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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZR7M7ZCbM8jCyzT7FPhZPvC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01135</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401135</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190296</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190296</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da Hero&#237;na nos Par&#226;metros Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3311-1095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Ersin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Selcuk</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saylik</surname>
            <given-names>Faysal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mutluer</surname>
            <given-names>Ferit Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deniz</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Umraniye Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Van Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Van</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Van Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Van &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ersin Yildirim &#8226; Umraniye Training and Research Hospital - &#220;mraniye E&#287;itim Ve Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Hastanesi 34764, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>ersinyil44@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Yildirim E, Selcuk M, Saylik F, Deniz O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Selcuk M, Saylik F, Mutluer FO, Deniz O; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Yildirim E, Deniz O; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Yildirim E, Saylik F, Mutluer FO; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Yildirim E, Selcuk M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Yildirim E, Selcuk M, Mutluer FO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1135</fpage>
      <lpage>1141</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Atualmente, o v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de preocupante, e as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os efeitos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da hero&#237;na s&#227;o limitadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; investigar os efeitos da depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na em par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 136 indiv&#237;duos, incluindo 66 indiv&#237;duos que fumam hero&#237;na como grupo de estudo e 70 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis sem depend&#234;ncia de drogas como grupo de controle, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Indiv&#237;duos que injetam hero&#237;na foram exclu&#237;dos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (ECG) dos usu&#225;rios de hero&#237;na foi realizada e comparada com as do grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, os ECGs pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento do grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na foram comparados. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (77,2&#177;12,8 <italic>versus</italic> 71,4&#177;11,2; p=0,02) foi maior no grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Os intervalos QT (341,50&#177;25,80 <italic>versus</italic> 379,11&#177;45,23; p=0,01), QTc (385,12&#177;29,11 <italic>versus</italic> 411,3&#177;51,70; p&lt;0,01) e o intervalo do pico ao fim da onda T (Tpe) (65,41&#177;10,82 <italic>versus</italic> 73,3&#177;10,13; p&lt;0,01) foram significativamente menores no grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada entre os grupos com respeito &#224;s raz&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc. Na an&#225;lise de subgrupo do grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na, os intervalos QT (356,81&#177;37,49 <italic>versus</italic> 381,18&#177;40,03; p&lt;0,01) e QTc (382,06&#177;26,41 <italic>versus</italic> 396,06&#177;29,80; p&lt;0,01) foram significativamente mais curtos no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na afeta significativamente os intervalos de tempo QT, QTc e Tpe. Os efeitos de arritmia desses par&#226;metros j&#225; s&#227;o conhecidos. Os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos desses indiv&#237;duos merecem mais aten&#231;&#227;o. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1135-1141)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hero&#237;na</kwd>
        <kwd>Depend&#234;ncia de Hero&#237;na</kwd>
        <kwd>Entorpecentes/toxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias card&#237;acas/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de QT longo</kwd>
        <kwd>Edema Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Leucoencefalopatias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="56"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hero&#237;na, um depressor do sistema nervoso central (diacetilmorfina), &#233; um opi&#225;ceo semissint&#233;tico. A hero&#237;na &#233; um opioide altamente utilizado, e o v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na causa um preju&#237;zo significativo para a sociedade em todo o mundo. A preval&#234;ncia do uso de hero&#237;na aumentou nos &#250;ltimos anos. A mortalidade entre os usu&#225;rios de hero&#237;na varia entre 1 e 3%, e o m&#233;todo de tratamento mais eficaz para a depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na &#233; a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de opioides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Seu principal efeito adverso &#233; a dificuldade respirat&#243;ria, que pode levar &#224; morte. Com a perda de toler&#226;ncia, a overdose de hero&#237;na pode ser letal ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de abstin&#234;ncia. As outras complica&#231;&#245;es da depend&#234;ncia da hero&#237;na, como edema pulmonar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> choque,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> rabdomi&#243;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e leucoencefalopatia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> s&#227;o descritas na literatura. Al&#233;m disso, a hero&#237;na tem se mostrado eficaz na modula&#231;&#227;o vagal e regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, nosso conhecimento sobre os efeitos card&#237;acos da depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na &#233; limitado, o que &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica importante nesse aspecto. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; alguns estudos na literatura que mostram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre hero&#237;na, toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; essencial compreender as altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG dependentes de hero&#237;na. O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; investigar os efeitos da depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na sobre os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica, um total de 136 indiv&#237;duos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, que incluiu 66 pacientes usu&#225;rios de hero&#237;na via tabagismo e em terapia no Centro de Tratamento e Treinamento para Depend&#234;ncia de &#193;lcool e Drogas, entre 2014 e 2017, como grupo de estudo, al&#233;m de 70 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis sem depend&#234;ncia de drogas que n&#227;o seja o tabaco como grupo controle. O grupo controle foi selecionado consecutivamente entre os pacientes que visitavam a cl&#237;nica de cardiologia. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de ECG daqueles que usam hero&#237;na foi realizada e comparada com aqueles do grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, foi avaliado o ECG pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento do grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes, o estado e a dura&#231;&#227;o da depend&#234;ncia da hero&#237;na foram coletados junto aos pacientes e seus prontu&#225;rios no hospital. Apenas aqueles que fumavam hero&#237;na foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ECG) dos pacientes foram obtidos com o dispositivo Schiller Cardiovit AT-102 plus, usando a deriva&#231;&#227;o 12 padr&#227;o (calibra&#231;&#227;o de 10 mm/mV e taxa de deslizamento de 25 mm/s) na primeira admiss&#227;o no hospital. Somente os pacientes que recebiam hero&#237;na em at&#233; 12 horas ap&#243;s os registros de ECG obtidos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As medi&#231;&#245;es do ECG dos intervalos QT e Tpe foram realizadas manualmente por dois cardiologistas especialistas, usando uma lupa para diminuir os erros de medi&#231;&#227;o. As deriva&#231;&#245;es 2 e V5 foram selecionadas para medir os intervalos QT e Tpe, respectivamente. A m&#233;dia dos tr&#234;s batimentos em cada deriva&#231;&#227;o de ECG foi calculada. O intervalo QT &#233; calculado como o intervalo do in&#237;cio do QRS ao fim da onda T. O intervalo Tpe &#233; definido como o intervalo do pico da onda T ao fim da onda T. Os intervalos QTc foram calculados usando a f&#243;rmula de Bazett. O hemograma completo (HC) e os exames bioqu&#237;micos foram realizados com Beckman Coulter LH-750 e Beckman Coulter L &#215; 20, respectivamente. Os resultados de cada paciente foram registrados. As avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de todos os pacientes foram feitas na primeira admiss&#227;o ao hospital. Todos os participantes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica 2D e Doppler (VIVID 3, General Electric, EUA) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi calculada usando as regras de Simpson modificadas. Os indiv&#237;duos que usaram hero&#237;na por via intravenosa, dependentes de &#225;lcool, aqueles com doen&#231;as das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dist&#250;rbios das v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas, arritmias conhecidas, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, diabetes, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica ou renal, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;as end&#243;crinas, dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos ou eletrol&#237;ticos, infec&#231;&#245;es agudas ou cr&#244;nicas ou pacientes que tomaram medicamentos que podem afetar os intervalos QT e QTc foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com os programas <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) para Windows 20 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) e Medcalc 11.4.2 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, B&#233;lgica). A conformidade dos dados com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi testada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas normalmente distribu&#237;das foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre o grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na e os grupos de controle, o teste-t n&#227;o pareado foi usado. Os testes de qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher foram realizados para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es de ambos os per&#237;odos pr&#233;-tratamento e p&#243;s-tratamento, o teste de McNemar e amostras pareadas de teste t foram usados. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (n=136, idade m&#233;dia 30,40&#177;9,58) foi a seguinte: 66 (48,52%) Hero&#237;na (+) e 70 (51,47%) Hero&#237;na (-). O sexo feminino correspondeu a 8,82% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na distribui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia de idade entre os grupos. No grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na, a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do uso da hero&#237;na foi de cinco anos. Estatisticamente, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, tabagismo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi determinada nas outras caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais entre os dois grupos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Groups&#8217; Baseline Characteristics and Laboratory Findings</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Hero&#237;na (+) (n= 66)</th>
                <th>Hero&#237;na (-) (n= 70)</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas base</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">30,2&#177;10,1</td>
                <td align="center">30,6&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,808</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (feminino), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(12,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumantes atuais, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35(53,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">31(44,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,307</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(1,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(2,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,594</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59,8&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">60,4&#177;9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,620</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Resultados laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mmol/dl; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">139,48&#177;4,81</td>
                <td align="center">140,37&#177;5,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,302</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/dl; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">4,32&#177;0,51</td>
                <td align="center">4,45&#177;0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio (mg/dl; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">9,45&#177;0,82</td>
                <td align="center">9,53&#177;0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,596</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio (mg/dl; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,99&#177;0,30</td>
                <td align="center">2,02&#177;0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,533</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77&#177;0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,72&#177;0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,197</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dl; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">37,61&#177;8,45</td>
                <td align="center">38,89&#177;10,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,437</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dl; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">137,74&#177;39,81</td>
                <td align="center">125,66&#177;45,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deo (mg/dl; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">155,42&#177;96,50</td>
                <td align="center">163,44&#177;85,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,608</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GB (x10<sup>3</sup> /&#181;L; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">6,89&#177;4,03</td>
                <td align="center">7,12&#177;4,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,750</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">14,31&#177;4,38</td>
                <td align="center">14,53&#177;2,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,724</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemat&#243;crito, n (%;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">42,53&#177;4,11</td>
                <td align="center">42,88&#177;5,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,673</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (x10<sup>3</sup> /&#181;L; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">253,75&#177;68,32</td>
                <td align="center">261,16&#177;77,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,555</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDH %</td>
                <td align="center">15,23&#177;2,06</td>
                <td align="center">13,88&#177;1,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSH (uIU/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">2,12&#177;1,77</td>
                <td align="center">2,16&#177;1,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,896</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Teste-t de amostras independentes, Teste do qui-quadrado, Teste exato de Fisher *p&lt;0,05 estatisticamente significativo. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o relatadas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o relatadas como n (%). HDL-C: Colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: Colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; GB: Gl&#243;bulos brancos; LDH: Largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias; TSH: Horm&#244;nio estimulador da tire&#243;ide.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos entre os grupos revelou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos em termos de per&#237;odo PR, altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas do segmento ST-onda T, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e tempo de pico da onda R. No grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na (+), os intervalos QT (341,50&#177;25,80 <italic>versus</italic> 379,11&#177;45,23, p&lt;0,01) e QTc (385,12&#177;29,11 versus 411,3&#177;51,70, p&lt;0,01) os intervalos foram significativamente mais curtos do que o grupo usu&#225;rio de hero&#237;na (-). O tempo T-pico at&#233; o T-final foi significativamente menor no grupo hero&#237;na (+), em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo hero&#237;na (-) (65,41&#177;10,82 versus 73,3&#177;10,13, p&lt;0,01). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada entre os dois grupos em termos de raz&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados de ECG dos grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Achados de ECG</th>
                <th>Hero&#237;na (+) (n= 66)</th>
                <th>Hero&#237;na (-) (n= 70)</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bat/min</td>
                <td align="center">77,25&#177;12,84</td>
                <td align="center">71,43&#177;11,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PR, msc</td>
                <td align="center">147,83&#177;29,49</td>
                <td align="center">151,12&#177;33,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas da onda T do segmento ST, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(12,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">4(5,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QRS, msg</td>
                <td align="center">98,82&#177;19,53</td>
                <td align="center">100,50&#177;19,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT, msg</td>
                <td align="center">341,50&#177;25,80</td>
                <td align="center">379,11&#177;45,23</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTc, msg</td>
                <td align="center">385,12&#177;29,11</td>
                <td align="center">411,3&#177;51,70</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tpe, msg</td>
                <td align="center">65,41&#177;10,82</td>
                <td align="center">73,3&#177;10,13</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hor&#225;rio de pico da onda R, msg</td>
                <td align="center">32,18&#177;8,16</td>
                <td align="center">34,22&#177;9,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tpe/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0.19&#177;0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.2&#177;0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tpe/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0.17&#177;0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.18&#177;0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*Teste-t de amostras independentes; Teste de qui-quadrado; Teste exato de Fisher; Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o relatadas como m&#233;dia&#177;DP). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o relatadas como n (%); p&lt;0,05 estatisticamente significativo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Um total de 16 pacientes completou o tratamento com sucesso. Na an&#225;lise de subgrupo desse grupo, os intervalos QT (356,81&#177;37,49 <italic>versus</italic> 381,18&#177;40,03, p&lt;0,01) e QTc (382,06&#177;26,41 versus 396,06&#177;29,80, p&lt;0,01) foram significativamente mais curtos no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-tratamento. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi determinada nos outros par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados de ECG dos pacientes tratados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Antes do tratamento (n= 16)</th>
                <th>Depois do tratamento (n= 16)</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bat/min</td>
                <td align="center">79,06&#177;9,08</td>
                <td align="center">74,81&#177;8,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PR, msc</td>
                <td align="center">148,75&#177;18,65</td>
                <td align="center">150,01&#177;19,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas da onda T do segmento ST, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3(18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QRS, msg</td>
                <td align="center">98,08&#177;10,58</td>
                <td align="center">98,68&#177;8,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT, msg</td>
                <td align="center">356,81&#177;37,49</td>
                <td align="center">381,18&#177;40,03</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTc, msg</td>
                <td align="center">382,06&#177;26,41</td>
                <td align="center">396,06&#177;29,80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tpe, msg</td>
                <td align="center">64,75&#177;8,10</td>
                <td align="center">66,37&#177;9,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hor&#225;rio de pico da onda R, msg</td>
                <td align="center">33,06&#177;4,80</td>
                <td align="center">33,93&#177;5,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tpe/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,18&#177;0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,17&#177;0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tpe/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,17&#177;0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,18&#177;0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>*Teste de McNemar, teste-t de amostras pareadas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o relatadas como m&#233;dia&#177;DP, e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o relatadas como n (%); p&lt;0,05 estatisticamente significativo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atualmente, o v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de preocupante, e as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os efeitos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da hero&#237;na s&#227;o limitadas. At&#233; onde sabemos, o presente estudo &#233; o primeiro na literatura sobre altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas dependentes de hero&#237;na. No estudo, mostramos que o v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na afeta significativamente os intervalos de tempo QT, QTc e Tpe.</p>
      <p>O v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na &#233; respons&#225;vel por eventos card&#237;acos. O efeito do uso de hero&#237;na nas fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas foi investigado anteriormente em alguns estudos. O uso de hero&#237;na mostrou aumentar significativamente a taxa de anormalidades das v&#225;lvulas mitral e tric&#250;spide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Demirk&#305;ran et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstraram que os canabin&#243;ides sint&#233;ticos afetaram negativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ao passo que a hero&#237;na n&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O uso de hero&#237;na n&#227;o parece ter efeito sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares esquerdas de acordo com os resultados desses estudos; por outro lado, irregularidades atriais e mioc&#225;rdicas com amostra histopatol&#243;gica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">13</xref></sup> e contagem de leuc&#243;citos mioc&#225;rdicos intersticiais, contagem de linf&#243;citos T e macr&#243;fagos promovem aumento de cinco vezes nas amostras mioc&#225;rdicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">14</xref></sup> Os efeitos card&#237;acos da hero&#237;na n&#227;o se limitam aos efeitos miot&#243;xicos. Pavlidis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">15</xref></sup> relataram que infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pode ser observado, embora raramente, para o qual o mecanismo comum &#233; desconhecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">15</xref></sup> Orlando et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">16</xref></sup> relataram redu&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 20 indiv&#237;duos dependentes de hero&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">16</xref></sup> No entanto, esses estudos n&#227;o fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o efeito da depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na nos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Al&#233;m disso, em estudos que investigaram os mecanismos de arritmias relacionadas &#224; hero&#237;na e subsequentes mortes s&#250;bitas, o uso de hero&#237;na n&#227;o s&#243; levou &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mas tamb&#233;m levou &#224; displasia fibromuscular no n&#243; sinusal, n&#243; atrioventricular e vias de transmiss&#227;o, e &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o de gordura. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que essa pode ser a causa da arritmia relacionada &#224; morte s&#250;bita em indiv&#237;duos dependentes de hero&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, revelar altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG dependentes de hero&#237;na tornou-se ainda mais importante.</p>
      <p>Em um dos primeiros estudos sobre os efeitos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na, Glauser et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">17</xref></sup> mostraram que os achados mais comuns foram altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas de ST-T em 17 pacientes; e taquicardia sinusal em 11 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">17</xref></sup> No entanto, os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos como QT, QTc, tempo de Tpe e dura&#231;&#245;es de QSR n&#227;o foram examinados neste estudo. Em um relato de caso, os autores mostraram que a overdose de hero&#237;na &#233; uma poss&#237;vel causa da fenocopia de Brugada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">18</xref></sup> Embora alguns estudos tenham sido realizados em ratos e c&#227;es, n&#227;o h&#225; muitas informa&#231;&#245;es na literatura sobre eletrocardiogramas em humanos. No presente estudo, o v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na mostrou diminuir significativamente os intervalos de tempo QT, QTc e Tpe. A s&#237;ndrome do QT curto, como o prolongamento do QT, tamb&#233;m &#233; bem conhecida por sua associa&#231;&#227;o a arritmias card&#237;acas graves e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">21</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o intervalo Tpe foi proposto como um marcador n&#227;o invasivo de risco arr&#237;tmico. O intervalo do pico T ao final do T no eletrocardiograma (ECG) &#233; uma medida da dispers&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da repolariza&#231;&#227;o. Evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que o intervalo Tpe pode predizer a suscetibilidade &#224; arritmia em pacientes com v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">22</xref></sup> Marjamaa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">23</xref></sup> conclu&#237;ram que o alelo menor da variante comum rs7219669 est&#225; associado ao encurtamento do intervalo Tpe em duas popula&#231;&#245;es de estudo independentes, sendo, portanto, um candidato a modular a suscetibilidade &#224; arritmia em n&#237;vel populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">23</xref></sup> No presente estudo, o uso de hero&#237;na teve um efeito significativo sobre esses par&#226;metros importantes. Usu&#225;rios de hero&#237;na apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca, e a terapia com metadona aumentou a atividade vagal diretamente em indiv&#237;duos que tiveram recidiva recente de uso de hero&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dos achados inflamat&#243;rios aumentados do mioc&#225;rdio, tamb&#233;m acreditamos que essa diminui&#231;&#227;o na atividade vagal possa ser respons&#225;vel por altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG. A maioria dos estudos sobre depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na e ECG dizem respeito &#224; metadona. A metadona &#233; usada no tratamento da depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na, e um de seus efeitos conhecidos mais importantes &#233; o prolongamento das dura&#231;&#245;es QT e QTc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">25</xref></sup> A metadona &#233; um inibidor do canal i&#244;nico card&#237;aco KCNH226 e causa o prolongamento do intervalo QT de maneira relacionada &#224; dose consumida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">26</xref></sup> Por outro lado, pode aumentar a atividade vagal e prolongar a dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s o presente estudo, acreditamos que parte dos efeitos da metadona pode estar relacionada &#224; neutraliza&#231;&#227;o do efeito da hero&#237;na. Nosso estudo demonstrou que o v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na mudou significativamente os intervalos QT, QTc e Tpe, independentemente do efeito dos adulterantes e da metadona. Al&#233;m de indiv&#237;duos dependentes de hero&#237;na, a metadona tamb&#233;m &#233; conhecida por prolongar o intervalo QT. No entanto, no grupo de usu&#225;rios de hero&#237;na, esse resultado deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o ao discutir o efeito de prolongamento do intervalo QT da metadona em pessoas dependentes de hero&#237;na. Embora o efeito da hero&#237;na nos canais de pot&#225;ssio seja desconhecido, o efeito na atividade vagal foi analisado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Com esses resultados, embora ela n&#227;o seja respons&#225;vel por todos os mecanismos de prolongamento do intervalo QT, acreditamos que a neutraliza&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da hero&#237;na contribui significativamente para o prolongamento do QT. Com o presente estudo, n&#227;o podemos explicar exatamente se o prolongamento QT &#233; efeito direto da metadona ou o resultado da neutraliza&#231;&#227;o do efeito da hero&#237;na em estudos anteriores. Quando consideramos o assunto um novo ponto de vista, &#233; um tema importante para orientar os demais estudos. Ainda assim, a metadona &#233; um agonista opioide completo, e as mortes por overdose s&#227;o um grande problema. A buprenorfina, um agonista opioide parcial, tem se tornado uma op&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais popular na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em nosso pa&#237;s e em todo o mundo. A buprenorfina &#233;, provavelmente, o agente mais seguro devido &#224; sua a&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica &#250;nica e foi declarada uma nova op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na com menor potencial de abuso e baixo risco de overdose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">27</xref></sup> Doses terap&#234;uticas de buprenorfina mostraram n&#227;o ter efeitos sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o de QT e QTc,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">29</xref></sup> e a buprenorfina em doses comumente utilizadas &#233; uma alternativa adequada &#224; metadona, no que diz respeito ao risco de prolongamento do intervalo QTc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">30</xref></sup> Portanto, os indiv&#237;duos do presente estudo foram tratados com buprenorfina em vez de metadona. A buprenorfina n&#227;o teve efeitos significativos nas dura&#231;&#245;es de QT e QTc, o que foi uma das vantagens do presente estudo. Visto isso, observamos os efeitos da hero&#237;na no ECG com mais clareza. Quando olhamos para o subgrupo de tratamento, h&#225; uma mudan&#231;a significativa nas dura&#231;&#245;es de QT e QTc devido &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso da hero&#237;na. Se esses indiv&#237;duos fossem tratados com metadona, seria muito dif&#237;cil entender se esse efeito era devido &#224; hero&#237;na ou &#224; metadona. Infelizmente, assim como em outros pa&#237;ses, a desvantagem mais importante nesse subgrupo &#233; a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que podem concluir o tratamento m&#233;dico para depend&#234;ncia de hero&#237;na, insuficiente em nosso estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">31</xref></sup> A maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o conseguiu completar o tratamento, e &#233; por isso que o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos no subgrupo do estudo diminuiu significativamente. Embora tenha havido uma mudan&#231;a significativa nos intervalos QT e QTc no grupo p&#243;s-tratamento, houve apenas um aumento num&#233;rico na dura&#231;&#227;o do Tpe, o qual n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Presumimos que isso seja devido ao n&#250;mero insuficiente de indiv&#237;duos que conclu&#237;ram o tratamento. Por&#233;m, estudos com maior n&#250;mero de participantes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para uma decis&#227;o definitiva sobre o assunto.</p>
      <p>A hero&#237;na tem uma meia-vida extremamente curta no sangue (menos de cinco minutos) e &#233; imediatamente convertida no metab&#243;lito ativo 6-acetilmorfina (6-AM), que &#233; posteriormente metabolizado em morfina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">32</xref></sup> Na urina, o metab&#243;lito ativo 6-AM pode ser detectado por um per&#237;odo mais longo, possivelmente at&#233; 12 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">33</xref></sup> Portanto, foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo pacientes que usaram hero&#237;na apenas nas &#250;ltimas 12 horas. Por outro lado, quando a hero&#237;na &#233; usada por via intravenosa, &#233; administrada em conjunto com subst&#226;ncias qu&#237;micas adicionais, denominadas adulterantes (paracetamol, cafe&#237;na, difenidramina, metorfano, alprazolam, quetiapina, cloroquina, diltiazem, coca&#237;na, proca&#237;na, lidoca&#237;na, quinina/quinidina, fenacetina e tiamina), e os potenciais efeitos card&#237;acos dessas subst&#226;ncias complicam a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da hero&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">34</xref></sup> Desa forma, para investigar os efeitos card&#237;acos da hero&#237;na apenas, exclu&#237;mos aqueles que usaram hero&#237;na por inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa. O presente estudo demonstrou que o uso de hero&#237;na diminuiu significativamente os intervalos QT, QTc e Tpe independentemente do efeito dos adulterantes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
        <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo foram o desenho unic&#234;ntrico e o n&#250;mero relativamente menor de indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O v&#237;cio em hero&#237;na afeta significativamente os intervalos de tempo QT, QTc e Tpe. Os efeitos de arritmia desses par&#226;metros j&#225; s&#227;o conhecidos. Os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos desses indiv&#237;duos merecem mais aten&#231;&#227;o. Tendo em vista que o conhecimento atual sobre os efeitos do uso de hero&#237;na nas fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas &#233; limitado, o estudo do assunto &#233; imprescind&#237;vel para sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para a literatura. Ainda assim, estudos futuros com uma amostra maior s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para alcan&#231;ar consenso e resultados concretos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effect of Heroin on Electrocardiographic Parameters</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3311-1095</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Ersin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Selcuk</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saylik</surname>
            <given-names>Faysal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mutluer</surname>
            <given-names>Ferit Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deniz</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Van Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Van &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Ersin Yildirim</bold> &#8226; Umraniye Training and Research Hospital - &#220;mraniye E&#287;itim Ve Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Hastanesi 34764, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey E-mail: ersinyil44@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Yildirim E, Selcuk M, Saylik F, Deniz O; Acquisition of data: Selcuk M, Saylik F, Mutluer FO, Deniz O; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Yildirim E, Deniz O; Statistical analysis: Yildirim E, Saylik F, Mutluer FO; Writing of the manuscript: Yildirim E, Selcuk M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Yildirim E, Selcuk M, Mutluer FO.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Heroin addiction is currently a significant health problem, and information on the electrocardiographic effects of heroin is limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>The aim of the present study is to investigate effects of heroin addiction on electrocardiographic parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 136 individuals, including 66 individuals who smoke heroin as the study group and 70 healthy individuals with no drug addiction as the control group, were included in the study. Individuals who inject heroin were excluded. Electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of those using heroin was performed and compared with those of the control group. In addition, pre-treatment and post-treatment ECG of the heroin group were compared. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Heart rate (77.2&#177;12.8 <italic>versus</italic> 71.4&#177;11.2; p=0.02) were found to be higher in the heroin group compared to the control group. QT (341.50&#177;25.80 <italic>versus</italic> 379.11&#177;45.23; p=0.01), QTc intervals (385.12&#177;29.11 <italic>versus</italic> 411.3&#177;51.70; p&lt;0.01), and T peak to end time (Tpe) (65.41&#177;10.82 <italic>versus</italic> 73.3&#177;10.13; p&lt;0.01) were significantly shorter in the heroin group. No difference was observed between the groups with regard to Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios. In the subgroup analysis of the heroin group, QT (356.81&#177;37.49 <italic>versus</italic> 381.18&#177;40.03; p&lt;0.01) and QTc (382.06&#177;26.41 <italic>versus</italic> 396.06&#177;29.80; p&lt;0.01) intervals were significantly shorter in the pre-treatment period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Heroin addiction significantly affects the QT, QTc, and Tpe time intervals. The arrhythmia effects of these parameters are well known. More attention to the electrocardiographic parameters of these individuals should be given. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1135-1141)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heroin</kwd>
        <kwd>Heroin Dependence</kwd>
        <kwd>Narcotics/toxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Long Qt Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Edema</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Leukoencephalopaties</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heroin, which is a central nervous system depressant (diacetylmorphine), is a semi-synthetic opiate. Heroin is a highly abused opioid, and heroin addiction incurs a significant detriment to society worldwide. The prevalence of heroin use has increased in recent years. Mortality among heroin users varies between 1 and 3%, and the most effective treatment method of heroin addiction is opioid replacement therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Its main adverse effect is respiratory distress, which can lead to death. With loss of tolerance, heroin overdose can be lethal after a period of abstinence. The other various complications of heroin addiction, such as pulmonary edema,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> shock,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> myocardial damage, acute renal failure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> rhabdomyolysis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and leukoencephalopathy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> have been described in the literature. Besides that, heroin has proved to be effective on vagal modulation and autonomic regulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, our knowledge of the cardiac effects of heroin addiction is limited, which is an important public health problem of this extent. There are also some studies in the literature showing the relation between heroin, myocardial toxicity, and arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, understanding heroin dependent ECG changes is essential. The aim of the present study is to investigate effects of heroin addiction on electrocardiographic parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>After approval by the Ethics Committee, a total of 136 individuals were included in the study, which included 66 patients who use heroin via smoking and undergoing therapy in the Alcohol and Drug Addiction Treatment and Training Center, between 2014 and 2017, as the study group; and 70 healthy individuals with no drug addiction other than smoking as the control group. Control group was selected consecutively from the patients visiting the cardiology clinic. ECG evaluation of those using heroin was performed and compared to those of the control group. In addition, pre-treatment and post-treatment ECG of the heroin group was evaluated. The clinical and demographic characteristics of patients, status and duration of heroin addiction were collected from patients and their files in the hospital. Only those with heroin use via smoking were included in the study. Electrocardiography (ECG) records of patients were obtained with Schiller Cardiovit AT-102 plus, using the standard 12 derivation (10 mm/mV calibration and 25 mm/s sliding rate) at first admission to the hospital. Only the patients on heroin which was taken within 12 hours of the ECG records obtained were included the study. ECG measurements of QT and Tpe intervals were performed manually by two expert cardiologists, using a magnifying glass to decrease measurement errors. Leads 2 and V5 were selected for measuring QT and Tpe intervals, respectively. The average of the three beats in each ECG leads was calculated. QT interval is calculated as the interval from the beginning of the QRS to the end of the T wave. Tpe interval is defined as the interval from the peak of T wave to the end of T wave. QTc intervals were calculated using the Bazett formula. Complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical tests were performed using a Beckman Coulter LH-750 and a Beckman Coulter L &#215; 20, respectively; the results of each patient were recorded. Echocardiographic evaluations of all patients were made at the first admission to the hospital. All participants underwent 2D and Doppler echocardiographic evaluation (VIVID 3, General Electric, USA) and the left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using modified Simpson rules. Those who used heroin via the intravenous route, alcohol-dependent, those with coronary artery diseases, cardiac failure, cardiac valve disorders, known arrhythmias, hypertension, congenital cardiac diseases, diabetes, hepatic or renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, endocrine diseases, metabolic or electrolyte disorders, acute or chronic infections, or patients that took medications which can affect QT and QTc intervals were excluded from the study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 20 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) and Medcalc 11.4.2 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium) programs. Data compliance with the normal distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The normally distributed numeric variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. For the comparisons between the heroin and the control groups, unpaired student&#8217;s t test was used. Chi-square and Fisher&#8217;s exact tests were carried out to compare categorical variables. For the comparisons of both the pre-treatment and post-treatment periods, McNemar&#8217;s test and t-test paired samples were used. A <italic>p</italic> -value of &lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The distribution of the study population (n=136, mean age 30.40&#177;9.58) was as following: 66 (48.52%) Heroin (+) and 70 (51.47%) Heroin (-). Females corresponded to 8.82% of the study population. There was no significant difference in the distribution of mean age between groups. In the heroin group, the mean duration of heroin use was five years. Statistically, there are not significant differences between the groups, related to the gender, smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction, and cerebrovascular disease. No difference was determined in the other demographic and laboratory characteristics between both groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Groups&#8217; Baseline Characteristics and Laboratory Findings</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Heroin (+) (n= 66)</th>
                  <th>Heroin (-) (n= 70)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Baseline characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years old), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.2&#177;10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">30.6&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.808</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (female), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(12.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current Smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(53.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31(44.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.307</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary Artery disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cerebrovascular Disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(2.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.594</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.8&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4&#177;9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.620</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Laboratory Findings</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mmol/dl; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">139.48&#177;4.81</td>
                  <td align="center">140.37&#177;5.20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.302</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mmol/dl; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.32&#177;0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">4.45&#177;0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium (mg/dl; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.45&#177;0.82</td>
                  <td align="center">9.53&#177;0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.596</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium (mg/dl; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.99&#177;0.30</td>
                  <td align="center">2.02&#177;0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.533</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dl; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77&#177;0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72&#177;0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.197</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dl; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.61&#177;8.45</td>
                  <td align="center">38.89&#177;10.53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.437</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dl; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">137.74&#177;39.81</td>
                  <td align="center">125.66&#177;45.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride (mg/dl; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">155.42&#177;96.50</td>
                  <td align="center">163.44&#177;85.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.608</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.89&#177;4.03</td>
                  <td align="center">7.12&#177;4.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.750</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.31&#177;4.38</td>
                  <td align="center">14.53&#177;2.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.724</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hematocrit, n (%;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.53&#177;4.11</td>
                  <td align="center">42.88&#177;5.43</td>
                  <td align="center">0.673</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets (x10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">253.75&#177;68.32</td>
                  <td align="center">261.16&#177;77.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.555</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW%</td>
                  <td align="center">15.23&#177;2.06</td>
                  <td align="center">13.88&#177;1.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> TSH(uIU/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.12&#177;1.77</td>
                  <td align="center">2.16&#177;1.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.896</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Independent Samples T-Test, chi-square Test, Fisher&#8217;s Exact Test *p&lt;0.05 statistically significant. Continues variables are reported mean &#177; SD). Categorical variables are reported n (%). HDL-C: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LDL-C: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; WBC: White Blood Cell; RDW: Red Cell Distribution Width; TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Comparison of the electrocardiographic findings between the groups revealed that there was no statistically difference between the groups in terms of PR period, nonspecific ST segment-T wave changes, QRS and R wave peak time durations. In heroin (+) group, QT (341.50&#177;25.80 <italic>versus</italic> 379.11&#177;45.23, p&lt;0.01) and QTc (385.12&#177;29.11 <italic>versus</italic> 411.3&#177;51.70, p&lt;0.01) intervals were significantly shorter than heroin (-) group. T-peak to T-end time was significantly shorter in the heroin (+) group, compared to the heroin (-) group (65.41&#177;10.82 <italic>versus</italic> 73.3&#177;10.13, p&lt;0.01). No significant difference was observed between both groups in terms of Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ECG Findings of the Groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">ECG Findings</th>
                  <th>Heroin (+) (n= 66)</th>
                  <th>Heroin (-) (n= 70)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart Rate, beat/min</td>
                  <td align="center">77.25&#177;12.84</td>
                  <td align="center">71.43&#177;11.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">147.83&#177;29.49</td>
                  <td align="center">151.12&#177;33.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nonspecific ST segment-T wave changes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(12.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(5.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">98.82&#177;19.53</td>
                  <td align="center">100.50&#177;19.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">341.50&#177;25.80</td>
                  <td align="center">379.11&#177;45.23</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">385.12&#177;29.11</td>
                  <td align="center">411.3&#177;51.70</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tpe, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">65.41&#177;10.82</td>
                  <td align="center">73.3&#177;10.13</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R wave peak time, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">32.18&#177;8.16</td>
                  <td align="center">34.22&#177;9.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tpe/QT</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19&#177;0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2&#177;0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tpe/QTc</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17&#177;0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18&#177;0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Independent Samples T-Test, Chi-square Test, Fisher&#8217;s Exact Test; Continues variables are reported as mean &#177; SD). Categorical variables are reported as n (%); p&lt;0.05 statistically significant.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A total of 16 patients completed the treatment successfully. In the subgroup analysis of this group, QT (356.81&#177;37.49 <italic>versus</italic> 381.18&#177;40.03, p&lt;0.01) and QTc (382.06&#177;26.41 <italic>versus</italic> 396.06&#177;29.80, p&lt;0.01) intervals were significantly shorter in the pre-treatment period. No difference was determined in the other electrocardiographic parameters between both the pre-treatment and posttreatment periods ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ECG findings of treated patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Before Treatment (n= 16)</th>
                  <th>After Treatment (n= 16)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart Rate, beat/min</td>
                  <td align="center">79.06&#177;9.08</td>
                  <td align="center">74.81&#177;8.37</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PR, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">148.75&#177;18.65</td>
                  <td align="center">150.01&#177;19.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nonspecific ST segment-T wave changes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(18.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(18.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">98.08&#177;10.58</td>
                  <td align="center">98.68&#177;8.80</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">356.81&#177;37.49</td>
                  <td align="center">381.18&#177;40.03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">382.06&#177;26.41</td>
                  <td align="center">396.06&#177;29.80</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tpe, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">64.75&#177;8.10</td>
                  <td align="center">66.37&#177;9.68</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R wave peak time, msc</td>
                  <td align="center">33.06&#177;4.80</td>
                  <td align="center">33.93&#177;5.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tpe/QT</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18&#177;0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17&#177;0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tpe/QTc</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17&#177;0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18&#177;0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* McNemar&#8217;s test, paired samples t-test. Continues variables are reported as mean &#177; SD, and categorical variables are reported as n (%); p&lt;0.05 statistically significant.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Today, heroin addiction is a significant health problem. However, despite that, information on the electrocardiographic effects of heroin is limited. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first in literature about heroin-dependent electrocardiographic changes. In this study, we showed that heroin addiction significantly affects QT, QTc, and Tpe time intervals.</p>
        <p>Heroin addiction is responsible for cardiac events. The effect of heroin use on cardiac functions has been previously investigated in some studies. Heroin use was shown to significantly increase the rate of mitral and tricuspid valve abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Demirk&#305;ran et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrated that synthetic cannabinoids negatively affected the left ventricular function, whereas heroin did not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Heroin use does not seem to have any effects on the left ventricular functions according to the results of these studies; on the other hand, atrial and myocardial irregularities with histopathological sampling<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">13</xref></sup> and interstitial myocardial leukocyte count, T lymphocyte and macrophage counts were observed to promote a five-fold increase in myocardial samples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">14</xref></sup> The cardiac effects of heroin are not limited to myotoxic effects. Pavlidis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">15</xref></sup> reported that myocardial infarction could be observed, even though rarely, in which the common mechanism is unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">15</xref></sup> Orlando et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">16</xref></sup> reported a subclinical reduction in the ejection fraction of the left ventricle in 20 heroin-dependent individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">16</xref></sup> However, these studies do not provide any information about the effect of heroin addiction on electrocardiographic parameters. Furthermore, in studies investigating the mechanisms of heroin-related arrhythmias and subsequent sudden deaths, heroin use did not only lead to myocardial infiltration, but it also led to fibromuscular dysplasia in the sinus node, atrioventricular node and transmission pathways, and to fat infiltration; they concluded that this may be the cause of arrhythmia related to sudden death in heroin-dependent individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, revealing heroin-dependent ECG changes has become even more important.</p>
        <p>In one of the first studies on the electrocardiographic effects of heroin dependence, Glauser et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">17</xref></sup> showed that the most common findings were nonspecific ST-T changes in 17 patients; sinus tachycardia, in 11 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">17</xref></sup> However, electrocardiographic parameters such as QT, QTc, Tpe time, and QSR durations have not been examined in this study. In a case report, authors showed that heroin overdose is a possible cause of Brugada phenocopy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">18</xref></sup> Although some studies have been performed on mice and dogs, there is not much literature information about electrocardiograms in humans. In the present study, heroin addiction was shown to significantly decrease QT, QTc, and Tpe time intervals. The short QT syndrome, such as QT prolongation, is also well known for its association to severe cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">21</xref></sup> In addition, the Tpe interval has been proposed as a non-invasive marker of arrhythmic risk. T-peak to T-end interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG) is a measure of myocardial dispersion of repolarization. Increasing evidence suggests that Tpe interval may predict arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with various cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">22</xref></sup> Marjamaa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">23</xref></sup> concluded that the minor allele of common variant rs7219669 is associated to Tpe interval shortening in two independent study populations, thus being a candidate to modulate arrhythmia susceptibility at population level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">23</xref></sup> In the present study, heroin use was found to have a significant effect on these important parameters. Heroin users show reduced cardiac vagal modulation, and methadone therapy raised vagal activity directly in individuals who had recently relapsed into heroin use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition to the increased myocardium inflammatory findings, we also believe that this decrease in vagal activity may be responsible for ECG changes. Most studies on heroin addiction and ECG are about methadone. Methadone is used in the treatment of heroin addiction, and one of its most important known effects is the prolongation of QT and QTc durations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">25</xref></sup> Methadone is an inhibitor of the cardiac ion channel KCNH226 and causes QT prolongation in a dose-dependent manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">26</xref></sup> On the other hand, it can increase vagal activity and prolong QT duration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> After the present study, we believe that a part of methadone&#8217;s effects may be related to the neutralization of the heroin effect. Our study demonstrated that heroin addiction significantly changed QT, QTc, and Tpe intervals independent from the effect of adulterants and methadone. In addition to heroin dependent individuals, methadone is also known to prolong QT. However, in heroin user group, this result should be taken into consideration when discussing the QT prolonging effect of methadone in those who depend on heroin. Although the effect of heroin on potassium channels is unknown, the effect on vagal activity has been shown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> With these results, even though it is not responsible for all QT prolongation mechanism, we think that neutralizing heroin effects significantly contributes to QT prolongation. With the present study, we cannot explain exactly whether QT prolongation is the direct effect of methadone or the result of the neutralization of the heroin effect in previous studies. In terms of bringing a new point of view, it is an important subject in guiding the other studies. On the other hand, methadone is a complete opioid agonist, and overdose deaths are a major problem. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, has become an increasingly popular option in clinical practice in our country and all over the world. Buprenorphine is probably the safer agent due to its unique pharmacological action and has been declared a new dawn for treating heroin dependence with less abuse potential and low overdose risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">27</xref></sup> Therapeutic doses of buprenorphine were shown to have no effects on QT and QTc duration,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">29</xref></sup> and buprenorphine in commonly used doses is a suitable alternative to methadone, with regard to the risk of QTc prolongation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">30</xref></sup> Therefore, individuals from the present study were treated with buprenorphine instead of methadone. Buprenorphine had no significant effects on QT and QTc durations, which was one of our study advantages. Seen that, we observed the effects of heroin on ECG more clearly. When we look at the treatment subgroup, there is a significant change in QT and QTc durations because of heroin discontinuation. If these individuals were treated with methadone, understanding whether this effect was due to heroin or methadone would be very difficult. Unfortunately, like in other countries, the most important disadvantage in this subgroup is the proportion of patients who can complete medical heroin-addiction treatment, which is insufficient in our study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">31</xref></sup> Most patients could not complete the treatment, and that is why the number of individuals in the study subgroup decreased significantly. Although there was a significant change in QT and QTc in the post-treatment group, there was only a numerical increase in Tpe duration, and this increase did not reach statistical significance. We assume this is due to insufficient number of individuals who have completed the treatment. However, studies with a larger number of participants are needed to make a definite decision on this issue.</p>
        <p>Heroin has an extremely short half-life in blood (less than five minutes), and is immediately converted to the active metabolite 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), which is further metabolized to morphine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">32</xref></sup> In urine, active metabolite 6-AM can be detected for a longer period, possibly up to 12 hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">33</xref></sup> Therefore, patients who had used heroin only in the last 12 hours were included in the present study. On the other hand, when heroin is used via the intravenous route, it is administered together with additional chemical substances, named as adulterants (acetaminophen, caffeine, diphenhydramine, methorphan, alprazolam, quetiapine, chloroquine, diltiazem, cocaine, procaine, lidocaine, quinine/quinidine, phenacetine, and thiamine), and the potential cardiac effects of these substances complicate the evaluation of heroin electrocardiographic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">34</xref></sup> Thus, in order to investigate the cardiac effects of only heroin, we excluded those who used heroin by intravenous injection. The present study demonstrated that heroin use significantly decreased the QT, QTc and Tpe intervals independent from the effect of adulterants.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study had some limitations: the single-center design and the relatively lower number of individuals are the most important ones.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Heroin use is a serious public health issue, which significantly affects the QT, QTc, and Tpe time intervals. The arrhythmia effects of these parameters are well known, and we should be more alert to the electrocardiographic parameters of these individuals. Given that the present knowledge on the effects of heroin use on cardiac functions is limited, studying the matter is imperative for its contribution to the literature. Nonetheless, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed for a consensus and clear results.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
