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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bYDcztk4fWPGRD7yBmDbjQD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01114</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401114</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200476</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200476</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efetividade e Seguran&#231;a da Remo&#231;&#227;o de Cabos-Eletrodos Transvenosos de Marca-Passos e Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis no Cen&#225;rio da Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica Real</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6104-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5723-8285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Tadeu Jurevicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0181-8651</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nagumo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Mitie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-8078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Costa &#8226;Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica e Marcapasso - Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rcosta@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costa R, Silva KR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Costa R, Silva KR, Crevelari ES, Nascimento WTJ, Nagumo MM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa R, Silva KR, Crevelari ES, Nascimento WTJ, Nagumo MM, Martinelli Filho M, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1114</fpage>
      <lpage>1124</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) &#233; procedimento pouco frequente e sua realiza&#231;&#227;o exige longo treinamento profissional e infraestrutura adequada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a da remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos de DCEI e determinar fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas e mortalidade em 30 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo prospectivo com dados derivados da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. De janeiro/2014 a abril/2020, foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutivamente, 365 pacientes submetidos &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos, independentemente da indica&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram: taxa de sucesso do procedimento, taxa combinada de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores e morte intraoperat&#243;ria. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram: fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias maiores e morte em 30 dias. Empregou-se an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A taxa de sucesso do procedimento foi de 96,7%, sendo 90,1% de sucesso completo e 6,6% de sucesso cl&#237;nico. Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias ocorreram em 15 (4,1%) pacientes. Fatores preditores de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores foram: tempo de implante dos cabos-eletrodos &#8805; 7 anos (OR= 3,78, p= 0,046) e mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica (OR= 5,30, p= 0,023). Classe funcional III-IV (OR= 6,98, p&lt;0,001), insufici&#234;ncia renal (OR= 5,75, p=0,001), infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI (OR= 13,30, p&lt;0,001), n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados (OR= 77,32, p&lt;0,001) e complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias (OR= 38,84, p&lt;0,001) foram fatores preditores para mortalidade em 30 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os resultados desse estudo, que &#233; o maior registro prospectivo de remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos da Am&#233;rica Latina, confirmam a seguran&#231;a e a efetividade desse procedimento no cen&#225;rio da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica real. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1114-1124)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Eletrodos Implantados</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Extra&#231;&#227;o de Cabos-eletrodos</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Efetividade</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es Cir&#250;rgicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) &#233; procedimento pouco frequente e sua realiza&#231;&#227;o exige longo treinamento profissional e infraestrutura adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora as indica&#231;&#245;es estejam bem estabelecidas em diretrizes m&#233;dicas, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o varia de acordo com a expertise de cada centro, sendo usada quase que exclusivamente para o tratamento de processos infecciosos relacionados aos DCEIs nos servi&#231;os menos especializados e em maior escala em servi&#231;os com maior experi&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como a maioria dos dispositivos implantados utiliza o acesso venoso para o implante dos cabos-eletrodos, as t&#233;cnicas transvenosas s&#227;o as mais utilizadas. Na atualidade, a abertura do t&#243;rax &#233; pouco empregada para a remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos, sendo utilizada quase que exclusivamente para a remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos epic&#225;rdicos. Para eletrodos transvenosos, a cirurgia aberta est&#225; restrita aos casos em que existem grandes vegeta&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;ximas aos cabos-eletrodos ou para a corre&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es em extra&#231;&#245;es transvenosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ader&#234;ncias dos cabos-eletrodos ao mioc&#225;rdio, &#224;s veias ou entre os pr&#243;prios cabos s&#227;o muito frequentes. V&#225;rios fatores est&#227;o relacionados &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de ader&#234;ncias como: o tempo de implante, o tipo de cabo-eletrodo, o n&#250;mero de cabos implantados, a idade e o sexo do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Para desfazer essas ader&#234;ncias, ferramentas espec&#237;ficas t&#234;m sido empregadas, cada uma com suas indica&#231;&#245;es, vantagens e desvantagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em uma vis&#227;o geral, as taxas de sucesso da remo&#231;&#227;o reportadas variam de 90 a 98%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A despeito dos resultados satisfat&#243;rios obtidos, complica&#231;&#245;es catastr&#243;ficas podem ocorrer durante a extra&#231;&#227;o e, quando ocorrem, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos a c&#233;u aberto podem ser necess&#225;rios para a corre&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Complica&#231;&#245;es graves s&#227;o reportadas em 1 a 10% e morte intraoperat&#243;ria em 0,2 a 5,7% dos casos. A mortalidade total nos primeiros 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio varia de 2,1 a 10% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A efetividade das ferramentas utilizadas para extra&#231;&#227;o e os fatores de risco associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es catastr&#243;ficas ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As baixas taxas de utiliza&#231;&#227;o e de complica&#231;&#245;es, associadas &#224; diversidade de t&#233;cnicas e de ferramentas dispon&#237;veis para extra&#231;&#227;o, dificultam essa compara&#231;&#227;o. No cen&#225;rio nacional, a falta de incorpora&#231;&#227;o de recursos tecnol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos para extra&#231;&#227;o no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) justifica a limita&#231;&#227;o do seu uso, bem como a inexist&#234;ncia de dados confi&#225;veis resultantes da extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos no Brasil.</p>
      <p>A finalidade do presente estudo foi avaliar a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a da remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos de marca-passos e desfibriladores, visando determinar a taxa de sucesso dos procedimentos, a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, a mortalidade operat&#243;ria e a mortalidade total nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, assim como os fatores de risco para desfechos desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e local do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo observacional com dados derivados da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Os dados foram coletados em dois momentos distintos: (1) na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar &#237;ndice, ou seja, no epis&#243;dio hospitalar relacionado ao procedimento de remo&#231;&#227;o dos cabos-eletrodos; (2) trinta dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Esse estudo foi realizado em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico de alta complexidade, tendo sido aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>De janeiro de 2014 a abril de 2020, foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutivamente, todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos, independentemente da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e da t&#233;cnica utilizada. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos cuja remo&#231;&#227;o foi feita em fun&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>Os desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo foram: a efetividade do procedimento, expressa pela taxa de sucesso cl&#237;nico, e a sua seguran&#231;a, expressa pela taxa combinada de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores e morte intraoperat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Foram utilizadas as defini&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes europeias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Considerou-se sucesso, no presente estudo, a remo&#231;&#227;o de todo o material do cabo-eletrodo alvo da extra&#231;&#227;o ou a reten&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 4 cm do cabo-eletrodo, desde que a extra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fosse realizada para tratamento de infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI. No sentido oposto, foi considerada falha do procedimento a reten&#231;&#227;o de fragmento maior do que 4cm; a reten&#231;&#227;o de fragmento de cabo-eletrodo de qualquer tamanho em paciente com infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI; a ocorr&#234;ncia de qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o incapacitante permanente ou morte intraoperat&#243;ria relacionada ao procedimento.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias maiores e para a morte nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Etapas do estudo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>Pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos e que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade do estudo, foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de rotina, constitu&#237;da por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, laboratorial e exames de imagem.</p>
          <p>Conforme rotina institucional, os pacientes foram submetidos a: radiografia do t&#243;rax, para determina&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o dos cabos-eletrodos; venografia digital bilateral para estudo do territ&#243;rio venoso e, quando havia diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI, ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento cir&#250;rgico</title>
          <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral com intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, monitoramento completo, inclusive com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico.</p>
          <p>As opera&#231;&#245;es foram agrupadas pela via de acesso dos cabos-eletrodos em: (1) Cabos-eletrodos epic&#225;rdicos, removidos por cirurgia aberta; (2) Cabos-eletrodos transvenosos, removidos, preferencialmente, por t&#233;cnica transvenosa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Remo&#231;&#227;o pela t&#233;cnica de acesso pela entrada do cabo-eletrodo na veia</title>
          <p>Cabos-eletrodos pass&#237;veis de manipula&#231;&#227;o extravascular foram removidos por abordagem sequencial que se iniciava pela tra&#231;&#227;o direta simples e passava para a extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa com o uso de ferramentas no caso de insucesso da tra&#231;&#227;o direta.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Remo&#231;&#227;o por tra&#231;&#227;o simples: a tentativa de remover o(s) cabo(s)-eletrodo(s) sem o uso de ferramentas espec&#237;ficas para extra&#231;&#227;o foi feita em todos os casos. Com esse objetivo, um guia convencional de cabo-eletrodo era passado no l&#250;men do cabo a ser removido, sendo aplicada tra&#231;&#227;o firme e cont&#237;nua, na tentativa de liberar o cabo-eletrodo do mioc&#225;rdio e de seu trajeto nas veias. No caso de insucesso dessa manobra, o pr&#243;ximo passo foi o uso de ferramentas de extra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa: o procedimento de extra&#231;&#227;o foi realizado com uso de guia de travamento ( <italic>locking stylet</italic> ). A dissec&#231;&#227;o intravascular foi feita com a ferramenta dispon&#237;vel para o caso em quest&#227;o (bainha energizada por raios laser, bainha mec&#226;nica n&#227;o energizada ou bainha mec&#226;nica rotacional). O objetivo da dissec&#231;&#227;o era conduzir a bainha at&#233; o local de implante do cabo-eletrodo no mioc&#225;rdio para realiza&#231;&#227;o da contra-tra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Remo&#231;&#227;o por captura intravascular</title>
          <p>Nos casos em que o cabo-eletrodo n&#227;o estava acess&#237;vel para manipula&#231;&#227;o extravascular (&#8220;cabo flutuante&#8221;) foi realizada a captura intravascular por acesso femoral ou jugular. Ap&#243;s a captura intravascular, a libera&#231;&#227;o da ponta do cabo-eletrodo foi feita por tra&#231;&#227;o simples ou por contra-tra&#231;&#227;o, dependendo da necessidade de cada caso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica</title>
          <p>Nos casos em que n&#227;o se conseguiu avan&#231;ar sobre o cabo-eletrodo com a ferramenta utilizada como primeira op&#231;&#227;o, pode ter sido necess&#225;ria a mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia, incluindo o uso de outro tipo de ferramenta, captura intravascular ou cirurgia aberta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reimplante do DCEI</title>
          <p>Nos pacientes em que n&#227;o havia o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI, o implante do novo dispositivo foi realizado no mesmo ato cir&#250;rgico. Quando havia infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI, o novo implante foi realizado sempre em outra opera&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s o controle da infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e seguimento cl&#237;nico</title>
      <p>No momento da alta hospitalar foram coletados dados do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, priorizando-se a pesquisa de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a rotina habitual, todos os pacientes foram avaliados em regime ambulatorial, 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o priorizou a pesquisa de complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do procedimento, a necessidade de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar ou de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Coleta eletr&#244;nica e gerenciamento dos dados</title>
      <p>Para assegurar a qualidade do banco de dados, adotamos infraestrutura padronizada anteriormente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> que contemplou: (1) Plano de gerenciamento de dados; (2) Defini&#231;&#227;o da terminologia dos elementos de dados; (3) Desenvolvimento de formul&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos no sistema REDCap;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (4) Parametriza&#231;&#227;o de funcionalidades espec&#237;ficas do REDCap; (5) Treinamento da equipe de coleta de dados; (6) Monitoramento din&#226;mico da qualidade dos dados; (7) Integra&#231;&#227;o do sistema REDCap com ferramenta de <italic>Business Intelligence</italic> , para cria&#231;&#227;o de pain&#233;is interativos din&#226;micos ( <italic>dashboards</italic> ), permitindo a visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados em tempo real, em ambiente tecnol&#243;gico hospedado em nuvens. Para favorecer a reprodutibilidade do estudo e a divulga&#231;&#227;o de resultados anonimizados e de-identificados em tempo real, optou-se pela plataforma <italic>Open Source</italic> ( <italic>Shinydashboard</italic> , RStudio) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Coleta eletr&#244;nica e gerenciamento dos dados do estudo. A) Etapas do gerenciamento de dados. B) Funcionalidades do REDCap utilizadas no estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1114-00476-gf01.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1114-00476-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Vari&#225;veis estudadas e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Foram analisadas como vari&#225;veis independentes para os desfechos: dados demogr&#225;ficos, dados cl&#237;nicos basais, caracter&#237;sticas do DCEI removido, tipo de remo&#231;&#227;o e uso de ferramentas espec&#237;ficas para extra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Empregou-se an&#225;lise univariada para a pesquisa de fatores de risco associados aos desfechos, adotando-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Foi empregado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com o m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic> de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis para a pesquisa de fatores de risco independentes, utilizando-se como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o as associa&#231;&#245;es que apresentaram p&#8804; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 365 pacientes submetidos de um a tr&#234;s procedimentos para remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos at&#233; o final de seu tratamento. Houve predom&#237;nio de indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino (55,6%) e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 59,8 &#177; 19,3 anos, com mediana de 63,0 anos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas Basais</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Sexo masculino, n (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">203 (55,6)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP (varia&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,8 &#177; 19,3 (0,8 - 98,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a branca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">306 (83,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I &#8211; II</td>
                  <td align="center">314 (86,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III - IV</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (14,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o e do ritmo (sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (41,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (18,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (12,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (23,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (3,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (51,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (16,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (19,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (38,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (11,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (9,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neoplasia em tratamento atual ou recente</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, m&#233;dia &#177; DP (varia&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,1 &#177; 16,3 (15- 82,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de DCEI em uso, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP unicameral</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (11,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP dupla c&#226;mara</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (46,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CDI unicameral</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (9,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CDI dupla c&#226;mara</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (17,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRC-MP</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (6,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRC-CDI</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (9,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o da remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento de infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (28,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superpopula&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (56,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obten&#231;&#227;o de acesso venoso</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (6,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Deslocamento de cabos-eletrodos</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (7,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros problemas</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diagn&#243;stico principal, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o na loja do gerador de pulsos</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (15,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o intravascular sem vegeta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o intravascular com vegeta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (10,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (59,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Necessidade de mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (9,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; MP: marca-passo; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos era oligossintom&#225;tica para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (86,0%), n&#227;o havendo doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural em 39,1% deles. Os dispositivos previamente implantados eram marca-passos em 57,8% e cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI) em 33,1% dos casos.</p>
        <p>O principal motivo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento foi a disfun&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos em 218 (59,7%) pacientes. Infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI, com ou sem vegeta&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas, foi a causa da remo&#231;&#227;o em 104 (28,5%) casos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas operat&#243;rias</title>
        <p>Nos 365 pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram realizados 378 procedimentos de remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos. Em 9 (2,5%) casos, mais do que um procedimento foi necess&#225;rio. Foram removidos 634 cabos-eletrodos, 521 de marca-passo e 113 de CDI. O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia dos cabos-eletrodos era 7,5 &#177; 6,6 anos, com m&#225;ximo de 39 anos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados dos procedimentos de remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas Operat&#243;rias</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento (minutos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP (varia&#231;&#227;o)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">147,9 &#177; 82,0 (20 - 635)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#250;mero total de cabos-eletrodos removidos por paciente, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Um</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (54,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dois</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (34,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tr&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (8,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quatro</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos cabos-eletrodos (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP (varia&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 6,6 (0 &#8211; 39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Local de implante dos cabos-eletrodos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (34,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventr&#237;culo direito (marca-passo)</td>
                  <td align="center">258 (40,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventr&#237;culo direito (CDI)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (17,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Seio coron&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (6,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>T&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria principal, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tra&#231;&#227;o simples</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (38,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tra&#231;&#227;o simples com dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (6,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa com acesso pela entrada do eletrodo na veia</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (49,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Toracotomia sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Toracotomia com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Recursos tecnol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Guia de travamento</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (50,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bainha mec&#226;nica n&#227;o energizada</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (21,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bainha mec&#226;nica rotacional</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (6,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bainha energizada por raios laser</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (21,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mudan&#231;a na estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Remo&#231;&#227;o por tra&#231;&#227;o simples para extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Remo&#231;&#227;o por tra&#231;&#227;o simples para cirurgia aberta</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mudan&#231;a do tipo de ferramenta de dissec&#231;&#227;o intravascular</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extra&#231;&#227;o pela entrada do eletrodo na veia para captura intravascular</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extra&#231;&#227;o pela entrada do eletrodo na veia para cirurgia aberta</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#250;ltiplas</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Cirurgia aberta para a remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos epic&#225;rdicos foi realizada em 17(4,6%) pacientes. Cirurgia com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) foi necess&#225;ria como primeira abordagem em 6 (1,6%) e, como mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia, em 7 (1,9%) casos. Em todos os procedimentos realizados pela entrada da veia, a tra&#231;&#227;o simples foi tentada, obtendo-se sucesso em 140 (38,4%) pacientes. Nos demais, foi realizada extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa. Guia de travamento foi usada em 183 casos, bainha energizada por raios laser em 80 (21,9%), bainha mec&#226;nica n&#227;o energizada em 77 (21,1%), e bainha mec&#226;nica rotacional em 23 (6,3%) pacientes.</p>
        <p>Mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia foi necess&#225;ria no mesmo ato cir&#250;rgico em 12 (3,3%) pacientes e, como procedimento independente, em 9 (2,5%). A mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia exigiu o uso de outro tipo de ferramenta de dissec&#231;&#227;o em 6 (1,6%), captura intravascular em 5 (1,4%), ou cirurgia aberta com CEC em 7 (1,9%) casos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos Prim&#225;rios do Estudo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Efetividade do procedimento</title>
          <p>A taxa de sucesso da remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos foi de 96,7% (IC 95%= 94,5 &#8211; 98,5%), com sucesso completo em 329 (90,1%, IC 95%= 87,1 &#8211; 93,2%) pacientes e sucesso cl&#237;nico em 24 (6,6%, IC 95%= 4,1 &#8211; 9,1%).</p>
          <p>A taxa de falha do procedimento de extra&#231;&#227;o foi de 3,2% (IC 95%= 1,5 &#8211; 5,1%). A falha foi decorrente de reten&#231;&#227;o de fragmento &gt;4cm em 3 (0,8%) pacientes sem infec&#231;&#227;o, reten&#231;&#227;o de qualquer fragmento em 7 (1,9%) pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI e complica&#231;&#227;o maior que necessitou corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em 2 (0,5%) pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguran&#231;a do procedimento</title>
          <p>O desfecho composto pelas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores e morte intraoperat&#243;ria ocorreu em 15 (4,1%, IC 95%= 2,1 &#8211; 6,1) pacientes. &#211;bito intraoperat&#243;rio ocorreu em apenas 1 (0,3%) caso em decorr&#234;ncia de avuls&#227;o de estruturas card&#237;acas, ocasionando choque hemorr&#225;gico. Apenas 2 (0,5%) pacientes apresentaram mais do que uma complica&#231;&#227;o maior simultaneamente. Complica&#231;&#245;es menores intraoperat&#243;rias foram observadas em 10 (2,7%) pacientes, sendo que em apenas um caso houve complica&#231;&#245;es menores concomitantes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores e menores intraoperat&#243;rias relacionadas &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2">Complica&#231;&#245;es Intraoperat&#243;rias</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, n (%)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#211;bito</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1,6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arritmia inst&#225;vel</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1,4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tamponamento card&#237;aco</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Avuls&#227;o de estruturas card&#237;acas</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sangramento inst&#225;vel</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es menores, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemot&#243;rax com necessidade de drenagem</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pneumot&#243;rax com necessidade de drenagem</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pneumot&#243;rax m&#237;nimo, sem necessidade de drenagem</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Derrame peric&#225;rdico</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1,1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sangramento est&#225;vel</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1,1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Desposicionamento de cabos-eletrodos</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios</title>
          <p>A mediana do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi de 9 dias, variando de 1 a 169 dias. O principal motivo para longa perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi a necessidade de antibioticoterapia prolongada em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI. Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, 13 (3,6%) pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es e 8 (2,2%) foram novamente operados. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Tabela 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios ap&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2">Eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (dias), m&#233;dia &#177; DP (varia&#231;&#227;o)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">17,4 &#177; 21,6 (1- 169)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores na fase hospitalar</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (7,9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arritmia inst&#225;vel</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tamponamento card&#237;aco</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Embolia pulmonar</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sangramento inst&#225;vel</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sepse</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (3,6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es menores na fase hospitalar</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemot&#243;rax com necessidade de drenagem</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pneumot&#243;rax com necessidade de drenagem</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hematoma de loja</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1,6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Desposicionamento de cabos-eletrodos</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1,1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Readmiss&#227;o hospitalar</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (9,0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Reopera&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao DCEI</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2,2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao DCEI</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o em cabo-eletrodo</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Embolia pulmonar</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Trombose venosa profunda no membro superior ipsilateral</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (1,9)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <p>
                    <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DCEI: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A mortalidade total foi de 34 (9,3%) casos, sendo 1 (0,3%) &#243;bito intraoperat&#243;rio, 29 (7,9%) no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio hospitalar e 4 (1,1%) ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A causa mais frequente de morte foi a infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI, em 20 (5,5%) casos, seguida por causas cardiovasculares em 6 (1,6%), complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento de extra&#231;&#227;o em 5 (1,4%) e causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares em 3 (0,8%) pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias e mortalidade</title>
          <p>De acordo com a an&#225;lise univariada, o tempo de implante dos cabos-eletrodos (p= 0,015) e a mudan&#231;a na estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica (p= 0,016) estiveram associados com a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias.</p>
          <p>Idade (p= 0,004), classe funcional (p&lt;0,001), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (p= 0,003), insufici&#234;ncia renal (p&lt;0,001), infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao DCEI (P&lt;0,001), total de cabos-eletrodos removidos (p&lt;0,001), tipo de cabo-eletrodo removido (p=0,029), n&#250;mero total de procedimentos (p&lt;0,001), resultados do procedimento (p=0,002), mudan&#231;a na estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica (p=0,005) e complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias (p&lt;0,001) foram fatores associados &#224; mortalidade total de 30 dias ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5">
              <label>Tabela 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias e mortalidade total em 30 dias</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                    <th>Sem complica&#231;&#245;es (n= 350)</th>
                    <th>Com complica&#231;&#245;es (n= 15)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>&#211;bito ausente (n= 331)</th>
                    <th>&#211;bito presente (n= 34)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">197 (56,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,214</td>
                    <td align="center">185 (55,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (52,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,741</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                    <td align="center">59,9 &#177; 19,2</td>
                    <td align="center">57,7 &#177; 22,5</td>
                    <td align="center">0,670</td>
                    <td align="center">58,8 &#177; 19.4</td>
                    <td align="center">69,0 &#177; 15.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I &#8211; II</td>
                    <td align="center">303 (86,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (73,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,142</td>
                    <td align="center">292 (88,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (64,7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III &#8211; IV</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (13,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (26,6)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (11,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (35,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (42,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (40,0)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">142 (42,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (32,3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (13,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0,258</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (12,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,420</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica</td>
                    <td align="center">157 (44,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (44,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (55,9)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes (ausente)</td>
                    <td align="center">290 (82,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (100)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">278 (84,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (79,4)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes (presente)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (17,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0,145</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (16,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (20,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,493</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ausente)</td>
                    <td align="center">217 (62,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (53,3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">212 (64,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (38,2)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (presente)</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (38,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (46,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,499</td>
                    <td align="center">119 (35,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (61,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (ausente)</td>
                    <td align="center">307 (87,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (100)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">299 (90,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (67,6)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (presente)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (12,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0,233</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (9,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (32,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Tipo de DCEI, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unicameral</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (20,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (19,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (23,5)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dupla c&#226;mara</td>
                    <td align="center">225 (64,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,862</td>
                    <td align="center">216 (65,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (53,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,296</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ressincronizador card&#237;aco</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (15,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (14,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (23,5)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o da remo&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Causas n&#227;o infecciosas</td>
                    <td align="center">250 (71,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (73,3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">253 (76,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (23,5)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (28,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (26,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,000</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (23,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (76,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>N&#250;mero de cabos-eletrodos removidos, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 - 2</td>
                    <td align="center">310 (88,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (80,0)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">301 (90,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (61,8)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3 - 4</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (11,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,400</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (9,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (38,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tempo de implante dos cabos-eletrodos, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 6,6</td>
                    <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 6,7</td>
                    <td align="center">0,015</td>
                    <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
                    <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 9,5</td>
                    <td align="center">0,142</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Tipo de cabo-eletrodo, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Marca-passo</td>
                    <td align="center">252 (72,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (80,0)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">234 (70,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (8,2)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CDI</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (28,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,768</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (29,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,029</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>T&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tra&#231;&#227;o simples com ou sem dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">159 (45,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">148 (44,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (41,2)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa</td>
                    <td align="center">169 (48,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (73,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,140</td>
                    <td align="center">164 (49,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (47,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,386</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cirurgia aberta</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (6,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (5,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11,7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mudan&#231;a na estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>N&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">339 (96,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (80,0)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">322 (97,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (85,3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sim</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (3,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,016</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (2,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (14,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>N&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Um</td>
                    <td align="center">342 (97,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (93,3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">328 (99,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (82,4)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dois</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,317</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tr&#234;s</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Resultados do procedimento, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sucesso</td>
                    <td align="center">340 (97,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (86,7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">324 (97,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (85,3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insucesso</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (2,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (13,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,082</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (2,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (14,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ausente</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">323 (97,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (79,4)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presente</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (20,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <p>
                    <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; NYHA: New York Heart Association; DCEI: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, foi poss&#237;vel identificar que o tempo de implante dos cabos-eletrodos &#8805; 7 anos e a mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica foram fatores preditores independentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias. Classe funcional III-IV, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI, n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados e complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias foram fatores independentes para mortalidade total em at&#233; 30 dias ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6">
              <label>Tabela 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Preditores independentes de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias e mortalidade total</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Preditores independentes</th>
                    <th>Odds ratio</th>
                    <th colspan="2">IC 95%</th>
                    <th>P</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tempo de implante dos cabos-eletrodos &#8805; 7 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">3,78</td>
                    <td align="center">1,02</td>
                    <td align="center">13,95</td>
                    <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica</td>
                    <td align="center">5,30</td>
                    <td align="center">1,26</td>
                    <td align="center">22,22</td>
                    <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Classe funcional (NYHA) III - IV</td>
                    <td align="center">6,98</td>
                    <td align="center">2,45</td>
                    <td align="center">19,86</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                    <td align="center">5,75</td>
                    <td align="center">1,98</td>
                    <td align="center">16,67</td>
                    <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI</td>
                    <td align="center">13,30</td>
                    <td align="center">4,45</td>
                    <td align="center">39,69</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>N&#250;mero total de procedimentos</td>
                    <td align="center">77,32</td>
                    <td align="center">8,64</td>
                    <td align="center">692,19</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias</td>
                    <td align="center">38,84</td>
                    <td align="center">7,83</td>
                    <td align="center">192,77</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Remo&#231;&#227;o de eletrodo de CDI</td>
                    <td align="center">0,22</td>
                    <td align="center">0,06</td>
                    <td align="center">0,81</td>
                    <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5">
                  <p>
                    <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; DCEI: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo &#233; o primeiro registro da Am&#233;rica Latina projetado para avaliar, prospectivamente, dados sistematizados de procedimentos de remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos no cen&#225;rio da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica real. Dessa forma, nesta amostra composta por 634 cabos-eletrodos removidos de 365 pacientes seguidos por 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, est&#227;o representados pacientes de todas as idades, com diferentes cardiopatias estruturais e comorbidades, assim como todos os tipos de DCEI e cabos-eletrodos.</p>
      <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o de que a infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI n&#227;o foi a principal indica&#231;&#227;o de remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos difere da maioria dos estudos, em que mais da metade da popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; portadora de infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A alta preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infectados foi fundamental para que os objetivos do estudo fossem atingidos, por serem pacientes menos idosos e com grande tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos cabos-eletrodos. Essas caracter&#237;sticas aumentaram a representatividade das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao pr&#243;prio procedimento e de seu impacto na mortalidade, diminuindo, relativamente, os efeitos da infec&#231;&#227;o, das comorbidades e outras caracter&#237;sticas inerentes ao pr&#243;prio paciente.</p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento de ferramentas espec&#237;ficas para extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa tem sido fundamental para garantir maior seguran&#231;a aos pacientes. A compara&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a e da efetividade destas ferramentas, contudo, &#233; problem&#225;tica, pois muitas delas s&#227;o utilizadas como solu&#231;&#245;es de <italic>backup</italic> para casos dif&#237;ceis ou para corrigir complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No presente estudo, foram utilizados os principais tipos de ferramentas dispon&#237;veis para extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa. A falta da incorpora&#231;&#227;o da extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa no SUS, entretanto, impediu a adequada compara&#231;&#227;o das diversas tecnologias dispon&#237;veis, uma vez que a escolha da ferramenta foi definida por sua disponibilidade para cada caso. A despeito desse vi&#233;s, guia de travamento foi usada em 50,1% dos casos, bainhas energizadas por raios laser em 21,9%, bainhas mec&#226;nicas n&#227;o energizadas em 21,1%, e bainhas mec&#226;nicas rotacionais em 6,3% dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, a seguran&#231;a e a efetividade da extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos, desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo, puderam ser avaliados de forma robusta. A taxa de sucesso de 96,7%, assim como a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores de 4,1%, foram compar&#225;veis &#224;s dos servi&#231;os internacionais com grande volume de extra&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A mortalidade total de 9,3% foi decorrente, principalmente, de causas relacionadas ao paciente e, em apenas 1,4%, por complica&#231;&#245;es da remo&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O risco de complica&#231;&#245;es catastr&#243;ficas tem sido o principal obst&#225;culo para a indica&#231;&#227;o da extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos nos casos n&#227;o obrigat&#243;rios. Esse fato tem motivado a busca por preditores de complica&#231;&#245;es graves e de escores para identifica&#231;&#227;o de casos de maior dificuldade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise de fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias maiores, realizada no presente estudo, confirmou a import&#226;ncia do tempo de implante como preditor de complica&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias. Al&#233;m disso, identificou que a necessidade de mudan&#231;a de estrat&#233;gia no transcorrer do procedimento tamb&#233;m esteve associada a este tipo de problema. Este conhecimento pode ser de grande valia para a tomada de decis&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria, dando ao cirurgi&#227;o a possibilidade de interromper o procedimento nos casos em que a extra&#231;&#227;o &#233; opcional ou de converter para t&#233;cnica aberta sob CEC nos casos de infec&#231;&#227;o, antes que uma complica&#231;&#227;o catastr&#243;fica ocorra.</p>
      <p>A mortalidade total elevada nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s procedimentos de extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos &#233; motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o, justificando, inclusive a cria&#231;&#227;o de um nomograma para predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Fatores n&#227;o modific&#225;veis e inerentes ao pr&#243;prio paciente t&#234;m sido as principais causas de morte, tais como: idade avan&#231;ada, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica ou a pr&#243;pria infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O presente estudo confirmou que a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal, a classe funcional avan&#231;ada para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI s&#227;o preditores independentes de morte aos 30 dias. Fatores relacionados &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o, como a necessidade de mais de um procedimento para a extra&#231;&#227;o e a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores intraoperat&#243;rias, tamb&#233;m foram preditores de mortalidade. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de cabo-eletrodo de CDI como fator de prote&#231;&#227;o chamou nossa a aten&#231;&#227;o, por caminhar no sentido oposto do que tem mostrado a literatura. A observa&#231;&#227;o detalhada da popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, entretanto, explicou esse achado: os portadores de CDI eram, de maneira geral, 10 anos mais jovens e apresentavam menor taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o no DCEI, fatores que podem ter agido como confundidores.</p>
      <p>Embora a amostra do estudo seja bastante representativa, ela reflete as pr&#225;ticas assistenciais de um &#250;nico hospital, considerado um centro de refer&#234;ncia em extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos. Dessa forma, os resultados podem ter sido influenciados pelo n&#237;vel de experi&#234;ncia da equipe cir&#250;rgica e pela disponibilidade de infraestrutura espec&#237;fica para esse tipo de procedimento.</p>
      <p>Em virtude da falta da incorpora&#231;&#227;o da extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa por t&#233;cnicas especiais no rol de procedimentos do SUS, o presente estudo n&#227;o foi projetado para comparar os resultados das diferentes t&#233;cnicas de extra&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que a escolha da ferramenta foi definida por sua disponibilidade para cada caso. Esse tipo de compara&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; realizado em futuros estudos conduzidos na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o em parceria com centros de outras localidades do Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que a extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos &#233; um tratamento efetivo e seguro, com 1,4% de complica&#231;&#245;es diretamente associadas ao procedimento. A mortalidade expressiva de 9,3%, no per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o do estudo, foi decorrente, principalmente, de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas pr&#233;vias, relacionadas &#224; pr&#243;pria indica&#231;&#227;o para o procedimento de extra&#231;&#227;o. Foram identificados fatores de risco inerentes ao paciente e ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, o que permitir&#225; o estabelecimento de estrat&#233;gias preventivas nos pacientes com maior risco de apresentar eventos desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Tadeu Jurevicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0181-8651</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nagumo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Mitie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-8078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto Costa &#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica e Marcapasso - Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: rcosta@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Costa R, Silva KR; Acquisition of data: Costa R, Silva KR, Crevelari ES, Nascimento WTJ, Nagumo MM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costa R, Silva KR, Crevelari ES, Nascimento WTJ, Nagumo MM, Martinelli Filho M, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) is an uncommon procedure and requires specialized personnel and adequate facilities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the removal of CIED leads and to determine risk factors for surgical complications and mortality in 30 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Prospective study with data derived from clinical practice. From January 2014 to April 2020, we included 365 consecutive patients who underwent TLE, regardless of the indication and surgical technique used. The primary outcomes were: success rate of the procedure, combined rate of major complications and intraoperative death. Secondary outcomes were: risk factors for major intraoperative complications and death within 30 days. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used, with a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Procedure success rate was 96.7%, with 90.1% of complete success and 6.6% of clinical success. Major intraoperative complications occurred in 15 (4.1%) patients. Predictors of major complications were: lead dwelling time &#8805; 7 years (OR = 3.78, p = 0.046) and change in surgical strategy (OR = 5.30, p = 0.023). Functional class III-IV (OR = 6.98, p &lt;0.001), renal failure (OR = 5.75, p = 0.001), CIED infection (OR = 13.30, p &lt;0.001), number of procedures performed (OR = 77.32, p &lt;0.001) and major intraoperative complications (OR = 38.84, p &lt;0.001) were predictors of 30-day mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The results of this study, which is the largest prospective registry of consecutive TLE procedures in Latin America, confirm the safety and effectiveness of this procedure in the context of real clinical practice. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1114-1124)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Electrodes Implanted</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacing Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Transvenous lead extracion</kwd>
        <kwd>Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Effectiveness</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) lead extraction is an uncommon procedure, which requires long-term professional training and adequate facilities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although its indications are well established in medical guidelines, its use varies according with the expertise of each center, being almost exclusively used for the treatment of CIED-related infections in low volume centers and on a larger scale in centers with greater experience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since most implantable devices use the venous access for lead placement, the transvenous techniques are the most commonly used. Nowadays, opening the chest is not frequently used in lead extraction, being almost exclusively limited to epicardial lead placement. For transvenous leads, the open surgery is restricted to cases where large lead vegetations are found or for correction of complications during transvenous lead extraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Lead adhesion to the myocardium, to the veins or lead-to-lead adhesion are quite frequent. Several factors are related with adhesion formation, including: dwelling time of implanted leads, lead type, the number of leads, the patient&#8217;s age and sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In order to disrupt these adhesions, specific tools have been employed, each with its indications, advantages and disadvantages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In general, the reported success rates for extractions range from 90 to 98%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In spite of the satisfactory results obtained, catastrophic complications may occur during extraction, and when they do occur, open heart surgical procedures may be required for correction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Severe complications are reported in 1 to 10% and intraoperative death, in 0.2 to 5.7%. The overall mortality rate within 30 days of surgery ranges from 2.1 to 10% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The effectiveness of the tools used for extraction and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of catastrophic complications are not well established in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The low rate of utilization and complications, combined with the diversity of approaches and tools available for extraction, make comparison difficult. In the national setting, the lack of incorporation of specific lead extraction technology in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) explains its limited use, as well as the absence of reliable data resulting from lead extraction in Brazil.</p>
        <p>The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness and the safety of pacemaker and implantable defibrillator lead extraction, aiming at determining the procedures&#8217; success rate, the rate of surgical complications, surgical death rate and total mortality within 30 days after hospital discharge, as well as the risk factors for unfavorable outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and setting</title>
          <p>This is a prospective observational study with data derived from clinical practice. The data were collected at two distinct moments: (1) on index hospital admission, i.e., the episode of hospital care related to the lead extraction procedure; (2) thirty days after hospital discharge.</p>
          <p>This study was performed in a high-complexity cardiology hospital, and was approved by the institution&#8217;s Research Ethics Committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>From January 2014 to April 2020, all the patients submitted to lead extraction were consecutively included, regardless of surgical indication and the technique used. Individuals who were submitted to lead extraction due to orthotopic cardiac transplantation were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcomes of the study were the procedure effectiveness, expressed by the clinical procedural success, and its safety, expressed by the combined rate of major complications and intraoperative mortality.</p>
          <p>The definitions of European guidelines were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In this study, clinical procedural success was defined as the removal of all targeted leads and material or a retention of &lt;4 cm of the lead, as long as the extraction was not performed for the treatment of CIED infections. On the other hand, procedural failure was defined as the retention of more than 4 cm of lead material; the retention of lead material of any size in patients with CIED infection; or the development of any permanently disabling complication or procedural-related death.</p>
          <p>The secondary outcomes were: risk factors for major intraoperative complications and death within 30 days after discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study phases</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Preoperative evaluation</title>
            <p>Patients with indication for lead extraction and who fulfilled the study eligibility criteria underwent routine preoperative evaluation, including clinical evaluation, laboratory and imaging tests.</p>
            <p>Following the institution&#8217;s routine protocol, the patients were submitted to chest X-ray, to determine lead position; two-sided digital venography to investigate the venous territory and, when there was the diagnosis of CIED infection, transesophageal echocardiogram.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Surgical Procedure</title>
            <p>The procedures were performed under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation, full monitoring, including transesophageal echocardiogram.</p>
            <p>The surgeries were grouped according to the lead access route: (1) Epicardial leads, extracted by open surgery; (2) Transvenous leads, extracted using preferably transvenous techniques.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Lead removal using the venous entry site approach</title>
            <p>Leads that allowed for extravascular handling were removed using a sequential approach, which was initiated with a simple direct traction and moved towards transvenous extraction, with the use of specific tools, if direct traction was not successful.</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Removal by simple traction: an attempt to remove the leads with no specific extraction tools was made in all cases. To achieve this purpose, a standard stylet was passed through the lumen of the lead to be removed, with firm, continuous traction, in order to separate the lead from the myocardium and venous system. In case this approachwas not successful, the following step was the use of extraction devices.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Transvenous extraction: the extraction procedure was initiated with the use of a locking stylet. The intravascular dissection was performed with the extraction tools available for the case (laser-powered sheath, mechanical sheath or rotational mechanical sheath). The purpose of the dissection was to guide the sheath until the lead placement site in the myocardium in order to perform the counter-traction.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Lead removal through intravascular capture</title>
            <p>In cases where the lead was not accessible for extravascular manipulation (free-floating leads), intravascular capture was performed through femoral or jugular access. After intravascular capture, the lead tip was removed by simple traction or counter-traction, depending on the necessity of each case.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Change in Surgical Strategy</title>
            <p>In the cases where the first-choice extraction tool cannot be advanced over the lead, a change in strategy may be necessary, including the use of another extraction tools, intravascular capture or open surgery.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>CIED reimplantation</title>
            <p>In the patients who were not diagnosed with CIED infection, the placement of the new device was performed during the same surgical procedure. When CIED infection was present, the new implantation was always performed in a separate surgery, after the infection was controlled.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Postoperative assessment and clinical follow-up</title>
        <p>At discharge, immediate postoperative data were collected, prioritizing the investigation of perioperative complications.</p>
        <p>In accordance with normal routine, all patients were evaluated in the outpatient setting, 30 days after discharge. This evaluation prioritized the investigation of complications resulting from the procedure, the need for readmission or surgical reintervention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electronic data collection and management</title>
        <p>To ensure database quality, a previously standadized infraestructure was adopted,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which included: (1) Data management planning; (2) Definition of data element terminology; (3) Development of electronic forms using the REDCap platform;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (4) Parameterization of specific functions of the REDCap; (5) Data collection team training; (6) Dynamic monitoring of database quality; (7) Integration of the REDCap system with the Business Intelligence tool, to create interactive dynamic dashboards, allowing for real-time result view, in a cloud technology environment. To favor the study&#8217;s reproducibility and publishing of anonymized and de-identified data in real time, we opted for the Open Source platform (Shinydashboard, RStudio) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electronic data capture and study data management. A &#8211; Data management steps. B &#8211; REDCap&#8217;s functionalities used in the study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1114-00476-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variables studied and statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The following were analyzed as independent variables for outcomes: demographic data, baseline clinical data, characteristics of the removed CIED, type of extraction and use of specific extraction tolls.</p>
        <p>A univariate analysis was used to investigate the risk factors associated with the outcomes, adopting a level of significance of 5%. The multivariate logistic regression model was used with the stepwise method of variable selection for the investigation of independent risk factors, using as inclusion criteria the associations with a p-value &#8804; 0.10 in the univariate analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>During the study period, we included 365 patients who had undergone one to three lead extraction procedures until treatment conclusion. There was a prevalence of male individuals (55.6%), and the average age was of 59.8 &#177; 19.3 years, with a median of 63.0 years ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical baseline data</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2">Baseline Characteristics</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Males, n (%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">203 (55.6)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years). mean &#177; SD (variation)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 19.3 (0.8 - 98.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Caucasian. n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">306 (83.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Functional Class (NYHA). n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I &#8211; II</td>
                    <td align="center">314 (86.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III - IV</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (14.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Structural heart disease. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conduction and rhythm disorders (without structural heart disease)</td>
                    <td align="center">153 (41.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chagas&#8217; Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (18.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (12.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (23.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Congenital cardiac defect</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (3.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidities. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">186 (51.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (16.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial Fibbrilation</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (19.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart Failure</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (38.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney failure</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (11.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (9.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neoplasia under current or recent treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (2.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction. mean &#177; SD (variation)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.1 &#177; 16.3 (15- 82.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Type of CIED in use. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unicameral PM</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (11.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dual chamber PM</td>
                    <td align="center">170 (46.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unicameral ICD</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (9.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dual chamber ICD</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (17.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRT-PM</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (6.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRT-ICD</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (9.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Indication for lead extraction. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infection treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">104 (28.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Multiples abandoned leads</td>
                    <td align="center">207 (56.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obtaining venous access</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (6.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lead dislodgement</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (7.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Treatment of thromboembolic complications</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other conditions</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Main diagnosis. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulse generator pocket infection</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (15.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intravascular infection without vegetation</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (2.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intravascular infection with vegetation</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (10.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lead Dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">218 (59.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Indication of upgrade procedure</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (9.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Others</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ICD: Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator; SD: standard deviation; PM: pacemaker; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; CIED: Cardiac implantable electronic device.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Most individuals were oligosymptomatic for heart failure (86.0%), with absence of structural cardiac disease in 39.1% of them. The devices previously implanted were pacemakers in 57.8% and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) in 33.1% of the cases.</p>
          <p>The main reason for the procedure was lead dysfunction, in 218 (59.7%) patients. CIED infection, with or without intracardiac vegetations, was the cause for removal in 104 (28.5%) of the cases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Surgical Characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 378 lead extraction procedures were performed in 365 patients. In 9 (2.5%) cases more than one procedure was required. A total of 634 leads, 521 pacemakers and 113 ICDs were removed. The mean lead dwelling time was 7.5 &#177; 6.6 years with a maximum of 39 years ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Lead Extraction Procedure Data</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">Surgical Characteristics</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedure duration (minutes). mean &#177; SD (variation)</td>
                    <td align="center">147.9 &#177; 82.0 (20 - 635)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total number of leads extracted per patient. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>One</td>
                    <td align="center">197 (54.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Two</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (34.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Three</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (8.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Four</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (3.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lead dwelling time (years). mean &#177; SD (variation)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 6.6 (0 &#8211; 39)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Lead implantation site. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial</td>
                    <td align="center">221 (34.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right ventricle (pacemaker)</td>
                    <td align="center">258 (40.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right ventricle (ICD)</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (17.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary sinus</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (6.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Main Surgical Technique. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Simple traction</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (38.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Simple traction with dilation</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (6.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Transvenous lead extraction by a venous entry site approach</td>
                    <td align="center">180 (49.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thoracotomy without cardiopulmonary bypass</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (4.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thoracotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Specific Extraction Tools. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Locking stylet</td>
                    <td align="center">183 (50.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mechanical sheath</td>
                    <td align="center">77 (21.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rotational mechanical sheath</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (6.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Laser-powered sheath</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (21.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Change in Surgical Strategy. n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Simple traction removal to transvenous extraction</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Simple traction removal to open surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Change in the type of intravascular dissection tool</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Venous entry site extraction approach to intravascular capture</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Venous entry site extraction approach to open surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Multiple</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; SD: standard deviation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Open surgery for epicardial lead extraction was performed in 17(4.6%) patients. Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) was required as first approach in 6 (1.6%) and, after as a second approach in 7 (1.9%) cases. In all procedures performed through venous entry, the simple traction was attempted, which was successful in 140 (38.4%) patients. In the other patients, transvenous extraction was performed. A locking stylet was used in 183 cases, laser-powered sheath in 80 (21.9%), mechanical sheath in 77 (21.1%) and rotational mechanical sheath in 23 (6.3%) patients.</p>
          <p>A change in strategy was required in the same surgical procedure in 12 (3.3%) patients and, as a separate procedure, in 9 (2.5%). The change in strategy demanded the use of another type of dissection tool in 6 (1.6%), intravascular capture in 5 (1.4%), or open surgery with CPB in 7 (1.9%) cases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Primary Outcomes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Procedure Effectiveness</title>
            <p>Procedural success rate was of 96.7% (CI 95%= 94.5 &#8211; 98.5%), with complete procedural success in 329 (90.1%, CI 95%= 87.1 &#8211; 93.2%) patients and clinical procedural success in 24 (6.6%, CI 95%= 4.1 &#8211; 9.1%).</p>
            <p>Procedural failure rate was of 3.2% (CI 95%= 1.5 &#8211; 5.1%). Failure was due to the retention of a fragment &gt;4cm in 3 (0.8%) patients without infection, retention of any fragment in 7 (1.9%) patients with CIED infection and major complication that required surgical repair in 2 (0.5%) patients.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Procedure Safety</title>
            <p>The composite outcome of major complications and intraoperative death occurred in 15 (4.1%, CI 95%= 2.1 &#8211; 6.1) patients. Intraoperative death occurred in only 1 (0.3%) case due to avulsion of cardiac structures, causing hemorrhagic shock. Only 2 (0.5%) patients had more than one major complication simultaneously. Minor intraoperative complications were observed in 10 (2.7%) patients, but in only one case there were concomitant minor complications ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t3001">
                <label>Table 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Major and minor intraoperative lead extraction-related complications</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" colspan="2">Intraoperative complications</th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Major complications. n (%)</th>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
											</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Death</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Cardiorespiratory arrest</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (1.6)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Unstable arrhythmia</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (1.4)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Cardiac tamponade</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Avulsion of cardiac structures</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Unstable bleeding</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Minor complications. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hemothorax requiring drainage</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Pneumothorax requiring drainage</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Minimal pneumothorax.</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Pericardial effusion</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Unstable bleeding</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Lead dislodgement</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Postoperative events</title>
            <p>The patients&#8217; median hospital length of stay was 9 days, ranging from 1 to 169 days. The main reason for long hospital stay was the prolonged antibiotic therapy required by patients with CIED infection. After discharge, 13 (3.6%) patients had complications and 8 (2.2%) were submitted to new surgery ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t4001">
                <label>Table 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Postoperative events after lead extraction</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" colspan="2">Postoperative events</th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Length of hospital stay (days). mean &#177; SD (variation)</th>
                      <th style="font-weight:normal">17.4 &#177; 21.6 (1- 169)</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>In-hospital major complications</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Death</td>
                      <td align="center">29 (7.9)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Cardiorespiratory arrest</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Unstable arrhythmia</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Cardiac tamponade</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Pulmonary embolism</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Unstable bleeding</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sepsis</td>
                      <td align="center">13 (3.6)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>In-hospital minor complications</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hemothorax requiring drainage</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Pneumothorax requiring drainage</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Pocket hematoma</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (1.6)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Lead dislodgement</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Complications within 30 days after <bold>discharge</bold></td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Death</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Readmission</td>
                      <td align="center">33 (9.0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Device-related reoperation</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (2.2)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>CIED-related infection</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Lead dysfunction</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Pulmonary embolism</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (1.9)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN3001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>SD: standard deviation; CIED: Cardiac implantable electronic device.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>The total mortality was of 34 (9.3%) cases: 1 (0.3%) intraoperative death, 29 (7.9%) in the in-hospital postoperative period and 4 (1.1%) after discharge. The most frequent cause of mortality was CIED infection, in 20 (5.5%) cases, followed by cardiovascular-related causes in 6 (1.6%), extraction procedure complications in 5 (1.4%) and non-cardiovascular causes in 3 (0.8%) patients.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Risk factors for major intraoperative complications and mortality</title>
            <p>According with the univariate analysis, the lead dwelling time (p= 0.015) and change in surgical strategy (p=0.016) were associated with higher occurrence of major intraoperative complications.</p>
            <p>Age (p= 0.004), functional class (p&lt;0.001), heart failure (p= 0.003), renal failure (p&lt;0.001), CIED-related infection (p&lt;0.001), total number of removed leads (p&lt;0.001), type of lead removed (p=0.029), total number of procedures (p&lt;0.001), procedure results (p=0.002), change in surgical strategy (p= 0.005) and major intraoperative complications (p&lt;0.001) were all factors associated with total mortality within 30 days ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t5001">
                <label>Table 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Risk factors for major intraoperative complications and total mortality within 30 days</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                      <th>Complications (absent) (n= 350)</th>
                      <th>Complications (presente) (n= 15)</th>
                      <th>p-value</th>
                      <th>Death (absent) (n= 331)</th>
                      <th>Death (present) (n= 34)</th>
                      <th>p-value</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Male sex. n (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">197 (56.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.214</td>
                      <td align="center">185 (55.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.741</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Age (years). mean &#177; SD</td>
                      <td align="center">59.9 &#177; 19.2</td>
                      <td align="center">57.7 &#177; 22.5</td>
                      <td align="center">0.670</td>
                      <td align="center">58.8 &#177; 19.4</td>
                      <td align="center">69.0 &#177; 15.9</td>
                      <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Functional Class (NYHA). n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>I &#8211; II</td>
                      <td align="center">303 (86.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (73.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.142</td>
                      <td align="center">292 (88.2)</td>
                      <td align="center">22 (64.7)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>III &#8211; IV</td>
                      <td align="center">47 (13.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (26.6)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">39 (11.8)</td>
                      <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Cardiac Disease. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Conduction and rhythm disorders</td>
                      <td align="center">147 (42.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (40.0)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">142 (42.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (32.3)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                      <td align="center">46 (13.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">0</td>
                      <td align="center">0.258</td>
                      <td align="center">42 (12.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (11.8)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.420</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Non-Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                      <td align="center">157 (44.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">147 (44.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">19 (55.9)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Comorbidities. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Diabetes (absent)</td>
                      <td align="center">290 (82.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">15 (100)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">278 (84.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">27 (79.4)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Diabetes (present)</td>
                      <td align="center">60 (17.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">0</td>
                      <td align="center">0.145</td>
                      <td align="center">53 (16.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (20.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.493</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Heart failure (absent)</td>
                      <td align="center">217 (62.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (53.3)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">212 (64.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">13 (38.2)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Heart failure (present)</td>
                      <td align="center">133 (38.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (46.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.499</td>
                      <td align="center">119 (35.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">21 (61.8)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Chronic kidney failure (absent)</td>
                      <td align="center">307 (87.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">15 (100)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">299 (90.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">23 (67.6)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Chronic kidney failure (present)</td>
                      <td align="center">43 (12.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">0</td>
                      <td align="center">0.233</td>
                      <td align="center">32 (9.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (32.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>CIED type. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Unicameral</td>
                      <td align="center">71 (20.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">66 (19.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (23.5)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Dual chamber</td>
                      <td align="center">225 (64.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.862</td>
                      <td align="center">216 (65.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">18 (53.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.296</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Cardiac resynchronization therapy</td>
                      <td align="center">54 (15.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">49 (14.8)</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (23.5)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Indication for extraction. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Non-infectious causes</td>
                      <td align="center">250 (71.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (73.3)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">253 (76.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (23.5)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>CIED infection</td>
                      <td align="center">100 (28.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (26.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.000</td>
                      <td align="center">78 (23.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">26 (76.5)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Number of leads removed. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>1 - 2</td>
                      <td align="center">310 (88.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">12 (80.0)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">301 (90.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">21 (61.8)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>3 - 4</td>
                      <td align="center">40 (11.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.400</td>
                      <td align="center">30 (9.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">13 (38.2)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Lead dwelling time. n (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 6.6</td>
                      <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 6.7</td>
                      <td align="center">0.015</td>
                      <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 6.2</td>
                      <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 9.5</td>
                      <td align="center">0.142</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Lead type. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Pacemaker</td>
                      <td align="center">252 (72.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">12 (80.0)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">234 (70.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">30 (8.2)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>ICD</td>
                      <td align="center">98 (28.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.768</td>
                      <td align="center">97 (29.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (11.8)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.029</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Surgical technique. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Simple traction with or without dilation</td>
                      <td align="center">159 (45.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">148 (44.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">14 (41.2)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Transvenous extraction</td>
                      <td align="center">169 (48.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (73.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.140</td>
                      <td align="center">164 (49.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">16 (47.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.386</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Open surgery</td>
                      <td align="center">22 (6.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">19 (5.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (11.7)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Change in surgical strategy. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>No</td>
                      <td align="center">339 (96.8)</td>
                      <td align="center">12 (80.0)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">322 (97.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">29 (85.3)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Yes</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (3.2)</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.016</td>
                      <td align="center">9 (2.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (14.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Number of procedures performed. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>One</td>
                      <td align="center">342 (97.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">14 (93.3)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">328 (99.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">28 (82.4)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Two</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (1.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.317</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (0.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Three</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (0.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">0</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">0</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Procedure results. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Successful</td>
                      <td align="center">340 (97.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">13 (86.7)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">324 (97.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">29 (85.3)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Failure</td>
                      <td align="center">10 (2.9)</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.082</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (2.1)</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (14.7)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Major intraoperative complications. n (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Absent</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">323 (97.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">27 (79.4)</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Present</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">-</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (2.4)</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (20.6)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN4001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>SD: standard deviation; CIED: Cardiac implantable electronic device.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>Using multivariate analysis, it was possible to identify that lead dwelling time &#8805; 7 years and change in surgical strategy as independent predictor factors for the occurrence of major intraoperative complications. Functional classes III-IV, chronic kidney failure, CIED infection, number of procedures performed and major intraoperative complications were independent factors for total mortality within 30 days ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t6001">
                <label>Table 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Independent predictors of intraoperative major complications and total mortality</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Independent predictors</th>
                      <th>Odds ratio</th>
                      <th colspan="2">CI 95%</th>
                      <th>p-value</th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Intraoperative major complications</th>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
											</th>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
											</th>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
											</th>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
											</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Lead dwelling time &#8805; 7 years</td>
                      <td align="center">3.78</td>
                      <td align="center">1.02</td>
                      <td align="center">13.95</td>
                      <td align="center">0.046</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Change in surgical strategy</td>
                      <td align="center">5.30</td>
                      <td align="center">1.26</td>
                      <td align="center">22.22</td>
                      <td align="center">0.023</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Mortalility</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                      <td>
											</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Functional Class (NYHA) III - IV</td>
                      <td align="center">6.98</td>
                      <td align="center">2.45</td>
                      <td align="center">19.86</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Chronic Kidney Failure</td>
                      <td align="center">5.75</td>
                      <td align="center">1.98</td>
                      <td align="center">16.67</td>
                      <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>CIED infection</td>
                      <td align="center">13.30</td>
                      <td align="center">4.45</td>
                      <td align="center">39.69</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Total number of procedures</td>
                      <td align="center">77.32</td>
                      <td align="center">8.64</td>
                      <td align="center">692.19</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Major intraoperative complications</td>
                      <td align="center">38.84</td>
                      <td align="center">7.83</td>
                      <td align="center">192.77</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>ICD lead extraction</td>
                      <td align="center">0.22</td>
                      <td align="center">0.06</td>
                      <td align="center">0.81</td>
                      <td align="center">0.023</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN5001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>CIED: Cardiac implantable electronic device.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study is the first registry in Latin America designed to assess, prospectively, systematized data of lead extraction procedures in real clinical practice setting. Therefore, this sample composed of 634 removed leads from 365 patients, followed during 30 days after discharge, is representative of patients of all ages, with different structural cardiomyopathies and comorbidities, as well as all types of CIED and leads.</p>
        <p>The finding that CIED infection was not the main indication for lead extraction differs from most studies, in which more than half of the population suffers from infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The high prevalence of non-infected individuals was essential for the achievement of the study objectives, since they are younger patients, with long lead implant duration. These characteristics increased the representativeness of complications associated with the procedure itself and its impact on mortality, at some extent minimizing the effects of infection, comorbidities and other characteristics inherent to the patient.</p>
        <p>The development of specific tools for transvenous extraction has been essential to ensure greater patient safety. The comparison of safety and effectiveness of these devices, however, is problematic, because many of them are used as backup solutions for difficult cases or for correcting complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In this study, the main types of tools available for transvenous extraction were used. The lack of incorporation of transvenous extraction by the SUS, however, prevented an adequate comparison between the several technologies available, since the choice of device was defined by its availability for each case. Despite this bias, a locking stylet was used in 50.1% of the cases, laser-powered sheaths in 21.9%, mechanical sheaths in 21.1%, and rotational mechanical sheaths in 6.3% of patients.</p>
        <p>Thus, safety and effectiveness of lead extraction, the study primary outcomes, could be robustly assessed. The success rate of 96.7%, as well as the major complication rate of 4.1% were comparable to those of international services, with a large volume of extractions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The total mortality rate of 9.3% was mainly a result of patient-related causes and, in only 1.4%, due to extraction-related complications.</p>
        <p>The risk of catastrophic complications has been the main obstacle for the indication of lead extraction in optional cases. This fact has motivated the search for predictors of severe complications and scores for the identification of more difficult cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The risk factor analysis for major intraoperative complications performed in this study corroborated the importance of time of implantation as a predictor of intraoperative complications. In addition, it indicates that the need to change the strategy during the procedure has also been associated with this type of problem. This knowledge can provide valuable contributions for intraoperative decision-making, giving the surgery team the possibility of interrupting the procedure in cases where the extraction is optional or moving into an open technique with CPB in cases of infection, before a catastrophic complication occurs.</p>
        <p>The high total mortality within 30 days after lead extraction procedures is a reason of concern, and may even justify the construction of nomograms to predict the risk of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Non-modifiable risk factors, inherent to the patient, have been the main causes of death, such as: advanced age, chronic kidney failure or the CIED infection itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This study confirmed that the presence of renal failure, the advanced functional class for heart failure and the presence of CIED infection are independent mortality predictors within 30 days. Procedure related factors, such as the need of another procedure for the extraction and the occurrence of major intraoperative complications were also mortality predictors. The identification of the presence of ICD lead as a protective factor called our attention, because it contradicts what has been shown in the literature. The detailed observation of the study population, however, explained this findind: ICD patients were, in general, 10 years younger, with lower rates of device infection, which may have been a confounding factor.</p>
        <p>Although the study sample is quite representative, it reflects the care practices of a single hospital, considered a reference center in transvenous lead extraction. Therefore, the results may have been influenced by the surgical staff experience level and by the specific infrastructure available for this type of procedure.</p>
        <p>Due to the lack of incorporation of transvenous extraction using special techniques in the list of procedures performed in our public health system, this study was not designed to compare the results of the different extraction techniques, since the choice of the extraction tool was determined by its availability for each case. This type of comparison will be made in future researches carried out at our institution in partnership with centers of other locations in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our study showed that lead extraction is an effective and safe treatment, with 1.4% complications directly associated with the procedure. The expressive mortality rate, of 9.3% during the study observation, was a result, mainly, of prior infectious complications, related with the indication for the extraction procedure itself. Risk factors inherent to the patient and to the surgical procedure were identified, which will allow for the establishment of preventive strategies in the patients at a higher risk of presenting unfavorable events.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
