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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dhH8xvYqdFbND5rjQq484FJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001000018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190456</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190456</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dissec&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Espont&#226;nea em Paciente com Xantomatose Cerebrotendinosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5443-1485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Jos&#233; Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fl&#225;vio Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4325-0590</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Meio Ambiente</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Julia Silveira Souto &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe &#8211; Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n. CEP 49100-000, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>souto.mjulia@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Souto MJS, Sousa AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Souto MJS, Ferreira EJP, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Sousa AC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Souto MJS, Almeida-Santos MA, Ferreira EJP, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Sousa AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Souto MJS, Oliveira JLM, Sousa AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida-Santos MA, Oliveira JLM, Sousa AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>18</fpage>
      <lpage>21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Xantomatose Cerebrotendinosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Colestanol</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cido Quenodesoxic&#243;lico/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Xantomatose Cerebrotendinosa (XCT) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica recessiva caracterizada pela forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es xantomatosas em muitos tecidos, em particular no c&#233;rebro e tend&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O dist&#250;rbio &#233; consequ&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos biliares, predominantemente do &#225;cido quenodesoxic&#243;lico (CDCA) e do aumento da forma&#231;&#227;o de colestanol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas comuns incluem diarreia infantil e catarata bilateral de in&#237;cio juvenil, geralmente seguida por xantomas tendinosos e disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica progressiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico final &#233; baseado em anormalidades bioqu&#237;micas, incluindo n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de colestanol e aumento dos n&#237;veis urin&#225;rios de &#225;lcool biliar associados a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o biliar diminu&#237;da de CDCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O tratamento &#233; baseado na suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral de CDCA que, se iniciada precocemente, pode prevenir grandes problemas cl&#237;nicos, uma vez que produz uma redu&#231;&#227;o na s&#237;ntese e nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colestanol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O comprometimento cardiovascular em pacientes com XCT &#233; principalmente associado &#224; aterosclerose prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise lip&#237;dica no sangue de pacientes com XCT revelou n&#237;veis dramaticamente altos de 27-hidroxicolesterol e baixos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL), que colocam esses pacientes em alto risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (SCAD, do ingl&#234;s <italic>spontaneous coronary artery dissection)</italic> &#233; definida como uma separa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o traum&#225;tica da parefde arterial coronariana, criando um falso l&#250;men, o que leva a uma redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora existam outras condi&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas que tornam a parede do vaso coronariano vulner&#225;vel a essa condi&#231;&#227;o, em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica, a ruptura de um fibroateroma de capa fina pode levar &#224; SCAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Descrevemos um relato de caso de uma paciente com diagn&#243;stico de XCT que apresentou comprometimento card&#237;aco devido &#224; SCAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato do caso</title>
      <p>Em 2013, uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 22 anos, relatou hist&#243;ria de xantomas no tend&#227;o de Aquiles e crise epil&#233;ptica parcial complexa nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos. Ela evoluiu com dificuldade progressiva na capacidade de aprendizado e andar. Associada a essa apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ela relatou hist&#243;ria de cirurgia bilateral para catarata aos 14 anos e esteatorreia.</p>
      <p>No exame f&#237;sico, os xantomas foram observados principalmente na regi&#227;o do tend&#227;o de Aquiles, bilateralmente, mas tamb&#233;m no cotovelo e joelho direitos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). O exame neurol&#243;gico revelou discreta dismetria e disdiadococinesia, dificuldade na realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de caminhada em linha reta e hiperreflexia patelar bilateral e sim&#233;trica. N&#227;o havia anormalidades nos exames de for&#231;a ou sensibilidade.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Xantomas observados na regi&#227;o do tend&#227;o de Aquiles direito e no joelho direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0018-90456-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do c&#233;rebro mostrou uma &#225;rea focal de 1,4 cm, com hipersinal nas sequ&#234;ncias ponderadas em T2 e hipossinal nas sequ&#234;ncias ponderadas em T1, sem realce de contraste. O ecodopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda regional, resultando em comprometimento moderado da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve. A ultrassonografia abdominal demonstrou a presen&#231;a de colelit&#237;ase.</p>
      <p>A paciente, portanto, apresentava achados cl&#237;nicos e radiol&#243;gicos compat&#237;veis com a XCT. O diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado pela descoberta de um n&#237;vel s&#233;rico elevado de colestanol de 31,79 mcg/mL. Ela iniciou o tratamento com CDCA no mesmo ano.</p>
      <p>Em 2017, ela foi submetida a um novo exame cardiovascular. Uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi realizada e revelou um ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dilatado, associado a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda leve (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo = 47%) como consequ&#234;ncia de acinesia da parede basal m&#233;dia inferior e discinesia nas paredes anterior e anterior-septal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Essas regi&#245;es apresentaram comprometimento da perfus&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica baseada em gadol&#237;nio e presen&#231;a de realce tardio transmural com gadol&#237;nio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica apresentando realce tardio transmural com gadol&#237;nio (setas) das paredes m&#233;dio-basal inferior, anterior e septo-anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro (A) e duas c&#226;maras (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0018-90456-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A angiotomografia coron&#225;ria detectou uma irregularidade parietal grave no ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) com redu&#231;&#227;o luminal de 50%, o que sugeria a presen&#231;a de placa n&#227;o calcificada ou dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar da angiotomografia computadorizada das coron&#225;rias, detectando uma irregularidade parietal grave no ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior, o que sugeria a presen&#231;a de uma placa n&#227;o calcificada ou dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria (seta).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0018-90456-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Esta &#250;ltima foi confirmada por angiografia coron&#225;ria e ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria, que mostraram dissec&#231;&#227;o nos ter&#231;os medial e proximal da ADA sem comprometimento do fluxo distal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A - Angiografia coron&#225;ria da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda apresentando dissec&#231;&#227;o no ter&#231;o proximal e m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (seta). B - Ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria com sinal de duplo l&#250;men na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (seta).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0018-90456-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No momento do diagn&#243;stico, seu painel lip&#237;dico era: colesterol total 170 mg/dL; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-C) 47 mg/dL; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-C) 101 mg/dL; triglic&#233;rides 108 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Com base nesses achados, a paciente iniciou terapia cardiovascular com Ramipril 10 mg por dia, aspirina 100 mg por dia, carvedilol 6,25 mg duas vezes ao dia e rosuvastatina 10 mg na hora de dormir, associados &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral de &#225;cido biliar com CDCA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o e Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A Xantomatose Cerebrotendinosa &#233; causada por uma muta&#231;&#227;o em homozigose da enzima mitocondrial esterol 27-hidroxilase (CYP27), a qual leva a v&#225;rias manifesta&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico &#233; estabelecido com o reconhecimento desses sintomas e pelo achado de colestanol plasm&#225;tico elevado e, se poss&#237;vel, um diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; obtido pela an&#225;lise molecular do gene CYP27A1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No presente caso, o diagn&#243;stico de XCT foi estabelecido com base na forte sintomatologia associada aos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colestanol, muito semelhantes &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica m&#233;dia em outros estudos (31,79 mcg/mL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas s&#227;o menos not&#225;veis e se apresentam principalmente como doen&#231;a coronariana grave, incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina pectoris, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no eletrocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Posteriormente, dois grandes estudos realizados por Duell et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e Sekijima et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstraram a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiovascular associada &#224; XCT apenas em 7% e 20% de seus pacientes, respectivamente. No caso relatado, estudamos uma paciente com XCT que desenvolveu doen&#231;a arterial coronariana causada por SCAD. Embora v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas espec&#237;ficas, incluindo displasia fibromuscular e gravidez, tenham sido principalmente associadas &#224; SCAD, as condi&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas tamb&#233;m podem estar relacionadas &#224; patog&#234;nese dessa doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Uma vez que a XCT predisp&#245;e ao desenvolvimento de aterosclerose prematura e existem poucos estudos que relatam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana associada a tromboembolismo ateroscler&#243;tico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a SCAD no caso relatado tamb&#233;m estava associada a uma placa ateromatosa. At&#233; onde os autores puderam investigar, este &#233; provavelmente o primeiro caso na literatura que demonstra a associa&#231;&#227;o entre XCT e SCAD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Sergipe sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 0289.0.107.000-11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in a Patient with Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5443-1485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Jos&#233; Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fl&#225;vio Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4325-0590</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Maria Julia Silveira Souto &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe &#8211; Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n. Postal Code 49100-000, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: souto.mjulia@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Souto MJS, Sousa AC; Data acquisition: Souto MJS, Ferreira EJP, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Sousa AC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Souto MJS, Almeida-Santos MA, Ferreira EJP, Gon&#231;alves LFG, Sousa AC; Writing of the manuscript: Souto MJS, Oliveira JLM, Sousa AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Almeida-Santos MA, Oliveira JLM, Sousa AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Xanthomatosis Cerebrotendinous</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholestanol</kwd>
        <kwd>Chenodeoxycholic Acid/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Child, Adolescent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by the formation of xanthomatous lesions in many tissues, particularly the brain and tendons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The disorder is a consequence of the reduced production of bile acids, predominantly chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and an increased formation of cholestanol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Common clinical manifestations include infant-onset diarrhea and juvenile-onset bilateral cataract, usually followed by tendon xanthomas and progressive neurological dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The final diagnosis is based on biochemical abnormalities, including elevated plasma cholestanol level and increased levels of bile alcohol in urine associated with a diminished biliary concentration of CDCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The treatment is based on oral supplementation of CDCA, which, if initiated early, can prevent major clinical problems, as it produces a reduction in cholestanol synthesis and plasma levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiovascular impairment in patients with CTX is mostly associated with premature atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Blood lipid analysis in patients with CTX revealed dramatically high levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), which place these patients at a high risk of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is defined as a non-traumatic separation of the coronary arterial wall, creating a false lumen, which leads to blood flow reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although there are other systemic conditions that make the coronary vessel wall vulnerable to this condition, in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, the rupture of a thin-cap fibroatheroma might lead to SCAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We describe a case report of a patient diagnosed with CTX who showed cardiac impairment due to SCAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>In 2013, a female patient, 22 years old, reported a history of xanthomas in the Achilles tendon and complex partial epileptic crisis for the last 10 years. She developed progressive difficulty in learning and walking skills. Associated to this clinical presentation, she reported a history of bilateral surgery for cataract when she was 14 years old and steatorrhea.</p>
        <p>On physical examination, xanthomas were observed mostly on the region of the Achilles tendon, bilaterally, but also on the right elbow and knee ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The neurological exam showed mild dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia, difficulty performing the straight line walking test, and bilateral and symmetric patellar hyperreflexia. There was no abnormality on strength or sensitivity exams.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Xanthomas observed on the region of the right Achilles tendon and on the right knee.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0018-90456-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a focal area of 1.4 cm, with hypersignal in T2-weighted and hyposignal in T1-weighted sequences, with no contrast enhancement. The transthoracic echodopplercardiogram found a moderate left ventricular dilatation and regional dysfunction, resulting in a moderate impairment in its systolic function, and a mild mitral regurgitation. The abdominal ultrasound showed cholelithiasis.</p>
        <p>The patient, therefore, had clinical and radiological findings compatible with CTX. The diagnosis was confirmed by an elevated serum cholestanol level of 31.79 mcg/mL. She started the treatment with CDCA in the same year.</p>
        <p>In 2017, she was submitted to a new cardiovascular examination. A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed and showed a dilated left ventricle, associated with mild left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction = 47%), as a consequence of akinesia of the inferior medium-basal wall and dyskinesia in the anterior and anterior-septal walls of the left ventricle. These regions showed perfusion impairment in the gadolinium-based dynamic evaluation and the presence of transmural late gadolinium enhancement ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Magnetic resonance imaging showing transmural late gadolinium enhancement (arrows) of the inferior medium-basal, anterior and anterior-septal walls of the left ventricle in four-chamber (A) and two-chamber views (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0018-90456-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The coronary computed tomographic angiography detected severe parietal irregularity in the proximal third of the anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with luminal reduction of 50%, which suggested the presence of a noncalcified plaque or dissection of the artery ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multiplanar reformation of coronary computed tomographic angiography, detecting a severe parietal irregularity in the proximal third of the anterior descending coronary artery, which suggested the presence of a noncalcified plaque or dissection of the artery (arrow).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0018-90456-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The latter was confirmed by coronary angiography and intracoronary ultrasound, which showed a dissection in the medial and proximal thirds of the LAD, with no impairment of the distal flow ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A - Coronary angiography of left coronary showing dissection in the proximal and medium third of left anterior descending artery (arrow). B- Intracoronary ultrasound showing double-lumen sign in the left anterior descending artery (arrow).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0018-90456-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At the time of diagnosis, her lipid panel was: total cholesterol 170 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 47 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 101 mg/dL; triglycerides 108 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>Based on these findings, the patient was started on cardiovascular therapy with Ramipril 10 mg per day, Aspirin 100 mg per day, Carvedilol 6.25 mg twice a day and Rosuvastatin 10 mg at bedtime, associated to the maintenance of the oral bile acid supplementation with CDCA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion and Conclusions</title>
        <p>Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is caused by a homozygous mutation of the mitochondrial enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27), which leads to a number of systemic manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The diagnosis is established upon recognition of these symptoms and the finding of elevated plasma cholestanol, and, if possible, a definitive diagnosis is obtained through the molecular analysis of CYP27A1 gene.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the present case, the diagnosis of CTX was established based on the strong symptomatology associated with plasma cholestanol levels, which were very similar to the mean serum concentrations found in other studies (31.79 mcg/mL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac manifestations are less remarkable and present mostly as severe coronary disease, including myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease and ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Subsequently, two large studies carried out by Duell et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and Sekijima et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrated the presence of cardiovascular disease associated to CTX only in 7% and 20% of their patients, respectively. In this case report, we studied a patient with CTX who developed coronary artery disease due to SCAD. Although several specific clinical situations, including fibromuscular dysplasia and pregnancy, have been mostly associated with SCAD, atherosclerotic conditions may be as well related to the pathogenesis of this disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As the CTX predisposes to the development of premature atherosclerosis and there are a few studies that report coronary artery disease associated to atherosclerotic thromboembolism,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> there is evidence that the SCAD in the reported case was also associated to an atheromatous plaque formation. As far as the authors could investigate, this is probably the first case in the literature demonstrating the association between CTX and SCAD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe under the protocol number CAAE: 0289.0.107.000-11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
