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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cSd8qvRSnQNMynDfCgx7XVm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01152</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401152</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201192</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201192</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore de C&#225;lcio Coronariano. Existe Diferen&#231;a entre os Subtipos de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Isqu&#234;mico?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0310-6033</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camilo</surname>
            <given-names>Millene Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0317-843X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Oct&#225;vio Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Neuroci&#234;ncias e Ci&#234;ncias do Comportamento</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Neurologia - Departamento de Neuroci&#234;ncias e Ci&#234;ncias do Comportamento - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia Millene Rodrigues Camilo &#8226;</bold> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto. CEP 14015-130, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>millene.camilo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1152</fpage>
      <lpage>1153</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca &#233; uma importante causa de morte em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) durante um seguimento de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os sobreviventes de AVC isqu&#234;mico t&#234;m uma alta preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) assintom&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na verdade, metade dos pacientes sem hist&#243;rico card&#237;aco t&#234;m algum grau de placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e um ter&#231;o apresenta mais de 50% de estenose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Para avaliar o risco de DAC, um escore de estratifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasivo baseado na extens&#227;o e densidade do c&#225;lcio arterial coronariano (CAC) por tomografia computadorizada foi proposto por Agatston et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A medida do CAC para melhorar a previs&#227;o do risco cl&#237;nico para eventos cardiovasculares em adultos assintom&#225;ticos selecionados &#233; a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes mundiais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora haja uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a aterosclerose e DAC subcl&#237;nica, isso ainda &#233; incerto para pacientes com AVC n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da ABC Cardiol, Negr&#227;o et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> conduziram um estudo transversal para comparar o escore de c&#225;lcio das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (ECAC) entre pacientes com AVC isqu&#234;mico ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico que foram admitidos no Hospital de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Dos 244 pacientes avaliados, 80 (33%) foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica. O grupo n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico foi representado pelas demais etiologias, como cardioembolismo (30%), oclus&#227;o de pequenas art&#233;rias (15%), outras causas (6%) e causa indeterminada (16%). Embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;a no risco de DAC entre os dois grupos, a idade &#8805;60 anos foi um preditor independente para alto risco de DAC (OR 3,52; IC95% 1,72-7,18).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Este estudo forneceu percep&#231;&#245;es relevantes que devem ser abordadas. Em primeiro lugar, AVC e DAC t&#234;m uma rela&#231;&#227;o estreita, compartilhando fatores de risco comuns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Mesmo entre pacientes jovens com AVC, a preval&#234;ncia desses riscos &#233; substancial. Um estudo publicado recentemente relatou que os tr&#234;s fatores de risco mais comuns para AVC em jovens eram hipertens&#227;o arterial, dist&#250;rbios lip&#237;dicos e fatores relacionados ao estilo de vida. Mais da metade dos pacientes apresentou pelo menos dois fatores de risco independentes para AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, a popula&#231;&#227;o com AVC no presente estudo era relativamente jovem (58,4 &#177; 6,8 anos), mas apresentava uma frequ&#234;ncia elevada de fatores de risco. Em segundo lugar, a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda resulta principalmente de aterosclerose de grandes vasos, enquanto os pacientes com AVC isqu&#234;mico constituem um grupo heterog&#234;neo, incluindo cinco categorias de classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica (aterosclerose de grandes art&#233;rias; cardioembolismo; oclus&#227;o de pequenas art&#233;rias; outra causa determinada; e causa indeterminada).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; bem conhecido que h&#225; varia&#231;&#227;o no risco de DAC de acordo com o mecanismo do AVC. Pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o arterial, outras arteriopatias n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;ticas e embolia paradoxal parecem ter baixo risco de DAC. Enquanto aqueles com AVC cardioemb&#243;lico, atribu&#237;do principalmente &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, podem apresentar uma maior probabilidade de eventos coron&#225;rios. Ao contr&#225;rio dos extensos dados sobre aterosclerose de art&#233;ria extracraniana e DAC, as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a aterosclerose intracraniana s&#227;o insuficientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Terceiro, a terapia com estatinas pode ser um fator de confus&#227;o na quantifica&#231;&#227;o do ECAC. Como as estatinas podem reduzir as placas fibrolip&#237;dicas e promover microcalcifica&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m pode levar ao aumento do ECAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Por fim, como os autores indicaram, houve um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, excluindo pacientes com limita&#231;&#227;o bastante grave ou baixa demanda de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, esses resultados devem ser interpretados levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o essas limita&#231;&#245;es e as caracter&#237;sticas da coorte, antes de considerar-se uma ampla generaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No geral, n&#227;o foi uma surpresa que o ECAC tenha sido incapaz de diferenciar a etiologia do AVC. O mais interessante &#233; que os pacientes com AVC ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico apresentaram propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes de risco de DAC. Grandes estudos com seguimento mais longo devem ser realizados para determinar o valor do ECAC para estratifica&#231;&#227;o individual de risco de DAC em pacientes com AVC isqu&#234;mico, independentemente da etiologia. As ferramentas de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco s&#227;o cr&#237;ticas para estabelecer estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o, com o objetivo de prevenir eventos coronarianos maiores em pacientes com AVC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Escore de C&#225;lcio Coron&#225;rio e Estratifica&#231;&#227;o do Risco de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico Isqu&#234;mico Ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-Ateroscler&#243;tico</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Calcium Score. Is There a Difference among Ischemic Stroke Subtypes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0310-6033</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camilo</surname>
            <given-names>Millene Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0317-843X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Oct&#225;vio Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Neurologia - Departamento de Neuroci&#234;ncias e Ci&#234;ncias do Comportamento - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Millene Rodrigues Camilo &#8226;</bold> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto. Postal Code 14015-130, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil E-mail: millene.camilo@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Score</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Ischemic heart disease is an important cause of death in stroke patients during a long-term follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ischemic stroke survivors have a high prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Indeed, half of those with no cardiac history have some degree of coronary atherosclerotic plaques and one-third have more than 50% of coronary stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> For the assessment of CAD risk, a non-invasive stratification score based on the extent and density of computed tomography coronary artery calcium (CAC) was proposed by Agatston et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The measurement of CAC to improve clinical risk prediction for cardiovascular events in selected asymptomatic adults is the recommendation of worldwide guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although there is a strong association between atherosclerosis and subclinical CAD, it is remains uncertain for non-atherosclerotic stroke patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of ABC Cardiol, Negr&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> conducted a cross-sectional study to compare the coronary calcium score (CCS) between atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic ischemic stroke patients who were admitted at Rehabilitation Hospital. Of 244 evaluated patients, 80 (33%) were included in the atherosclerotic etiology group. The non-atherosclerotic group was represented by the remaining etiologies, such as cardioembolism (30%), small artery occlusion (15%), other causes (6%), and undetermined cause (16%). Although there was no difference in CAD risk between those groups, age &#8805;60 years was an independent predictor for high CAD risk (OR 3.52; 95%CI 1.72-7.18).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This study provided relevant insights that should be addressed. First, stroke and CAD have a close association, sharing common risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Even among young stroke patients, the prevalence of these risks is substantial. A recent published study reported that the three most common risk factors for stroke at a young age were arterial hypertension, lipid disorders and lifestyle-related factors. More than half of the patients had at least two independent risk factors for stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Likewise, the stroke population in the present study showed a relatively young age (58.4 &#177; 6.8 years), but had a high frequency of risk factors. Second, acute coronary syndrome results mainly from large-vessel atherosclerosis, whereas ischemic stroke patients are a heterogeneous group, including five categories of etiology classification (large-artery atherosclerosis; cardioembolism; small artery occlusion; other determined cause; and undetermined cause).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In addition, it is well recognized that there is a variation in CAD risk according to the stroke mechanism. Patients with artery dissection, other nonatherosclerotic arteriopathies, and paradoxical embolism seem to be at low CAD risk. While those with cardioembolic stroke, mainly attributed to atrial fibrillation, may have a higher likelihood of coronary events. As opposed to a large amount of data on extracranial artery atherosclerosis and CAD, insufficient information is available about intracranial atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Third, statin therapy may be a confounder in CCS quantification. Since statins can reduce the fibrolipid plaques and promote micro-calcification, it might also lead to an increase in CCS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Finally, as the authors pointed out, there was a possible selection bias, excluding either patients with quite severe limitation or low recovery demand. Therefore, these results should be interpreted taking into account these limitations and the cohort characteristic, before jumping to broad generalization.</p>
      <p>Overall, it was not a surprise that the CCS itself was unable to distinguish stroke etiology. Most interestingly, atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic stroke patients showed similar proportions for CAD risk. Large studies with longer follow-up periods should be undertaken to determine the CCS value for individual CAD risk stratification in ischemic stroke patients regardless of the etiology. Risk prediction tools are critical for intervention strategies, aiming to prevent major coronary events in stroke patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Coronary Calcium Score and Stratification of Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Patients with Atherosclerotic and Non-Atherosclerotic Ischemic Stroke</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
