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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SbFpWCgbD3wm3PkjMjjgqpm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200957</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200957</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tromboembolismo Pulmonar em um Paciente Jovem com COVID-19 Assintom&#225;tico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2529-3869</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolas H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Roberto Curcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stocco</surname>
            <given-names>Rebecca B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Maria de Carvalho Hessel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5822-6622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lenci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristina Pellegrino Baena &#8226; Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. CEP 80215-901, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cbaena01@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Borges NH, Godoy TM, Curcio M, Stocco RB, Hessel V, Baena CP, Lenci G</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1205</fpage>
      <lpage>1207</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboembolismo Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Tr&#237;ade de Virchow</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19, Coronavirus-19, Assintom&#225;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 22 anos, sem comorbidades pr&#233;vias e uso de medicamentos, foi encaminhado ao nosso hospital em 24/06/2020. Sem sintomas, em 12/06/2020 foi diagnosticado com COVID-19 ap&#243;s um teste de triagem por PCR exigido em sua empresa, e permaneceu em repouso no leito durante a maior parte de seu isolamento. Permaneceu assintom&#225;tico por 11 dias, por&#233;m, em 24/06/2020, deu entrada no pronto-socorro com dor ventilat&#243;rio-dependente em hemit&#243;rax direito. Os sinais vitais revelaram hipertens&#227;o (132/78 mmHg), taquicardia (127 bpm), hip&#243;xia (SpO<sub>2</sub> de 90% em ar ambiente) e febre (38,7&#176;C). Ao exame f&#237;sico, chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos sons respirat&#243;rios em hemit&#243;rax direito durante a ausculta pulmonar. Os escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de P&#225;dua e Wells foram aplicados, e os crit&#233;rios indicaram um risco baixo (3 pontos) e um risco moderado (6 pontos), respectivamente. D-d&#237;mero (6,652 &#956;g/L), Prote&#237;na C-Reativa (94 mg/L) e Troponina (119 pg/mL) estavam entre os testes laboratoriais realizados. Foi solicitada uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) de t&#243;rax ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), que demonstrou a Corcova de Humpton. uma opacifica&#231;&#227;o de base pleural no pulm&#227;o, mais comumente decorrente de embolia pulmonar. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m foram encontradas opacidades pulmonares em consolida&#231;&#227;o e &#225;reas de opacidade em vidro fosco perif&#233;ricas, multifocal e bilateral, associadas a espessamento septal, com pequena &#225;rea de consolida&#231;&#227;o entre elas, mais acentuada no lobo inferior direito e com envolvimento pulmonar moderado (25-50%).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tomografia computadorizada realizada na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mostrando a Corcova de Humpton. Uma opacidade pulmonar bem definida com base na pleura que representa hemorragia e tecido pulmonar necr&#243;tico em uma regi&#227;o de infarto pulmonar causado por embolia pulmonar aguda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1205-00957-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em 25/06/2020, foi solicitada uma tomoangiografia pulmonar (angioTC) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ), que evidenciou defeitos de enchimento nas art&#233;rias pulmonares bilateralmente, com extens&#227;o para seus ramos superior, m&#233;dio e lingual, compat&#237;vel com quadro agudo maci&#231;o condi&#231;&#227;o de tromboembolismo pulmonar. O paciente foi encaminhado em 25/06/2020 para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, sendo solicitada a coleta do material de <italic>swab</italic> nasal e de orofaringe para SARS-CoV-2, o qual apresentou diagn&#243;stico positivo em 26/06/2020. O tratamento foi iniciado com Ceftriaxona (2g ao dia), Azitromicina (500mg ao dia), Dexametasona (6mg ao dia) e Oseltamivir (75mg ao dia), associado &#224; Enoxaparina (80mg ao dia) para profilaxia da trombose venosa. O paciente evoluiu com melhora progressiva. Ele teve alta da UTI para a enfermaria em 28/06/2020 e alta hospitalar definitiva em 29/06/2020, em uso de rivaroxabana (15mg BID), sendo encaminhado para futura reavalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>AngioTC pulmonar realizada no segundo dia, demonstrando defeitos de enchimento nas art&#233;rias pulmonares bilateralmente, refor&#231;ando o diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo maci&#231;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1205-00957-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a alta, foram solicitados exames para investiga&#231;&#227;o de trombofilia, incluindo: Prote&#237;na S funcional, Prote&#237;na C funcional, Homociste&#237;na, Fator V de Leiden, Muta&#231;&#227;o do gene da protrombina, Antitrombina III, Anticoagulante L&#250;pico e Anticardiolipina IgM. Destacam-se o aumento da Antitrombina III (999%), a fraca presen&#231;a do Anticoagulante L&#250;pico (1,43) e os n&#237;veis indeterminados de Anticardiolipina IgM. Al&#233;m disso, foram solicitadas ecocardiografia e ultrassonografia Doppler de membros inferiores, ambas dentro dos padr&#245;es de normalidade, afastando poss&#237;veis sinais de trombose, recente ou tardia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Muitos pacientes com COVID-19 t&#234;m anormalidades de coagula&#231;&#227;o que mimetizam outras coagulopatias sist&#234;micas associadas a infec&#231;&#245;es graves, como coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada ou microangiopatia tromb&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A coagulopatia resultante da COVID-19 pode ocorrer tanto na circula&#231;&#227;o venosa quanto arterial e est&#225; associada &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, como (IL-2, IL6, IL-7, IL-10).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os achados dos estudos mais recentes s&#227;o consistentes com a estreita liga&#231;&#227;o entre trombose e inflama&#231;&#227;o, dois processos que refor&#231;am um ao outro, pois durante a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2, o endot&#233;lio &#233; capaz de mudar para um fen&#243;tipo inflamat&#243;rio responsivo ap&#243;s sua ativa&#231;&#227;o, expressando citocinas e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o vascular, o que pode agravar ainda mais a tempestade de citocinas.</p>
      <p>Essas citocinas, por sua vez, podem causar disfun&#231;&#245;es do glicoc&#225;lice presente nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais, respons&#225;veis por criar uma barreira contra a agrega&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas e c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de eventos tromb&#243;ticos e endoteliais. Al&#233;m disso, o estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico tamb&#233;m resulta em disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, induzindo as c&#233;lulas afetadas a um processo de morte celular denominado piroptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Todas essas altera&#231;&#245;es na resposta pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria do hospedeiro, al&#233;m da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, tamb&#233;m implicam em um amplo desarranjo em diversos par&#226;metros de hemostasia, entre os quais D-d&#237;mero,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> que &#233; um potencial marcador de progn&#243;stico e / ou mortalidade em pacientes acometidos pela doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de n&#227;o apresentar fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es, o paciente deste relato desenvolveu TEP agudo maci&#231;o. Isso poderia ser explicado a partir da teoria da Tr&#237;ade de Virchow, onde a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estase e hipercoagulabilidade sangu&#237;nea convergem para o desenvolvimento de processos tromb&#243;ticos, entre eles, destaca-se o tromboembolismo pulmonar. O estado de hipercoagulabilidade e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser justificado devido &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o viral que se refletiu em uma altera&#231;&#227;o importante no n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de D-d&#237;mero (6652 &#181;g / L), que est&#225; associado a uma maior gravidade da COVID-19; al&#233;m disso, o paciente relatou que, ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19, permaneceu deitado, em repouso no leito em sua resid&#234;ncia, o que corrobora a presen&#231;a de estase sangu&#237;nea pulmonar. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es de isolamento p&#243;s-diagn&#243;stico tamb&#233;m devem ter como objetivo evitar situa&#231;&#245;es que influenciem a estase sangu&#237;nea.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 30188020.7.1001.0020. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pulmonary Thromboembolism in a Young Patient with Asymptomatic COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2529-3869</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolas H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Roberto Curcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stocco</surname>
            <given-names>Rebecca B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Maria de Carvalho Hessel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5822-6622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Lenci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Marcelino Champagnat,Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Cristina Pellegrino Baena</bold> &#8226; Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. Postal Code, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: cbaena01@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Borges NH, Godoy TM, Curcio M, Stocco RB, Hessel V, Baena CP, Lenci G</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Young</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Thromboembolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Virchow&#8217;s Triad</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Carrier State</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Case presentation</title>
        <p>A male patient, 22 years old, with no previous comorbidities and medication use was referred to our hospital on 06/24/2020. Without symptoms, on 06/12/2020 he was diagnosed with COVID-19 after a PCR screening test required at his company and remained in bed rest during most of his isolation. He continued asymptomatic for 11 days; however, on 06/24/2020, he was admitted to the emergency department with ventilatory-dependent pain in the right hemithorax. Vital signs revealed hypertension (132/78 mmHg), tachycardia (127 bpm), hypoxia (SpO<sub>2</sub>of 90% at ambient air), and fever (38.7 &#176;C). On physical examination, attention was drawn to the decrease in breath sounds in the right hemithorax during pulmonary auscultation. Padua and Wells risk stratification scores were applied, and the criteria indicated a low risk (3 points) and a moderated risk (6 points), respectively. D-dimer (6.652 &#956;g/L), C-Reactive Protein (94 mg/L) and Troponin (119 pg/mL) were among the laboratory tests performed. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest was requested ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ), which demonstrated the presence of Hampton&#8217;s hump, a pleural-based opacification in the lung most commonly due to pulmonary embolism. Moreover, consolidative pulmonary opacities and peripheral ground-glass areas, both multifocal and bilateral, associated with septal thickening, with a small area of consolidation in between, more accentuated in the right lower lobe and with moderate pulmonary involvement (25-50%) were also found. On 06/25/2020, a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) was also requested ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ), which demonstrated filling defects in the pulmonary arteries bilaterally, extending to its upper, middle and lingual branches, compatible with massive acute pulmonary thromboembolism. The patient was transferred on 06/25/2020 to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), hemodynamically stable, and then nasal swab and oropharynx material collection for SARS-CoV-2 was requested, which came back with a positive diagnosis on 06/26/2020. Therapy was started with Ceftriaxone (2g daily), Azithromycin (500mg daily), Dexamethasone (6mg daily) and Oseltamivir (75mg daily), associated with Enoxaparin (80mg full dose) as prophylaxis for venous thrombosis. The patient showed progressive improvement. He was discharged from the ICU to the infirmary on 06/28/2020 and on 06/29/2020 he was discharged from the hospital, using Rivaroxaban (15mg BID), being referred for future outpatient reassessment. After the discharge, tests were requested to investigate thrombophilia, including: Functional Protein S, Functional Protein C, Homocysteine, Leiden Factor V, Prothrombin gene mutation, Antithrombin III, Lupus Anticoagulant and Anticardiolipin IgM. The increase in Antithrombin III (999%), the weak presence of Lupus Anticoagulant (1.43) and undetermined IgM Anticardiolipin levels stand out. In addition, echocardiography and Doppler ultrasonography of the lower limbs were requested, which were both within normal standards, ruling out possible signs of thrombosis, either recent or late.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>CT scan performed at admission, showing Hampton&#8217;s hump, a well-defined pulmonary pleural-based opacity representing hemorrhage and necrotic lung tissue in a region of pulmonary infarction caused by acute pulmonary embolism.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1205-00957-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>CTPA performed on day two, demonstrating filling defects in the pulmonary arteries bilaterally, reinforcing the diagnosis of massive acute pulmonary thromboembolism.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1205-00957-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Many patients with COVID-19 have coagulation abnormalities that mimic other systemic coagulopathies associated with severe infections, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation or thrombotic microangiopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Coagulopathy resulting from COVID-19, can occur in both venous and arterial circulation, and is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as (IL-2, IL6, IL-7, IL-10).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The findings of the most recent studies are consistent with the close association between thrombosis and inflammation, two processes that reinforce each other since, during SARS-CoV-2 infection, the endothelium is capable of switching to a responsive inflammatory phenotype after its activation, expressing cytokines and vascular adhesion molecules, which can further aggravate the cytokine storm.</p>
        <p>These cytokines, in turn, can cause dysfunctions of the glycocalyx present in endothelial cells, which are responsible for creating a barrier against the aggregation of platelets and blood cells, thus contributing to the development of thrombotic and endothelial events. Additionally, the systemic inflammatory state also results in endothelial dysfunction, inducing the affected cells to a cell death process called pyroptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> All these changes in the pro-inflammatory response of the host, in addition to endothelial dysfunction, also imply a wide disarray in several hemostasis parameters, among which D-dimer,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> which is a potential marker of prognosis and/or mortality of patients affected by the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite not having risk factors for complications, the patient in this report developed massive acute PTE. This could be explained from the Virchow&#8217;s Triad theory, in which endothelial dysfunction, stasis and blood hypercoagulability converge for the development of thrombotic processes, and among them, pulmonary thromboembolism stands out. The state of hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction can be justified due to the viral infection that reflected in an important change in serum D-dimer level (6652 &#181;g/L), which is associated with greater COVID-19 severity; moreover, the patient reported that after being diagnosed with COVID-19, he remained in bed rest in his residence, which corroborates the presence of pulmonary blood stasis. Post-diagnosis isolation recommendations should also aim to prevent situations that influence blood stasis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; under the protocol number 30188020.7.1001.0020. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding.There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
