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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">myGYLKn5vhpvm6vGsqMHJCN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01144</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401144</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190616</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190616</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore de C&#225;lcio Coron&#225;rio e Estratifica&#231;&#227;o do Risco de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico Isqu&#234;mico Ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-Ateroscler&#243;tico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9363-5635</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Del Negro Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Beatriz Christino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hora</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Falc&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7819-5563</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montanaro</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Viana Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Jose Alves Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8444-2655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Henrique Rodolpho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Neurologia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Radiologia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Edson Marcio Negr&#227;o &#8226; Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - SMHS 501 BLOCO A. CEP 70330-150, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcionegrao@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Negr&#227;o EM, Hora TF, Montanaro VVA, Ramalho SHR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Negr&#227;o EM, Hora TF, Montanaro VVA, Martins BJAF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Negr&#227;o EM, Ramalho SHR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ramalho SHR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Negr&#227;o EM, Freitas MCDNB, Marinho PBC, Hora TF, Montanaro VVA, Martins BJAF, Ramalho SHR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1144</fpage>
      <lpage>1151</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVEi) e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) coexistem frequentemente e compartilham fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Segundo a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> , os subtipos de AVEi podem ser considerados equivalentes de risco para DAC, mas a evid&#234;ncia para o AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida. Al&#233;m disso, o escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (CAC) &#233; um marcador preciso para estimar o risco de DAC. Entretanto, a distribui&#231;&#227;o do CAC pelos subtipos de AVEi ainda n&#227;o foi bem caracterizada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparar o CAC entre os grupos de AVEi ateroscler&#243;ticos e n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticos, e determinar quais covari&#225;veis est&#227;o associadas a CAC alto no AVEi</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Em um estudo transversal, inclu&#237;mos todos os pacientes com AVEi, com idades entre 45 a 70 anos no momento do acidente vascular, consecutivamente admitidos em um hospital de reabilita&#231;&#227;o entre agosto de 2014 e dezembro de 2016, sem DAC prevalente. Todos os pacientes passaram por tomografia computadorizada (TC), para medir o CAC. CAC&#8805;100 foi considerado alto risco de DAC. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 244 pacientes estudados (m&#233;dia de idade de 58,4&#177;6,8 anos; 49% do sexo feminino), 164 (67%) apresentavam etiologia n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tica. As propor&#231;&#245;es de CAC&#8805;100 foram semelhantes entre os grupos ateroscler&#243;ticos e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;ticos (33% [n=26] x 29% [n=47]; p= 0,54). Entre todos os pacientes com AVEi, apenas os de idade &#8805;60 anos foram associados independentemente a CAC&#8805;100 (RC 3,5; 95% IC 1,7-7,1), ajustado para hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes, sedentarismo, e hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico n&#227;o apresentou risco maior de DAC quando comparado ao AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico de acordo com o CAC. Apenas a faixa et&#225;ria &#8805;60 anos &#8211; mas n&#227;o a etiologia - foi associada independentemente a CAC&#8805;100. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1144-1151)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Encefalico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVEi) e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) s&#227;o as principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea estimada das duas doen&#231;as pode chegar a 70%, com qualquer grau de DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o risco absoluto de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; 2,2% por ano em pacientes que tiveram AVEi ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e o risco de eventos card&#237;acos fatais &#233; aproximadamente duas vezes o risco de acidente vascular fatal ap&#243;s 5 anos de sobreviv&#234;ncia ao AVEi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A &#237;ntima associa&#231;&#227;o entre AVEi e DAC pode ser explicada pelo fato de as duas doen&#231;as terem fisiopatologias e fatores de risco para aterosclerose semelhantes, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia e tabagismo, compartilhando objetivos preventivos e terap&#234;uticos comuns. Segundo a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e a <italic>American Stroke Association</italic> , os subtipos do AVEi podem ser considerados equivalentes a DAC, mas a evid&#234;ncia para AVI n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aterosclerose de grandes art&#233;rias &#233; uma etiologia frequente do AVEi, variando entre 9% e 24% de todos os casos de AVEi alternando com os subtipos de doen&#231;as de pequenos vasos e cardioemb&#243;licas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> dependendo das caracter&#237;sticas da coorte e distribui&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, n&#227;o se estabeleceu definitivamente se os subtipos n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;ticos de AVEi apresentam o mesmo n&#237;vel de risco de DAC que o AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico. Al&#233;m disso, a aterosclerose coron&#225;ria n&#227;o diagnosticada em pacientes com AVEi varia em preval&#234;ncia e gravidade. Estenose coron&#225;ria angiogr&#225;fica maior que 50% &#233; encontrada em 26% dos pacientes com AVEi e sem hist&#243;rico conhecido de DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Como alternativa, utilizando o escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (CAC) como estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o invasiva, a preval&#234;ncia de DAC em AVEi pode chegar a 70% dos pacientes, nos quais um quarto est&#225; sob risco muito alto (CAC&gt;400).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, nosso objetivo foi comparar o CAC entre AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico, como marcador de risco de DAC. Al&#233;m disso, determinamos quais covari&#225;veis est&#227;o associadas a CAC alto no AVEi, al&#233;m da etiologia. Aventamos a hip&#243;tese de que o c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio seria maior em AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico do que em AVEi de outras etiologias, servindo como ferramenta valiosa de triagem para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco no AVEi.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Em um desenho transversal, inclu&#237;mos todos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AVEi, com idades entre 45 a 70 anos no momento do evento neurol&#243;gico, que foram consecutivamente admitidos na Unidade de Bras&#237;lia da Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o entre agosto de 2014 e dezembro de 2016. Exclu&#237;mos pacientes com diagn&#243;sticos anteriores de DAC, considerando que nossa popula&#231;&#227;o alvo eram indiv&#237;duos em risco e sem doen&#231;a estabelecida. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado antes de serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O AVEi foi confirmado por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e por um m&#233;todo de imagem. A etiologia do acidente vascular foi classificada por dois neurologistas independentes usando um sistema informatizado baseado no <italic>Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment</italic> (TOAST - Estudo de ORG 10172 sobre Tratamento de Acidente Vascular Agudo) do <italic>Stop Stroke Study Causative Classification System</italic> (SSS-CCS - Sistema de Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Causas do Estudo sobre Interrup&#231;&#227;o de Acidente Vascular) dispon&#237;vel <italic>on-line</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro neurologista independente. Para essa an&#225;lise, todas as etiologias n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticas foram atribu&#237;das a um &#250;nico grupo para regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica incluiu ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, radiografia do t&#243;rax, eletrocardiograma, neuroimagem (RNM ou TC), estudos vasculares intracranianos n&#227;o invasivos (angiografia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, angiografia por tomografia computadorizada, e Doppler transcraniano). Quando necess&#225;rio, foram realizados ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e monitoramento por Holter de 24 horas. Outros exames tamb&#233;m foram solicitados na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, tais como, hemograma completo, fun&#231;&#227;o renal, exames de doen&#231;as end&#234;micas (HIV, s&#237;filis e doen&#231;a de Chagas). Em alguns pacientes, tamb&#233;m investigamos trombofilia (antitrombina III, defici&#234;ncia de prote&#237;nas C e S, pesquisa de s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica, muta&#231;&#245;es de protrombina e do fator V de Leiden, e n&#237;veis de homociste&#237;na).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a determina&#231;&#227;o de CAC. Realizamos uma aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem axial do cora&#231;&#227;o com cortes de 3 mm em tomografia computadorizada em multidetector, sincronizada com o eletrocardiograma. Tr&#234;s modelos de tom&#243;grafos foram usados: Siemens Sensation 64, Siemens Perspective 128, e Siemens Definition. As imagens foram analisadas no software Siemens Syngo Calcium Scoring, e os radiologistas desconheciam a etiologia do acidente vascular. An&#225;lises semiautom&#225;ticas de placas calcificadas foram realizadas com imagens eletr&#244;nicas identificadas com mais de 3 pixels adjacentes com densidade acima de 130 unidades Hounsfield.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O alto risco foi definido como um CAC&#8805;100, considerado como um valor de corte validado em termos de progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Como an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, tamb&#233;m comparamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o do risco mais baixo, definido como CAC=0 entre ambos os grupos de AVEi.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis do estudo foram definidas conforme apresentado abaixo:</p>
        <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica maior que 140 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica maior que 90 mmHg; uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo.</p>
        <p>Dislipidemia: LDL acima de 160 mg/dL ou uso de f&#225;rmaco hipolipemiante.</p>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus: glicemia em jejum acima de 126 mg/dL ou uso de f&#225;rmaco hipoglicemiante e/ou insulina.</p>
        <p>Sedentarismo: menos de 150 minutos de exerc&#237;cio moderado por semana.</p>
        <p>Obesidade: &#237;ndice de massa corporal acima de 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
        <p>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC prematura: parentes de primeiro grau diagnosticados com DAC com &lt; 50 anos, para homens e &lt; 65 anos para mulheres.</p>
        <p>Tabagismo: uso de cigarros autorrelatado por no m&#237;nimo um ano ou ser ex-fumante por menos de cinco anos.</p>
        <p>Escala de Rankin modificada: utilizada para medir o grau de incapacidade ou depend&#234;ncia de outros para realizar atividades di&#225;rias. Foi calculada por um neurologista na entrada do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estimativa de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (ASCVD, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease</italic> ) em 10 anos: utilizamos equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas para estimar o risco de eventos coronarianos em 10 anos, classificados em: risco baixo (&lt;5%), risco lim&#237;trofe (5-7,4%), risco intermedi&#225;rio (7,5-19,9%), risco alto (&#8805; 20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;mero absoluto e propor&#231;&#227;o ou como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (25-75&#176; percentil). O teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o. Para atender ao objetivo principal, grupos ateroscler&#243;ticos e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;ticos foram comparados utilizando o teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes ou teste U Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
        <p>Para atender a nosso objetivo secund&#225;rio, utilizamos um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para investigar as covari&#225;veis associadas a risco mais alto de DAC, representada como CAC&#8805;100. A vari&#225;vel dependente foi CAC dicotomizado entre &#8805;100 e &lt;100. As covari&#225;veis candidatas a serem testadas como independentes no modelo final foram consideradas com base em evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis na literatura e an&#225;lise univariada, e, nesse caso, o crit&#233;rio de decis&#227;o foi um p valor &lt; 0,20. Portanto, o modelo multivariado final incluiu idade &gt; 60 anos, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes, sedentarismo e hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC prematura. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia aceito geral foi p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises foram conduzidas em SPSS 20.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De um total de 269 pacientes aptos, 25 n&#227;o compareceram &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es adicionais, resultando em uma amostra final de 244 pacientes para an&#225;lise. N&#227;o houve suspeita de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio conforme an&#225;lise do hist&#243;rico, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. A frequ&#234;ncia do grupo ateroscler&#243;tico foi 33% (n=80), sem diferen&#231;a et&#225;ria significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ), que tamb&#233;m foram admitidos mais tardiamente para reabilita&#231;&#227;o. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero entre os grupos tamb&#233;m foi semelhante (49% de mulheres em ambos). Considerando os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular, n&#227;o se encontrou diferen&#231;a na frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes, sedentarismo e obesidade. Por outro lado, a frequ&#234;ncia de tabagismo e hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC prematura foram mais altas no grupo ateroscler&#243;tico. Embora o escore de ASCVD tenha sido mais alto para o AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico, a ASCVD mediana para cada grupo permaneceu entre &gt;7,5% e &lt;20%, portanto ambos foram classificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio. Um CAC mediano maior foi observado em pacientes com AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico, apesar de n&#227;o ter havido diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes com AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th>Geral</th>
                <th>N&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tico</th>
                <th>Ateroscler&#243;tico</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>(n= 244)</th>
                <th>(n= 164; 67%)</th>
                <th>(n= 80; 33%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos; m&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
                <td align="center">58,4 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">57,8 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">59,5 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo desde o acidente vascular, meses*; m&#233;dia [25-75&#186; percentil]</td>
                <td align="center">5,0[3,0-9,0]</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 [2,5-8,0]</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 [4,0-10,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (49,2)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (49,4)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,925</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (72,5)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (72,6)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (72,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,992</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">183 (74,9)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (74,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,833</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,427</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">170 (70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (69,0)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (71,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (18,9)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escala Rankin</td>
                <td align="center">3,3&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,3&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,3&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,486</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC prematura, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (23,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco cardiovascular (ASCVD) em 10 anos, mediana [25-75&#186; percentil]</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 [4,8-15]</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 [3,7-13,9]</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 [6,2-18,1]</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio; mediana [25-75&#186; percentil]</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 [0,0-129,7]</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 [0,0-128,8]</td>
                <td align="center">24,6 [(0,0-132,4]</td>
                <td align="center">0,510</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ASCVD: risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. *Meses desde o acidente vascular at&#233; a inclus&#227;o no estudo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Para definir a etiologia, 87% dos pacientes passaram por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e 13% fizeram exclusivamente tomografia computadorizada. Os neurologistas discordaram em sete casos (3%), o que exigiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o de um terceiro neurologista. A etiologia do AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico foi a mais prevalente, seguido de 74 (30%) devido a embolia cardioa&#243;rtica, 37 (15%) causados por oclus&#227;o de pequenas art&#233;rias, 14 (6%) devido a outras causas, e 39 (16%) de causas indeterminadas. Como grupo, houve 164 (67%) de casos n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;ticos. Entre os 80 casos de etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica, 18 (23%) se deveram a aterosclerose intracraniana. Os AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico apresentaram propor&#231;&#245;es similares de pacientes com CAC &#8805; 100. Da mesma forma, aqueles com CAC zero tamb&#233;m tinham propor&#231;&#245;es equivalentes entre grupos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia das categorias de escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (CAC) em grupos ateroscler&#243;ticos e n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1144-90616-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Como a etiologia de AVEi dicotomizado n&#227;o discriminou CAC &#8805; 100, outros poss&#237;veis contribuidores foram analisados. Considerando vari&#225;veis clinicamente definidas e as estatisticamente diferentes na an&#225;lise univariada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> ), 6 vari&#225;veis entraram no modelo ajustado final: idade (dicotomizada em &#8805;60 e &lt;60 anos de idade), hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, tabagismo, diabetes, e hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC prematura. Ajustando para todas essas covari&#225;veis, apenas a idade &#8805;60 anos permaneceu independentemente associada a CAC &#8805; 100 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas de pacientes com acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico, pelo ponto de corte de escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (CAC) mais alto</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th>CAC &#8805; 100</th>
                <th>CAC &lt; 100</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n = 72</th>
                <th>n =172</th>
                <th>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &#8805;60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">54 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">64 (89)</td>
                <td align="center">113(66)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">25(36)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,492</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">28 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">62 (86)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">51 (78)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">15 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,644</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC prematura</td>
                <td align="center">14 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os valores s&#227;o n (%). DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medidas de associa&#231;&#227;o entre covari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e CAC de alto risco (&#8805;100), em modelo multivariado ajustado final, incluindo todos os pacientes com acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>95% IC</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &#8805;60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">3,52</td>
                <td align="center">1,72 - 7,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 - 6,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 - 3,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,244</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 - 2,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,692</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,68 - 3,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,331</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC prematura</td>
                <td align="center">1,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 - 3,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com AVEi apresentaram etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica, seguida de perto por embolia cardioa&#243;rtica. Identificou-se que o escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio foi distribu&#237;do similarmente entre AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico, considerando que n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas ou estat&#237;sticas no escore de Agatston ou na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com risco mais alto de DAC estimado por um CAC&#8805;100. Entre outros poss&#237;veis contribuidores, apenas o tabagismo atual e o hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC prematura puderam diferenciar a etiologia de AVEi ateroscler&#243;tica da n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tica - com uma frequ&#234;ncia aproximadamente duas vezes mais alta para ambas as caracter&#237;sticas dentre aqueles com AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico.</p>
      <p>Embora o risco estimado no AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico pelo ASCVD tenha sido maior para o grupo AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico, em compara&#231;&#227;o com AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico, ambos foram classificados no estrato de risco intermedi&#225;rio. Considerando que a equa&#231;&#227;o de ASCVD possivelmente superestima o risco, o escore de CAC poderia melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diferentemente de nossa hip&#243;tese, o risco de acordo com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o pelo CAC foi semelhante entre os grupos de AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico. A propor&#231;&#227;o (aproximadamente um ter&#231;o) de pacientes com alto risco de DAC (CAC&#8805;100) foi semelhante para ambos os grupos. &#201; interessante observar que essa constata&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; verdadeira entre pacientes com o risco de DAC mais baixo (CAC zero), distribu&#237;do similarmente entre os grupos de AVEi. Considerando que as categorias de CAC n&#227;o puderam distinguir as etiologias de AVEi, tentamos identificar outros poss&#237;veis contribuidores associados ao CAC&#8805;100. Depois de considerar as covari&#225;veis clinicamente relevantes, apenas pacientes com 60 anos ou mais tiverem uma probabilidade maior de ter CAC &#8805; 100 (OR 3,52; 95% IC 1,72-7,18). A idade &#233; um conhecido fator de risco de DAC, e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento do CAC est&#225; de acordo com outros autores que demonstraram esta correla&#231;&#227;o em coortes maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O CAC &#233; um marcador bem definido de DAC, que revela com precis&#227;o - com uma dose baixa de radia&#231;&#227;o - a carga ateroscler&#243;tica em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e tem um valor progn&#243;stico robusto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O aumento de CAC absoluto &#233; diretamente proporcional &#224; incidencia de eventos coronarianos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Dada uma certa varia&#231;&#227;o no escore de CAC absoluto, considerando coortes diferentes, e uma distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em estratos melhora a possibilidade de generaliza&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Portanto, o CAC&#8805;100 unidades Agatston &#233; associado a um risco significativamente mais alto de DAC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> enquanto o CAC zero prev&#234; um risco muito baixo de CAC no longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Conforme mostramos, o CAC mant&#233;m sua habilidade de avaliar o risco cardiovascular individual em pacientes de acidente vascular independentemente de a etiologia do AVEi ser ateroscler&#243;tico ou n&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas comuns entre AVEi e DAC, esper&#225;vamos que o grupo AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico tivesse um risco mais alto de DAC. Entretanto, essa hip&#243;tese n&#227;o foi confirmada. O perfil de DAC semelhante entre os grupos de AVEi ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; frequ&#234;ncia muito alta - em ambos os grupos etiol&#243;gicos - de fatores de risco tradicionais de doen&#231;as vasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas: &#8805;70% para hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e sedentarismo. Al&#233;m disso, a frequ&#234;ncia de tabagismo e diabetes em nossa amostra (32% e 28%, respectivamente) foram mais altos do que a preval&#234;ncia observada na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira: 15% para tabagismo e 9% para diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Essas constata&#231;&#245;es e a m&#233;dia de idade relativamente baixa deste estudo podem refletir o mau controle de fatores de risco modific&#225;veis indistintamente presentes em sobreviventes de acidentes vasculares, independentemente da etiologia.</p>
      <p>Enfatizando a rela&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima entre DAC e AVEi, Rivera et al. mostraram que, em estudos em aut&#243;psias, as placas coron&#225;rias estavam presentes em 72% dos pacientes que sofreram acidente vascular fatal, nos quais aproximadamente 27% apresentavam evid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio silencioso. &#201; interessante observar que aterosclerose coron&#225;ria e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foram prevalentes independentemente do subtipo de acidente vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose extracraniana e DAC &#233; bem estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Entretanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o com aterosclerose intracraniana &#233; controversa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e parece ser menos frequentemente associada com o AVEi,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> pelo menos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Sabe-se que a aterosclerose intracraniana &#233; mais prevalente na popula&#231;&#227;o asi&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> mas j&#225; se descreveu uma preval&#234;ncia que pode chegar a at&#233; 50% entre a popula&#231;&#227;o afroamericana do sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Observamos aterosclerose intracraniana em 23% dos casos de AVI. Em nosso estudo, utilizamos o algoritmo SSS-CCS, que inclui doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica intracraniana e extracraniana no mesmo grupo ateroscler&#243;tico. Portanto, pode ter sido menos restritivo, assim como menos discriminativo para a associa&#231;&#227;o que desejamos definir.</p>
      <p>A baixa frequ&#234;ncia de acidente vascular criptog&#234;nico pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; alta qualidade de investiga&#231;&#227;o e ao uso do algoritmo SSS-CCS que padronizou a classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica, o que tamb&#233;m levou a um baixo &#237;ndice de discord&#226;ncia entre neurologistas. Mesmo com a exclus&#227;o de pacientes com DAC pr&#233;via, o &#237;ndice de 30% de acidente vascular causado por embolia cardioa&#243;rtica se deve em parte &#224; presen&#231;a de 11% de pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; um problema cl&#237;nico comum na Am&#233;rica Latina, em que os principais mecanismos do acidente vascular s&#227;o embolia, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de aneurisma em &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, considerando que nosso hospital &#233; um centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, os crit&#233;rios de admiss&#227;o podem influenciar de alguma forma a estimativa geral de frequ&#234;ncia de AVEi. Alguns pacientes com admiss&#227;o tardia podem ter uma precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica limitada da etiologia de AVEi. Pacientes com acidente vascular lacunar foram menos prevalentes do que na literatura, que pode ser explicado por demandas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o geralmente mais baixas nesse subgrupo. Por outro lado, pacientes com limita&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas graves com um potencial mais restrito para reabilita&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o admitidos com menos frequ&#234;ncia, e, por motivos semelhantes, pacientes clinicamente inst&#225;veis (tratando uma infec&#231;&#227;o corrente; com demandas cir&#250;rgicas; com problemas end&#243;crino-metab&#243;licos descompensados) n&#227;o foram admitidos para reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Embora essa restri&#231;&#227;o pudesse ter selecionado aterosclerose coron&#225;ria menos grave, esse foi um crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o comum para ambos os grupos. Segundo, este &#233; um estudo realizado em um &#250;nico centro e o tamanho da amostra &#233; relativamente pequeno, mas a preval&#234;ncia de CAC&#8805;100 entre sobreviventes de AVEi &#233; consistente com os relatos de outros autores (30-45%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Terceiro, esperava-se uma propor&#231;&#227;o de CAC&#8805;100 15 pontos percentuais mais baixa no grupo de AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico com base em uma observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica arbitr&#225;ria, em concord&#226;ncia com nossa hip&#243;tese. Entretanto, na conclus&#227;o do estudo, observa-se uma diferen&#231;a de 4 pontos percentuais ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ), o que pode ter limitado o poder para detectar diferen&#231;as entre grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a nossa pergunta principal.</p>
      <p>O ponto forte deste trabalho &#233; a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o risco de DAC de acordo com o CAC em sobreviventes de acidente vascular em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, e, especialmente, no grupo de AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico, para os quais as evid&#234;ncias s&#227;o menos frequentes. De acordo com a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e a <italic>American Stroke Association</italic> , a popula&#231;&#227;o com AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico deve ser considerada de risco alto para DAC, e estrat&#233;gias preventivas devem ser consideradas apropriadamente. Entretanto, os acidentes vasculares s&#227;o mais heterog&#234;neos do que as DAC, especialmente dentro dos subtipos de AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;ticos, nos quais os fatores de risco e os resultados associados n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o bem determinados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Etiologias n&#227;o associadas ao alto risco de DAC, tais como forame oval patente e dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria vertebral, mais prevalentes em pacientes mais jovens, podem n&#227;o ser adequadamente representadas nos grupos de AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico, o que pode ter ocorrido em nossa amostra tamb&#233;m. Considerando-se o n&#237;vel mais baixo de evid&#234;ncia que o AVEi n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico seja equivalente ao risco de DAC, ainda &#233; necess&#225;rio ter valida&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, e, portanto, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o deve ser interpretada com cuidado. Apresentamos dados sobre essa lacuna, demonstrando que o CAC pode ser utilizado para estimar risco individual de DAC em AVEi, mostrando perfis de risco semelhantes entre os subtipos ateroscler&#243;tico e n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico, pelo menos em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, considerando a alta frequ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco de DCV. &#201; importante observar que, ainda que o CAC n&#227;o tenha conseguido discriminar as etiologias de AVEi em nossa an&#225;lise, ele melhora a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco individual para DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> mesmo em pacientes de alto risco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> cuja aplicabilidade parece ter sido preservada para pacientes com AVEi, independentemente da etiologia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico de etiologia ateroscler&#243;tica n&#227;o apresentou maior risco de DAC se comparado ao acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o-ateroscler&#243;tico de acordo com o CAC. Idade maior ou igual a 60 anos foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente associada ao CAC &#8805; 100. Em sobreviventes de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico, o CAC deve ser considerado para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco individual de DAC, mesmo em etiologias n&#227;o- ateroscler&#243;ticas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Calcium Score and Stratification of Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Patients with Atherosclerotic and Non-Atherosclerotic Ischemic Stroke</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9363-5635</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Del Negro Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Beatriz Christino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hora</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Falc&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7819-5563</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montanaro</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Viana Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Jose Alves Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8444-2655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Henrique Rodolpho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Neurologia, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Radiologia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Edson Marcio Negr&#227;o &#8226;</bold> Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - SMHS 501 BLOCO A. Postal Code 70330-150, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: marcionegrao@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Negr&#227;o EM, Hora TF, Montanaro VVA, Ramalho SHR; Acquisition of data: Negr&#227;o EM, Hora TF, Montanaro VVA, Martins BJAF; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Negr&#227;o EM, Ramalho SHR; Statistical analysis: Ramalho SHR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Negr&#227;o EM, Freitas MCDNB, Marinho PBC, Hora TF, Montanaro VVA, Martins BJAF, Ramalho SHR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Ischemic Stroke (IS) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) frequently coexist and share atherosclerotic disease risk factors. According to the American Heart Association, IS subtypes may be considered CAD risk equivalents, but the evidence for non-atherosclerotic IS is uncertain. Additionally, the Coronary Calcium Score (CCS) is an accurate marker to address CAD risk; however, CCS distribution between IS subtypes is not well characterized.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To compare the CCS between atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic IS groups; and to determine which covariates were associated with high CCS in IS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional design included all patients with IS, 45 to 70 years of age at the time of the stroke, consecutively admitted to a rehabilitation hospital between August 2014 and December 2016, without prevalent CAD. All patients underwent CT scanning for CCS measurement. CCS&#8805;100 was considered a high risk for CAD, with a significance level of p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>From the 244 studied patients (mean age 58.4&#177;6.8 years; 49% female), 164 (67%) had non-atherosclerotic etiology. The proportions of CCS&#8805;100 were similar between the atherosclerotic and the non-atherosclerotic groups (33% [n=26] x 29% [n=47]; p= 0.54). Among all IS patients, only age &#8805;60 years was independently associated with CCS&#8805;100 (OR 3.5; 95%CI 1.7-7.1), accounting for hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, sedentarism, and family history of CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Atherosclerotic IS did not present a greater risk of CAD when compared to non-atherosclerotic IS according to CCS. Only age &#8805;60 years, but not etiology, was independently associated with CCS&#8805;100.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Signaling</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ischemic Stroke (IS) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) are the leading causes of mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The estimated simultaneous prevalence of both diseases could be as high as 70%, with any degree of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Additionally, the absolute risk of myocardial infarction is 2.2% per year in patients who had IS or transient ischemic attack,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and the risk of fatal cardiac events is approximately twice the risk of recurrent fatal stroke at 5 years after surviving stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This close relationship between IS and CAD may be explained by similar pathophysiology and risk factors for atherosclerosis in both diseases, like systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking, which share preventive and therapeutic goals. According to the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association, IS subtypes may be considered CAD risk equivalents, but the evidence for non-atherosclerotic IS is uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Large artery atherosclerosis is a frequent IS etiology, ranging from 9% to 24% of overall IS cases, alternating with cardioembolic and small vessel disease subtypes as the most prevalent IS causes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> depending on the cohort characteristics and risk factor distribution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, it is not well established whether non-atherosclerotic subtypes of IS are under the same level of CAD risk as atherosclerotic IS. Additionally, undiagnosed coronary atherosclerosis in IS patients varies in prevalence and severity. Angiographic coronary stenosis of greater than 50% is present in 26% of the patients with IS and no known history of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Alternatively, using the coronary calcium score (CCS) as a non-invasive risk stratification strategy, the prevalence of CAD in IS can be as high as 70%, in whom approximately one quarter are under a very high risk (CCS&gt;400).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aimed to cross-sectionally compare the CCS between atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic IS, as a marker of CAD risk. In addition, this study determined which covariates were associated with high CCS in IS, other then etiology. We therefore hypothesized that coronary calcium would be higher in atherosclerotic IS than in IS from other etiologies, serving as a valuable screening tool for risk stratification in IS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional design included all patients with a diagnosis of IS, 45 to 70 years of age, at the time of the neurologic event, admitted consecutively at Bras&#237;lia Unit of the Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals between August 2014 and December 2016. Patients with previous diagnosis of CAD were excluded, given that our target population was at-risk individuals and not with established disease. All patients signed the informed consent form prior to study enrollment. This study was approved by the institution&#8217;s Ethics Committee.</p>
        <p>IS was confirmed by clinical evaluation and an image method. Stroke etiology was classified by two independent neurologists, using a computerized system based on the Stop Stroke Study Causative Classification System (SSS-CCS) Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) available on line.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Disagreements were resolved by a third independent neurologist. For this analysis, all non-atherosclerotic etiologies were adjudicated in one group for logistic regression.</p>
        <p>Etiological investigation included transthoracic echocardiography, chest radiograph, EKG, neuroimaging (MRI or CT), non-invasive intracranial vascular studies (magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, and transcranial Doppler). If necessary, transesophageal echocardiography and 24-hour Holter monitoring were performed. Other exams were also requested upon clinical evaluation, such as complete blood count, renal function, screening for endemic diseases (HIV, syphilis, and Chagas&#8217; disease). In selected patients, thrombophilia (antithrombin III, protein C and S deficiency, search for antiphospholipid syndrome, prothrombin and factor V of Leiden mutations and homocysteine levels) was also investigated.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary calcium score</title>
          <p>All patients underwent CCS determination. A prospective axial image of the heart was acquired using multidetector computed tomography cuts of 3mm, synchronized with the EKG. Three models of CT scanners were used: Siemens Sensation 64, Siemens Perspective 128, and Siemens Definition. The images were analyzed in the Siemens Syngo Calcium Scoring software and the radiologists were blinded to the stroke etiology. Semiautomatic analysis of calcified plaques was performed with electronic identified images with more than 3 adjacent pixels with density greater than 130 Hounsfield Units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> High risk was defined as a CCS&#8805;100, considered as a prognostically validated cut-off.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> As a sensitivity analysis, the distribution of the lowest risk, defined as a CCS=0 between both IS groups, was also compared.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characterization of the studied variables</title>
          <p>Study variable were defined as follows:</p>
          <p>Systemic Arterial hypertension: systolic arterial pressure more than 140 mmHg, diastolic arterial pressure more than 90 mmHg; use of antihypertensive drug.</p>
          <p>Dyslipidemia: LDL more than 160 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering agent.</p>
          <p>Diabetes mellitus: fasting blood glucose more than 126 mg/dL or use of hypoglycemic agent and/or insulin.</p>
          <p>Sedentary life style: less than 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week.</p>
          <p>Obesity: body mass index more than 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
          <p>Family history of premature CAD: first degree relatives with a diagnosis of CAD of &lt; 50 years old in men and of &lt; 65 years old in women.</p>
          <p>Smoking: self-reported current use of cigarettes for at least one year or cessation of smoking for less than five years.</p>
          <p>Modified Rankin Scale: used to measure the degree of disability or dependence in one&#8217;s daily activities. This was calculated by one neurologist upon rehabilitation program admission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>10 year atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) estimation risk: the pooled cohort equations was used to estimate the risk of coronary events in 10 years, classified as: low risk (&lt;5%), borderline risk (5-7.4%), intermediate risk (7.5-19.9%), high risk (&#8805; 20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables are presented as count with proportion or as continuous variables as mean &#177; SD or median (25-75<sup>th</sup>percentile). Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was used to verify the distribution. To address the main objective, atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic groups were compared using the chi-square test for categorical variables, and the independent samples <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate, for continuous variables.</p>
          <p>To address our secondary objective, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to investigate the covariates associated with a higher CAD risk, represented as a CCS&#8805;100. The dependent variable was CCS dichotomized between &#8805;100 and &lt;100. The candidate covariates to be tested as independents in the final model were considered on the basis of clinical evidence, information available in the literature and univariate analysis; in this case, the decision criterion was a p-value &lt; 0.20. Thus, the final multivariate model included age &gt;60years, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, sedentarism, and family history of premature CAD. The overall accepted level of significance was p &lt; 0.05. Analyses were conducted in SPSS 20.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From a total of 269 eligible patients, 25 did not attend further evaluations, resulting in a final sample of 244 patients for analysis. No silent myocardial infarction was suspected after enrollment according to patient medical history, EKG, and echocardiography. The atherosclerotic group frequency was 33% (n=80), without a significant age difference compared to the non-atherosclerotic group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), who were also admitted slightly later. Gender distribution between groups was also similar (49% of female gender for both). Considering the main cardiovascular risk factors, no difference was found in the hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, sedentarism, and obesity rates. On the other hand, the rates of smoking and family history of premature CAD were higher in the atherosclerotic group. Although the ASCVD score was higher for atherosclerotic IS, the median ASCVD for each group was &gt;7.5% and &lt;20%; therefore, both were classified as an intermediate risk. A greater median CCS was observed in atherosclerotic IS patients; however, with no statistical difference when compared to non-atherosclerotic IS patients.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of the Study Sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>Overall</th>
                  <th>Non-atherosclerotic</th>
                  <th>Atherosclerotic</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>(n= 244)</th>
                  <th>(n= 164; 67%)</th>
                  <th>(n= 80; 33%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years; mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">58.4 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">57.8 &#177; 6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5 &#177; 7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.078</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time since stroke, months*; median [25-75<sup>th</sup>percentile]</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0[3.0-9.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0 [2.5-8.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0 [4.0-10.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (49.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (49.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.925</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (72.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (72.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (72.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.992</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (74.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (75.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (74.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.833</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (31.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (28.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (29.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.427</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (69.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (71.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.691</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (18.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (17.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rankin scale</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.486</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history of premature CAD, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (11.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (23.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current 10-year ASCVD risk; median [25-75<sup>th</sup>percentile]</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 [4.8-15]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 [3.7-13.9]</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 [6.2-18.1]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary calcium score; median [25-75<sup>th</sup>percentile]</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 [0.0-129.7]</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 [0.0-128.8]</td>
                  <td align="center">24.6 [(0.0-132.4]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.510</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAD: coronary artery disease; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. *Months from index stroke to enrollment in the study.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>To define the etiology, 87% of the patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging and 13% only a computed tomography. Neurologists disagreed in seven cases (3%), requiring the evaluation of a third neurologist. Atherosclerotic IS etiology was the most prevalent, followed by 74 (30%) due to cardio-aortic embolism, 37 (15%) caused by small artery occlusion, 14 (6%) due to other causes, and 39 (16%) of undetermined causes. As a group, there were 164 (67%) non-atherosclerotic cases. Among the 80 cases of atherosclerotic etiology, 18 (23%) were due to intracranial atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic IS showed similar proportions of patients with CCS &#8805; 100. Similarly, those with CCS zero also had equivalent proportions between groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prevalence of coronary calcium score (CCS) categories in atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1144-90616-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As dichotomized IS etiology did not discriminate CCS &#8805; 100, other potential contributors were analyzed. Considering clinically defined variables and those statistically different in the univariate analysis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">table 2</xref> ), 6 variables entered the final adjusted model: age (dichotomized in &#8805;60 and &lt;60 years old), hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, diabetes, and family history of premature CAD. Accounting for all those covariates, only age &#8805;60 years remained independently associated with CCS &#8805;100 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics from the overall ischemic stroke patients, by the higher coronary calcium score (CCS) cut-off point</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>CCS &#8805; 100</th>
                  <th>CCS &lt; 100</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n = 72</th>
                  <th>n = 172</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (female)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &#8805;60 years</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (89)</td>
                  <td align="center">113(66)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">25(36)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.492</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (86)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.644</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history of premature CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.049</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values are n (%). CAD: coronary artery disease.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Measures of association between clinical covariates and higher risk CCS (&#8805; 100), in final adjusted multivariate model, from the overall ischemic stroke patients.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &#8805; 60 years</td>
                  <td align="center">3.52</td>
                  <td align="center">1.72 - 7.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">2.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 - 6.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 - 3.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.244</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57 - 2.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.692</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">1.46</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68 - 3.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.331</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history of premature CAD</td>
                  <td align="center">1.69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73 - 3.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.219</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAD: coronary artery disease.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our results showed that one third of stroke patients presented atherosclerotic etiology, closely followed by cardio-aortic embolism. We found that the coronary calcium score was similarly distributed between atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic IS, given no clinical or statistical differences were observed in the Agatston score or in the proportion of patients within a higher CAD risk, estimated by a CCS&#8805;100. Among other potential contributors, only current smoking and family history of premature CAD could differentiate those with atherosclerotic IS when compared to non-atherosclerotic etiology&#8211; with approximately twice higher frequency for both characteristics in atherosclerotic IS.</p>
        <p>Although ASCVD estimated risk was greater in the atherosclerotic IS group, as compared to the non-atherosclerotic IS group, both were classified in the intermediate risk stratum. Considering that the ASCVD equation potentially overestimates the risk, CCS could potentially improve the individual risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Differently from our hypothesis, the risk according to CCS strata was similar between atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic IS. The proportion (approximately one third) of patients with a high CAD risk (CCS&#8805;100) was similar for both groups. Interestingly, this finding was also true amongst patients with the lowest CAD risk (CCS zero), similarly distributed between the IS groups. Given that CCS categories did not distinguish IS etiologies, we tried to identify other potential contributors associated with CCS&#8805;100. After accounting for clinically relevant covariates, only patients with 60 years or more had a higher likelihood of having a CCS &#8805; 100 (OR 3.52; 95% CI 1.72-7.18). Age is a well-known risk factor for CAD, and its association with increasing CCS is in agreement with other authors who have demonstrated it in larger cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CCS is a well-defined marker of CAD, which accurately reveals - with a low dose of radiation - an atherosclerotic burden in coronary arteries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and has a robust prognostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> An absolute increase in CCS is proportional to coronary event rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Given some variation in the absolute CCS score, considering different cohorts, and a non-normal distribution, classifying patients within strata improves generalizability and clinical application.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Therefore, CCS&#8805;100 Agatston units are associated with a significantly higher CAD risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> while CCS of zero predicts a very low long term risk of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As we showed, CCS keeps its ability to assess individual cardiovascular risk in stroke patients regardless of whether the IS etiology is atherosclerotic or not.</p>
        <p>Regarding the shared clinical characteristics between IS and CAD, we expected that the atherosclerotic IS group would have a greater risk of CAD. However, our hypothesis was not confirmed. The similar CAD risk profile between the atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic IS groups can be attributed to a very high frequency &#8211; in both etiological groups &#8211; of traditional risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular diseases: &#8805;70% for arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and sedentary lifestyle. Moreover, the smoking and diabetes rates in our sample (32% and 28%, respectively) were higher than the prevalence observed in the Brazilian population: 15% for smoking and 9% for diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> These findings and the relatively low mean age in this study, may reflect the poor control of modifiable risk factors indistinctively present in stroke survivors, irrespective of the etiology.</p>
        <p>Emphasizing the close relationship between CAD and IS, Rivera et al. showed that, in autopsy studies, coronary plaques were present in 72% of patients with fatal stroke, in whom approximately 27% showed evidence of silent myocardial infarction. Interestingly, coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction were prevalent regardless of the stroke subtypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between extracranial atherosclerosis and CAD is well established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> However, this association with intracranial atherosclerosis is controversial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and seems to be less frequently associated with IS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> at least in the Brazilian population. Intracranial atherosclerosis is known to be more prevalent in the Asian population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> but it was described to be as high as 50% among male African Americans as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> We observed intracranial atherosclerosis in 23% of atherosclerotic IS cases. In our study, we used the SSS-CCS algorithm, which includes intracranial and extracranial atherosclerotic disease in the same atherosclerotic etiologic group; therefore, it could have been less restrictive, but also less discriminative for the association we aimed to define.</p>
        <p>The low frequency of cryptogenic stroke can be attributed to the high quality of investigation and the use of SSS-CCS algorithm that standardized the etiologic classification, also leading to a low rate of disagreement among neurologists. Even with the exclusion of patients with prior CAD, the rate of 30% of stroke caused by cardio-aortic embolism is in part due to the presence of 11% of patients with Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy. Chagas&#8217;s disease is a common clinical condition in Latin America, whose main mechanisms for stroke are embolism due to the presence of left ventricular apex aneurysm, severe systolic dysfunction, and atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations. First, considering that our facility is a rehabilitation center, admittance criteria may somehow bias overall IS frequency estimation. Some patients with delayed admittance may have a limited diagnostic precision of IS etiology. Patients with lacunar stroke were less prevalent than in the literature, which could likely be explained by frequently lower rehabilitation demands in this subgroup. In contrast, patients with severe neurologic limitations with a narrow rehabilitation potential are less frequently admitted, and for similar reasons, clinically unstable patients (treating an ongoing infection; with surgical demands; with decompensated endocrine-metabolic conditions) were not admitted for rehabilitation purposes. Although this could have included less severe coronary atherosclerosis, this was a common inclusion criterion for both groups. Second, this is a single center study and the sample size is relatively small, but CCS&#8805;100 prevalence among IS survivors is consistent with other authors&#8217; reports (30-45%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Third, we expected a CCS&#8805;100 proportion of 15 percentage points lower in the non-atherosclerotic IS group based on an arbitrary clinical observation, which is in agreement with our hypothesis; however, upon concluding the study, a 4 percentage points difference was observed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ), which could have limited the power to detect between group differences regarding our main question.</p>
        <p>The strength of this work is providing information on CAD risk according to CCS in stroke survivors from a Brazilian population and particularly in the non-atherosclerotic IS group, to which evidence is scarcer. According to the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association, the atherosclerotic IS population should be considered a high risk group for CAD, where preventive strategies should be adequately addressed; however, stroke is more heterogeneous than CAD, particularly within the non-atherosclerotic IS subtypes, where traditional risk factors and associated outcomes are less well determined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Etiologies known not to be associated with a high risk for CAD, such as patent foramen ovale and cervical artery dissection, more frequent in younger patients, can be underrepresented in non-atherosclerotic IS groups, and could have been in our sample as well. Given the lower level of evidence to consider non-atherosclerotic IS as CAD risk equivalent, prognostic validation is still necessary; therefore, generalization should be interpreted cautiously. Data on this gap was provided in this study, showing that CCS can be used to address individual CAD risk in IS, showing similar risk profiles between atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic subtypes, at least in our population, given the high frequency of traditional CVD risk factors. It is important to note that even though CCS was not able to discriminate IS etiologies in our analysis, it does improve the individual risk stratification for CAD in the general population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> even in high-risk patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> whose applicability seems to be preserved for ischemic stroke patients as well, regardless of etiology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In the studied population, ischemic stroke of atherosclerotic etiology did not present a greater risk of CAD when compared to non-atherosclerotic ischemic stroke according to CCS. Age equal to or over 60 years was the only variable associated with CCS &#8805; 100. In ischemic stroke survivors, CCS should be considered for individual risk stratification for CAD, even in non-atherosclerotic etiologies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> . There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
