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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tFw6NVf4TGgNXWbWBkgLbpy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01180</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401180</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200754</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200754</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trombose de Pr&#243;tese Mec&#226;nica A&#243;rtica em Mulher de 65 Anos com Infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9504-0683</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jacob</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos H. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana C.A.T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcos H. F. Jacob &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcoshfjacob@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jacob MHF, Leal TCAT, Soares PR, Soeiro AM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jacob MHF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1180</fpage>
      <lpage>1183</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
      <p>Paciente feminina de 65 anos internada inicialmente devido a um epis&#243;dio de melena, sendo suspensa a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e realizada endoscopia digestiva alta que n&#227;o detectou sangramentos. Tinha antecedentes de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio em 2005 de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica a&#243;rtica e cirurgia de Bentall &#8211; de Bono devido a dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta Stanford A. Era ex-tabagista, com obesidade e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica em uso regular de varfarina. No dia seguinte, apresentou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST em parede anterior, sendo submetida &#224; angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico de descendente anterior e recebendo aspirina, clopidogrel 75 mg ao dia e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com enoxaparina 100 mg 12/12 h. Na ocasi&#227;o, realizou ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico que demonstrou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve (FEVE: 50%) e folhetos de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica com mobilidade preservada; o gradiente sist&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo esquerdo-aorta m&#225;ximo era de 58 mmHg e o m&#233;dio era de 33 mmHg. Dois dias ap&#243;s, iniciou quadro de anosmia, cefal&#233;ia, pico subfebril e hipoxemia, sendo confirmado diagn&#243;stico de SARS-CoV-2 por PCR em swab de orofaringe. Passados sete dias, ainda em uso de enoxaparina plena, a paciente iniciou quadro de dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica associado &#224; dispneia. Ao exame f&#237;sico apresentava-se em regular estado geral, dispneica, acian&#243;tica, pulsos presentes e cheios nos 4 membros, Glasgow de 15, press&#227;o arterial de 120 x 86 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 130 bpm, oximetria perif&#233;rica de 97% em uso de cateter nasal de oxig&#234;nio a 3 L/min e tempo de enchimento capilar menor que 3 segundos. Ictus cordis na linha hemiclavicular esquerda, a n&#237;vel do 5&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal. Bulhas card&#237;acas normofon&#233;ticas, com sopro sist&#243;lico ejetivo de moderada intensidade com click met&#225;lico em foco a&#243;rtico presente. F&#237;gado n&#227;o palp&#225;vel e estertores crepitantes discretos e esparsos em campos pulmonares bilateralmente.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> Taquicardia sinusal com supradesn&#237;vel de ST em parede anterior.</p>
        <p><bold>Tomografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> M&#250;ltiplas opacidades pulmonares em vidro fosco, parte delas associadas &#224; espessamento septal de permeio e outras confluindo em pequenos focos de consolida&#231;&#227;o, com distribui&#231;&#227;o multifocal bilateral e predominantemente perif&#233;rica, nos campos m&#233;dios e inferiores ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem tomogr&#225;fica em plano coronal mostrando m&#250;ltiplas opacidades pulmonares em vidro fosco caracter&#237;sticas da infec&#231;&#227;o pela COVID-19.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1180-00754-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold> Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;da &#224;s custas de acinesia do septo e do segmento apical da parede inferior com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estimada em 40%. Pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica com dif&#237;cil caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade de seus elementos, aparentemente com redu&#231;&#227;o de mobilidade de um desses. Observada discreta regurgita&#231;&#227;o ao Doppler e mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Gradiente sist&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo esquerdo-aorta estimado m&#225;ximo de 79 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 48 mmHg (aumento de 15 mmHg em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame de dez dias anteriores). A velocidade m&#225;xima na pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica foi estimada em 4,47 m/s. A rela&#231;&#227;o das velocidades entre a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica foi estimada em 0,21. O tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o na pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica foi estimado em 105 ms. A via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi estimada em 2,2 cm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Janela paraesternal longitudinal do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico evidenciando abertura m&#237;nima da pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica (seta &#224; esquerda) durante a s&#237;stole (A) e no modo Doppler colorido (B), bem como a presen&#231;a de fluxo laminar atrav&#233;s da pr&#243;tese (seta &#224; direita). Achados que sugerem aumento do gradiente transvalvar e trombose aguda de pr&#243;tese.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1180-00754-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Cineangiocoronariografia:</bold> N&#227;o evidenciou nova les&#227;o coronariana, mas demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o importante de mobilidade de um dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cineangiocoronariografia demonstrando redu&#231;&#227;o importante da mobilidade do folheto da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica em s&#237;stole (A) e di&#225;stole (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1180-00754-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> Trombose aguda de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica a&#243;rtica em paciente com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo Sars-CoV-2 e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente.</p>
        <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico:</bold> A paciente em quest&#227;o havia sido submetida a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana recente de descendente anterior devido a infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST, sendo aventada a hip&#243;tese inicial de trombose aguda de <italic>stent</italic> , portanto a paciente foi prontamente submetida a novo cateterismo. Devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade da pr&#243;tese identificada no exame, &#224; aus&#234;ncia de novas les&#245;es coronarianas, associadas com os achados cl&#237;nicos de sopro de estenose a&#243;rtica e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de aumento do gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio na valva a&#243;rtica, suspeitou-se de trombose aguda de pr&#243;tese valvar. Devido a um epis&#243;dio de sangramento recente, a tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica foi contraindicada, sendo procedida &#224; cirurgia. No intraoperat&#243;rio, foi evidenciada pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de aspecto anat&#244;mico normal, por&#233;m com um dos folhetos fixo por trombo ao redor, confirmando o diagn&#243;stico. Foi realizada trombectomia mec&#226;nica e limpeza de ambos os folhetos, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Manteve-se est&#225;vel imediatamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia, por&#233;m evoluiu em insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria pelo SARS-CoV-2, progrediu com hipoxemia grave e choque s&#233;ptico refrat&#225;rio, evoluindo a &#243;bito.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 gera altera&#231;&#245;es hemost&#225;ticas como alargamento do INR, plaquetopenia e aumento de produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o da fibrina que est&#227;o relacionados a trombog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ser decorrentes de um efeito espec&#237;fico do v&#237;rus ou consequ&#234;ncia da cascata inflamat&#243;ria de citocinas que precipita o aparecimento de s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> como observado em outras doen&#231;as virais. Estudos de necr&#243;psia demonstraram presen&#231;a de microtrombos em alv&#233;olos pulmonares, diferenciando a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 de outras infec&#231;&#245;es virais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dentre as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da trombog&#234;nese relacionada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 podemos destacar a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, tromboembolismo venoso ou arterial sendo a trombose aguda de pr&#243;tese valvar ainda n&#227;o descrita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A taxa de incid&#234;ncia anual de trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar varia de 0,1% a 5,7% sendo mais comum em pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio precoce, em posi&#231;&#245;es mitral e tric&#250;spide e em casos de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o subterap&#234;utica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nesse caso, a hipercoagulabilidade representada pela infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 em conjunto com as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas causadas pelo infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente, que gera um mioc&#225;rdio atordoado e consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da dilui&#231;&#227;o e <italic>washout</italic> dos fatores ativadores da coagula&#231;&#227;o peripr&#243;tese, contribu&#237;ram para o mecanismo tromb&#243;tico. Mesmo em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena subcut&#226;nea, a paciente apresentou trombose da pr&#243;tese valvar provavelmente relacionada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o viral, demonstrando mais uma das formas variadas de manifesta&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;-coagulantes do SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2670</fpage>
          <lpage>2689</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mechanical Aortic Prosthetic Thrombosis in a 65-Year-Old Woman with SARS-CoV-2 Infection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9504-0683</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jacob</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos H. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana C.A.T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcos H. F. Jacob &#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: marcoshfjacob@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jacob MHF, Leal TCAT, Soares PR, Soeiro AM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jacob MHF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical data</title>
        <p>A 65-year-old female patient was hospitalized, initially due to an episode of melena. Anticoagulation was suspended, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, without detecting bleeding. In 2005, she had late post-operative history of mechanical aortic prosthesis and Bentall and de Bono surgery due to Stanford A aortic dissection; she was a former tobacco user, with obesity and chronic atrial fibrillation under regular use of warfarin. The following day, she had an acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation in the anterior wall; she was submitted to angioplasty with an anterior descending drug-eluting stent, and she received aspirin, clopidogrel 75 mg daily, and anticoagulation with enoxaparin 100 mg every 12 hours. On that occasion, she underwent transthoracic echocardiogram that demonstrated mild ventricular dysfunction (LVEF: 50%) and aortic prosthesis leaflets with preserved mobility; the peak systolic pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta was 58 mmHg, with a mean of 33 mmHg. Two days later, she began to present anosmia, headache, subfebrile temperature, and hypoxemia, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by oropharyngeal swab PCR. Seven days later, while still on full enoxaparin, the patient started presenting atypical chest pain associated with dyspnea. During physical examination, the patient&#8217;s overall condition was regular; she had dyspnea, without cyanosis. Pulse was present and full in all 4 limbs, and she had Glasgow score of 15, blood pressure 120/86 mmHg, heart rate 130 bpm, peripheral oximetry 97% while using a nasal oxygen catheter at 3 L/min, and capillary filling time of less than 3 seconds. Ictus cordis was in the left hemiclavicular line, at the level of the fifth intercostal space. She had normophonetic heart sounds, with moderate intensity ejective systolic murmur with metallic click in aortic focus. The patient&#8217;s liver was not palpable, and there were mild and sparking crackles in the pulmonary fields bilaterally.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Complementary exams</title>
          <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> Sinus tachycardia with ST elevation in the anterior wall.</p>
          <p><bold>Chest tomography:</bold> Multiple ground-glass pulmonary opacities, some associated with intervening septal thickening and others converging in small foci of consolidation, with bilateral, multifocal, and predominantly peripheral distribution, in the middle and lower fields ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Coronal plane tomography image showing multiple ground-glass pulmonary opacities characteristic of COVID-19 infection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1180-00754-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Echocardiogram:</bold> The left ventricle showed decreased systolic function due to akinesia of the septum and the apical segment of the lower wall with an estimated ejection fraction of 40%. It was difficult to characterize of the mobility of the elements of the mechanical prosthesis; one of which apparently had reduced mobility. Discreet regurgitation was observed on Doppler and color flow mapping. The peak systolic pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta was estimated at 79 mmHg, with a mean of 48 mmHg (increase of 15 mmHg compared to the exam 10 days prior). The maximum velocity of the aortic prosthesis was estimated at 4.47 m/s. The ratio of velocities of the left ventricular outflow tract and the aortic prosthesis was estimated at 0.21. The acceleration time in the aortic valve prosthesis was estimated at 105 ms. The left ventricular outflow tract was estimated at 2.2 cm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Longitudinal parasternal window of transthoracic echocardiogram showing minimal opening of the aortic valve prosthesis (left arrow) during systole (A) and in color Doppler mode (B), as well as the presence of laminar flow through the prosthesis (right arrow). These findings suggest an increase in the transvalvular gradient and acute prosthesis thrombosis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1180-00754-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Coronary cineangiography:</bold> It showed no evidence of new coronary lesion, but it did demonstrate an important decrease in the mobility of one of the aortic prosthesis leaflets ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Coronary cineangiography demonstrating important decrease in the mobility of the aortic prosthesis leaflet during systole (A) and diastole (B).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1180-00754-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> Acute thrombosis of mechanical aortic prosthesis in a patient with Sars-CoV-2 infection and recent acute myocardial infarction.</p>
          <p><bold>Clinical reasoning:</bold> The patient in question had recently undergone anterior descending coronary intervention due to acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation, and the initial hypothesis of acute stent thrombosis was raised; the patient was, therefore, promptly submitted to a new catheterization. Due to the reduced mobility of the prosthesis identified in the exam and to the absence of new coronary lesions, associated with the clinical findings of aortic stenosis murmur and echocardiographic findings of increased mean systolic gradient in the aortic valve, acute valve prosthetic thrombosis was suspected. Due to a recent bleeding episode, chemical thrombolysis was contraindicated, and surgery was performed. During the intraoperative period, the mechanical prosthesis had a normal anatomical aspect, but one of the leaflets was fixed by a surrounding thrombus, thus confirming the diagnosis. Mechanical thrombectomy was performed with cleaning of both leaflets, and mobility returned to normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical evolution</title>
          <p>The patient remained stable immediately after surgery, but she evolved with respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2, progressing with severe hypoxemia and refractory septic shock, progressing to death.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comments</title>
        <p>SARS-CoV-2 infection causes hemostatic changes such as enlargement of the INR, thrombocytopenia, and increased products of fibrin degradation that are related to thrombogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These changes may be due to a specific effect of the virus or a consequence of the inflammatory cytokine cascade that precipitates the onset of systemic inflammatory response syndrome,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> as observed in other viral diseases. Necropsy studies have demonstrated the presence of microthrombi in pulmonary alveoli, differentiating SARS-CoV-2 infection from other viral infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Among the clinical manifestations of thrombogenesis related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we may highlight acute coronary syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, stroke, and venous or arterial thromboembolism; acute thrombosis of a prosthetic valve has not yet been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The annual incidence rate of valve prosthetic thrombosis varies from 0.1% to 5.7%, and it is more common in mechanical prostheses, during the early postoperative period, in mitral and tricuspid positions, and in cases of subtherapeutic anticoagulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In this case, the hypercoagulability represented by SARS-CoV-2 infection, in conjunction with the hemodynamic changes caused by the recent acute myocardial infarction, which generates a stunned myocardium with consequent reduction in dilution and washout of the periprosthetic coagulation activating factors, contributed to the thrombosis of the mechanism. Even under full subcutaneous anticoagulation, the patient presented thrombosis of the valve prosthesis, which was probably related to viral infection, demonstrating yet another of the various forms of pro-coagulant manifestations of forms of SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
