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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jHqMJYGDn3fBKnrGTZ8CFGJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005010203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190567</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190567</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es Precoces nas Interleucinas Circulantes e no Risco Inflamat&#243;rio Residual ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coste</surname>
            <given-names>Maria E. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ishimura</surname>
            <given-names>Mayari E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Longo-Maugeri</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacchin</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szarf</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Santo Amaro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Santo Amaro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco A. H. Fonseca &#8226; Setor de L&#237;pides, Aterosclerose e BIologia Vascular - Disciplina de Cardiologia - Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP 04040-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Izar MC, Maugeri IL, Pinto IM, Szarf G, Caixeta AM, Berwanger O, Fonseca FAH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Coste MER, Izar MC, Teixeira D, Ishimura ME, Bacchin AS, Bianco HT, Moreira FT, Pinto IM, Szarf G, Caixeta AM, Gon&#231;alves Jr. I, Fonseca FAH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Coste MER, Fran&#231;a CN, Izar MC, Teixeira D, Ishimura ME, Maugeri IL, Bacchin AS, Bianco HT, Moreira FT, Pinto IM, Szarf G, Caixeta AM, Berwanger O, Gon&#231;alves Jr. I, Fonseca FAH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Coste MER, Fran&#231;a CN, Fonseca FAH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Fonseca FAH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Coste MER, Fonseca FAH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Izar MC, Maugeri IL, Fonseca FAH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1104</fpage>
      <lpage>1111</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio podem apresentar uma grande &#225;rea infartada e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular mesmo com tromb&#243;lise e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoces.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar o comportamento das citocinas circulantes em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e a rela&#231;&#227;o delas com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> No estudo BATTLE-AMI (Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos Linf&#243;citos Tipos B e T no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio), os pacientes com IAMCSST foram tratados com uma estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva. Os n&#237;veis de citocinas (IL-1&#946;, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-18) no plasma foram testados atrav&#233;s de ensaio de imunoadsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) no in&#237;cio do estudo e ap&#243;s 30 dias. A massa infartada e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) foram examinadas por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca 3-T. Valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Na compara&#231;&#227;o com o in&#237;cio do estudo, n&#237;veis mais baixos foram detectados para IL-1&#946; (p = 0,028) e IL-18 (p &lt; 0,0001) ap&#243;s 30 dias do IAMCSST, enquanto n&#237;veis mais altos foram observados para IL-4 (p = 0,001) e IL-10 (p &lt; 0,0001) no mesmo momento. Em contrapartida, nenhuma mudan&#231;a foi detectada nos n&#237;veis de IL-6 (p = 0,63). Os n&#237;veis da prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade e de IL-6 se correlacionaram no in&#237;cio do estudo (rho = 0,45, p &lt; 0,0001) e 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST (rho = 0,29, p = 0,009). No in&#237;cio do estudo, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de IL-6 e FEVE tamb&#233;m foi observada (rho = -0,50, p = 0,004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Durante o primeiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, observamos uma melhora significativa no balan&#231;o das citocinas pr&#243; e anti-inflamat&#243;rias, exceto da IL-6. Esses achados sugerem risco inflamat&#243;rio residual. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina-6</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina 10</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina 18</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C Reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2012/51692-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>300937/2015-6 e 428793/2016-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>AstraZeneca</funding-source>
          <award-id>ESR 14-10726</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), os pacientes apresentam maiores taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e morte devido a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca associada a maiores n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCRas), mas esses eventos cardiovasculares podem ser reduzidos pela terapia anti-inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Foi descrito que a interleucina-6 (IL-6) tem um papel relevante na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular em modelos de sobrecarga de press&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e na coordena&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune ap&#243;s o IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da IL-6, outras interleucinas como a IL-18<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e a IL-1&#946;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> parecem contribuir para a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular adversa ap&#243;s o IAM. Curiosamente, a IL-4 parece contribuir para fibrose e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular na hipertens&#227;o arterial quando induzidas pela administra&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, a IL-10 atenuou acentuadamente o microambiente inflamat&#243;rio ap&#243;s o IAM, melhorando, assim, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dado o interesse crescente no papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular p&#243;s-IAM, examinamos a resposta inflamat&#243;ria mediada por citocinas durante a fase precoce do IAM e a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este relato faz parte do estudo BATTLE-AMI (Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos Linf&#243;citos Tipos B e T no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02428374). O BATTLE-AMI &#233; um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado no qual s&#227;o comparados os efeitos da combina&#231;&#227;o de estatina e terapias antiplaquet&#225;rias na massa infartada e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FEVE) em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) tratados com uma estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Este estudo est&#225; em andamento e inclui pacientes com a primeira ocorr&#234;ncia de IAMCSST que foram submetidos a tromb&#243;lise com tenecteplase nas primeiras 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e que foram transferidos para um hospital terci&#225;rio (Hospital S&#227;o Paulo) nas primeiras 24 horas para angiografia coronariana e procedimentos invasivos. Pacientes que tiveram eventos coron&#225;rios pr&#233;vios, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, contraindica&#231;&#245;es para RMC ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        <p>Este projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local (Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, IRB:0297/2014, CAAE: 38692514.1.1001.5505), e todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento por escrito antes da inclus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas na manh&#227; do primeiro dia e entre 27-33 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST. Todas as amostras foram testadas no Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides, Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo). Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de citocinas foram testados atrav&#233;s do ensaio imunoadsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA). IL-4, IL-6 e IL-10 foram testadas com os kits da BD Pharmingen (BD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA), e IL-1&#946; e IL-18 foram testadas com os kits da R&amp;D (Minneapolis, Minnesota, EUA). Os resultados foram expressos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; absorb&#226;ncia usando o EnSpire Multimode Plate Reader (PerkinElmer) e/ou o iMark Microplate Absorbance Reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA), de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es dos fabricantes. A prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCRas) foi medida atrav&#233;s de imunonefelometria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Todas as imagens de RMC foram realizadas no Hospital S&#227;o Paulo ou no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. A primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita nos primeiros 10 dias (in&#237;cio do estudo), normalmente ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada de 27 a 33 dias ap&#243;s o IAM.</p>
        <p>A quantidade de massa infartada, FEVE e microcircula&#231;&#227;o foram determinadas pela RMC 3-T. Para a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, as imagens de RMC foram adquiridas atrav&#233;s de um <italic>scanner</italic> 3-T, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em resumo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa foi realizada em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho <italic>off-line</italic> , com o <italic>software</italic> Argus LV function (Siemens Healthineers). Para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da necrose mioc&#225;rdica, a planimetria foi realizada com contorno manual das &#225;reas com realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio, e o volume do tecido infartado foi calculado como a soma dessas &#225;reas multiplicada pela espessura de cada corte.</p>
        <p>A cine-RMC foi realizada com uma t&#233;cnica de precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio (imagens r&#225;pidas com uso de aquisi&#231;&#227;o no estado estacion&#225;rio). A isquemia foi detectada atrav&#233;s de imagens de perfus&#227;o na primeira passagem apenas na orienta&#231;&#227;o do eixo curto, com pelo menos tr&#234;s cortes (o n&#250;mero m&#225;ximo de cortes &#233; limitado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). A detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das imagens foram adquiridas atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de um agente de contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio (dispon&#237;vel comercialmente). As imagens com meio de contraste foram adquiridas nos mesmos planos que os usados para a cine-RMC, atrav&#233;s de uma sequ&#234;ncia segmentada com invers&#227;o da recupera&#231;&#227;o. Cada imagem de RMC foi revisada por dois especialistas cegados e independentes usando um <italic>software</italic> apropriado. A fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi estimada com o uso de imagens de cine-RMC para medir os volumes de FEVE e de massa de acordo com m&#233;todos padr&#227;o. As imagens com realce tardio foram utilizadas para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do infarto. Em cada paciente, ap&#243;s o observador ter manualmente definido a regi&#227;o de interesse (RDI) em um territ&#243;rio remoto e n&#227;o infartado, o tecido mioc&#225;rdico foi classificado como hiper-real&#231;ado (tecido fibroso) ou mioc&#225;rdio real&#231;ado normalmente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e interquartis (IQ), de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas sob o aspecto da normalidade atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As amostras basais e de 30 dias foram comparados com o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de postos de Wilcoxon. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram feitas atrav&#233;s do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Os t&#237;tulos de interleucinas e os par&#226;metros de RMC foram correlacionados atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. O tamanho amostral foi estimado com base em estudos anteriores envolvendo altera&#231;&#245;es precoces nos t&#237;tulos de interleucinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O software SPSS, vers&#227;o 18.0 (IBM, Armonk, Nova Iorque, EUA), foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 139 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos com IAMCSST foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As principais caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>N = 139</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos*</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (50-63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (66)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c, %**</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 1,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)**</td>
                  <td align="center">128 &#177; 21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)**</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso, kg**</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, km/m<sup>2</sup>**</td>
                  <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 4,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol, mg/dL**</td>
                  <td align="center">208 &#177; 45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol LDL, mg/dL**</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol HDL, mg/dL**</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;dios, mg/dL*</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (86-213)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCRas, mg/L*</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (7-63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anterior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (43)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inferior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (53)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lateral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>*mediana (intervalo interquartil); **m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PCRas: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o das citocinas circulantes</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o in&#237;cio do estudo, os n&#237;veis de IL-1&#946; e IL-18 diminu&#237;ram 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST. Em contrapartida, foram observados aumentos nos n&#237;veis de IL-4 e IL-10 em 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST. N&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de IL-6 nesse per&#237;odo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;ficos em caixa das concentra&#231;&#245;es de interleucina (IL) no basal e 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST. (A) IL-1&#946;; (B) IL- 4; (C) IL-6; (D) IL-10; (E) IL-18. Altera&#231;&#245;es significativas foram observadas em todas as citocinas, exceto na IL-6. T&#237;tulos foram comparados pelo teste de Wilcoxon.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1104-90567-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre citocinas e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>No in&#237;cio do estudo, n&#227;o foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os n&#237;veis de IL-1&#946;, IL-4, IL-10 e IL-18 e os par&#226;metros de RMC, como a quantidade de massa infartada ou a FEVE; no entanto, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre os n&#237;veis de IL-6 e a FEVE (rho de Spearman = -0,50, p = 0,004). Uma tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de IL-6 e a porcentagem de massa infartada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tamb&#233;m foi observada (rho = 0,41, p = 0,05) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#245;es entre interleucinas basais (pg/mL) e par&#226;metros de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>rho de Spearman</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1&#946; e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1&#946; e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1&#946; e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-4 e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-4 e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-4 e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6 e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6 e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6 e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-10 e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-10 e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-10 e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-18 e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-18 e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-18 e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>*gramas; **porcentagem de massa ventricular esquerda; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; IL: interleucina.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis basais de IL-4 e a quantidade de massa infartada medida pela RMC (rho = 0,24; p = 0,03) em 30 dias ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref> ). Nenhuma outra correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de citocinas e os par&#226;metros de RMC foi encontrada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#245;es entre concentra&#231;&#245;es basais de interleucina (pg/mL) e par&#226;metros de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca 30 dias ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>rho de Spearman</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1&#946; e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1&#946; e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-1&#946; e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-4 e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-4 e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-4 e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6 e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6 e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-6 e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-10 e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-10 e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-10 e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-18 e massa infartada*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-18 e massa infartada**</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-18 e FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>*gramas; **porcentagem de massa ventricular esquerda; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; IL: interleucina.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre citocinas e prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de PCRas se correlacionaram com os de IL-6 no in&#237;cio do estudo (rho = 0,45, p &lt; 0,0001) e 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST (rho = 0,29, p = 0,009). Nenhuma outra citocina mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de PCRas tanto no in&#237;cio do estudo quanto 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre IL-6 e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria culpada</title>
        <p>A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita foi a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria mais comumente culpada pelo IAMCSST (46%), seguida pela art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (42%) e pela art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda (12%). Os n&#237;veis de IL-6 constatados no primeiro dia ap&#243;s o IAMCSST n&#227;o foram diferentes entre as art&#233;rias culpadas (p = 0,063 no teste de Kruskal-Wallis), assim como 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST (p = 0,131 no teste de Kruskal-Wallis).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref> mostra os resultados da RMC de acordo com a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria culpada. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas para massa infartada (%), massa ventricular esquerda ou FEVE no in&#237;cio do estudo ou 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca por art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria culpada no in&#237;cio do estudo e 30 dias ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria culpada</th>
                  <th>In&#237;cio</th>
                  <th>30 dias</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho do infarto, % VE</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0 (5,5-19,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7 (8,0-21,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa do VE, gramas</td>
                  <td align="center">117,3 (101,0-171,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,5 (69,0-127,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0 (43,3-59,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,6 (40,5-59,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho do infarto, % VE</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 (10,0-18,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0 (6,0-17,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa do VE, gramas</td>
                  <td align="center">96,0 (86,5-123,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">99,0 (80,0-113,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">48,0 (42,0-50,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,5 (50,0-60,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho do infarto, % VE</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 (5,0-18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 (4,0-8,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa do VE, gramas</td>
                  <td align="center">103,0 (76,0-130,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">103,0 (75,0-106)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">51,0 (50,0-52,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0 (51,0-58,0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil). FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As imagens basais de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foram obtidas em at&#233; 10 dias ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. No in&#237;cio do estudo, nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada no tamanho do infarto entre as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias culpadas (p = 0,59), assim como na massa do VE (p = 0,08) ou na FEVE (p = 0,62) (teste de Kruskal-Wallis para todas as an&#225;lises). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias culpadas depois de 30 dias no tamanho do infarto (p = 0,13), na massa do VE (p = 0,86) ou na FEVE (p = 0,10) (o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado nessas compara&#231;&#245;es).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostra o comportamento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de citocinas na fase precoce do IAMCSST em pacientes que foram tratados com uma estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva e receberam cuidado m&#233;dico padr&#227;o. Nossos principais achados foram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nos t&#237;tulos de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias (IL-1&#946; e IL-18), mas n&#227;o nos de IL-6, e um aumento nos t&#237;tulos de citocinas protetoras (IL-10 e IL-4). Curiosamente, a FEVE obtida pela RMC mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com as concentra&#231;&#245;es basais de IL-6, mas n&#227;o 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST. Al&#233;m disso, a massa infartada quantificada pela RMC no per&#237;odo de 30 dias mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis basais de IL-4. Em conjunto, esses dados apontam para um papel importante do perfil das interleucinas no primeiro dia ap&#243;s o IAM, que parece apresentar rela&#231;&#227;o com a massa infartada e a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Al&#233;m disso, a diminui&#231;&#227;o substancial de algumas citocinas inflamat&#243;rias juntamente com o aumento significativo da IL-10 parece atenuar, ao menos em parte, os efeitos prejudiciais da IL-6 na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A recanaliza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria precoce e o uso tanto de f&#225;rmacos antitromb&#243;ticos quanto de hipolipemiantes altamente efetivos s&#227;o estrat&#233;gias bem estabelecidas no tratamento de pacientes com IAM. No entanto, um melhor conhecimento do risco inflamat&#243;rio residual durante o acompanhamento inicial de IAM pode contribuir para novas oportunidades terap&#234;uticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No nosso estudo, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-6 foram inversamente associadas &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Estudos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana sugeriram um papel causal da IL-6 na coronariopatia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e no desenvolvimento de aneurisma de aorta abdominal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Dois grandes estudos prospectivos recentes envolvendo indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s eventos coron&#225;rios agudos mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-6 e desfechos cardiovasculares principais, incluindo morte cardiovascular, mesmo ap&#243;s m&#250;ltiplos ajustes para os biomarcadores cl&#225;ssicos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A intera&#231;&#227;o da IL-6 com seu receptor parece modular o microambiente inflamat&#243;rio em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa quanto ao progn&#243;stico de longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Esse microambiente inflamat&#243;rio, que envolve os biomarcadores endoteliais e inflamat&#243;rios, pode ser modulado pela terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria escolhida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, no estudo DISPERSE-2 (Estudo de Confirma&#231;&#227;o de dose para Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos Efeitos Antiplaquet&#225;rios de AZD6140 vs. Clopidogrel no IAMSSST 2),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ao comparar o uso de ticagrelor com clopidogrel ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda recente, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as nos biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios no in&#237;cio do estudo, na alta hospitalar e ap&#243;s 4 semanas. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a diminui&#231;&#227;o acentuada nos n&#237;veis de outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como IL-1&#946; e IL-18, e o aumento nos n&#237;veis de IL-10 protetora tenham contribu&#237;do para uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria mais favor&#225;vel, apesar dos n&#237;veis persistentemente elevados de IL-6. Al&#233;m disso, esses pacientes receberam tratamento hipolipemiante efetivo de a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria comprovada, com rosuvastatina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> ou com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de sinvastatina e ezetimiba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Curiosamente, apenas o n&#237;vel de IL-6 n&#227;o se alterou ap&#243;s o tratamento m&#233;dico, o que sugere que o controle dessa citocina requer terapia adicional, como o uso de anticorpo monoclonal ou de um f&#225;rmaco que reduza a atividade inflamat&#243;ria desencadeada pela IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A IL-4 tem diversas propriedades biol&#243;gicas, incluindo a diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos Th1 em c&#233;lulas com atividade inflamat&#243;ria menor (Th2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado que a IL-4 cronicamente elevada tem uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal com a fibrose card&#237;aca e a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca adversa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a cardiomiopatia dilatada induzida pela angiotensina II &#233; modulada pelos n&#237;veis de IL-4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Neste estudo, observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis basais de IL-4 e a quantidade de massa infartada depois de 30 dias do IAM. Esses achados sugerem um papel importante dessa citocina, que possivelmente atenua o processo inflamat&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico atrav&#233;s de maior diferencia&#231;&#227;o celular em fen&#243;tipos menos inflamat&#243;rios (macr&#243;fagos M2 e linf&#243;citos Th2). Nesse cen&#225;rio, a IL-4 pode influenciar todo o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Este pode levar diversas semanas para ocorrer e parece depender da rela&#231;&#227;o entre c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e cardiomi&#243;citos, determinando, assim, a elimina&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas necr&#243;ticas e promovendo reposi&#231;&#227;o celular e forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os inflamassomas s&#227;o uma fam&#237;lia do sistema imune inato que inclui o NLRP3, que foi reconhecido como um gatilho relevante para o efeito inflamat&#243;rio em cascata relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Essa plataforma pode ser ativada por diversos est&#237;mulos, incluindo a hip&#243;xia, promovendo a libera&#231;&#227;o das citocinas altamente inflamat&#243;rias IL-1&#946; e IL-18.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e o diabetes est&#227;o relacionados &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18. Enquanto a IL-1&#946; est&#225; relacionada ao efeito inflamat&#243;rio em cascata da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, a IL-18 parece estar associada a mecanismos inflamat&#243;rios, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de c&#226;ncer e apresentando maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com diabetes e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Nosso estudo mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nas duas citocinas (IL-1&#946; e IL-18), o que sugere uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos est&#237;mulos para ativa&#231;&#227;o do NLRP3 ap&#243;s 30 dias do IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tamb&#233;m refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do papel da IL-6, a &#250;nica citocina n&#227;o modificada ap&#243;s 30 dias do IAM, que apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a PCRas basal e 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAMCSST, uma associa&#231;&#227;o previamente relatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> No nosso estudo, apenas pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a tromb&#243;lise nas primeiras 6 horas e encaminhados para angiografia coronariana nas primeiras 24 horas foram inclu&#237;dos. Assim, esta &#233; uma popula&#231;&#227;o altamente homog&#234;nea que recebeu cuidado m&#233;dico padr&#227;o. Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis cronicamente elevados de IL-6 e a recorr&#234;ncia de eventos coron&#225;rios, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mortalidade cardiovascular e mortalidade por todas as causas, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o adicional no risco inflamat&#243;rio residual parece ser um alvo promissor para a interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada recebeu terapia hipolipemiante e antiplaquet&#225;ria, cujos efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios podem ter contribu&#237;do para os resultados do estudo. No entanto, esses tratamentos s&#227;o parte do cuidado padr&#227;o desses pacientes. Algumas citocinas inflamat&#243;rias capazes de ativar a via inflamat&#243;ria mediada pela IL-6, como o fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-&#945;) ou o IL-1R, n&#227;o foram medidas e podem ter relev&#226;ncia nas respostas teciduais e na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Na verdade, o IAM <italic>per se</italic> pode estar relacionado a um aumento na IL-6 como resposta a uma les&#227;o. No entanto, os t&#237;tulos de IL-6 permaneceram elevados enquanto outras citocinas alteraram seus n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos ap&#243;s 30 dias do IAMCSST. Outro biomarcador inflamat&#243;rio importante que n&#227;o foi avaliado neste estudo &#233; a IL-1&#945;, que &#233; liberada pelos cardiomi&#243;citos necr&#243;ticos e ativa as respostas imunes dos fibroblastos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> O bloqueio da IL-1&#945; diminui a atividade quimiot&#225;tica para diversas c&#233;lulas mediadas por CCL2/ MCP-1 e IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o recrutamento de mon&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos na isquemia card&#237;aca pode ser estimulado por diversos quimiot&#225;ticos, como CCL2 e CCL5, influenciando, assim, a cura tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Por fim, o fator de transforma&#231;&#227;o do crescimento beta (TGF-&#946;), que &#233; altamente expressado ap&#243;s o IAM, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi avaliado pelo nosso estudo, mas foi implicado na sobrevida de cardiomi&#243;citos e na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Os resultados apresentados aqui referem-se a um per&#237;odo relativamente precoce ap&#243;s o IAM, mas &#233; quando os infiltrados inflamat&#243;rios parecem mais relevantes para a recupera&#231;&#227;o celular ou les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Durante o primeiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-IAM, observamos uma melhora significativa no balan&#231;o das citocinas pr&#243; e anti-inflamat&#243;rias, exceto da IL-6. Esses achados sugerem risco inflamat&#243;rio residual.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Destaques</title>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>As estrat&#233;gias atuais de cuidado de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio parecem insuficientes para modificar a via inflamat&#243;ria mediada pela interleucina-6.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es dessa citocina parecem estar associadas a menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>As terapias direcionadas &#224; interleucina-6 parecem promissoras para diminui&#231;&#227;o adicional do risco inflamat&#243;rio residual em sujeitos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>O grande desafio de reduzir o risco inflamat&#243;rio residual est&#225; em desenvolver terapias seguras e acess&#237;veis.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Santo Amaro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Francisco A. H. Fonseca &#8226; Setor de L&#237;pides, Aterosclerose e BIologia Vascular - Disciplina de Cardiologia - Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code 04040-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: fahfonseca@terra.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con" id="fn1001">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Izar MC, Maugeri IL, Pinto IM, Szarf G, Caixeta AM, Berwanger O, Fonseca FAH; Acquisition of data: Coste MER, Izar MC, Teixeira D, Ishimura ME, Bacchin AS, Bianco HT, Moreira FT, Pinto IM, Szarf G, Caixeta AM, Gon&#231;alves Jr. I, Fonseca FAH; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Coste MER, Fran&#231;a CN, Izar MC, Teixeira D, Ishimura ME, Maugeri IL, Bacchin AS, Bianco HT, Moreira FT, Pinto IM, Szarf G, Caixeta AM, Berwanger O, Gon&#231;alves Jr. I, Fonseca FAH; Statistical analysis: Coste MER, Fran&#231;a CN, Fonseca FAH; Obtaining financing: Fonseca FAH; Writing of the manuscript: Coste MER, Fonseca FAH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Izar MC, Maugeri IL, Fonseca FAH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn1">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Patients with acute myocardial infarction may have a large infarcted area and ventricular dysfunction despite early thrombolysis and revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate the behavior of circulating cytokines in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and their relationship with ventricular function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>In the BATTLE-AMI (B and T Types of Lymphocytes Evaluation in Acute Myocardial Infarction) trial, patients with STEMI were treated with a pharmacoinvasive strategy. The plasma levels of cytokines (IL-1 <italic>&#946;</italic> , IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18) were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at baseline and after 30 days. Infarcted mass and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were examined by 3-T cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. All p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Compared to baseline, lower levels were detected for IL-1 <italic>&#946;</italic> (p = 0.028) and IL-18 (p &lt; 0.0001) 30 days after STEMI, whereas higher levels were observed for IL-4 (p = 0.001) and IL-10 (p &lt; 0.0001) at that time point. Conversely, no changes were detected for IL-6 levels (p = 0.63). The levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and IL-6 correlated at baseline (rho = 0.45, p &lt; 0.0001) and 30 days after STEMI (rho = 0.29, p = 0.009). At baseline, correlation between IL-6 levels and LVEF was also observed (rho = -0.50, p = 0.004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>During the first month post-MI, we observed a marked improvement in the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, except for IL-6. These findings suggest residual inflammatory risk. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-18</kwd>
        <kwd>C-reactive Protein</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Following acute myocardial infarction (MI), patients are at risk of higher rates of hospitalization and death due to heart failure associated with higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), but these cardiovascular events can be decreased by anti-inflammatory therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been described as having a relevant role in ventricular remodeling in pressure overload models<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and orchestrating the immune response after acute MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to IL-6, other interleukins such as IL-18<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and IL-1&#946;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> seem to contribute to adverse ventricular remodeling after MI. Interestingly, IL-4 appears to contribute to fibrosis and ventricular dysfunction in arterial hypertension when induced by angiotensin II administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Conversely, IL-10 markedly attenuates the inflammatory microenvironment after MI, thus improving ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the growing interest in the role of inflammation in ventricular remodeling after acute MI, we examined cytokine-mediated inflammatory response during the early phase of acute MI and its relationship with ventricular remodeling using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This report is part of the BATTLE-AMI (B And T Types of Lymphocytes Evaluation in Acute Myocardial Infarction) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02428374). BATTLE-AMI is a randomized trial in which the effects of combined statin and antiplatelet therapies on infarcted mass and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with a pharmacoinvasive strategy are compared.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The ongoing study includes patients with first STEMI who underwent thrombolysis with tenecteplase in the first 6 hours of onset of symptoms and were transferred to a tertiary care hospital in southeastern Brazil (Hospital S&#227;o Paulo) in the first 24 hours for coronary angiography and invasive procedures. Patients with previous history of coronary events, coronary revascularization, contraindication to cMRI, or showing hemodynamic instability were excluded from the study.</p>
          <p>The project was approved by the local Ethics Committee (Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, IRB:0297/2014, CAAE: 38692514.1.1001.5505), and all patients provided written informed consent before inclusion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
          <p>Blood samples were collected in the morning of the first day and between 27-33 days after STEMI. All samples were assayed in the Laboratory of Lipids, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Biology (Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo). Cytokine levels in plasma were tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were assayed using the BD Pharmingen kits (BD Biosciences, San Diego, California, USA), and IL-1&#946; and IL-18 were assayed using the R&amp;D Systems kits (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA). The results were expressed in terms of absorbance using the EnSpire Multimode Plate Reader (PerkinElmer) and/or the iMark Microplate Absorbance Reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, California, USA), according to the manufacturers&#8217; instructions. HsCRP was measured by immunonephelometry.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
          <p>All cMRI examinations were performed at Hospital S&#227;o Paulo or Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. The first examination was done within the first 10 days (baseline), usually after hospital discharge. The second examination was performed after 27-33 days of acute MI.</p>
          <p>The amount of infarcted mass, LVEF, and microcirculation were determined by 3-T cMRI. For left ventricular function, cMRI images were acquired using a 3-T scanner, as previously reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Briefly, quantitative assessment was performed in an offline workstation with the software Argus LV function (Siemens Healthineers). For quantification of myocardial necrosis, planimetry was performed manually by contouring late gadolinium enhancement areas, and infarcted tissue volume was calculated as the sum of those areas multiplied by the thickness of each slice.</p>
          <p>Cine cMRI was performed using a steady-state free-precession technique (fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition). Ischemia was detected using first-pass perfusion imaging only in the short-axis orientation, with at least three slices (the maximum number of slices are limited by heart rate). Infarct detection and quantification images were acquired using the myocardial delayed enhancement technique after injection of a commercially available gadolinium-based contrast agent. Contrast-enhanced images were acquired in the same views as those used for cine cMRI, using a segmented inversion-recovery sequence. Each cMRI image was reviewed by two independent blinded readers using a dedicated software. Left ventricular function was estimated using cine cMRI images to measure LVEF volumes and mass according to standard methods. Delayed enhancement images were used for infarct characterization. In each patient, myocardial tissue was classified as hyperenhanced (scar tissue) or normally enhanced myocardium after the observer, who used manual interaction, defined a region of interest (ROI) within a remote non-infarcted territory.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range, IQR) according to data normality. Continuous variables were analyzed for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Baseline and 30-day samples were compared using the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Comparisons between groups were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Interleukin titers and cMRI parameters were correlated using the Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation analysis calculator. Sample size was estimated based on previous studies involving early changes in cytokine titers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The software SPSS, version 18.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York, USA), was used for statistical analysis. All p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>In total, 139 consecutive individuals with STEMI were included in the study. The main characteristics of the study population at baseline are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>N = 139</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years*</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (50-63)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (66)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (24)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HbA1c, %**</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (60)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP, mm Hg**</td>
                    <td align="center">128 &#177; 21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP, mm Hg**</td>
                    <td align="center">80 &#177; 14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight, kg**</td>
                    <td align="center">75 &#177; 13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m2**</td>
                    <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 4.78</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cholesterol, mg/dL**</td>
                    <td align="center">208 &#177; 45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C, mg/dL**</td>
                    <td align="center">138 &#177; 41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C, mg/dL**</td>
                    <td align="center">41 &#177; 12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides, mg/dL*</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (86-213)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP, mg/L*</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (7-63)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial infarction location</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (43)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferior, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">73 (53)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lateral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*median (interquartile range); **mean &#177; standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of circulating cytokines</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows that, compared to baseline, levels of IL-1&#946; and IL-18 decreased 30 days after STEMI. Conversely, increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were observed 30 days after STEMI. No significant changes were observed for IL-6 levels over time.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Box-plots of interleukin (IL) concentrations at baseline and 30 days after STEMI. (A) IL-1&#223;; (B) IL-4; (C) IL-6; (D) IL-10; (E) IL-18. Significant changes were observed in all cytokines, except for IL-6. Titers were compared using the Wilcoxon test.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1104-90567-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship between cytokines and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
          <p>At baseline, no significant correlations were observed between IL-1&#946;, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-18 levels and cMRI parameters, such as the amount of infarcted mass or LVEF; however, there was a negative correlation between IL-6 levels and LVEF (Spearman&#8217;s rho = -0.50, p = 0.004). A trend for correlation between IL-6 levels and the percentage of infarcted left ventricular mass was also noted (rho = 0.41, p = 0.05) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlations between baseline interleukin concentrations (pg/mL) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters in the acute phase of myocardial infarction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Spearman&#8217;s rho</th>
                    <th>P-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-1&#946; and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-1&#946; and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-1&#946; and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-4 and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-4 and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-4 and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-6 and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-6 and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-6 and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-10 and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-10 and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-10 and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-18 and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-18 and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-18 and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*grams; **percentage of left ventricular mass; IL: interleukin; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>There was a positive correlation between baseline levels of IL-4 and the amount of infarcted mass as measured by cMRI (rho = 0.24; p = 0.03) at 30 days ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 3</xref> ). No other correlations between cytokine levels and cMRI parameters were found when they were assessed 30 days after STEMI.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlations between baseline interleukin concentrations (pg/mL) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters after 30 days of myocardial infarction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Spearman&#8217;s rho</th>
                    <th>P-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-1&#946; and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-1&#946; and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-1&#946; and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-4 and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-4 and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-4 and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-6 and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-6 and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-6 and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-10 and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-10 and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-10 and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-18 and infarcted mass*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-18 and infarcted mass**</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IL-18 and LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*grams; **percentage of left ventricular mass; IL: interleukin; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship between cytokines and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein</title>
          <p>The levels of hsCRP correlated with those of IL-6 at baseline (rho = 0.45; p &lt; 0.0001) and 30 days after STEMI (rho = 0.29, p = 0.009). No other cytokine showed correlation with hsCRP levels either at baseline or after 30 days of STEMI (data not shown).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship between IL-6 and culprit coronary artery</title>
          <p>Right coronary artery was the most common culprit coronary artery related to STEMI (46%), followed by left anterior descending artery (42%) and left circumflex artery (12%). IL-6 levels examined in the first day after STEMI did not differ between the culprit arteries (p = 0.063, Kruskal-Wallis test), as well as after 30 days of STEMI (p = 0.131, Kruskal-Wallis test).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 4</xref> shows the results of cMRI according to the culprit coronary artery. No significant differences were seen for infarcted mass (%), left ventricular mass, or LVEF at baseline or 30 days after STEMI.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging results by culprit coronary artery at baseline and 30 days after acute myocardial infarction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Culprit coronary artery</th>
                    <th>Baseline</th>
                    <th>30 days</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left anterior descending artery</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infarct size, % LV</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0 (5.5-19.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.7 (8.0-21.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass, grams</td>
                    <td align="center">117.3 (101.0-171.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.5 (69.0-127.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, %</td>
                    <td align="center">46.0 (43.3-59.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.6 (40.5-59.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right coronary artery</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infarct size, % LV</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0 (10.0-18.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0 (6.0-17.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass, grams</td>
                    <td align="center">96.0 (86.5-123.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">99.0 (80.0-113.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, %</td>
                    <td align="center">48.0 (42.0-50.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">55.5 (50.0-60.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left circumflex artery</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infarct size, % LV</td>
                    <td align="center">11.5 (5.0-18.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.0 (4.0-8.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass, grams</td>
                    <td align="center">103.0 (76.0-130.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">103.0 (75.0-106)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, %</td>
                    <td align="center">51.0 (50.0-52.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.0 (51.0-58.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data presented as median (interquartile range). LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. Baseline cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was obtained within 10 days of myocardial infarction. At baseline, no differences were observed for infarct size between culprit coronary arteries (p = 0.59) as well as for LV mass (p = 0.08) or LVEF (p = 0.62) (Kruskal-Wallis test for all analyses). No differences were observed between culprit coronary arteries at 30-days for infarct size (p = 0.13), LV mass (p = 0.86), or LVEF (p = 0.10) (Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study shows the behavior of cytokine concentrations in the early phase of STEMI in patients who were treated with a pharmacoinvasive strategy and received standard medical care. Our main findings were a marked decrease in the titers of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1&#946; and IL-18), but not IL-6, and an increase in the titers of protective cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4). Interestingly, LVEF obtained by cMRI showed a correlation with IL-6 concentrations at baseline, but not 30 days post-STEMI. In addition, the infarcted mass quantified by cMRI at 30 days showed a correlation with IL-4 levels at baseline. Together, these data suggest an important role of the interleukin profile on the first day after acute MI, which seems to have some relationship with the infarcted mass and ventricular remodeling. Moreover, the substantial decline in some inflammatory cytokines combined with the remarkable increase in IL-10 appears to attenuate, at least in part, the harmful effects of IL-6 on ventricular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Early coronary recanalization and use of both antithrombotic and highly effective lipid-lowering drugs are well-established strategies in the treatment of patients with MI. However, improved knowledge of the residual inflammatory risk during the early follow-up of MI may contribute to creating new therapeutic opportunities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, IL-6 concentrations were inversely associated with left ventricular function. Mendelian randomization studies have suggested a causal role of IL-6 in coronary heart disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Two recent large prospective studies involving individuals after acute coronary events showed an independent association between higher concentrations of IL-6 and main cardiovascular outcomes, including cardiovascular death, even after multiple adjustments to classical biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The interaction of IL-6 with its receptor seems to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment in cardiovascular diseases related to both plaque destabilization and long-term prognosis.</p>
        <p>This inflammatory microenvironment involving endothelial and inflammatory biomarkers may be modulated by the antiplatelet therapy chosen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, in the large DISPERSE-2 (Dose Confirmation Study Assessing Anti-Platelet Effects of AZD6140 vs Clopidogrel in NSTEMI 2) study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> comparing ticagrelor with clopidogrel after recent acute coronary syndrome, no differences were found in inflammatory biomarkers at baseline, at discharge, and after 4 weeks. The marked decrease in the levels of other inflammatory markers, such as IL-1&#946; and IL-18, and the increase in the levels of protective IL-10 may have contributed to a more favorable inflammatory response, despite persistently high levels of IL-6. Furthermore, these patients received an effective lipid-lowering treatment of proven anti-inflammatory action, with either rosuvastatin<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> or simvastatin/ezetimibe combination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Interestingly, only the level of IL-6 showed no change after the medical treatment, suggesting that the control of this cytokine requires additional therapy, such as the use of a monoclonal antibody or a drug that can reduce IL-6-triggered inflammatory activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>IL-4 has several biological properties, including differentiation of Th1 lymphocytes into cells with less inflammatory activity (Th2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In addition, chronically elevated IL-4 was reported to have a causal relationship with cardiac fibrosis and adverse cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Furthermore, dilated cardiomyopathy induced by angiotensin II is modulated by IL-4 levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In our study, we observed an association between baseline IL-4 levels and the amount of infarcted mass after 30 days of MI. These findings suggest an important role for this cytokine, possibly by attenuating the myocardial inflammatory process through greater cell differentiation into less inflammatory phenotypes (M2 macrophages and Th2 lymphocytes). In this setting, IL-4 may influence the entire ventricular remodeling process. It may take several weeks to occur and seems to depend on the crosstalk between inflammatory cells and cardiomyocytes, thus determining elimination of necrotic cells and promoting cell replacement and formation of the fibrotic scar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammasomes are a family of the innate immune system that includes NLRP3, which has been recognized as a relevant trigger for the inflammatory cascade related to cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This platform can be activated by many stimuli, including hypoxia, promoting the release of the highly inflammatory cytokines IL-1&#946; and IL-18.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Furthermore, metabolic syndrome and diabetes are related to IL-18 concentrations. Whereas IL-1&#946; is related to the inflammatory cascade of cardiovascular disease, IL-18 seems to be associated with inflammatory mechanisms, favoring cancer development and showing higher concentrations in subjects with diabetes and insulin resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Our study showed a decrease in both cytokines (IL-1&#223; and IL-18), suggesting a decrease in the stimuli for NLRP3 activation after 30 days of STEMI.</p>
        <p>Our study also reinforces the important role of IL-6, the only unmodified cytokine 30 days after MI, showing a significant correlation with hsCRP at baseline and 30 days after STEMI, a previously reported association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In our study, only patients with STEMI undergoing thrombolysis in the first 6 hours and referred to coronary angiography in the first 24 hours were included. Thus, this is a highly homogeneous population receiving standard medical care. Taking into account the association of chronically elevated levels of IL-6 with the recurrence of coronary events, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality, an additional decrease in the residual inflammatory risk seems to be a promising target for intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The study population received lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapies whose anti-inflammatory effects may have contributed to the study results. However, these treatments are part of the standard of care for these subjects. Some inflammatory cytokines capable of activating the inflammatory pathway mediated by IL-6, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) or IL-1R, were not measured and may have relevance in host tissue responses and ventricular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In fact, MI per se could be related to an increase in IL-6 as a response to injury. However, IL-6 titers remained elevated while other cytokines changed their serum levels after 30 days of STEMI. Another important inflammatory biomarker not evaluated in the study was IL-1&#945;, which is released from necrotic cardiomyocytes and activates the immune responses from fibroblasts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> IL-1&#945; blockade decreases chemoattractant activity for many cells mediated by CCL2/MCP-1 and IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In addition, monocyte and lymphocyte recruitment in ischemic heart can be stimulated by several chemoattractants such as CCL2 and CCL5, thus influencing tissue healing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Finally, the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-&#946;), which is highly expressed after acute MI, was not evaluated in our study as well but has been implicated in cardiomyocyte survival and ventricular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The results presented herein refer to a relatively early period after acute MI, but this is the time when inflammatory infiltrate seems to be more relevant to cell recovery or reperfusion injury.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>During the first month post-MI, we observed a marked improvement in the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, except for IL-6. These findings suggest residual inflammatory risk.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Highlights</title>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Current strategies in the care of patients with acute myocardial infarction seem to be insufficient to modify the inflammatory pathway mediated by interleukin-6.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher concentrations of this cytokine appear to be associated with decreased left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Therapies targeting interleukin-6 seem promising for their additional decrease in residual inflammatory risk in subjects with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>The great challenge for reducing residual inflammatory risk lies in the development of safe and affordable therapies.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria E. R. Coste, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPESP (2012/51692-7) and CNPq 300937/2015-6 e 428793/2016-9. Antiplatelet and lipid-lowering drugs were obtained through an investigator initiated grant from AstraZeneca (ESR 14-10726), which did not influence the study conception, data collection, statistical analysis, and publications.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
