#227;o de tecido subvalvar causando fluxo turbulento e com gradiente de press&#227;o interventricular de 22 mmHg, valva tric&#250;spide normal e mitral displ&#225;sica com folhetos espessados e redundantes. As cordas da valva mitral passam pela CIV em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; regi&#227;o subvalvar pulmonar. A valva pulmonar &#233; espessa e pequena sem fluxo anter&#243;grado, com atresia funcional. A valva a&#243;rtica tem boa abertura, mede 16 mm e a aorta ascendente 17 mm. O ventr&#237;culo direito tem 22 mm e hipertrofia da parede de 7 mm. A contratilidade biventricular &#233; normal.</p>
      <p><bold>Cateterismo card&#237;aco:</bold> Mostrou press&#245;es semelhantes na veia cava superior e na &#225;rvore arterial pulmonar, de 10 mmHg. A press&#227;o nos &#225;trios era de 5 mmHg. A angiografia na veia inominada salientou al&#233;m da boa conex&#227;o da veia cava superior na art&#233;ria pulmonar direita, &#225;rvore pulmonar bem desenvolvida e sem obstru&#231;&#245;es. No retorno venoso pelas veias pulmonares se notava boa contratilidade ventricular e a anomalia card&#237;aca bem delineada.</p>
      <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> Dupla via de sa&#237;da dos grandes vasos de ventr&#237;culo direito, estenose pulmonar acentuada por desvio anterior do septo infundibular, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular trabecular e hipoplasia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da valva mitral, com Glenn bidirecional e hip&#243;xia acentuada.</p>
      <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico:</bold> Havia elementos cl&#237;nicos de orienta&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da malposi&#231;&#227;o arterial pela hiperfonese acentuada das bulhas card&#237;acas. A estenose pulmonar acentuada era denunciada pela aus&#234;ncia de sopros card&#237;acos. N&#227;o havia ind&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos para o diagn&#243;stico da hipoplasia ventricular esquerda, pois a din&#226;mica funcional se comportava como na dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e estenose pulmonar. O diagn&#243;stico foi bem estabelecido pela ecocardiografia.</p>
      <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> Em paciente hip&#243;xico sem sopro expressivo e com bulhas hiperfon&#233;ticas, gama imensa de anomalias entram no diagn&#243;stico diferencial. Salientam como principais, a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico direito ou esquerdo e atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. O diagn&#243;stico nessas circunst&#226;ncias &#233; sempre estabelecido por imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Desde o nascimento sabia-se que a conduta mais adequada seria orientada para a opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar total, que se tornou necess&#225;ria dada a progress&#227;o da hip&#243;xia a partir dos tr&#234;s anos de idade. Os dados preliminares antes da cirurgia corretiva funcional pressupunham boa evolu&#231;&#227;o posterior. No entanto, evoluiu com extravasamento exagerado pleural bilateral que perdurou por 38 dias, apesar de tratamento com albumina (6 a 8 g/Kg/dia), furosemida (4 mg/Kg/dia), sildenafila (3 mg/Kg/dia), espironolactona (2 mg/Kg/dia) e restri&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica. O derrame pleural bilateral era exagerado e em volume correspondente de 300 a 500 ml por dia e de maneira persistente. Por infec&#231;&#227;o nos l&#237;quidos pleurais, recebeu antibi&#243;ticos que n&#227;o solucionaram o problema persistente. No 34<sup>o</sup> dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado. A press&#227;o m&#233;dia pulmonar era de 16 mmHg. Na angiografia arterial foram detectados 4 pontos discretos de conex&#227;o de vasos sist&#234;mico-pulmonares, esparsos pelos 2 pulm&#245;es, provenientes das art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas e da aorta descendente. Elas n&#227;o causavam aumento de satura&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias pulmonares, mas mesmo assim foram fechadas por molas e por <italic>plug</italic> arterial de Amplatzer ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Constatou-se, 4 dias ap&#243;s o cateterismo intervencionista, a interrup&#231;&#227;o das drenagens pleurais e a consequente retirada dos drenos tor&#225;cicos no 39<sup>o</sup> dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Teve alta hospitalar no 41<sup>o</sup> dia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Coloca&#231;&#227;o de molas e de plug arteriais no fechamento de vasos sist&#234;mico-pulmonares no 38o dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar. Em A, a f&#237;stula a partir da aorta descendente ao pulm&#227;o direito, em B e D da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita ao pulm&#227;o direito, em C da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica esquerda ao pulm&#227;o esquerdo e em E as molas e plug arteriais ap&#243;s todo o procedimento. As radiografias de t&#243;rax, pr&#233;vias (com derrame pleural) e posterior (sem derrame pleural) aos procedimentos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0031-90488-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Coment&#225;rios:</bold> A evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria da opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar se reveste de muitas surpresas mesmo em pacientes com todos os par&#226;metros adequados da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, do tamanho das art&#233;rias pulmonares, da press&#227;o e resist&#234;ncia pulmonares, dentre os principais. A forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stulas sist&#234;mico-pulmonares parece ocorrer quase de maneira imediata em face da diferen&#231;a de press&#245;es que se estabelecem entre os sistemas arteriais. Mesmo que n&#227;o pare&#231;am t&#227;o exuberantes, a atua&#231;&#227;o de emboliza&#231;&#227;o das mesmas se faz necess&#225;ria, principalmente quando o extravasamento pleural se mostra persistente e sem outra causa evidente. No caso presente, acresce-se como outro fator favor&#225;vel o pr&#243;prio tempo longo decorrido de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio que permitiu a esperada acomoda&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pulmonar no contexto da sua &#225;rvore arterial e venosa.</p>
      <p>Na literatura n&#227;o encontramos casos com tempo mais prolongado de derrame pleural. Outros procedimentos em casos semelhantes se direcionam &#224; feitura de fenestra&#231;&#227;o, a pleurodese, a ligadura do conduto tor&#225;cico e o <italic>take-down</italic> do Fontan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Salam S, Dominguez T, Tsang V, Giardini A. Longer hospital stay after Fontan completion in the November to March period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;47(2):262-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salam</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dominguez</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsang</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giardini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Longer hospital stay after Fontan completion in the November to March period</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>262</fpage>
          <lpage>268</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Iyengar AJ, Winlaw DS, Galati JC, Celermajer DS, Wheaton GR, Gentles TL, et al. Trends in Fontan surgery and risk factors for early adverse outcomes after Fontan surgery: the Australia and New Zealand Fontan Registry experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(2):566-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iyengar</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winlaw</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galati</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wheaton</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gentles</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trends in Fontan surgery and risk factors for early adverse outcomes after Fontan surgery: the Australia and New Zealand Fontan Registry experience</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>566</fpage>
          <lpage>575</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicoradiological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 4/2020 &#8211; Prolonged Time (38 Days) of Bilateral Pleural Effusion after Cavopulmonary Surgery, Relieved by Embolization of Systemic-Pulmonary Collateral Vessels, in a 40-Month-Old Child with Complex Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Edmar Atik</bold> &#8226; Private clinic. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela Vista. Postal Code 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: conatik@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects,Congenital/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fontan Procedure</kwd>
        <kwd>Double Outlet Right Ventricle</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects,Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Valve Stenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical Data</title>
        <p>The fetal diagnosis of complex cardiac anomaly (Double-outlet right ventricle, severe pulmonary stenosis due to anterior deviation of the infundibular septum, trabecular interventricular septal defect and hypoplasia of the left ventricle and mitral valve) was confirmed shortly after birth with severe hypoxia, relieved by prostaglandin E1 administration and dilation of the ductus arteriosus by percutaneous stent. With the recurrence of more severe hypoxia, the bidirectional Glenn operation was performed at 9 months of age. Good patient evolution was observed up to 39 months, when total cavopulmonary (Fontan) operation was performed due to the recurrence of hypoxia with 70% oxygen saturation. The patient received propranolol and ASA up to the last intervention.</p>
        <p><bold>Physical examination:</bold> good general status, eupneic, marked cyanosis, normal pulses in the 4 limbs. Weight: 16.35 Kgs, Height: 91 cm, BP: 90 x 60 mm Hg, HR: 116 bpm, O<sub>2</sub>Sat: 70%, Hg = 15.5 g, Hct = 55%.</p>
        <p><bold>Precordium:</bold> nonpalpable ictus cordis, without systolic impulses. Muffled heart sounds, without murmurs. Nonpalpable liver. Clear lungs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Complementary Examinations</title>
        <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> Sinus rhythm, with right ventricular overload.</p>
        <p><bold>Chest x-ray:</bold> Cardiac area was normal with a cardiothoracic index of 0.47. The pulmonary vascular network was normal. ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Chest x-rays in the postoperative period of cavopulmonary surgery in complex heart disease. The two images on the left depict the pleural effusions and the one on the left shows after the placement of arterial coils and plug in the demonstration of the normal and hypertrophic cardiac area.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0031-90488-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Echocardiogram:</bold><italic>situs solitus</italic> in levocardia, concordant atrioventricular connection and Double-outlet right ventricle connected with the anterior aorta, large interatrial septal defect, unrelated trabecular interventricular septal defect, measuring 8 mm in diameter and 4 mm effective area due to subvalvular tissue protrusion causing turbulent flow and with a 22 mmHg interventricular pressure gradient, normal tricuspid valve and dysplastic mitral valve with thickened and redundant leaflets. The mitral valve chordae tendineae passed through the ventricular septal defect (VSD) towards the pulmonary subvalvular region. The pulmonary valve was thick and small, without anterograde flow, with functional atresia. The aortic valve had a good opening and measured 16 mm, while the ascending aorta measured 17 mm. The right ventricle measured 22 mm and the wall hypertrophy was 7 mm. Biventricular contractility was normal.</p>
        <p><bold>Cardiac Catheterization:</bold> It showed similar pressures (10 mm Hg) in the superior vena cava and the pulmonary arterial tree. The pressure in the atria was 5 mmHg. Angiography in the innominate vein highlighted, in addition to the good connection of the superior vena cava in the right pulmonary artery, a well-developed pulmonary tree without obstructions. The venous return through the pulmonary veins showed good ventricular contractility and well-defined cardiac anomaly.</p>
        <p><bold>Clinical Diagnosis:</bold> Double-outlet right ventricle, severe pulmonary stenosis due to anterior deviation of the infundibular septum, trabecular interventricular septal defect and hypoplasia of the left ventricle and mitral valve, with bidirectional Glenn and marked hypoxia.</p>
        <p><bold>Clinical Reasoning:</bold> There were clinical elements leading to an arterial malposition diagnosis due to the markedly muffled heart sounds. Marked pulmonary stenosis was made evident by the absence of heart murmurs. There was no clinical evidence for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypoplasia because the functional dynamics behaved as in the situation of double outlet right ventricle with interventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. The diagnosis was well established by the echocardiography.</p>
        <p><bold>Differential Diagnosis:</bold> In a hypoxic patient without significant murmur and with muffled heart sounds, a wide range of anomalies are included in the differential diagnosis. The main ones are the transposition of the great arteries, a single right or left ventricle and pulmonary atresia with interventricular septal defect. The diagnosis in these circumstances is always established by echocardiographic images.</p>
        <p><bold>Conducts:</bold> It was known from birth that the most adequate approach would be directed at total cavopulmonary surgery, which became necessary given the progression of hypoxia from the age of three. Preliminary data before the functional corrective surgery presumed a good later evolution. However, the patient evolution showed exaggerated bilateral pleural effusion that lasted 38 days, despite treatment with albumin (6 to 8 g / kg / day), furosemide (4 mg / kg / day), sildenafil (3 mg / kg / day) day), spironolactone (2 mg / kg / day) and water restriction. The bilateral pleural effusion was exaggerated and corresponded to a volume of 300 to 500 mL per day, in a persistent manner. Due to infection in pleural fluids, the patient received antibiotics that did not solve the persistent problem. On the 34<sup>th</sup>postoperative day, cardiac catheterization was performed. The mean pulmonary pressure was 16 mmHg. In the arterial angiography, 4 discrete points of systemic-pulmonary vessels&#8217; connection were detected, sparsely distributed in the 2 lungs, coming from the internal thoracic arteries and the descending aorta. They did not cause increased saturation in the pulmonary arteries, but they were still closed by coils and an Amplatzer arterial plug ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ). Four days after the interventionist catheterization, the interruption of pleural drainages was observed, followed by the consequent removal of chest drains on the 39<sup>th</sup>postoperative day. The patient was discharged on the 41<sup>st</sup>postoperative day.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Placement of arterial coils and plug for the closure of systemic-pulmonary vessels on the 38th postoperative day of the cavopulmonary surgery. In A, the fistula from the descending aorta to the right lung, in B and D from the right internal thoracic artery to the right lung, and in C, from the left thoracic artery to the left lung and in E, the arterial coils and plug after the entire procedure. The previous chest x-rays (with pleural effusion) and subsequent one (without pleural effusion), after the procedures.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0031-90488-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Comments:</bold> The postoperative evolution of the cavopulmonary operation has many surprises, even in patients with all the adequate parameters of ventricular function, size of the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary pressure and resistance, among the main ones. The formation of systemic-pulmonary fistulas seems to occur almost immediately due to the difference in pressures that are established between arterial systems. Even if they do not seem so exuberant, their embolization is necessary, especially when the pleural effusion is persistent and there is no other evident cause. In this case, the long post-operative time that allowed for the expected accommodation of the pulmonary flow in the context of its arterial and venous tree counts as another favorable factor. The literature shows no cases with a longer duration of pleural effusion. Other procedures in similar cases include fenestration, pleurodesis, thoracic duct ligation and Fontan takedown<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
