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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yGfhnBGzzCzhpmP7z3LJ7sf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01162</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401162</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200590</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200590</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Import&#226;ncia da Radia&#231;&#227;o de Refer&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7497-1019</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Christiani</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Alberto Alberto Christia <bold>ni &#8226;</bold> Rua Santa Am&#233;lia, 50,1502. CEP 20260-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lzchris@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1162</fpage>
      <lpage>1163</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; Radia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Todo mundo sabe a import&#226;ncia das refer&#234;ncias para avaliar a velocidade do processador de um computador. Tamb&#233;m podemos obter alguma no&#231;&#227;o a partir do pr&#243;prio computador, quando apresenta lentid&#227;o ou quando n&#227;o consegue abrir um novo programa. Portanto, devemos buscar os melhores e mais r&#225;pidos processadores para resolver o problema. A empresa respons&#225;vel por fazer esses chips de computador tamb&#233;m &#233; aquela que cria as refer&#234;ncias de mercado para novos processadores, e precisamos dessas informa&#231;&#245;es para cada decis&#227;o que tomamos ao comprar ou atualizar um computador.</p>
    <p>Refer&#234;ncia est&#225; presente em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es, sempre que precisamos comparar como estamos trabalhando. E quando chega uma nova proposta, quais seriam as melhores pr&#225;ticas.</p>
    <p>Quando trabalhamos na sala de hemodin&#226;mica, devemos saber at&#233; onde vai a radia&#231;&#227;o para que possamos lidar com o paciente de forma segura e, mais importante, se mudarmos um protocolo, temos que fazer uma escolha sensata.</p>
    <p>Por muitos anos, nosso objetivo na sala de hemodin&#226;mica foi obter uma imagem perfeita e fazer um diagn&#243;stico completo da cardiopatia para encaminhar o paciente para cirurgia. Isso foi em outro s&#233;culo, e outra forma de pensar a Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica e como tratar as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Outras ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas come&#231;aram a ser utilizadas, como o ecocardiograma e a tomografia. Naquela &#233;poca, as preocupa&#231;&#245;es com a radia&#231;&#227;o eram bem menores! No laborat&#243;rio, &#8220;novas m&#225;quinas&#8221; (hoje adequadas apenas para a hist&#243;ria) foram for&#231;adas a colocar muitas imagens em um rolo de filme para alcan&#231;ar o que estava &#8220;escondido&#8221; no cora&#231;&#227;o de uma crian&#231;a. Assim como Marie Curie descobriu o r&#225;dio e muitos anos depois morreu pelas consequ&#234;ncias de seu grande trabalho, n&#243;s simplesmente empregamos a radia&#231;&#227;o sem &#8220;ver&#8221; o que estava al&#233;m dela.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia global da dose efetiva anual de radia&#231;&#227;o (considerando a susceptibilidade de prejudicar diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os) por pessoa &#233; cerca de 2,4 mSv (Sievert) e varia de 1 a mais de 10 mSv dependendo de onde as pessoas vivem (cerca de 6 mSv nos EUA). A maioria (80%) vem de fontes naturais. A exposi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; respons&#225;vel por 98 por cento da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o de todas as fontes artificiais e &#233; o segundo maior fator para a exposi&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, isso pode ser mais importante. A radiografia convencional em crian&#231;as cardiopatas representa 92% dos exames, enquanto o cateterismo card&#237;aco representa 1,5%. J&#225; os exames de cateterismo contribu&#237;ram com 60% da exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa e, se somados &#224; tomografia computadorizada, representaram 81% da exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O risco associado &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; particularmente relevante para crian&#231;as com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas mais complexas, que frequentemente recebem imagens repetitivas com modalidades de alta exposi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Hoje, como temos outras ferramentas para explorar o cora&#231;&#227;o, como o ecocardiograma, a tomografia ou a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, podemos antecipar as informa&#231;&#245;es mais importantes de que precisamos. A sala de hemodin&#226;mica agora se dedica principalmente a procedimentos terap&#234;uticos. Por isso, quem lida com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas deve ter um conhecimento completo de cada doen&#231;a a ser estudada ou tratada. Nunca devemos ser um &#8220;fechador de buracos&#8221; de comunica&#231;&#245;es interatriais ou de comunica&#231;&#245;es interventriculares.</p>
    <p>Muitos artigos de diversos centros m&#233;dicos importantes chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o para o problema da radia&#231;&#227;o no cateterismo e como reduzi-la a n&#237;veis inferiores. As crian&#231;as s&#227;o especialmente vulner&#225;veis &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, como aponta o artigo de Manica et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Elas t&#234;m maior superf&#237;cie cut&#226;nea e geralmente maior &#225;rea exposta &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o nos exames. Na maioria dos centros m&#233;dicos de nosso pa&#237;s que trabalham com exames de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e cateterismo, a radia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; medida e controlada de forma adequada.</p>
    <p>O artigo de Manica et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#233; um estudo muito importante e enfatiza a necessidade de uma medi&#231;&#227;o simples e &#250;til para o controle da radia&#231;&#227;o em laborat&#243;rio. A dose efetiva de radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma vari&#225;vel de c&#225;lculo complexo e absolutamente impratic&#225;vel. Por outro lado, o DAP ( <italic>dose area product</italic> ou produto dose-&#225;rea) &#233; automaticamente vis&#237;vel pelo equipamento e, conforme apontado por Kobayashi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e sugerido neste artigo, o DAP/m2 pode ser usado em crian&#231;as como uma boa refer&#234;ncia a ser aplicada no mesmo laborat&#243;rio para comparar diferentes per&#237;odos com modifica&#231;&#245;es no n&#237;vel de radia&#231;&#227;o &#8212; e para que cada laborat&#243;rio saiba se os protocolos em uso s&#227;o adequados ou n&#227;o. Os autores tamb&#233;m demonstram um detalhe muito importante que o profissional v&#234; no dia a dia do trabalho: os exames diagn&#243;sticos podem ser mais demorados do que o tratamento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> liberam uma quantidade maior de radia&#231;&#227;o no paciente e posteriormente na equipe envolvida.</p>
    <p>Como esper&#225;vamos, o &#8220;produto fluorosc&#243;pico de peso&#8221; teve uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o com o DAP. Portanto, mesmo que n&#227;o se saiba nada sobre o DAP, deve-se ter cuidado em rela&#231;&#227;o a por quanto tempo &#8220;colocar os p&#233;s&#8221; na imagem fluorosc&#243;pica e, mais importante, deve-se usar uma taxa de quadros baixa e uma dose t&#227;o m&#237;nima quanto poss&#237;vel. Conforme apontado por Borik et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> modifica&#231;&#245;es simples podem representar uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da dose, como a taxa de quadros de fluoroscopia de 7,5 quadros/segundo, utilizando a &#8220;t&#233;cnica de <italic>air gap</italic> &#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e uma amplia&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima, com o detector posicionado o mais longe poss&#237;vel da crian&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo recente com exposi&#231;&#227;o controlada &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o feito por Hill et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> confirma-se que modifica&#231;&#245;es simples e essenciais devem ser utilizadas na pr&#225;tica cotidiana. Dados apresentados por Borik et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e Cevallos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> incluem muitos pacientes estudados e organizam tabelas pr&#225;ticas com os procedimentos mais comuns e o respectivo DAP/kg.</p>
    <p>Em nossa pr&#225;tica atual, mais exames com angiografia rotacional 3D s&#227;o feitos e constituem um m&#233;todo essencial. Eles fornecem um roteiro em tempo real para procedimentos guiados por anatomia e diagn&#243;sticos mais precisos em algumas circunst&#226;ncias. No entanto, a quantidade de radia&#231;&#227;o pode ser alta se os protocolos n&#227;o forem implementados. Minderhoud et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> demonstraram que uma simples modifica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo pode reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o de todo o cateterismo.</p>
    <p>Portanto, o trabalho de Manica et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> agrega uma ferramenta muito importante para o controle da radia&#231;&#227;o em nossa pr&#225;tica cotidiana: o DAP/kg. Como uma refer&#234;ncia simples e eficaz para a radia&#231;&#227;o no cateterismo de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, deve ser inclu&#237;da em todos os laudos laboratoriais.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molenschot</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koster</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krings</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breur</surname>
              <given-names>JMP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dramatic Dose Reduction in Three-Dimensional Rotational Angiography After Implementation of a Simple Dose Reduction Protocol</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1635</fpage>
          <lpage>1641</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Padronizando a Exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; Radia&#231;&#227;o durante o Cateterismo Card&#237;aco em Crian&#231;as com Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita: Dados de um Registro Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Importance of Benchmark Radiation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7497-1019</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Christiani</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>,1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Alberto Alberto Christiani &#8226;</bold> Rua Santa Am&#233;lia, 50,1502.Postal Code 20260-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lzchris@terra.com.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiation Exposure</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Everyone knows the importance of benchmark to evaluate processor speed in a computer. We can also have some inputs from the computer itself, as it goes slowly or when it is not able to open a new program. Therefore, we must pursue the best and the fastest processors to solve the problem. The company responsible for making those computer chips is also the one that creates new processor benchmarks, and we need that information for every decision we make when buying or upgrade a computer.</p>
      <p>Benchmark is present in several situations, whenever we need to compare how we are working. And when a new proposal arrives, what would be the best practices.</p>
      <p>When we work in the catheterization laboratory, we must know how far the radiation goes in order to offer safe patient management, and more importantly, if we change a protocol, we have to make a reasonable choice for it.</p>
      <p>For many years, our goal in the catheterization laboratory was to achieve a perfect image and build a complete diagnosis of the heart defect in order to refer the patient to surgery. That was another century, and another way of thinking about Pediatric Cardiology and how to treat congenital heart diseases. Other diagnostic tools were beginning to be used, such as the echocardiogram and tomography. At that time, radiation concerns were minor! In the laboratory, &#8220;new machines&#8221; (nowadays only suitable for history) were forced to put many images in a roll film to achieve what was &#8220;hidden&#8221; in the small child&#8217;s heart. Just like Marie Curie discovering radium and many years later dying from the consequences of her great work, we simply employed radiation without &#8220;seeing&#8221; what was beyond that.</p>
      <p>The global average annual effective dose of radiation (considering the susceptibility to harm different organs) per person is about 2.4 mSv (Sievert) and ranges from 1 to more than 10 mSv depending on where people live (about 6 mSv in the U.S.). The majority (80%) comes from natural sources. Medical exposure accounts for 98 percent of the radiation exposure from all artificial sources and is the second largest contributor to the population exposure worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In Pediatric Cardiology, this can be more important. Conventional radiographs in children with heart disease represents 92% of examinations, whereas cardiac catheterization represents 1,5%. But catheterization exams contributed with 60% of cumulative exposure and, if added to computed tomography, they accounted for 81% of cumulative exposure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The risk associated with radiation exposure is particularly relevant for children with more complex heart diseases, who often receive repetitive imaging with high-exposure modalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Today, as we have other tools to explore the heart, like the echocardiogram, tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, we can anticipate the most important information we need. The catheterization laboratory is now mainly dedicated to therapeutic procedures. That is why those who deal with congenital heart diseases must have a complete knowledge of each patient disease to be studied or treated. We should never be a &#8220;hole closer&#8221; of atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects.</p>
      <p>Many articles from several important medical centers have drawn attention to the problem of radiation in catheterization, and how to bring it down to a lower level. Children are especially vulnerable to radiation, as pointed out by the article by Manica et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> They have a greater skin surface and generally a bigger area exposed to radiation in exams. In most medical centers in our country that work with congenital heart disease and catheterizations exams, radiation is not adequately measured and controlled.</p>
      <p>The article by Manica et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> is a very important study, and it emphasizes the need of a simple and useful measurement for controlling radiation in the laboratory. The effective dose of radiation is a variable of complex calculation and it is absolutely not practical. On the other hand, DAP (Dose Area Product) is automatically visible by the machine and, as pointed out by Kobayashi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and suggested in this article, DAP/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> can be used in children as a good benchmark to be applied in the same laboratory to compare different periods with radiation level modifications &#8212; and for every laboratory to know whether the protocols being used are adequate or not. The authors also demonstrate a very important detail that the practitioner sees every day at work: diagnostic exams can be more time consuming than therapeutics,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> release a greater amount of radiation on the patient and on the staff involved afterwards.</p>
      <p>As we have expected, the &#8220;weight-fluoroscopic product&#8221; had a good correlation with DAP. So even if you know nothing about DAP, you must be cautious about how long you &#8220;put your foot&#8221; on the fluoroscopic image, and more importantly, you must be sure to use a low frame rate and a dose as low as possible. As pointed out by Borik et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> simple modifications can represent a significant dose reduction, as the fluoroscopy frame rate of 7,5 frames/second, using the &#8220;air gap technique&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and a minimal magnification, with the detector placed as far as possible from children.</p>
      <p>In another recent radiation exposure-controlled study by Hill et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> they confirm that simple and essential modifications must be used in everyday practice. Data presented by Borik et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and Cevallos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> include many patients studied and organized practical tables with the most common procedures and the respective DAP/kg.</p>
      <p>In our current practice, more exams with 3D rotational angiography are done and constitute an essential method. They provide a real-time roadmap for anatomy-guided procedures and more precise diagnosis in some circumstances. However, the amount of radiation could be high if protocols are not implemented. Minderhoud et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> demonstrated that a simple protocol modification can reduce the exposure of the entire catheterization exam.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the work of Manica et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> adds a very important tool to control radiation in our everyday practice: the DAP/kg. As a simple and effective benchmark for radiation in the catheterization of congenital heart disease, it should be included in every laboratory report.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Standardizing Radiation Exposure during Cardiac Catheterization in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: Data from a Multicenter Brazilian Registry</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
