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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">h5pWCy938wLGVRSR9rS6SQN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001000001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20180363</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180363</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>For&#231;as Anteriores Proeminentes do QRS Durante Suboclus&#227;o Transit&#243;ria do Tronco da Coron&#225;ria Esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4948-538X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#233;rez-Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Raimundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raimundo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Daminello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos C&#233;lio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nikus</surname>
            <given-names>Kjell</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitario Sa&#250;de ABC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universitario Sa&#250;de ABC,Santo Andr&#233;, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes,Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biologia-Gen&#233;tica e Morfologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Brasilia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Instituto de Biologia-Gen&#233;tica e Morfologia,Brasilia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Tampere University Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tampere</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="FI">Finl&#226;ndia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences,Tampere &#8211; Finl&#226;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233;s Ricardo P&#233;rez-Riera &#8226; Rua Nicolau Barreto, 258. CEP 04583-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>riera@uol.com.br</email> , <email>arperezriera@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: P&#233;rez-Riera AR, Barbosa-Barros R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: P&#233;rez-Riera AR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: P&#233;rez-Riera AR, Barbosa-Barros R, Raimundo RD, Abreu LC, Almeida MC, Nikus K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>5</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Tronco Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinol&#237;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Est&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) origina-se do seio esquerdo de Valsalva, passa entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar principal e o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo antes de entrar no sulco coron&#225;rio e bifurca-se na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) e na art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda (CXE). Na maioria dos indiv&#237;duos, o TCE supre &#8776;75% do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Uma estenose significativa, que pode causar angina est&#225;vel e/ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, coloca o paciente em risco de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda aguda fatal e arritmias malignas. O progn&#243;stico do paciente com doen&#231;a de TCE pode ser melhorado com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM). Com aprimoramento t&#233;cnico e medica&#231;&#227;o antitromb&#243;tica eficaz, a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) evoluiu como uma modalidade terap&#234;utica alternativa. Em pacientes com doen&#231;a de TCE grave com complexidade anat&#244;mica baixa a intermedi&#225;ria, tanto a RM quanto a ICP s&#227;o m&#233;todos eficazes de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com taxas compar&#225;veis de morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os pacientes mais adequados para implante de stent no TCE s&#227;o aqueles com doen&#231;a ostial isolada/doen&#231;a de TCE m&#233;dia, doen&#231;a de TCE protegido e aqueles submetidos a implante de stent eletivo. Em um estudo recente, foram relatados 8% de mortalidade e 8% de taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo durante o seguimento de um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Um homem caucasiano de 72 anos de idade veio ao pronto-socorro com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica opressiva prolongada em repouso h&#225; uma hora associada a diaforese fria e dificuldade respirat&#243;ria. Ele tinha hist&#243;rico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e dislipidemia, detectada quatro anos antes. Dois meses antes, ele tinha apresentado dor precordial opressiva a esfor&#231;os moderados, que desaparecia rapidamente com repouso. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra o ECG na admiss&#227;o e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2-A</xref> um ECG realizado 30 dias antes. A angiografia coronariana mostrou suboclus&#227;o (estenose de 91 a 99% de di&#226;metro) na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do TCE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2-B</xref> ). A RM foi proposta imediatamente, mas o paciente recusou. Ele foi submetido &#224; ICP com implante de stent farmacol&#243;gico (SF) com sucesso, sem complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares. Durante os 6 meses de seguimento, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo no TCE. O paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico mesmo com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e os v&#225;rios ECGs de seguimento foram normais.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG na admiss&#227;o (A) e o vetor de les&#227;o nos planos frontal e horizontal (B). A) Infradesnivelamento generalizado do segmento ST em I, II, III (II&gt; III) e VF e das ondas V2 a V6. Infradesnivelamento difuso do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es &#237;nfero-laterais (&#8805;7 deriva&#231;&#245;es com Infradesnivelamento do segmento ST) e supradesnivelamento rec&#237;proco do segmento ST na deriva&#231;&#227;o aVR. Al&#233;m disso, bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo (BFAE) at&#237;pico, eixo QRS -40&#176;, SIII &gt;SII e aus&#234;ncia de onda q inicial em I e aVL pela aus&#234;ncia do primeiro vetor do septo m&#233;dio esquerdo (no BFAE t&#237;pico, os primeiros vetores de 10-20 ms s&#227;o direcionados para +120&#176;).4 B) Plano frontal (PF): o vetor de les&#227;o ST (seta) &#233; direcionado para cima e para a direita, apontando para a deriva&#231;&#227;o aVR (-150&#176;). Quando esse vetor est&#225; localizado entre -90 &#176; e &#177; 180&#176; no PF, &#233; indicativo de obstru&#231;&#227;o do TCE em at&#233; 100% dos casos5, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores com STII &gt;STIII; Plano horizontal: o vetor de les&#227;o de ST &#233; direcionado para a direita e esquerda (seta), perpendicular a V1. Infradesnivelamento do segmento ST de V2 a V6.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0001-80363-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) ECG realizado 30 dias antes: aumento atrial esquerdo, for&#231;as anteriores proeminentes do QRS em V2 com padr&#227;o de qRs em V1-V2, voltagem da onda R em V2 &gt;15 mm (23 mm), tempo de pico da onda R prolongado nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas (&#8805;35 ms), supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em aVR (&#8805;1 mm), infradesnivelamento m&#237;nimo do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e de V3 a V6; essas altera&#231;&#245;es discretas podem levantar a suspeita de doen&#231;a de TCE e algum grau de LSFB. Nota: este ECG foi considerado &#8220;normal&#8221; pelo cl&#237;nico!! B) Angiografia coronariana na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua craniana anterior direita: nesta proje&#231;&#227;o, observa-se uma suboclus&#227;o cr&#237;tica do TCE (seta) na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0001-80363-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Um eletrocardiograma realizado devido a sintomas de angina est&#225;vel 30 dias antes da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar mostrou um padr&#227;o sugestivo de doen&#231;a de TCE e possivelmente algum grau de suboclus&#227;o transit&#243;ria do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (LSFB, do ingl&#234;s <italic>transient left septal fascicular block</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esses &#8220;achados m&#237;nimos&#8221; no cen&#225;rio de angina est&#225;vel devem alertar o m&#233;dico sobre a possibilidade de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica grave em pacientes sem uma explica&#231;&#227;o l&#243;gica para os achados do ECG, como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda com <italic>strain</italic> na cardiopatia estrutural. Ambas as caracter&#237;sticas do ECG s&#227;o evidentes, com achados isqu&#234;micos mais pronunciados no ECG realizados na admiss&#227;o quando o paciente apresentava s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios manuscritos sucessivos do nosso grupo e de outros mostraram que uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de casos com LSFB, manifestado por for&#231;as anteriores proeminentes do QRS, &#233; causada por obstru&#231;&#227;o proximal cr&#237;tica da DAE antes de seu primeiro ramo perfurante septal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Como a DAE &#233; uma continua&#231;&#227;o do TCE, uma obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa do TCE pode levar &#224; isquemia na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia e no territ&#243;rio apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, onde fica o fasc&#237;culo septal esquerdo, causando a LSFB.</p>
      <p>Na presen&#231;a de LSFB, a sequ&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular come&#231;a apenas em dois pontos:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>A base do m&#250;sculo papilar anterolateral (MPA) da v&#225;lvula mitral dependente do fasc&#237;culo anterior esquerdo (FAE) na parede parasseptal anterior, logo abaixo da inser&#231;&#227;o do MPA (vetor 1<sub>AM</sub>);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A base do m&#250;sculo papilar posteromedial (MPP) da v&#225;lvula mitral dependente do fasc&#237;culo posterior esquerdo (FPE). Est&#225; localizado na parede parasseptal posterior, a cerca de um ter&#231;o da dist&#226;ncia do &#225;pice at&#233; a base (vetor posteroinferior - 1<sub>PI</sub>). Esses dois vetores iniciais t&#234;m dire&#231;&#245;es opostas e se cancelam com predomin&#226;ncia m&#237;nima do vetor 1<sub>PI</sub> direcionado para tr&#225;s ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Isso explica a aus&#234;ncia da convexidade inicial normal &#224; direita do <italic>loop</italic> QRS (despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular) no plano horizontal, dependente do vetor septal 1<sub>AM</sub> (ou vetor Penaloza-Tranchesi).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em seguida, o est&#237;mulo &#233; direcionado para a regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-septal ou parasseptal esquerda, bloqueada por in&#250;meras &#225;reas do sistema de Purkinje, deslocando as for&#231;as para a frente e para a esquerda, resultando em for&#231;as anteriores proeminentes <bold>(</bold> FAP). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> mostra dois casos em que a anatomia trifascicular do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His &#233; evidente. Ironicamente, ambos os casos v&#234;m da escola de eletrocardiografia que cunhou o conceito bifascicular do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Esbo&#231;o mostrando a ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular inicial nos casos de LSFB. Ramo esquerdo do feixe de His com suas tr&#234;s divis&#245;es, em uma proje&#231;&#227;o sagital esquerda. O FAE termina na base do MPP da v&#225;lvula mitral. O FPE termina na base do MPP da v&#225;lvula mitral. Como os vetores de ativa&#231;&#227;o dependem dos fasc&#237;culos anterossuperior (A) e posteroinferior (B) v&#227;o em dire&#231;&#245;es opostas, eles se cancelam, com predomin&#226;ncia m&#237;nima do FPE. Esse fen&#244;meno explica a frequente onda q inicial nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas na presen&#231;a de BFPE. Observe a aus&#234;ncia do primeiro vetor 1AM, dependente do LSF. RE: ramo esquerdo; RD: ramo direito; FAE: fasc&#237;culo anterior esquerdo; FPE: fasc&#237;culo posterior esquerdo; LSF: fasc&#237;culo septal esquerdo; LSFB: bloqueio fascicular do septo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0001-80363-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Vista lateral endoc&#225;rdica do SIV no cora&#231;&#227;o humano.11 Neste exemplo, o LSF se origina do ramo esquerdo (RE) principal. Al&#233;m disso, o FAE conduz ao MPA da v&#225;lvula mitral e o FPE diretamente ao MPP da v&#225;lvula mitral (A). Figura extra&#237;da do livro original de Rosenbaum,11 o LSF se origina do FPE. Rosenbaum considerou esses como &#8220;falsos tend&#245;es&#8221; originando-se do FPE (B). RE: ramo esquerdo; RD: ramo direito; FAE: fasc&#237;culo anterior esquerdo; FPE: fasc&#237;culo posterior esquerdo; LSF: fasc&#237;culo septal esquerdo; LSFB: bloqueio fascicular do septo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0001-80363-gf04.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <sec>
        <title>Suprimento de sangue dos fasc&#237;culos esquerdos</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>FAE: o suprimento sangu&#237;neo para o FAE do ramo esquerdo (RE) teve origem em 50% dos casos n&#227;o apenas no ramo septal anterior da DAE, mas tamb&#233;m da art&#233;ria nodal atrioventricular (AV), um ramo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) em 90% dos casos, e na CXE em 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Assim, dados anat&#244;micos confirmam a observa&#231;&#227;o de que a oclus&#227;o do segmento proximal da DAE n&#227;o &#233; um pr&#233;-requisito para a ocorr&#234;ncia de bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo (BFAE). O aparecimento de BFAE durante o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o &#233; sinal de coexist&#234;ncia de estenose significativa da DAE ou de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana mais grave ou extensa. Nesses pacientes, outros mecanismos, como o grau da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana, podem ter um papel importante na ocorr&#234;ncia desse dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o e corroboram os relatos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos de que o BFAE pode estar relacionado a les&#245;es afetando o feixe de His por meio de uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal dessa estrutura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>FPE: a ampla natureza do FPE, sua localiza&#231;&#227;o protegida na via de entrada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e seu suprimento duplo de sangue<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> tornam o bloqueio fascicular posterior esquerdo (BFPE) isolado muito raro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O MPP onde o FPE termina &#233; suprido por ramos arteriais que terminam na superf&#237;cie diafragm&#225;tica do VE e, mais comumente, por uma jun&#231;&#227;o de ramos terminais da LCX e da ACD. Quando a LCX supre quase toda a superf&#237;cie diafragm&#225;tica do VE (10% dos cora&#231;&#245;es humanos), seus ramos fornecem todo o suprimento sangu&#237;neo para o MPP. O FPE &#233; irrigado em 10% dos casos apenas pela DAE, em 40% dos casos pela DAE e ACD e em 50% dos casos apenas pela ACD.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Fasc&#237;culo septal esquerdo (FSE): &#233; irrigado exclusivamente pela art&#233;ria perfurante septal da DAE, que supre 2/3 da por&#231;&#227;o superior do septo interventricular (SIV) neste local. A maior parte do suprimento de sangue para o SIV &#233; fornecida pela DAE. Os ramos no septo da art&#233;ria descendente posterior raramente penetram mais de 10 mm do epic&#225;rdio (um pouco mais que a espessura normal da parede livre do VE), de modo que, para fins pr&#225;ticos, &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar todo o suprimento sangu&#237;neo do SIV derivado de quatro a seis ramos perfurantes septais de tamanho quase igual a da DAE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t1">
                <label>Tabela 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela irriga&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s fasc&#237;culos do RE</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="25%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Sistema respons&#225;vel</th>
                      <th>FAE</th>
                      <th>FPE</th>
                      <th>LSF</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Somente DAE</td>
                      <td align="center">40%</td>
                      <td align="center">10%</td>
                      <td align="center">100%</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>DAE &amp; ACD</td>
                      <td align="center">50%</td>
                      <td align="center">40%</td>
                      <td align="center">0%</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Somente ACD</td>
                      <td align="center">10%</td>
                      <td align="center">50%</td>
                      <td align="center">0%</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>No recente artigo de consenso brasileiro, foram estabelecidos os seguintes crit&#233;rios para LSFB. Eles s&#227;o os seguintes, com modifica&#231;&#245;es e coment&#225;rios esclarecedores do nosso grupo:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Presen&#231;a de for&#231;as anteriores proeminentes (FAP) do QRS, sendo transit&#243;rias em tra&#231;ados sequenciais. A natureza transit&#243;ria das FAPs e as deriva&#231;&#245;es envolvidas indicam uma alta probabilidade de obstru&#231;&#227;o proximal cr&#237;tica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE). Quando esse padr&#227;o &#233; observado no cen&#225;rio da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou durante um teste de esfor&#231;o, deve ser considerada uma angiografia coronariana urgente;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dura&#231;&#227;o normal do QRS ou aumento discreto (at&#233; 110 ms) quando n&#227;o associado a outros bloqueios;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Linhas do plano frontal inalteradas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Tempo de pico da onda R em V1 e V2 &#8805;40 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (Nota: o termo deflex&#227;o intr&#237;nseca n&#227;o &#233; recomendado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>voltagem de onda R em V1 &#8805;5 mm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>raz&#227;o R/S em V1 e V2 &gt;2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>profundidade da onda S em V2 &lt;5 mm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Poss&#237;vel onda q dependente da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, embrion&#225;ria e/ou transit&#243;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> em V2 ou V1 e V2;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Voltagem de onda R em V2&gt; 15 mm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Padr&#245;es RS ou Rs em V2 e V3 (frequentemente, rS em V1) com a onda R crescente de V1 a V3 e diminuindo de V5 para V6;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aus&#234;ncia de onda q em V5, V6 e I (pela aus&#234;ncia do vetor septal 1<sub>AM</sub>);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> confirmado experimentalmente em cora&#231;&#245;es humanos explantados por Durrer et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Que seja de nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro caso na literatura que descreve caracter&#237;sticas de ECG compat&#237;veis com LSFB associadas &#224; suboclus&#227;o de TCE. Essa evolu&#231;&#227;o deve alertar os cl&#237;nicos sobre a possibilidade de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana grave em pacientes com um padr&#227;o de ECG de LSFB associado ao infradesnivelamento generalizado do segmento ST, tanto em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel quanto naqueles com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Deve-se considerar a angiografia coronariana o mais rapidamente poss&#237;vel.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Surawicz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Childers</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deal</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gettes</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorgels</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>976</fpage>
          <lpage>981</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Gambetta M, Childers RW. Rate-dependent right precordial Q waves: &#8220;septal focal block&#8221;. Am J Cardiol. 1973;32(2):196-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Childers</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rate-dependent right precordial Q waves: &#8220;septal focal block&#8221;</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1973</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
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        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>19. Durrer D, van Dam RT, Freud GE, Janse MJ, Meijler FL, Arzbaecher RC. Total excitation of the isolated human heart. Circulation. 1970;41(6):899-912.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Durrer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Dam</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freud</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janse</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meijler</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
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              <given-names>RC</given-names>
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          <article-title>Total excitation of the isolated human heart</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transient Prominent Anterior QRS Forces in Acute Left Main Coronary Artery Subocclusion: Transient Left Septal Fascicular Block</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4948-538X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#233;rez-Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Raimundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raimundo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Daminello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos C&#233;lio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nikus</surname>
            <given-names>Kjell</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universitario Sa&#250;de ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Instituto de Biologia-Gen&#233;tica e Morfologia, Brasilia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="FI">Finland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere &#8211; Finland</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Andr&#233;s Ricardo P&#233;rez-Riera &#8226; Rua Nicolau Barreto, 258. Postal Code 04583-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: riera@uol.com.br, arperezriera@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: P&#233;rez-Riera AR, Barbosa-Barros R; Writing of the manuscript: P&#233;rez-Riera AR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: P&#233;rez-Riera AR, Barbosa-Barros R, Raimundo RD, Abreu LC, Almeida MC, Nikus K.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Occlusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Truncus Arterious</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinolytic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina, Stable</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The left main coronary artery (LMCA) originates from the left sinus of Valsalva, passes between the main pulmonary artery and the left atrial appendage before entering the coronary sulcus and bifurcates into the left anterior descending (LAD) and the left circumflex (LCX) coronary arteries. In most individuals, the LMCA supplies &#8776;75% of the left ventricle (LV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Significant stenosis, which may lead to stable angina and/or acute coronary syndrome, places the patient at risk of life-threatening acute left ventricular failure and malignant arrhythmias. Patient prognosis of LMCA disease can be improved with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). With technical improvement and effective anti-thrombotic medication, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has evolved as an alternative therapeutic modality. In patients with severe LMCA disease having low to intermediate anatomic complexity, both CABG and PCI are effective methods of revascularization with comparable long-term rates of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients most suitable for LMCA stenting are those with isolated ostial/mid LMCA disease, protected LMCA disease and those who undergo an elective stenting procedure. In a recent study, 8% mortality and 8% target lesion revascularization rate during one-year follow-up was reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case description</title>
        <p>A 72-year-old Caucasian male presented at the emergency department complaining of prolonged oppressive chest pain at rest since &#8776;1 hour associated with cold diaphoresis and respiratory distress. He had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia had been detected four years before. Two months earlier, he had oppressive precordial pain on moderate exertion, which disappeared rapidly after rest. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows the ECG at admission and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2-A</xref> an ECG performed 30 days before. The coronary angiography indicated subocclusion (91-99% diameter stenosis) in the middle portion of the LMCA ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2-B</xref> ). CABG was immediately proposed, but the patient refused. He successfully underwent PCI with DES implantation without in-hospital complications. During the 6-month follow-up no target lesion revascularization was required on the LMCA. The patient remained asymptomatic even at efforts and several follow-up ECGs were normal.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ECG at admission (A) and the injury vector in the frontal and horizontal planes (B). A) Widespread ST-segment depression in I, II, III (II&gt;III) and VF and from V2 to V6 waves. Diffuse ST-segment depression in the inferolateral leads (&#8805;7 leads with ST-depression) and reciprocal ST-segment elevation in the aVR lead. In addition, atypical left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), QRS axis -40&#176;, SIII&gt;SII, and absence of initial q wave in I and aVL by absence of the first left middle septal vector (in typical LAFB the first 10-20 ms vectors are directed to +120&#176;).4 B) Frontal plane (FP): The ST injury vector (arrow) is directed upward and rightward pointing towards the aVR lead (-150&#176;). When this vector is located between -90&#176; and &#177;180&#176; in the FP, it is indicative of LMCA obstruction in up to 100% of cases;5 ST-segment depression in the inferior leads with STII&gt;STIII; Horizontal plane: the ST injury vector is directed to the right and leftward (arrow), perpendicular to V1. ST segment depression from V2 to V6.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0001-80363-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) ECG performed 30 days before: left atrial enlargement, prominent anterior QRS forces in V2 with qRs pattern in V1-V2, R wave voltage in V2 &gt;15 mm (23 mm), prolonged R-wave peak time in right precordial leads (&#8805;35 ms), ST-segment elevation in aVR (&#8805;1 mm), minimal ST-segment depression in the inferior leads and from V3 to V6; these discrete alterations could raise the suspicion of LMCA disease and some degree of LSFB. Note: this ECG was considered &#8220;normal&#8221; by the clinician!!B) Coronary angiography in right anterior oblique cranial projection: this view shows a critical sub-occlusion of the LMCA (arrow) in the middle portion.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0001-80363-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>An ECG performed due to stable angina symptoms 30 days before the hospital admission, showed a pattern suggestive of LMCA disease and possibly some degree of LSFB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> These &#8220;minimal findings&#8221; in the scenario of stable angina should alert the clinician about the possibility of severe myocardial ischemia in patients without a logical explanation for the ECG findings, such as left ventricular hypertrophy with strain in structural heart disease. Both ECG features are evident, with more pronounced ischemic findings in the ECG performed at admission when the patient had acute coronary syndrome.</p>
        <p>Several successive manuscripts from our group and others have shown that a large proportion of cases with transient left septal fascicular block (LSFB), manifested by prominent anterior QRS forces, is caused by critical proximal obstruction of the LAD before its first septal perforator branch.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As the LAD is a continuation of the LMCA, significant LMCA obstruction, may lead to ischemia in the mid-portion and apical territory of the left ventricle, where the left septal fascicle runs, thereby causing LSFB.</p>
        <p>In the presence of LSFB, the sequence of ventricular activation begins only at two points:</p>
        <p>The base of the anterolateral papillary muscle (ALPM) of the mitral valve dependent on the left anterior fascicle (LAF) in the anterior paraseptal wall, just below the ALPM attachment (1<sub>AM</sub>vector);</p>
        <p>The base of the posteromedial papillary muscle of the mitral valve (PMPM) dependent on the left posterior fascicle (LPF). It is located in the posterior paraseptal wall, at about one-third of the distance from the apex to the base (posteroinferior vector &#8211; 1<sub>PI</sub>). These two initial vectors have opposite directions, and they cancel each other with minimal predominance of the 1<sub>PI</sub>vector directed backward ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). This explains the absence of the normal initial convexity to the right of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane, dependent on the 1<sub>AM</sub>septal vector (or Penaloza-Tranchesi vector).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Next, the stimulus is directed to the mid-septal or left paraseptal region, blocked by numerous Purkinje passage areas, thus shifting the forces to the front and the left, resulting in prominent anterior forces (PAF). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> shows two cases where the trifascicular anatomy of the left His system is evident. Ironically, both cases come from the school of electrocardiography that coined the bifascicular concept of the left His system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outline showing the initial ventricular activation in cases of LSFB. Left His system with its three divisions, in a left sagittal projection. The LAF ends at the base of the ALPM of the mitral valve. The LPF ends in the base of the PMPM of the mitral valve. Since the activation vectors dependent on the anterosuperior (A) and posteroinferior (B) fascicles go in opposite directions, they cancel each other, with minimal predominance of LPF. This phenomenon explains the frequent initial q wave in the right precordial leads in the presence of LPFB. Note the absence of the first 1AM vector, dependent on LSF. LBB: left bundle branch; RBB: right bundle branch; LAF: left anterior fascicle; LPF: left posterior fascicle; LSF: left septal fascicle; LSFB: left septal fascicular block.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0001-80363-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Endocardial lateral view of the IVS in the human heart.11 In this example the LSF originates from the main LBB. Additionally, the LAF conducts to the ALPM of the mitral valve and the LPF straight to the PMPM of the mitral valve (A). Figure extracted from the original book by Rosenbaum,11 the LSF originates from the LPF. Rosenbaum considered these as &#8220;false sinews or tendons&#8221; originating from the LPF (B). LBB: left bundle branch; RBB: right bundle branch; LAF: left anterior fascicle; LPF: left posterior fascicle; LSF: left septal fascicle; LSFB: left septal fascicular block.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-1suppl1-0001-80363-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Left fascicles blood supply</title>
          <p><bold>LAF:</bold> the blood supply to the LAF of the LBB originated in 50 % of the cases not only from the anterior septal branch of the LAD, but also from the atrioventricular (AV) nodal artery, a branch of the right coronary artery (RCA) in 90 % of the cases and of the LCX in 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Thus, anatomic data support the observation that occlusion of the proximal segment of the LAD is not a prerequisite for the occurrence of LAFB. The appearance of LAFB during acute myocardial infarction is not a sign of a coexistent significant stenosis of the LAD or of more severe or extensive coronary artery disease. In these patients, other mechanisms such as the degree of the coronary collateral circulation may play a role in the occurrence of this conduction disturbance and supports the experimental and clinical reports that LAFB may be due to lesions involving the His bundle by means of a longitudinal dissociation of this structure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p><bold>LPF:</bold> the broad nature of the LPF, its protected location in the left ventricular inflow tract, as well as its dual blood supply<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> makes isolated LPFB very rare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The PMPM where LPF ends is supplied by arterial branches that terminate on the diaphragmatic surface of the LV, and most commonly by a junction of terminal branches of the LCX and of the RCA. When the LCX supplies nearly all the diaphragmatic surface of the LV (10 % of human hearts), its branches provide the entire blood supply for the PMPM. The LPF is irrigated in 10% of cases by LAD only, in 40% of cases by LAD and RCA and in 50% of cases by RCA only.</p>
          <p><bold>Left septal fascicle (LSF):</bold> it is irrigated exclusively by the septal perforating artery from the LAD, which supplies the upper<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /<sub>3</sub>portion of the interventricular septum (IVS) at this site. Most of the blood supply to the IVS is provided by the LAD. Branches into the septum from the posterior descending artery rarely penetrate more than 10 mm from the epicardium (slightly more than the normal thickness of the LV free wall), so that for practical purposes one may consider the entire blood supply of the IVS to be derived from four to six nearly equal size septal perforating branches of the LAD ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Artery responsible for the irrigation of the three fascicles of the LBB</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Responsible system</th>
                    <th>LAF</th>
                    <th>LPF</th>
                    <th>LSF</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD only</td>
                    <td align="center">40%</td>
                    <td align="center">10%</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD &amp; RCA</td>
                    <td align="center">50%</td>
                    <td align="center">40%</td>
                    <td align="center">0%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RCA only</td>
                    <td align="center">10%</td>
                    <td align="center">50%</td>
                    <td align="center">0%</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In the recent Brazilian consensus paper, the following criteria for LSFB were established. They are as follows, with modifications and clarifying comments by our group:</p>
          <p>Presence of prominent anterior forces (PAFs) of the QRS, being transient in sequential tracings. The transitory nature of PAF and the leads involved in it indicate a high likelihood of critical proximal obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). When this pattern is observed in the scenario of acute coronary syndrome or during a stress test, urgent coronary angiography should be considered;</p>
          <p>Normal QRS duration or discrete increase (up to 110 ms) when not associated to other blocks;</p>
          <p>Unaltered frontal plane leads;</p>
          <p>R-wave-peak time in V1 and V2 &#8805;40 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (Note: the term intrinsicoid deflection is not recommended,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>R-wave voltage in V1 &#8805;5 mm;</p>
          <p>R/S ratio in V1 and V2 &gt;2;</p>
          <p>S-wave depth in V2 &lt;5 mm;</p>
          <p>Possible heart-rate dependent, embryonic and/or transient q wave<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in V2 or V1 and V2;</p>
          <p>R-wave voltage in V2 &gt;15 mm;</p>
          <p>RS or Rs patterns in V2 and V3 (frequently, rS in V1) with R wave &#8220;in crescendo&#8221; from V1 through V3 and decreasing from V5 to V6;</p>
          <p>Absence of q wave in V5, V6 and I (by absence of 1<sub>AM</sub>septal vector)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> ; confirmed experimentally in explanted human hearts by Durrer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature describing ECG features compatible with LSFB associated with LMCA subocclusion. This evolution should alert clinicians about the possibility of severe coronary artery disease in patients with an ECG pattern of LSFB associated with wide-spread ST-segment depression both in patients with stable angina and those with acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography without delay should be considered.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
