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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4fwKzNqJy6CQ74WtB8tZK8t</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01094</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401094</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200381</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200381</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo Comparativo da Doen&#231;a Coronariana Microvascular Causada por Doen&#231;a de Chagas e por Outras Etiologias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5935-7229</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1176-6197</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Moyses O.</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lago</surname>
            <given-names>Igor M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7863-7912</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Badran</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5822-3632</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chierice</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o R. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Schmidt &#8226; B Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Centro de Cardiologia - HCFMRP-USP - Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP 14048-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Magalh&#227;es ML, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Campos FA, Magalh&#227;es ML, Moreira HT, Pav&#227;o RB, Lima-Filho MO, Lago IM, Badran AV, Chierice JRA, Marin-Neto JA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Campos FA, Magalh&#227;es ML, Moreira HT, Pav&#227;o RB, Lima-Filho MO, Lago IM, Badran AV, Chierice JRA, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Moreira HT, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Magalh&#227;es ML, Marin-Neto J&#193;; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campos FA, Magalh&#227;es ML, Moreira HT, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Campos FA, Moreira HT, Pav&#227;o RB, Lima-Filho MO, Lago IM, Badran AV, Chierice JRA, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1094</fpage>
      <lpage>1101</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) constitui uma causa potencial negligenciada de doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana (DMC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparar pacientes com DMC relacionada &#224; DC (DMC-DC) com pacientes com DMC ligada a outras etiologias (DMC-OE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> De 1292 pacientes est&#225;veis, encaminhados para angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva para elucidar o padr&#227;o hemodin&#226;mico e a causa de angina, 247 apresentaram coron&#225;rias subepic&#225;rdicas normais, e 101 foram inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. Desses, 15 compuseram o grupo de DMC-DC e suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, hemodin&#226;micas, angiogr&#225;ficas, e cintilogr&#225;ficas foram comparadas &#224;s do grupo de 86 pacientes com DMC-OE. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es adotado foi de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Pacientes com suspeita de DMC-DC apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica estatisticamente compar&#225;veis &#224;s detectadas nos 86 pacientes com DMC-OE. Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular diast&#243;lica, expressa por elevada press&#227;o telediast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foi igualmente encontrada nos dois grupos. Entretanto, em compara&#231;&#227;o a esse grupo com DMC-OE, o grupo com DMC-DC exibiu fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mais baixa (61,1 &#177; 11,9 vs 54,8 &#177; 15,9; p= 0,049) e mais elevado escore de mobilidade da parede ventricular (1,77 &#177; 0,35 vs 1,18 &#177; 0,26; p= 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A cardiomiopatia cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas esteve associada &#224; etiologia de poss&#237;vel doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana em 15% de amostra de 101 pacientes est&#225;veis, cujo sintoma principal era angina requerendo elucida&#231;&#227;o por angiografia invasiva. Embora os grupos DMC-DC e DMC-OE apresentassem caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, hemodin&#226;micas, e de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em comum, a disfun&#231;&#227;o global e segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi mais grave nos pacientes com DMC associada &#224; DC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; DMC por outras etiologias. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1094-1101)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Microvascular Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore de Anormalidade Sist&#243;lica Parietal</kwd>
        <kwd>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2018/25403-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento.O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (Processo n&#186; 2018/25403-9).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Mais de um s&#233;culo ap&#243;s sua descoberta em 1909, a doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) ainda &#233; s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na Am&#233;rica Latina e, devido a intensos movimentos migrat&#243;rios nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, tamb&#233;m em &#225;reas n&#227;o end&#234;micas, como nos Estados Unidos e em alguns pa&#237;ses europeus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A cardiomiopatia cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas (CCDC) &#233; a mais prevalente e mais grave das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da DC, sendo causada, essencialmente, por miocardite infecciosa de baixo grau, mas praticamente incessante, difusa, com necrose miocitol&#237;tica focal e intensa fibrose reativa e reparadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em modelos experimentais de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o, a necrose miocitol&#237;tica &#233; geralmente identificada como um processo de baixa intensidade, mas com danos hip&#243;xicos ou isqu&#234;micos iterativos. Por isso, tem sido interpretada como uma consequ&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios isqu&#234;micos microvasculares, constituindo um dos quatro mecanismos patogen&#233;ticos fundamentais da CCDC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia microvascular em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic> foi demonstrada por v&#225;rias evid&#234;ncias patol&#243;gicas, cl&#237;nicas e experimentais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Estima-se que 20-40% dos pacientes com CCC queixem-se de angina, geralmente de car&#225;ter at&#237;pico, uma vez que o sintoma n&#227;o tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou est&#237;mulo emocional, al&#233;m de dura&#231;&#227;o e resposta a nitratos vari&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rios pesquisadores evidenciaram que esses pacientes apresentam anormalidades marcantes na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica provocadas pelo exerc&#237;cio e revers&#237;veis com o repouso, em presen&#231;a de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem les&#245;es epic&#225;rdicas obstrutivas na angiografia invasiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essas anormalidades na perfus&#227;o s&#227;o, portanto, atribu&#237;veis &#224; isquemia microvascular, e s&#227;o corroboradas por estudos em modelos experimentais de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>T. cruzi.</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com base nessas evid&#234;ncias, muitos pacientes com CCC poderiam ser classificados como portadores de uma classe secund&#225;ria de doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana (DMC), relacionada a uma cardiomiopatia causada por doen&#231;a infecciosa inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; estudos com foco na compara&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DMC relacionada &#224; DC com pacientes com DMC atribu&#237;da a outras etiologias. Dessa forma, esse foi o objetivo da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do Estudo e Amostra Populacional</title>
        <p>Esta foi uma investiga&#231;&#227;o transversal, observacional e unic&#234;ntrica, com inclus&#227;o prospectiva de pacientes est&#225;veis, que foram encaminhados a nosso hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio entre 01 de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2018, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana invasiva, para elucidar o padr&#227;o hemodin&#226;mico e a causa de <italic>angina pectoris</italic> , referida como principal sintoma na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica. De total de 1292 pacientes, 601 foram exclu&#237;dos devido a: tratamento pr&#233;vio com angioplastia coronariana (n = 200); s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda confirmada pr&#233;via (n = 137); cardiopatia valvar (n = 113); cardiomiopatia dilatada hipertr&#243;fica ou idiop&#225;tica (n = 99); cirurgia pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (n = 49) e transplante card&#237;aco (n = 3).</p>
        <p>Nos 691 pacientes restantes, a angiografia coronariana (indicada para avaliar a possibilidade de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana) revelou: les&#245;es epic&#225;rdicas obstrutivas significativas (estenoses&gt; 40% de redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal) (n = 367); art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais (n = 247); doen&#231;a arterial coronariana epic&#225;rdica n&#227;o significativa - estenoses &lt;40%: (n = 77); anomalias das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias - anomalias cong&#234;nitas, ponte mioc&#225;rdica, tortuosidade excessiva ou ectasia, f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria, fluxo lento (n = 81).</p>
        <p>Dos 247 pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural e cujo sintoma principal era angina (grave o suficiente para justificar a indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana invasiva), sem anormalidades &#224; angiografia, 101 concordaram em participar do estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP - Processo: 8430/2011 e CAEE 07494618.3.0000.5440 Doc 3.252.539.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Laboratorial</title>
        <p>Os 101 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo passaram por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica, al&#233;m de angiografia coronariana invasiva no mesmo dia, para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da angina, avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas associados tais como dispneia, fadiga, edema, palpita&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ncope, disfagia, constipa&#231;&#227;o intestinal, e ind&#237;cios epidemiol&#243;gicos de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>T. cruzi</italic> .</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foi aplicado um question&#225;rio sobre fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, tais como: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, tabagismo atual e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana precoce. Todos os pacientes realizaram um eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e um subgrupo de 33 (nove e 24 pacientes em cada grupo) realizou ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico de repouso. Todos os 101 pacientes realizaram exame sorol&#243;gico para detec&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos contra o <italic>T. cruzi.</italic> Al&#233;m disso, uma amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico foi coletada de todos os pacientes para determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina, e exclus&#227;o de danos renais e hep&#225;ticos, bem como de anemia e diabetes mellitus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco, Avalia&#231;&#227;o Hemodin&#226;mica e Angiografia Coronariana</title>
        <p>Os procedimentos de cateterismo card&#237;aco, avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e angiografia coronariana foram realizados sob anestesia local, preferencialmente por abordagem radial, com fios-guia e cateteres convencionais. Inje&#231;&#245;es manuais de 3-7 mL de contraste radiol&#243;gico foram feitas seletivamente em cada &#243;stio coron&#225;rio, com grava&#231;&#227;o de 15 a 30 quadros/s, em v&#225;rias proje&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A press&#227;o telediast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PTDVE) foi registrada em repouso, seguida de duas inje&#231;&#245;es autom&#225;ticas de 20-30 ml de contraste a 8-10 ml/s e grava&#231;&#227;o a 15 quadros/s, nas proje&#231;&#245;es obl&#237;quas direita e esquerda. A ventriculografia de contraste foi ent&#227;o analisada de acordo com um modelo de 9 segmentos, utilizando um escore de quantifica&#231;&#227;o que atribuiu 1 &#224; mobilidade normal da parede, 2 &#224; hipocinesia, 3 &#224; acinesia e 4 &#224; discinesia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Um escore m&#233;dio de movimenta&#231;&#227;o segmentar da parede ventricular foi obtido pela soma das pontua&#231;&#245;es de cada segmento, dividida pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos analisados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> conforme publica&#231;&#227;o recente de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. O ventriculograma de contraste radiol&#243;gico tamb&#233;m permitiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa de hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica de Perfus&#227;o com M&#233;todo SPECT</title>
        <p>Um subgrupo de 19 pacientes foi submetido &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o por tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico, em repouso e durante estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico. As imagens foram obtidas por c&#226;mera (Philips BrightView XCT - Cleveland, OH) de detector duplo, com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em &#243;rbita semicircular (180 graus, da proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita para a proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua posterior esquerda), em 32 proje&#231;&#245;es sincronizadas com o eletrocardiograma, 8 quadros por ciclo card&#237;aco em 60 segundos por proje&#231;&#227;o com 50% de janela de aceita&#231;&#227;o em torno do RR m&#233;dio. As imagens foram adquiridas com detectores equipados com colimadores de orif&#237;cios paralelos de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, utilizando uma matriz de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de 64 x 64 pixels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foi utilizado preferencialmente como o teste de estresse. Betabloqueadores, bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio e outros medicamentos anti-isqu&#234;micos foram interrompidos 48 horas antes dos testes nucleares. O sestamibi-Tc<sup>99m</sup> foi utilizado como radiotra&#231;ador para avaliar a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional, na dose de 12 a 15 mCi em repouso e 25 a 30 mCi em estresse. As imagens foram obtidas 1 hora ap&#243;s cada inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do radiotra&#231;ador.</p>
        <p>Mapas polares, usando o modelo de 17 segmentos, foram gerados para avaliar a anormalidade da perfus&#227;o de acordo com uma pontua&#231;&#227;o para cada segmento definida como 0 = normal, 1 = redu&#231;&#227;o leve da capta&#231;&#227;o, 2 = redu&#231;&#227;o moderada da capta&#231;&#227;o, 3 = redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada da capta&#231;&#227;o, e 4 = aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o. As anormalidades de perfus&#227;o no estresse (SSS - <italic>Summed Stress Score</italic> ) e repouso (SRS - <italic>Summed Rest Score</italic> ) foram quantificadas para diferenciar os defeitos revers&#237;veis &#8211; quando o <italic>Summed Difference Score</italic> (SDS) foi &#8805; 1, de defeitos perfusionais irrevers&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Com base nos testes sorol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos para detec&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos contra o <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , 15 pacientes foram classificados como portadores de prov&#225;vel DMC causada por doen&#231;a de Chagas (DMC-DC) - dois testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos com m&#233;todos diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Os outros 86 pacientes, com testes sorol&#243;gicos negativos, compuseram o grupo de pacientes com prov&#225;vel DMC por outras etiologias (DMC-OE). Os testes de Shapiro-Wilk foram utilizados para verificar se as vari&#225;veis tiveram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o pareadas foram comparadas com teste t de <italic>Student</italic> ou o teste de Mann-Whitney n&#227;o pareado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP), enquanto as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQ). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como valores absolutos ou relativos (percentuais ou propor&#231;&#245;es). As propor&#231;&#245;es dentro de cada grupo foram comparadas usando teste exato de Fisher. Todos os testes foram bicaudais, com p &lt; 0,05 considerado como significante. Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas utilizando o programa Stata <italic>(StataCorp, EUA, vers&#227;o 14.2)</italic> .</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas - (Tabela 1)</title>
        <p>Dos 247 pacientes est&#225;veis que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e eram considerados eleg&#237;veis, 101 (40,9%) foram recrutados. Desses, apenas 15 (14,8%) apresentaram dois testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos com anticorpos contra <italic>T. cruzi</italic> e compuseram o grupo DMC-DC (40% homens e idade m&#233;dia de 61,3 &#177; 6,7 anos). Os outros 86 (85,2%) compuseram o grupo DMC-OE (32,5% homens e idade m&#233;dia discretamente mais elevada, de 68,9 &#177; 11,0 anos).</p>
        <p>Na data de in&#237;cio do estudo, a angina at&#237;pica foi referida por 9 (60%) pacientes do grupo DMC-DC versus 57 (66%) pacientes do grupo DMC-OE, enquanto os demais pacientes de ambos os grupos referiram presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica. No grupo DMC-DC, dispneia e palpita&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram frequentes, com 8 (53%) e 7 (47%) pacientes, respectivamente, versus 55 (64%) com dispneia e apenas 30 (35%) com palpita&#231;&#245;es no grupo DMC-OE.</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi o fator de risco mais prevalente para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana nos dois grupos, com 93,3% vs 81,3%, seguida de <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> com 40,0% vs 33,7%, dislipidemia com 33,3 vs 41,8% e tabagismo ativo em 13,3 vs 24,4%, respectivamente nos grupos DMC-DC e DMC-OE. Ambos os grupos estavam usando propor&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente semelhantes de medicamentos para hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, e agentes usados no tratamento de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, como estatinas, antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Entretanto, os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II foram mais usados no grupo DMC-DC, enquanto os agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios eram mais comuns nos pacientes do grupo DMC-OE.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes inseridos conforme a etiologia da doen&#231;a microvascular coron&#225;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>DMC-DC n = 15</th>
                  <th>DMC-OE n = 86</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,3 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">68,9 &#177; 11,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero feminino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">67,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso corporal (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,0 &#177; 13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,0 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">31,9 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina at&#237;pica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">66,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispneia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,0</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Palpita&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,1</td>
                  <td align="center">35,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,3</td>
                  <td align="center">81,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">33,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">53,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">24,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es em Uso</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatinas</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antidiab&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitratos</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antagonistas de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG normal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,3</td>
                  <td align="center">46,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>DMC-DC: doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana - etiologia chag&#225;sica; DMC-OE: doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana - outras etiologias. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; ECG: eletrocardiograma</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Anormalidades no ECG foram frequentes no grupo DMC-DC, com apenas 33,3% dos pacientes apresentando um ECG normal na data do cateterismo card&#237;aco. Por outro lado, o grupo DMC-OE n&#227;o apresentou significativamente mais pacientes com um ECG normal (46,7%). Enquanto o bloqueio de ramo direito (26,6%), o hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo (13,3%) e a sobrecarga do VE (13,3%) foram as anormalidades mais frequentes no grupo DMC-DC, a sobrecarga do VE (20%) e o bloqueio de ramo esquerdo completo (6,7%) foram anormalidades predominantes no grupo DMC-OE. Ambos os grupos tiveram uma preval&#234;ncia semelhante de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (6,7%). Nenhuma dessas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foi estatisticamente significante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Hemodin&#226;mica e Ventriculografia com Contraste</title>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sugerida pelo aumento da PTDVE &gt; 12 mmHg em repouso, foi diagnosticada em 13 (86,6%) e em 64 (74,4%) dos pacientes, nos grupos DMC-DC e DMC-OE, respectivamente; p=0,511. Os valores m&#233;dios de PTDVE foram similares em ambos os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, 9 (60%) e 45 (52,3%) pacientes apresentaram PTDVE &gt; 20 mmHg nos grupos DCM-DC e DCM-OE, respectivamente. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, angiogr&#225;fica e da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos grupos de pacientes com doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana associada &#224; cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas versus DMC por outras etiologias</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>DMC-CE n = 15</th>
                  <th>DMC-OE n = 86</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertrofia do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0</td>
                  <td align="center">53,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PTDVE (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,13 &#177; 5,43</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 15,9</td>
                  <td align="center">61,1 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altera&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">53,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EMPVE</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77 &#177; 0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Defeitos perfus&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,5</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDS</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0 - 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0 - 19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>DMC-DC: doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana - etiologia chag&#225;sica; DMC-OE: doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana - outras etiologias; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PTDVE: press&#227;o telediast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EMPVE: escore de mobilidade parietal ventricular esquerda; SDS: somat&#243;ria do escore diferencial (summed differential score). Defeitos perfusionais isqu&#234;micos e seus corrspondentes escores diferenciais foram avaliados em 11 e 8 pacientes nos grupos DMC-DC e DMC-OE, respectivamente</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A ventriculografia revelou caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas do VE sugestivas de hipertrofia em tr&#234;s pacientes (20%) do grupo DMC-DC versus 26 pacientes (30,2%) do grupo DMC-OE (p=0,545). Em contraste, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi observada em propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de pacientes do grupo DMC-DC (26%, n=4) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo DMC-OE (4,7%, n=4) (p=0,04).</p>
        <p>No geral, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do VE estava preservada na maioria dos pacientes de ambos os grupos, com uma minoria de pacientes apresentando redu&#231;&#227;o na FEVE (&lt;50%). Observou-se diferen&#231;a marginalmente significativa entre os valores m&#233;dios de FEVE do grupo DCM-DC (54,8 &#177; 15,9) <italic>vs</italic> . DMC-OE (61,1 &#177; 11,9), p = 0,049 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Adicionalmente, anormalidades na mobilidade parietal ventricular foram detectadas em uma propor&#231;&#227;o significantemente maior de pacientes com DCM-DC (86,6%) em compara&#231;&#227;o a de pacientes com CMD-OE (52,2%), p = 0,02 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Finalmente, o escore de movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal do VE, que computa a extens&#227;o e a gravidade de anormalidades da mobilidade segmentar parietal do VE na s&#237;stole, foi mais elevado no grupo com DCM-DC (1,77 &#177; 0,35) que no grupo com DCM-OE (1,18 &#177; 0,26), p = 0,01.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Escore de mobilidade parietal ventricular esquerda de acordo com a etiologia da doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1094-00381-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre os grupos de pacientes com doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1094-00381-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica por Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, 11 pacientes do grupo DCM-DC e oito pacientes do grupo DCM-OE foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional com cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica SPECT ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>As propor&#231;&#245;es de pacientes exibindo anormalidades isqu&#234;micas revers&#237;veis na perfus&#227;o nos grupos DCM-DC e DCM-OE foram 45,5% e 62,3%, respectivamente (p = 0,31). O SDS tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos DCM-DC (1,91 &#177; 3,05) e DCM-OE (5,63 &#177; 7,03) (p = 0,134).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Durante o ano de 2018, ap&#243;s aplicar os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o a uma s&#233;rie de 247 pacientes consecutivos clinicamente est&#225;veis, que n&#227;o apresentavam doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural e queixaram-se de sintomas anginosos graves o suficiente para justificar o encaminhamento ao nosso centro terci&#225;rio de coronariografia invasiva (que evidenciou art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas normais), uma amostra consider&#225;vel de 101 pacientes (40,9%) concordou em participar deste estudo prospectivo. Dos 101, cerca de um sexto (15 pacientes) apresentou resultado positivo para infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic> e comp&#244;s o grupo com prov&#225;vel doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana causada por CCDC (DMC-DC), enquanto os outros 86 pacientes compuseram o grupo com prov&#225;vel doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana cuja causa foi atribu&#237;da a outras etiologias (DCM-OE). Este &#233; o primeiro relato sobre a preval&#234;ncia relativa de CCDC como etiologia de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular entre pacientes que geralmente s&#227;o considerados como portadores de uma forma prim&#225;ria de doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana. &#201; prov&#225;vel que esse n&#250;mero de aproximadamente 15% corresponda &#224; estimativa real dessa etiologia, considerando que nossa institui&#231;&#227;o ainda recebe muitos pacientes de regi&#245;es end&#234;micas da DC. Al&#233;m disso, nossa amostra de 247 pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais foi selecionada entre 691 pacientes consecutivos, nos quais outras anormalidades foram exclu&#237;das, e corresponde a quase 36% dos indiv&#237;duos encaminhados para angiografia coronariana eletiva no per&#237;odo. Esse resultado &#233; inferior aos 45% relatado recentemente por outro hospital brasileiro,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> mas &#233; muito semelhante aos 39% de pacientes com estenoses coron&#225;rias &lt; 20% submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria eletiva entre os anos de 2004 e 2008, segundo o registro nacional do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia de idade discretamente mais elevada no grupo DMC-OE, vale ressaltar que os dois grupos em nosso estudo apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas essencialmente similares, incluindo uma maior preval&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero feminino, pacientes ligeiramente obesos que, al&#233;m da angina at&#237;pica, tamb&#233;m se queixaram de dispneia e palpita&#231;&#245;es. Os fatores de risco tradicionais para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana - hipertens&#227;o, <italic>diabetes mellitus,</italic> tabagismo, dislipidemia - tamb&#233;m estavam presentes em propor&#231;&#245;es comparativamente altas de pacientes em ambos os grupos.</p>
      <p>Outro resultado importante do nosso estudo &#233; que, usando a ventriculografia por contraste radiol&#243;gico para avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foram encontrados sinais de hipertrofia em v&#225;rios pacientes de ambos os grupos. Em concord&#226;ncia com esse resultado, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, expressa por consp&#237;cua eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o telediast&#243;lica ventricular, ocorreu de forma compar&#225;vel nos grupos DMC-DC e DMC-OE.</p>
      <p>Nossos pacientes com DMC por DC, considerando a fase da doen&#231;a em que se encontravam quando recrutados para esse estudo, exibem anormalidades que, segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o recente de DMC, manifestam-se principalmente na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Embora a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m tenha ocorrido no grupo com DMC decorrente de outras etiologias, &#233; prov&#225;vel que a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, uma caracter&#237;stica marcante da CCDC, contribua para a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica aqui detectada em nossos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contudo, houve ainda diferen&#231;as relevantes entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. A FEVE m&#233;dia foi menor no grupo DMC-DC, condizente com o escore mais elevado de mobilidade segmentar parietal ventricular mais deteriorada e com maior dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara, significativamente mais prevalente no grupo DMC-DC comparado ao grupo DMC-OE.</p>
      <p>Ambos os grupos exibiram propor&#231;&#245;es similares de pacientes com defeitos de perfus&#227;o e os escores SDS entre cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse e em repouso tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes. Importante enfatizar que a detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, indicativas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida pelo estresse, foi o terceiro crit&#233;rio para classificar nossos pacientes como portadores da prov&#225;vel s&#237;ndrome da doen&#231;a microvascular coronariana, segundo a mais recente classifica&#231;&#227;o padronizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Embora nessa padroniza&#231;&#227;o seja sugerido que um quarto crit&#233;rio possa ser usado quando houver suspeita de angina microvascular, na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se aplicou nenhum teste adicional para certificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana, como o c&#225;lculo de &#237;ndices de resist&#234;ncia ou de redu&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo, pois esse aspecto escapava ao contexto da pesquisa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No entanto, &#233; prov&#225;vel que alguns de nossos pacientes do grupo DMC-DC exibam tais anormalidades, conforme relatado por outros pesquisadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; razo&#225;vel supor que os pacientes de ambos os grupos inclu&#237;dos nesta pesquisa compartilham caracter&#237;sticas fisiopatol&#243;gicas comuns envolvidas no aparecimento de angina em indiv&#237;duos com art&#233;rias subepic&#225;rdicas angiograficamente normais, implicando a presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios no n&#237;vel microvascular coronariano. Esse conceito &#233; sustentado pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores como hipertens&#227;o arterial, hipertrofia ventricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, no grupo com DMC associada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , &#233; prov&#225;vel que as peculiaridades inerentes &#224; CCDC tenham sido respons&#225;veis pelas manifesta&#231;&#245;es relativamente mais graves da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as exibidas pelo grupo com DMC por outras etiologias.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante salientar que nenhum dos pacientes que testou positivo para anticorpos contra o <italic>T. cruzi</italic> em nosso estudo possu&#237;a conhecimento pr&#233;vio sobre o acometimento pela doen&#231;a de Chagas. Al&#233;m disso, a amostra de pacientes selecionados para participar do estudo foi composta primariamente por pessoas encaminhadas para angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva, sem avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com exames como o teste ergom&#233;trico com ECG, ecocardiografia sob estresse, ou cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica nuclear. Assim, &#233; prov&#225;vel que a maioria desses pacientes possa se beneficiar de medidas terap&#234;uticas direcionadas tanto pelo conhecimento de sua doen&#231;a de base quanto pelas consequ&#234;ncias anat&#244;micas e funcionais dos dist&#250;rbios microvasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>N&#227;o foram realizadas investiga&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para determinar a poss&#237;vel etiologia da DMC nos pacientes sem CCDC, que muito provavelmente viriam a ser classificados como portadores de DMC prim&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram realizados testes invasivos para explorar diretamente os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelo comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular nos pacientes do estudo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o reside no fato de que apenas 19 dos 101 pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram avaliados com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o SPECT. Dessa forma, embora propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes de pacientes com dist&#250;rbios de perfus&#227;o tenham sido encontradas entre os grupos, o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes pode ter dificultado a detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as significativas entre eles.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A CCDC foi etiologicamente associada &#224; DMC em um sexto da amostra de 101 pacientes consecutivos est&#225;veis, cujo sintoma principal era dor anginosa, requerendo elucida&#231;&#227;o por angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva. Esses pacientes infectados cronicamente com <italic>T. cruzi</italic> apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas, bem como anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas e de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, semelhantes &#224;s detectadas nos 86 pacientes com outras etiologias para a prov&#225;vel disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular. No entanto, o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica segmentar e global do VE foi significativamente mais grave nos pacientes com sintomas de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular relacionada &#224; CCDC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Impaired Coronary Flow Reserve in Patients with Indeterminate Form of Chagas&#8217; Disease</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <fpage>67</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Carvalho EE, Cresc&#234;ncio JC, Santi GL, Oliveira LF, Schwartzmann PV, Gallo-Junior L, Marin-Neto JA, Sim&#245;es MV.Physical training reduces myocardial perfusion disturbances and improves quality of life in patients with primary microvascular angina. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019 Sep;63(3):302-310. doi: 10.23736/S1824-4785.17.02930-2. Epub 2017 Mar 16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cresc&#234;ncio</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santi</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical training reduces myocardial perfusion disturbances and improves quality of life in patients with primary microvascular angina</article-title>
          <source>Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>302</fpage>
          <lpage>310</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23736/S1824-4785.17.02930-2.</issue-id>
          <comment>Epub 2017 Mar 16</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento.O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (Processo n&#186; 2018/25403-9).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chagas Cardiomyopathy as the Etiology of Suspected Coronary Microvascular Disease. A Comparison Study with Suspected Coronary Microvascular Disease of Other Etiologies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5935-7229</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1176-6197</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Moyses O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lago</surname>
            <given-names>Igor M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7863-7912</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Badran</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5822-3632</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chierice</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o R. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Schmidt</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Centro de Cardiologia - HCFMRP-USP - Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code 14048-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Magalh&#227;es ML, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA; Acquisition of data: Campos FA, Magalh&#227;es ML, Moreira HT, Pav&#227;o RB, Lima-Filho MO, Lago IM, Badran AV, Chierice JRA, Marin-Neto JA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Campos FA, Magalh&#227;es ML, Moreira HT, Pav&#227;o RB, Lima-Filho MO, Lago IM, Badran AV, Chierice JRA, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA. Statistical analysis: Moreira HT, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA, Obtaining financing: Magalh&#227;es ML, Marin-Neto J&#193;, Writing of the manuscript: Campos FA, Magalh&#227;es ML, Moreira HT, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA, Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Campos FA, Moreira HT, Pav&#227;o RB, Lima-Filho MO, Lago IM, Badran AV, Chierice JRA, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Chagas disease (CD) as neglected secondary form of suspected coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>Comparison of patients with CMD related to CD (CMD-CE) versus patients with CMD caused by other etiologies (CMD-OE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Of 1292 stable patients referred for invasive coronary angiography to elucidate the hemodynamic pattern and the cause of angina as a cardinal symptom in their medical history, 247 presented normal epicardial coronary arteries and 101 were included after strict exclusion criteria. Of those, 15 had suspected CMD-CE, and their clinical, hemodynamic, angiographic and scintigraphic characteristics were compared to those of the other 86 patients with suspected CDM-OE. Level of significance for all comparisons was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Patients with suspected CMD-CE showed most anthropometric, clinical, angiographic hemodynamic and myocardial perfusion abnormalities that were statistically similar to those detected in the remaining 86 patients with suspected CMD-OE. LV diastolic dysfunction, expressed by elevated LV end-diastolic pressure was equally found in both groups. However, as compared to the group of CMD-OE the group with CMD-CE exhibited lower left ventricular ejection fraction (54.8 &#177; 15.9 vs 61.1 &#177; 11.9, p= 0.049) and a more severely impaired index of regional wall motion abnormalities (1.77 &#177; 0.35 vs 1.18 &#177; 0.26, p= 0.02) respectively for the CMD-OE and CMD-CE groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy was a secondary cause of suspected coronary microvascular disease in 15% of 101 stable patients whose cardinal symptom was anginal pain warranting coronary angiography. Although sharing several clinical, hemodynamic, and myocardial perfusion characteristics with patients whose suspected CMD was due to other etiologies, impairment of LV segmental and global systolic function was significantly more severe in the patients with suspected CMD related to Chagas cardiomyopathy. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1094-1101)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Microvascular, Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Dysfunction Ventricular, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Diastolic Dysfunction, Wall Motion Abnormality Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>More than one century after its discovery in 1909 Chagas disease (CD) is still a major public health problem in Latin America and, due to migratory moves during the last decades, also in non-endemic areas, such as the United States and some European countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most prevalent and more ominous of the clinical manifestations of CD, being essentially due to a low-grade but virtually incessant form of infectious myocarditis that is characteristically diffuse but with focal myocitolytic necrosis and intense reparative fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Since in experimental models of ischemia/reperfusion myocitolytic necrosis is usually associated with low intensity but repetitive hypoxic or ischemic damage, this type of myocardial lesion has been interpreted as a consequence of microvascular ischemic disturbances and constitute one of the four main pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The occurrence of microvascular ischemia in patients chronically infected with the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> has been demonstrated by various pathological, clinical and experimental laboratory evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> An estimated 20-40% of patients with CCC complain of angina, usually atypical in character since the symptom has no constant relation to physical or emotional stimulation, and variable duration and response to nitrates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Also, several independent investigators have shown that these patients have striking myocardial perfusion abnormalities that are elicited by exercise and reversible with rest, in the presence of coronary arteries that have no epicardial obstructive lesions at invasive angiography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These perfusion abnormalities are therefore attributable to microvascular ischemia and are corroborated by studies in experimental models of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the basis of such evidence, many patients with CCC could now be classified as having a secondary class of coronary microvascular disease (CMD), related to a cardiomyopathic process caused by an inflammatory infectious disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There have been no specific studies focusing on the comparison of patients with CMD related to CD versus patients with CMD linked to other etiologies. Thus this was the objective of the present investigation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>General Design of the Study and Sample Population</title>
          <p>This was a transversal, observational, unicentric investigation with prospective inclusion of stable patients who were referred to our tertiary academic hospital from January 01 to December 31 of 2018 for invasive contrast coronary angiography to elucidate the hemodynamic pattern and the cause of angina as a cardinal symptom in their medical history. Of 1292 such patients 601 were excluded because of: previous treatment with coronary angioplasty (200); previous confirmed acute coronary syndrome (137); valvular heart disease (113); hypertrophic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (99); previous coronary artery bypass surgery (49) and cardiac transplantation (3).</p>
          <p>In the remaining 691 patients coronary angiography indicated to specifically evaluate the primary possibility of coronary artery disease, revealed: significant obstructive epicardial lesions (stenoses &gt; 40% of luminal diameter reduction): (n = 367); angiographycally normal coronary arteries: (n = 247); non-significant epicardial coronary artery disease - stenosis &lt; 40%: (n = 77); miscellaneous coronary artery conditions - congenital abnormalities, myocardial bridge, excessive tortuosity or ectasia, coronary-cavitary fistula, slow flow: (n = 81).</p>
          <p>Of the 247 patients who were clinically stable, with no structural cardiac disease and whose cardinal symptom was angina severe enough to warrant the indication of invasive coronary angiography but that did not show any abnormalities, 101 agreed to participate in the study and signed the informed consent. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP - Processes : 8430/2011 and CAEE 07494618.3.0000.5440 Doc 3.252.539.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and Laboratory Assessment</title>
          <p>The 101 patients enrolled into the study had a clinical assessment performed in the same day as the hemodynamic and the invasive coronary evaluation, comprising the characterization of angina, the presence of associated symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, edema, palpitation, syncope, disfagia, intestinal constipation, and epidemiological hints of having been exposed to the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection. Also included was a questionnaire regarding the occurrence of risk factors for coronary artery disease, such as: systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, current smoking, and familial history of early coronary disease. All patients had a 12-lead ECG recorded, and a sub-sample of 33 (9 and 24 in each group) was examined with a transthoracic rest echocardiogram. All 101 patients had a serological examination for the detection of circulating antibodies against the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> . Also, a peripheral blood sample was collected from all patients, to allow the examination of serum levels of creatinine, and exclude the presence of renal and liver damage, as well as of severe anemia and diabetes mellitus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac Catheterization, Hemodynamic Assessment and Coronary Angiography</title>
          <p>These procedures were performed under local anesthesia preferably using the radial approach with conventional guide-wires and catheters. Manual injections of 3-7ml of radiological contrast were selectively done in each coronary ostium,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> with recording at 15-30 frames/sec, in several projections. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was recorded at rest, followed by two automatic injections of 20-30ml of dye at 8-10ml/sec and recording at 15 frames/sec, in the right and left oblique projections. The contrast ventriculography was then analysed according to a 9-segment model using a quantitation score that ascribed 1 to normal wall motion, 2 to hypokinesis, 3 to akinesia and 4 to dyskinesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> An index of the global wall motion was obtained by summing the segmental scores divided by the number of segments analysed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The ventriculogram also allowed the qualitative assessment of LV hypertrophy and dilation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SPECT Myocardial Scintigraphy</title>
          <p>A subset of 19 patients were submitted to rest-exercise SPECT myocardial scintigraphy. The images were acquired in the camera range (Philips BrightView XCT - Cleveland, OH) of a double detector with the patient in the supine position during rest and stress phases. The acquisition occurred in semicircular orbit (180 degrees, from right anterior oblique projection to the left posterior oblique projection), in 32 projections synchronized with the electrocardiogram, 8 frames per cardiac cycle in 60 seconds by projection (&#8220;accepted&#8221; heartbeat) with 50% acceptance window around of average R-R. The detectors were equipped with collimators of parallel holes of low energy and high resolution, using a 64 x 64 pixel acquisition matrix.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Physical exercise was used as the preferred stress test, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and other anti-ischemic drugs were interrupted 48 hours before the nuclear tests. Sestamibi-Tc99m was used as a radiotracer to assess regional myocardial perfusion, at a dose of 12 to 15 mCi at rest and 25 to 30 mCi at stress. Images were acquired 1 hour after each intravenous injection of the radiotracer.</p>
          <p>Polar maps using the 17-segment model were generated to assess the perfusion abnormality according to a score defined as 0= normal, 1= slight uptake reduction, 2= moderate uptake reduction, 3= marked uptake reduction, and 4= no tracer uptake. Perfusion abnormalities in stress (SSS- Summed Stress Score) and rest (SRS- Summed Rest Score) were quantified to differentiate between reversible, when Summed Difference Score (SDS) &#8805; 1 and irreversible perfusion defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>On the basis of the specific serology tests for diagnosing antibodies against the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , 15 patients were classified as having suspected CMD due to Chagas etiology (CMD-CE) - two positive serological tests with different methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The other 86 patients, with negative serology tests, composed the group of patients with suspected CMD caused by other etiologies (CMD-OE). The Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check if variables had a normal distribution, in which unpaired variables were compared with Student&#8217;s &#8220;t&#8221; tests, otherwise the Mann-Whitney unpaired tests were used. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean &#177; standard deviation while non-normal distributed variables were described as median and IQ or range interval. Categorical variables were described as absolute or relative values (percentages or proportions). Proportions within each group were compared using Fisher exact tests. All tests were bicaudal, with p&lt; 0.05 considered significant. All analyses were done with the Stata software <italic>(StataCorp, EUA, vers&#227;o 14.2)</italic> .</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Features - (Table 1)</title>
          <p>Of the 247 stable patients who were initially eligible since they presented no exclusion criteria to enter the study and fulfilled the inclusion criteria of having epicardial coronary arteries that were normal at angiography, 101 (40.9%) were actually enrolled. Of those, only 15 (14,8%) had two serologic tests positive for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , and composed the group CMD-CE with 40% of males and average age of 61.3 &#177; 6.7 years). The other 86 (85.2%) composed the group CMD-OE with 32.5% men and higher mean age of 68.9 &#177; 11.0 years.</p>
          <p>On the date of entry into the study, atypical angina was referred by 9 (60%) of the group CMD-CE versus 57 (66%) patients of the group CMD-OE, with typical angina referred by the other patients of each group. In group CMD-CE dyspnea and palpitation, were also frequent, with 8 (53%) and 7(47%) patients respectively, versus 55 (64%) with dyspnea and only 30 (35%) with palpitation in group CMD-OE.</p>
          <p>Systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for coronary artery disease in both groups, with 93.3% vs 81.3%, followed by diabetes mellitus with 40.0% vs 33.7%, dyslipidemia with 33.3 vs 41.8% and active smoking in 13.3 vs 24.4% respectively in the CMD-CE and CMD-OE groups. Both groups were using statistically similar proportions of pharmacological drugs against hypertension, diabetes mellitus, statins and agents to control myocardial ischemia symptoms, such as antiplatelets and calcium antagonists. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). However, ACE-inhibtors/ARBs were more used by the CMD-CE group while antiplatelet agents were more used by the CME-OE patients.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of patients enrolled according to the etiology of coronary microvascular disease</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th>CMD-CE n = 15</th>
                    <th>CMD-OE n = 86</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.3 &#177; 6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">68.9 &#177; 11.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female Gender (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0</td>
                    <td align="center">67.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body weight (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.0 &#177; 13.1</td>
                    <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 15.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.0 &#177; 7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">31.9 &#177; 5.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atypical angina (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0</td>
                    <td align="center">66.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyspnea (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.0</td>
                    <td align="center">64.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Palpitation (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.1</td>
                    <td align="center">35.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">93.3</td>
                    <td align="center">81.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">33.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33</td>
                    <td align="center">53.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">24.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Use of medications</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">71</td>
                    <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statins</td>
                    <td align="center">47</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antidiabetics</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretics</td>
                    <td align="center">47</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrates</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium antagonists</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiplatelets</td>
                    <td align="center">53</td>
                    <td align="center">85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal EKG (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.3</td>
                    <td align="center">46.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CMD-CE: coronary microvascular disease - Chagas etiology; CMD-OE: coronary microvascular disease - other etiologies. BMI: body mass index; ACEI: angiotensin converter enzyme inhibtors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; EKG: electrocardiogram.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>ECG abnormalities were frequent in the group CMD-CE, with only 33.3% of patients having a normal ECG on the date of the catheterization. In contrast, the group of CMD-OE had non-significantly more patients with a normal ECG (46.7%). While RBBB (26.6%), LAHB (13.3%) and LV overload (13.3%) were the most frequent abnormalities in the CMD-CE group, LV overload (20%) and complete LBBB (6.7%) were predominant abnormalities in the CMD-OE group. Both groups had a similar prevalence of atrial fibrillation (6.7%). None of those differences was statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hemodynamic and Contrast Ventriculography Assessment. (Table 2).</title>
          <p>Diastolic dysfunction as suggested by increased LVEDP &gt; 12 mmHg at rest was diagnosed in 13 (86.6%) and 64 (74.4%) of patients respectively in the groups CMD-CE and CMD-OE, respectively; p= 0.511. The mean values of LVEDP were similar in the groups. In addition, 9 (60%) and 45 (52.3%) patients had LVEDP &gt; 20mmHg respectively in the CMD-CE and CMD-OE groups.</p>
          <p>Using ventriculography to assess LV morphological features that suggest the presence of chamber hypertrophy this alteration was observed in 3 patients (20%) of the group CMD-CE versus 26 patients (30.2%) of the group CMD-OE (p= 0.545). In contrast ventricular dilatation by ventriculography was observed in significantly higher proportion of patients, 26% (n = 4) of the group CMD-CE versus 4.7% (n = 4) of the group CMD-OE (p= 0.04).</p>
          <p>Overall most patients had preserved global LV systolic function in both groups, with a minority of patients in both groups showing reduced LVEF values (&lt; 50%). LVEF was marginally significant lower in the CMD-CE (54.8 &#177; 15.9) as compared to the CMD-OE group (61.1 &#177; 11.9 ), p= 0.049 (Figura 1). In addition, regional wall motion abnormalities were detected in a significantly higher proportion of patients in the CMD-CE group (86.6%; n = 13) as compared with that of patients in the CMD-OE group (52.2%; n = 45), p= 0.02 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). LV wall motion score index that computs the extent and severity of the segmental systolic abnormality was also higher in the CMD-CE, of 1.77 &#177; 0.35 than in the CMD-OE group of 1.18 &#177; 0.26; p= 0.01.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in both groups of patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1094-00381-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of Myocardial ischemia with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</title>
          <p>After the results of the hemodynamic evaluation were obtained, 11 patients of the CMD-CE group and 8 patients of the CMD-OE group underwent functional assessment with SPECT-myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Hemodynamic, angiographic and myocardial perfusion evaluation in the groups of patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction associated to Chagas cardiomyopathy versus CMD due to other etiologies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
										</th>
                    <th>CMD-CE n = 15</th>
                    <th>CMD-OE n = 86</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV hypertrophy (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">53.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0,128</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV dilation (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.0</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.13 &#177; 5.43</td>
                    <td align="center">19.0 &#177; 5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 15.9</td>
                    <td align="center">61.1 &#177; 11.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.049</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV segmental abnormalities (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">86.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">53.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVWMSI</td>
                    <td align="center">1.77 &#177; 0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic perfusion defects (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.5</td>
                    <td align="center">62.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SDS</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0 - 8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0 - 19)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CMD-CE: coronary microvascular disease - Chagas etiology; CMD-OE: coronary microvascular disease - other etiologies; LV: left ventricle; LVEDP: left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVWMSI: left ventricular wall motion score index; SDS: summed difference score. Ischemic perfusion defects, with their correspondent SDS values were evaluated in 11 and 8 patients respectively of the CMD-CE and CMD-OE groups.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The proportion of patients exhibiting ischemic reversible perfusion abnormalities for the CMD-CE and CMD-OE groups were 45.5% and 62.3% respectively (p= 0.31). The SDS was also similar for the CMD-CE (1.91 &#177; 3.05) and the CMD-OE (5.63 &#177; 7.03) groups (p= 0.134).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>During the whole year of 2018, following the implementation of our inclusion and exclusion criteria to a consecutive series of 247 clinically stable patients who had no structural cardiac disease and complained of anginal symptoms that were severe enough to warrant referral to our tertiary center for invasive coronary angiography but that eventually showed normal epicardial coronary arteries, a sizable sample of 101 of them (40.9%) agreed to participate in this prospective study and signed the respective informed consent. Out of the 101 about one sixth tested positive for chronic <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection, and composed the group of patients with suspected coronary microvascular disease due to Chagas cardiomyopathy etiology (CMD-CE), while the other 86 patients comprised the group whose suspected coronary microvascular disease must be ascribed to other etiologies (CMD-OE). This is the first report on the relative prevalence of Chagas cardiomyopathy as an etiology for suspected coronary microvascular dysfunction among patients who are otherwise generally considered as having a primary form of coronary microvascular disease. This figure of roughly 15% of is likely to correspond to the real estimate for that etiology, considering that our institution still receives many patients from regions endemic for Chagas disease. Also, our sample of 247 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries was selected among 691 consecutive patients in whom other abnormalities had been excluded, and correspond to nearly 36% of such individuals who are referred for elective coronary angiography. This finding is inferior to 45% recently reported by another Brazilian hospital,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> but is quite similar to the reported 39% of patients with coronary stenoses &lt; 20% as the general yield by elective coronary angiography during the years 2004-2008 from an American College of Cardiology national registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With the exception of slightly higher mean age in the CMD-OE group, it is noteworthy that the two groups in our study had essentially similar anthropometric and clinical characteristics, including a higher prevalence of female gender, with slighthly obese patients who, in addition to atypical angina, also complained of dyspnea and palpitation. The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease - hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, dyslipidemia - were also present in comparably high proportions of patients of both groups.</p>
        <p>Another important finding from our study is that using contrast ventriculography for evaluation of left ventricle morphology, signs of chamber hypertrophy were found in several patients from both groups. In line with these findings, LV diastolic dysfunction, as expressed by striking elevation of the LV end-diastolic pressure occurred similarly in the CMD-CE and CMD-OE groups.</p>
        <p>In regard to this important derangement, our patients with CMD due to Chagas disease at the stage of the disease they are when enrolled in this study, show abnormalities that are described in the recent classification of coronary microvascular dysfunction as occurring mostly in the scenario of heart failure with preserved LV ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Although diastolic dysfunction also occurred in the group with CMD due to other etiologies, it is likely that myocardial fibrosis, a hallmark of Chagas cardiomyopathy, contributes to the diastolic dysfunction hereby detected in our patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, there were relevant differences between the two groups regarding LV systolic function. Mean LV ejection fraction was significantly lower in the CMD-CE, in keeping with more deteriorated segmental wall motion index and more LV dilation that was significantly more prevalent in the CMD-CE as compared to the CMD-OE group.</p>
        <p>Both groups exhibited comparable proportions of patients with ischemic perfusion defects and their SDS between stress and rest myocardial scintigraphy were also similar. It is worthy pointing out that the objective detection of myocardial perfusion abnormalities indicative of myocardial ischemia induced by stress, represents the third criteria for classifying the patients in our study series as having the suspected syndrome of coronary microvascular disease according to a standardized recent classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Although in this standardization it is suggested that a fourth criterium could be used when the presence of microvascular angina is suspected, in our investigation we did not apply any additional tests to certify the occurrence of impaired coronary microvascular function, such as measurement of resistance indices or of reduced flow reserve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> However it is probable that at least some of our patients with CMD-CE could have such abnormalities, as reported by other investigators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is reasonable to assume that patients from both groups included in this research share common pathophysiological characteristics that are involved in the appearance of the syndrome of anginal pain with angiographically normal sub-epicardial arteries, thus implying the presence of disturbances at the coronary microvascular level. This concept is supported by the finding in both groups of factors such as hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy, and diastolic dysfunction. However, in the group whose coronary microvascular disease is associated with the chronic <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection, it is likely that the inherent peculiarities of Chagas cardiomyopathy be responsible for the relatively more serious manifestations of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, in comparison with those exhibited by the group with coronary microvascular disease due to other etiologies.</p>
        <p>It is relevant to emphasize that none of the patients who tested positive for antibodies against the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> in our study had previous knowledge about harboring Chagas disease. Moreover, the sample of patients eventually selected to participate in the study was composed primarily of people who were referred to invasive coronary angiography, without previous assessment of myocardial ischemia with exams such as ECG-based tests, or stress echocardiography or nuclear scintigraphy tests. Thus, it is likely that most of those patients could benefit from therapeutic measures directed by both the knowledge of their baseline disease and of the functional consequences of the microvascular disturbances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>No specific investigations were carried out to determine the possible etiology in the patients without Chagas cardiomyopathy, although most probably they would be classified as having primary coronary microvascular dysfunction. Also, no invasive tests were done to directly explore the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of microvascular function in any patient included in this study. &#8220;Another limitation is the fact that only 19 of the 101 patients had myocardial pefusion assessed with SPECT scintigraphy. Hence, although similar proportions of the patients had perfusion defects, the small number of patients in both groups may have prevented detection of differences in regard to this important characteristic of their coronary microvascular derangements&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy was found in association with the suspected syndrome of coronary microvascular disease in one sixth of a sample of 101 stable patients whose cardinal symptom was anginal pain warranting invasive coronary angiography. These patients chronically infected with the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> showed anthropometric, clinical, and angiographic characteristics, as well as hemodynamic and myocardial perfusion abnormalities that were similar to those detected in the remaining 86 patients with other etiologies for the suspected microvascular dysfunction. However, impairment of LV segmental and global function was signficantly more severe in the patients with symptoms of possible microvascular dysfunction related to Chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Left Ventricular Wall Motion Score Index according to etiology.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1094-00381-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding. This study was funded by FAPESP (Process number 2018/25403-9).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
