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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hVdknW68xwbzrymTsVSdmxg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001000014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Tipo Incomum de Taquicardia Induzida por Marcapasso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9296-5317</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho-Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Madalena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portugal</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9465-634X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central EPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central EPE &#8211; Cardiologia, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Madalena Cruz &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central EPE - Rua de Santa Marta, 50 Lisboa 1150-064 - Portugal E-mail: <email>madalena.cruz89@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Portugal G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Coutinho-Cruz M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva-Cunha P, Martins-Oliveira M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>14</fpage>
      <lpage>17</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Marcapasso Artificial/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do N&#243; Sinusal/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnica de Fontan/ m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="2"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma paciente de 29 anos com ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de entrada dupla, defeito septal ventricular, m&#225; posi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias e obst&#225;culo subpulmonar, submetida &#224; cirurgia de Fontan modificada, aos 9 anos de idade, apresentou s&#237;ndrome de bradicardia-taquicardia com sintomas graves (palpita&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;ncope). J&#225; que n&#227;o havia acesso venoso ao ventr&#237;culo direito (devido ao redirecionamento cir&#250;rgico de fluxo sangu&#237;neo venoso do &#225;trio direito para a art&#233;ria pulmonar desviando dos ventr&#237;culos) e a condu&#231;&#227;o AV estava normal, decidiu-se implantar um marcapasso atrial permanente. Um &#250;nico eletrodo de fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa foi implantado na parede lateral do &#225;trio direito, por causa de um limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o no ap&#234;ndice atrial subotimizado. Devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es de que tanto a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o quanto o uso de medica&#231;&#227;o para diminuir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pudessem levar &#224; doen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o AV, o que tornaria necess&#225;ria a implanta&#231;&#227;o de um eletrodo epic&#225;rdico mais adiante, foi utilizado um marcapasso gerador de pulso (Sorin Reply 200 DR) com <italic>plug</italic> na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo. No dia seguinte ao procedimento, a paciente reclamou de palpita&#231;&#245;es. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra o tra&#231;ado do ECG realizado.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; ECG ap&#243;s o implante do marcapasso. Ciclo repetitivo de um batimento atrial estimulado e um batimento atrial intr&#237;nseco, ambos seguidos de um batimento ventricular intr&#237;nseco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0014-90133-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O ECG revela um ciclo repetitivo de um batimento atrial (Ap) estimulado e de um batimento atrial intr&#237;nseco (Ai), cada qual seguido de um batimento ventricular intr&#237;nseco (Vi). O intervalo Ap-Ap &#233; de 1000 ms, o que estava em conson&#226;ncia com o limite m&#237;nimo da frequ&#234;ncia programada (60 batimentos por minuto). O intervalo Ai-Ai tamb&#233;m estava em 1000 ms e o intervalo Ap-Ai em 480 ms, o que equivale a uma frequ&#234;ncia ventricular efetiva m&#233;dia de 120 bpm. O intervalo AV intr&#237;nseco &#233; de 180 ms. Certamente, houve uma falha de sensibilidade de todos os outros batimentos atriais. Ap&#243;s interroga&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, embora o limiar da estimula&#231;&#227;o e da sensibilidade estivessem adequados, observou-se que o marcapasso ainda estava com as configura&#231;&#245;es de f&#225;brica, no modo DDD, e n&#227;o no modo AAI adequado ao paciente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> mostra uma reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos eletrocardiogramas intracard&#237;acos sobrepondo a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do ECG de superf&#237;cie.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Reprodu&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiogramas intracard&#237;acos atrial e ventricular sobrepondo a deriva&#231;&#227;o I da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do ECG de superf&#237;cie. A, canal atrial. Ap, evento atrial estimulado. Ar, evento atrial sentido no per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio. V, canal ventricular. Vi, evento ventricular intr&#237;nseco. Vp, evento ventricular estimulado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0014-90133-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No canal atrial, um Ap &#233; seguido de um batimento atrial intr&#237;nseco em per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio (Ar), seguido novamente de um Ap. Como mencionado anteriormente, a via de sa&#237;da ventricular no gerador estava conectada e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel sentir ou estimular o ventr&#237;culo. Assim sendo, os batimentos ventriculares estimulados (Vp) s&#227;o inexpressivos no que diz respeito &#224; real ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os par&#226;metros programados foram: limite m&#237;nimo da frequ&#234;ncia (LRL) 60 bpm; taxa de rastreio superior 120 bpm; per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio atrial p&#243;s-ventricular (PVARP) 280 ms; atraso AV estimulado 220 ms.</p>
      <p>Em um marcapasso DDD, ap&#243;s um Ap, inicia-se um atraso AV estimulado, ap&#243;s o qual o marcapasso sente um Vi ou um Vp. Nesses casos, mesmo que haja um Vi atrav&#233;s de condu&#231;&#227;o nodal intr&#237;nseca, n&#227;o haver&#225; um eletrodo ventricular para sentir esse evento. O atraso AV estimulado &#233; ent&#227;o seguido de um Vp que, pela mesma raz&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; representado no ECG de superf&#237;cie. Ap&#243;s o Vp, come&#231;a o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio atrial p&#243;s-ventricular (PVARP). Sua principal fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; evitar a sensibilidade de ondas P retr&#243;gradas, o que pode desencadear uma taquicardia mediada por marcapasso. O componente inicial do PVARP &#233; ocupado pelo cegamento atrial p&#243;s-ventricular (PVAB), que &#233; totalmente refrat&#225;rio. A partir do PVAB, o per&#237;odo &#233; relativamente refrat&#225;rio. Durante o PVARP, os eventos atriais s&#227;o sentidos e identificados como refrat&#225;rios (Ar) no &#8220;canal marcador&#8221; dos eventos, embora ele n&#227;o modifique a sincroniza&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos estimulados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">1</xref></sup> Desse modo, o pr&#243;ximo Ai n&#227;o desencadeia o atraso AV e um Vp, conforme ele cai no PVARP, mas &#233; registrado no eletrocardiograma intracard&#237;aco como Ar. Esse Ai &#233; seguido de um Vi atrav&#233;s da condu&#231;&#227;o nodal intr&#237;nseca, a qual, mais uma vez, n&#227;o &#233; sentida. O Ap seguinte &#233; desencadeado ap&#243;s o intervalo ventr&#237;culo-atrial (VA), tendo in&#237;cio no &#250;ltimo Vp, para manter o limite m&#237;nimo da frequ&#234;ncia programada a 60 bpm (nesse caso, 780 ms). Ap&#243;s o marcapasso ter sido programado corretamente para o modo AAI, foi obtido o ECG apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> . Ele revela batimentos Ap a 60 bpm, cada qual seguido de um Vi sem interven&#231;&#227;o de um Ai.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Reprodu&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiogramas intracard&#237;acos atrial e ventricular sobrepondo a deriva&#231;&#227;o I da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do ECG de superf&#237;cie ap&#243;s a reprograma&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso. A, canal atrial. Ap, evento atrial estimulado. V, canal ventricular. Vi, evento ventricular intr&#237;nseco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0014-90133-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Esse tipo incomum de &#8220;taquicardia induzida por marcapasso&#8221; s&#243; &#233; poss&#237;vel por causa da ocorr&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea de uma s&#233;rie de condi&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, um marcapasso com um &#250;nico eletrodo atrial no modo DDD. Esse modo ocasionou um atraso AV, em seguida, um Ap e um PVARP, ap&#243;s o Vp. O Ai seguinte &#233; ent&#227;o sentido como durante o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio e n&#227;o reinicia os intervalos estimulados. Em segundo lugar, a aus&#234;ncia de um eletrodo ventricular tamb&#233;m impede que o Vi, ap&#243;s o Ar, seja sentido e o intervalo VA reiniciado. Em terceiro lugar, o ritmo intr&#237;nseco do paciente durante esse per&#237;odo &#233; cronometrado para ocorrer antes do final do PVARP programado, de modo que esse intervalo impede que ele seja sentido fora do per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio. Finalmente, a condu&#231;&#227;o AV intacta do paciente permite que todos os Ap e Ar sejam direcionados para o ventr&#237;culo e a frequ&#234;ncia aumente para 120 bpm. Outro caso relatado retrata um problema semelhante, no qual um &#250;nico eletrodo programado no modo DDD n&#227;o reconhece um epis&#243;dio de taquicardia atrial.<sup>2</sup> A programa&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa e um conhecimento profundo das fun&#231;&#245;es da estimula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o fundamentais para o manejo desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Representa&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos de estimula&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso no modo DDD. A, canal atrial. Ap, evento atrial estimulado. Ar, evento atrial sentido no per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio. AVD, atraso AV. LRL, limite m&#237;nimo da frequ&#234;ncia. PVAB, cegamento atrial p&#243;s-ventricular. PVARP, per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio atrial p&#243;s-ventricular. TARP, per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio atrial total. V, canal ventricular. Intervalo VA, intervalo ventr&#237;culo-atrial. Vi, evento ventricular intr&#237;nseco. Vp, evento ventricular estimulado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0014-90133-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Kenny T. The Nuts and Bolts of Implantable Device Therapy Pacemakers. Hoboke(NJ): W iley-Blackwell; 2015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kenny</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>The Nuts and Bolts of Implantable Device Therapy Pacemakers</source>
          <publisher-loc>Hoboke(NJ)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>W iley-Blackwell</publisher-name>
          <year>2015</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Noheria, A, Friedman, PA, Asirvatham, SJ, McLeod, CJ. Dual chamber pacing mode in an atrial antitachycardia pacing device without a ventricular lead - A necessary evil. Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology J 2015;15(2):133-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Noheria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asirvatham</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McLeod</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dual chamber pacing mode in an atrial antitachycardia pacing device without a ventricular lead - A necessary evil</article-title>
          <source>Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>137</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An Unusual Pacemaker-Induced Tachycardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9296-5317</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho-Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Madalena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portugal</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9465-634X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central EPE &#8211; Cardiologia, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Madalena Cruz &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central EPE - Rua de Santa Marta, 50 Lisboa 1150-064 - Portugal E-mail: madalena.cruz89@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Portugal G; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Coutinho-Cruz M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva-Cunha P, Martins-Oliveira M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Sick Sinus Syndrome/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia/surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 29 year-old female patient with double inlet left ventricle, ventricle septal defect, malposition of the great arteries and subpulmonary obstacle, submitted to a modified Fontan procedure, at 9 years of age, presented with severely symptomatic brady-tachy syndrome (palpitations and syncope). Since venous access to the right ventricle was absent (due to the surgical redirection of venous blood flow from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery bypassing the ventricles) and the AV conduction was normal, it was decided to implant a permanent atrial pacemaker. A single active fixation lead was placed in the right atrial lateral wall, due to suboptimal pacing threshold in the atrial appendage. Due to concerns that either the progression of the conduction system disease or the effect of heart rate-slowing medication could lead to AV conduction disease, which would require an epicardial lead later on, a Sorin Reply 200 DR pulse generator with a plug in the ventricular port was used. The day after the procedure, the patient complained of palpitations. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows the ECG tracing performed.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ECG after pacemaker implantation. Repetitive cycle of an atrial paced beat and an atrial intrinsic beat both followed by a ventricular intrinsic beat.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0014-90133-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The ECG reveals a repetitive cycle of an atrial paced beat (Ap) and an atrial intrinsic beat (Ai) each followed by a ventricular intrinsic beat (Vi). The Ap-Ap interval is 1000 ms, which is in agreement with the programmed lower rate limit (60 beats per minute). The Ai-Ai interval is also 1000 ms and the Ap-Ai interval is 480 ms, which amounts to a mean effective ventricular rate of 120 bpm. The intrinsic AV interval is 180 ms. There was clearly an undersensing of every other atrial beat. After interrogation of the device, although pacing and sensing threshold were adequate, it was noted that the pacemaker was still in factory settings, in DDD mode instead of the patient&#8217;s appropriate AAI mode. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> shows a reproduction of the intracardiac electrograms overlaying the presenting surface ECG.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Reproduction of the intracardiac atrial and ventricular electrograms overlaying lead I of the presenting surface ECG. A: atrial channel. Ap: atrial paced event. Ar: atrial event sensed in the refractory period. V, ventricular channel. Vi, intrinsic ventricular event. Vp, ventricular paced event.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0014-90133-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the atrial channel, an Ap is followed by an atrial intrinsic beat in the refractory period (Ar), followed again by an Ap. As mentioned before, the ventricular port on the generator was plugged and it was not possible neither to sense nor to pace the ventricle. As such, the ventricular paced beats (Vp) are inconsequential with respect to actual ventricular activation. Programmed parameters were: lower rate limit (LRL) 60 bpm; upper tracking rate 120 bpm; post-ventricular atrial refractory period (PVARP) 280 ms; paced AV delay 220 ms.</p>
        <p>In a DDD pacemaker, after an Ap, a paced AV delay is started, after which there is either a sensed Vi or a Vp. In these cases, even though there is a Vi through intrinsic nodal conduction, there is no ventricular lead to sense this event. The AV delay is then followed by a Vp that, for the same reason, has no representation in the surface ECG. After the Vp, the post-ventricular atrial refractory period (PVARP) starts. Its main role is to prevent the sensing of retrograde P waves that might trigger a pacemaker mediated tachycardia. The initial component of the PVARP is occupied by the post-ventricular atrial blanking (PVAB), which is absolutely refractory. Beyond the PVAB, the period is relatively refractory. During the PVARP, atrial events are sensed and identified as refractory (Ar) on the event marker channel, though it does not modify the synchronization of the pacing intervals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">1</xref></sup> Thus, the next Ai does not trigger an AV delay and a Vp, as it falls in the PVARP, but is recorded in the intracardiac electrogram as Ar. This Ai is followed by a Vi through intrinsic nodal conduction, which, again, is not sensed. The next Ap is triggered after the ventriculo-atrial (VA) interval starting at the last Vp to maintain the lower rate limit at 60 bpm (in this case, 780 ms). After correctly programming it to AAI mode, the ECG shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> was obtained. It reveals Ap beats at 60 bpm, each followed by a Vi with no intervening Ai.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Reproduction of the intracardiac atrial and ventricular electrograms overlaying lead I of the surface ECG after reprogramming of the pacemaker. A, atrial channel. Ap, atrial paced event. V, ventricular channel. Vi, intrinsic ventricular event.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0014-90133-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>This unusual kind of &#8220;pacemaker-induced tachycardia&#8221; is only possible because of the simultaneous occurrence of a set of conditions. Firstly, a pacemaker with a single atrial lead was programmed in a DDD mode. This mode initiated an AV delay after Ap and a PVARP after the Vp. The next Ai is then sensed during the refractory period and does not reset the pacing intervals. Secondly, the absence of a ventricular lead also precludes the Vi after the Ar to be sensed and reset the VA interval. Thirdly, the patient&#8217;s intrinsic rhythm during this period is timed to occur before the end of the programed PVARP, so that this interval prevents it from being sensed outside the refractory period. Lastly, the patient&#8217;s intact AV conduction allows for all Ap and Ar to be conducted to the ventricle and the rate to rise to 120 bpm. Another reported case depicts a similar problem, in which a single atrial lead programmed in DDD mode fails to recognize an episode of atrial tachycardia.<sup>2</sup>Careful programming and deep understanding of pacing functions are crucial for the management of these patients.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Representation of the pacing intervals of the pacemaker in DDD mode. A, atrial channel. Ap, atrial paced event. Ar, atrial event sensed in the refractory period. AVD, AV delay. LRL, lower rate limit. PVAB, post-ventricular atrial blanking. PVARP, post-ventricular atrial refractory period. TARP, total atrial refractory period. V, ventricular channel. VA interval, ventriculo-atrial interval. Vi, intrinsic ventricular event. Vp, ventricular paced event.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0014-90133-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
