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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">P9pgb8b5H4NmynSJ7Hd9Cdr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201218</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201218</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Par&#226;metros da Hemodin&#226;mica Central como Novos Biomarcadores de Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6960-2825</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela-Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FAMERP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP),S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8212; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FAMERP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o da FAMERP, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8212; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela-Martin &#8226; Av. Brg. Faria Lima, 5416. CEP 15090-000, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8212; BrasilE-mail: <email>vilelamartin@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1133</fpage>
      <lpage>1134</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Onda de Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Vasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Historicamente, a import&#226;ncia da onda de pulso arterial j&#225; era observada pelos eg&#237;pcios e os chineses, antes de Cristo. O conhecimento da hemodin&#226;mica perif&#233;rica mostrou um grande avan&#231;o ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da medida n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial (PA) com o esfigmoman&#244;metro h&#225; cerca de 120 anos e, at&#233; hoje, a PA braquial representa um excelente preditor de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, modifica&#231;&#245;es da macro e da microcircula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o podem ser completamente observadas somente pela medida perif&#233;rica da PA. Assim, altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares estruturais e funcionais podem ser melhor avaliadas por par&#226;metros da hemodin&#226;mica central, representados por PA central, <italic>augmentation index</italic> e velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> sendo a VOP o padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O referencial do valor progn&#243;stico da hemodin&#226;mica central foi demonstrado clinicamente pelo estudo CAFE (Conduit Artery Function Evaluation Study), qual evidenciou que uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PA central comparada &#224; PA perif&#233;rica resultou em maior redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por sua vez, outros estudos associaram o papel da VOP &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares, de tal forma que este tema foi inclu&#237;do nas diretrizes europeias de hipertens&#227;o em 2007.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A VOP foi usada pela primeira vez como &#237;ndice cl&#237;nico da elasticidade arterial em 1922, mas sua determina&#231;&#227;o demorou a ser aplicada &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica porque seu registro e c&#225;lculo eram dif&#237;ceis de se obter. A rigidez a&#243;rtica, medida pela VOP car&#243;tida-femoral, tem sido a mais utilizada em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos. A obten&#231;&#227;o da VOP no segmento carot&#237;deo-femoral &#233; simples, n&#227;o invasivo, reprodut&#237;vel, amplamente aceito e clinicamente relevante, pois inclui a aorta, um segmento importante em rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da rigidez arterial. Atualmente, VOP pode ser considerada um biomarcador de risco cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> al&#233;m de ser preditor de eventos cardiovasculares e de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O conceito de marcadores de les&#245;es org&#226;nicas foi introduzido nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Biomarcador &#233; uma medida vari&#225;vel que se apresenta como subst&#226;ncia encontrada em amostra biol&#243;gica ou pode ser avaliada por exames de imagem. Um biomarcador pode refletir fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a, predizer futuros eventos ou indicar a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica ou cl&#237;nica. Um biomarcador tamb&#233;m pode ser medido para avaliar a resposta ao tratamento institu&#237;do. Ocasionalmente, um marcador pode funcionar como um fator etiol&#243;gico ou de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Reconhecidamente, a PA &#233; um biomarcador universal para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS). A medida da PA define a condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o, orienta a abordagem terap&#234;utica e avalia respostas ao tratamento institu&#237;do. Biomarcadores adicionais oferecem a possibilidade de reclassificar indiv&#237;duos, especialmente nas categorias de risco intermedi&#225;rio, com maior ou menor risco de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo do que o estimado somente pela PA. Assim, fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es independentes da PA e de outros fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos &#233; um dos requisitos b&#225;sicos para um biomarcador que pode servir como um instrumento de reestratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, fato proposto no artigo apresentado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o. Fagundes e colaboradores investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre biomarcadores de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas, tendo por base a rela&#231;&#227;o entre VOP e biomarcadores de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo) e um marcador vascular [espessura &#237;ntima m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea (EIM)]. Eles demonstraram que a VOP se correlacionou com a EIM e com os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos acima, mostrando uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente com EIM, isto &#233;, EIM acima de 1 mm aumentou em aproximadamente 4 vezes a chance de VOP maior do que 10m/s, ponto de corte acima do qual o risco de eventos cardiovasculares aumenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, o uso de outros par&#226;metros de hemodin&#226;mica central, tal como a PA central, &#233; capaz de detectar diferentes fen&#243;tipos de HAS em conjunto com a PA braquial e classificar o risco cardiovascular de forma mais fidedigna. Chuang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mostraram em uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta quatro fen&#243;tipos distintos de PA, baseando-se nas medidas da press&#227;o perif&#233;rica e PA central, ou seja, normotens&#227;o concordante braquial e central, hipertens&#227;o isolada braquial, hipertens&#227;o isolada central e hipertens&#227;o concordante braquial e central. Tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a eleva&#231;&#227;o concordante das duas press&#245;es levou a maior risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 10 anos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de somente uma das press&#245;es avaliadas. O estudo tamb&#233;m evidenciou que a detec&#231;&#227;o de HAS somente pelo m&#233;todo convencional subestimou a real preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso combinado das duas formas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em outro estudo realizado em idosos &#8805;65 anos, a hipertens&#227;o combinada braquial e central esteve significantemente associada com les&#245;es card&#237;acas (hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica), vasculares (VOP) e renais (rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas isoladas, tanto perif&#233;rica quanto central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Assim, a PA perif&#233;rica continua sendo o melhor biomarcador no manuseio de pacientes com HAS; todavia, fornece informa&#231;&#245;es incompletas sobre a patog&#234;nese e o comprometimento de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, e pode n&#227;o representar o melhor meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da. Novas modalidades de biomarcadores, representados pelos par&#226;metros da hemodin&#226;mica central, ajudar&#227;o a individualizar estrat&#233;gias preventivas e terap&#234;uticas em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o. A PA n&#227;o ser&#225; substitu&#237;da por outros biomarcadores, mas pode ser complementada por marcadores que forne&#231;am informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Velocidade de Onda de Pulso e Biomarcadores Cardiovasculares em Pacientes com Fatores de Risco.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Parameters of Central Hemodynamics as New Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6960-2825</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela-Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8212; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o da FAMERP, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8212; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela-Martin &#8226;</bold> Av. Brg. Faria Lima, 5416. Postal Code 15090-000, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8212; Brazil E-mail: vilelamartin@uol.com.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamic</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Diseases/prevention and control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Historically, the importance of the arterial pulse wave was already observed by the Egyptians and the Chinese, before Christ. The knowledge of peripheral hemodynamics showed great progress after the introduction of non-invasive blood pressure (BP) measurement using the sphygmomanometer about 120 years ago and, to date, brachial BP represents an excellent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, changes in macro and microcirculation cannot be completely observed only by peripheral BP measurement. Thus, structural and functional vascular changes can be better assessed by central hemodynamic parameters, represented by central BP, augmentation index and pulse wave velocity (PWV),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> with OPV being the gold standard in the assessment of arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The reference prognostic value of central hemodynamics was clinically demonstrated by the CAFE study (Conduit Artery Function Evaluation Study), which showed that a greater reduction in central BP compared to peripheral BP resulted in a greater reduction in cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In turn, other studies associated the role of PWV with the presence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular lesions, so this topic was included in the European guidelines for hypertension in 2007.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> PWV was first used as a clinical index of arterial elasticity in 1922, but its determination too long to be applied to clinical practice because its registration and calculation were difficult to obtain. Aortic stiffness, measured by carotid-femoral PWV, has been the most used in epidemiological studies. Obtaining PWV in the carotid-femoral segment is simple, non-invasive, reproducible, widely accepted and clinically relevant, as it includes the aorta, an important segment in relation to the pathophysiological effects of arterial stiffness. Currently, PWV can be considered a biomarker of cardiovascular risk<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and is a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The concept of organic lesion markers has been introduced in the past decades. A biomarker is a variable measure that presents itself as a substance found in a biological sample or can be evaluated by imaging tests. A biomarker can reflect the pathophysiology of the disease, predict future events or indicate the presence of subclinical or clinical disease. A biomarker can also be measured to assess the response to the treatment established. Occasionally, a marker can function as an etiological or risk factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>BP is recognized as a universal biomarker for systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). BP measurement defines the condition of hypertension, guides the therapeutic approach and assesses responses to the treatment established. Additional biomarkers offer the possibility of reclassifying individuals, especially in the intermediate risk categories, with a greater or lesser risk of target organ damage than that estimated by BP alone. Thus, providing information regardless of BP and other classic risk factors is one of the basic requirements for a biomarker that can serve as an instrument for restructuring risk, as proposed in the article presented in this edition. Fagundes et al. investigated the relationship between biomarkers of subclinical lesions based on the relationship between PWV and biomarkers of left ventricular hypertrophy (interventricular septum thickness and left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and left atrial diameter) and a vascular marker [carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT)]. They demonstrated that PWV correlated with cIMT and with the echocardiographic parameters above, showing an independent association with cIMT, that is, cIMT above 1 mm increased by about 4 times the chance of PWV greater than 10 m/s, a cutoff point above which the risk of cardiovascular events increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Besides, the use of other parameters of central hemodynamics, such as central BP, is able to detect different SAH phenotypes with brachial BP and to classify cardiovascular risk more reliably. Chuang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> showed, in an adult population, four distinct BP phenotypes based on the measurements of peripheral pressure and central BP, that is, concordant brachial and central normotension, isolated brachial hypertension, isolated central hypertension and concordant brachial and central hypertension. They also demonstrated that the concordant increase of the two pressures led to a greater risk of coronary artery disease in 10 years compared to the increase of only one of the evaluated pressures. The study also showed that the detection of SAH by the conventional method alone underestimated the real prevalence of hypertension, compared to the combined use of the two forms of BP assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In another study with elderly aged 65, combined brachial and central hypertension was significantly associated with cardiac (left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction), vascular (PWV) and renal (albumin/creatinine ratio) compared to isolated peripheral and central measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, peripheral BP remains the best biomarker in the management of patients with SAH; however, it provides incomplete information about the pathogenesis and involvement of target organs, and may not represent the best means of assessing the therapeutic response established. New modalities of biomarkers, represented by the parameters of central hemodynamics, will help to individualize preventive and therapeutic strategies in individuals with hypertension. BP will not be replaced by other biomarkers, but it can be supplemented by markers that provide additional information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Relationship between Pulse Wave Velocity and Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Patients with Risk Factors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
