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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nTpcrzvN4mQnp63XGWdrJjc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200481</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200481</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mecanismo causante de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Emb&#243;lico na Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica: Disfun&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica, uma Hip&#243;tese de Trabalho</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Coury Pedrosa &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>coury@hucff.ufrj.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1080</fpage>
      <lpage>1081</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>No Brasil, at&#233; o momento, a doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) ainda &#233; um grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e causa frequente de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ainda &#233; a principal causa de DALYs &#8212; anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (em 2016, de 141.640), uma medida de perda de sa&#250;de devido &#224; carga de doen&#231;as fatais e n&#227;o fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a de Chagas est&#225; fortemente associada ao AVC emb&#243;lico associado &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas (AVC-DC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> com uma incid&#234;ncia que varia de 0,56 a 2,67 por 100 pessoas/ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Est&#225; intimamente relacionado &#224; presen&#231;a de CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico de DC pode ser estabelecido ap&#243;s ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC em cerca de 40% dos pacientes. Classicamente, a causa de AVC-DC era considerada cardioemb&#243;lica, com trombo intracard&#237;aco resultante de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular deficiente e arritmia atrial. Os fatores de risco para AVC-DC incluem aneurisma apical, trombo de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial importante, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE, idade avan&#231;ada e arritmia atrial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> . Embora seja verdade que a maioria dos AVC-DC &#233; tromboemb&#243;lica, outros tipos, incluindo a doen&#231;a de pequenos vasos, entre outras (aterosclerose e AVC criptog&#234;nico), t&#234;m sido observadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Hip&#243;teses sobre os mecanismos desses AVCs n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;licos incluem a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na maioria ou em todos os pacientes com CCC em est&#225;gios diversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, nosso grupo mostrou que pacientes com CCC, mesmo em est&#225;gios iniciais e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, apresentam sinais de um dist&#250;rbio do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico que se correlacionam significativamente com anormalidades da subst&#226;ncia branca subcortical cerebral. Isso foi demonstrado por uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa e significativa entre a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca reduzida (avaliada pelo teste de arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria e a presen&#231;a e o n&#250;mero de hiperintensidades da subst&#226;ncia branca vistas em exames de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) craniana. No total, 52% dos nossos pacientes apresentaram hiperintensidades na RM, em compara&#231;&#227;o com cerca de 13% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. No entanto, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o com a hemodin&#226;mica cerebral, que foi testada com Doppler transcraniano, incluindo a vasorreatividade avaliada pelo &#237;ndice de apneia. Com base nesses resultados, sugerimos que um sistema parassimp&#225;tico funcionando adequadamente proteja o c&#233;rebro contra hiperintensidades da subst&#226;ncia branca. Especulamos que o desequil&#237;brio entre os sistemas simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico poderia promover instabilidade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o, que poderia contribuir para o AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Para responder se a disfun&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica &#233; um mediador das consequ&#234;ncias neurol&#243;gicas do CCC ou apenas um fator adjunto, realizamos outro estudo onde n&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de anticorpos circulantes funcionais s&#233;ricos com atividade &#946;-adren&#233;rgica ou muscar&#237;nica e a fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema aut&#244;nomo ou a presen&#231;a de hiperintensidades da subst&#226;ncia branca (observadas na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica) em pacientes com CCC. Os anticorpos antirreceptores foram testados em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de coelhos. Conclu&#237;mos que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica &#233; possivelmente um mediador das consequ&#234;ncias neurol&#243;gicas da CCC, aparentemente relacionadas com a promo&#231;&#227;o de arritmias atriais como epifen&#244;menos de AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Uma caracter&#237;stica importante da CCC &#233; o fato de que nem todos os pacientes com fatores de risco para AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico ter&#227;o AVC. O complicado desenvolvimento e patologia da doen&#231;a, juntamente com as complexidades do ciclo de vida do parasita e suas intera&#231;&#245;es com o hospedeiro, dificultam identificar qual grupo de pacientes com CCC &#233; suscet&#237;vel ao AVC. Embora n&#227;o haja prova absoluta de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica seja sin&#244;nimo de AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico, ou seja, interromper a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica para prevenir AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico, h&#225; um consenso de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca &#233; necess&#225;ria para essa ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Freitas et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> apresentara um estudo para ajudar a compreender uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica importante na CCC, ou seja, o AVC. Eles chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para o mecanismo arr&#237;tmico, particularmente a arritmia atrial. A justificativa &#233; que n&#227;o existe consenso sobre a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios atriais de alta frequ&#234;ncia nesse epis&#243;dio. Para responder a essa pergunta, os autores realizaram um estudo longitudinal entre 2016 e 2017 para verificar a exist&#234;ncia (ou n&#227;o) de associa&#231;&#227;o entre epis&#243;dios atriais de alta frequ&#234;ncia (EAAF) e AVE em pacientes com CCC cr&#244;nica. Todos os 67 pacientes chag&#225;sicos tinham dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEIs) (92,5%, marcapassos e 7,5%, cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis) para monitorar a atividade atrial. EAAF foi considerado como frequ&#234;ncia atrial &#8805;190 batimentos por minuto e dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805;6 minutos e os eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais foram identificados por exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC) craniana. Os resultados foram resumidos e analisados nos grupos com e sem epis&#243;dios atriais de alta frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Idade m&#233;dia de 63,6&#177;9,2 anos, acompanhamento de 98&#177;28,8 dias; e 11,9% dos pacientes tinham EAAFs &#8805;6 min. A TC mostrou eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais silenciosos em 16,4% dos pacientes, 63,6% dos quais tinham EAAFs &#8805;6 min na an&#225;lise dos DCEIs. Idade avan&#231;ada [OR 1,12 (IC 95% 1,03&#8211;1,21; p&lt;0.009)] e a presen&#231;a de EAAFs &#8805;6 minutos [OR 96,2 (IC 95% 9,4&#8211;987,4; p&lt;0,001)] foram preditores independentes para eventos isqu&#234;micos. Eles conclu&#237;ram que os EAAFs detectados pelos DCEIs estavam associados &#224; presen&#231;a de eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais silenciosos em pacientes chag&#225;sicos.</p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses resultados deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes previamente mencionado pelos autores, fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o controlados e a incerteza introduzida pelo grande intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% observado nos pacientes com EAAFs &#8805;6 minutos. Diferentes est&#225;gios de CCC foram possivelmente utilizados, pois h&#225; um amplo espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e patol&#243;gicas nos pacientes com CCC levando a diferentes perfis de pacientes inclu&#237;dos nos grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Possivelmente, o estudo se refere a AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico, uma vez que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e o di&#226;metro atrial (DA) esquerdo eram normais (apenas 27,3% DA&#8805;40 mm) e n&#227;o cont&#233;m nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a exist&#234;ncia de trombo intracard&#237;aco e aneurisma apical. Uma quest&#227;o importante &#233; que o n&#237;vel de AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico relatado foi muito alto para um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de apenas 3 meses. N&#227;o temos conhecimento de nenhum estudo ou registro que mostre uma incid&#234;ncia t&#227;o elevada em pacientes com CCC de idade e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas semelhantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Outra quest&#227;o importante &#233; a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica do estudo, uma vez que seu principal resultado n&#227;o altera a tomada de decis&#227;o em pacientes com CCC. N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que os pacientes com AVC-DC n&#227;o emb&#243;lico devam ser submetidos a uma investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica diferente de outros pacientes com AVC e agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios para AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico. Faltam dados concretos sobre tratamentos eficazes neste subgrupo bastante grande de pacientes. No entanto, &#233; importante entender por que esses pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo evidente (FEVE 58,5&#177;14,1) pareciam ter aumento da incid&#234;ncia de AVC-DC n&#227;o emb&#243;lico. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica observada em pacientes com CCC n&#227;o dilatada, que est&#225; relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade card&#237;aca vagal. A disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca vagal pode ocorrer mesmo em pacientes com CCC nos est&#225;gios iniciais, mas piora &#224; medida que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda se deteriora com a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e um sistema parassimp&#225;tico funcionando adequadamente para proteger o c&#233;rebro contra AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>Embora diversos aspectos do AVC-DC n&#227;o emb&#243;lico na CCC tenham sido elucidados nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, importantes quest&#245;es permanecem sem solu&#231;&#227;o quanto aos seus mecanismos. Embora alguns estudos na &#225;rea pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica tenham documentado o papel dos dist&#250;rbios da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica no AVC-DC n&#227;o cardioemb&#243;lico, trata-se ainda de hip&#243;teses preliminares e os aspectos translacionais desses estudos n&#227;o foram totalmente alcan&#231;ados. Um melhor entendimento da fun&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na gravidade cl&#237;nica do AVC-DC n&#227;o emb&#243;lico na CCC &#233; uma &#225;rea importante de pesquisa para estudos futuros.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Epis&#243;dios de Alta Frequ&#234;ncia Atrial e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com Eventos Isqu&#234;micos Cerebrais em Pacientes Chag&#225;sicos</p>
      </fn>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Causing Mechanisms of Embolic Strokes in Chagas Heart Disease: Autonomic Dysfunction, a Working Hypothesis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto Coury Pedrosa &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: coury@hucff.ufrj.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Heart Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In Brazil, to date, Chagas disease (Chd) is still a major public health problem and a frequent cause of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is still the leading cause of DALYs &#8212; disability-adjusted life-years (in 2016, of 141,640), a measure of health loss due to fatal and non-fatal disease burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Chd is strongly associated with Chagas association-embolic strokes (CAS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> with an incidence ranging from 0.56 to 2.67 per 100 person/year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is closely related to the presence of CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Diagnosis of Chd may be established after stroke presentation in around 40% of patients. Classically, the cause of CAS was thought to be cardioembolic, with intracardiac thrombus resulting from poor ventricular function and atrial arrhythmia. Risk factors for CAS include apical aneurysm, left ventricular (LV) thrombus, severe atrial dilation, LV systolic dysfunction, older age, and atrial arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although it remains true that the majority of CAS is thromboembolic, other types, including small vessel disease, among others (i.e. vessel atherosclerosis and cryptogenic stroke), have been observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Hypotheses on the mechanisms of these noncardioembolic strokes include the presence of autonomic dysfunction in most or all patients with CCC in various stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Concerning autonomic dysfunction, our group showed that CCC patients, even in the early stages and without cardiac dysfunction, present signs of a parasympathetic nervous system disorder that correlate significantly with subcortical white matter abnormalities of the brain. This was demonstrated by an inverse and significant correlation between reduced cardiac frequency variability (evaluated by the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test and the presence and number of white matter hyperintensities seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total of 52% of our patients revealed hyperintensities on MRI, compared with about 13% in the general population. However, there was no correlation with cerebral hemodynamics, which was tested with a transcranial Doppler, including vasoreactivity evaluated by the breath-holding index. Based on these results, we suggested that a properly functioning parasympathetic system protect the brain against white matter hyperintensities. We speculated that imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems could promote electrical instability of the heart that could contribute to noncardioembolic CAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> To answer whether the parasympathetic dysfunction is a mediator of neurologic consequences of CCC or just a bystander, we conducted another study where we found no correlation between the presence of serum functional circulating antibodies with &#946;-adrenergic or muscarinic activity and the autonomic system function or the presence of white matter hyperintensities (seen on MRI) in CCC patients. The antireceptor antibodies were tested in rabbit isolated hearts. We concluded that autonomic dysfunction is possibly a mediator of neurologic consequences of CCC apparently related to promote atrial arrhythmias as epiphenomena of stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> An important feature of CCC is the fact that not all patient with risk factors for noncardioembolic CAS will have stroke. The complicated development and pathology of the disease, coupled with the complexities of the parasite life cycle and its interactions with the host, make it a very difficult task to identify which group of patients with CCC is susceptible to stroke. Although there is no absolute proof that autonomic dysfunction is synonymous with noncardioembolic CAS, i.e., halting autonomic dysfunction to prevent noncardioembolic CAS, there is a consensus that cardiac autonomic dysfunction is needed for this event.</p>
      <p>In this edition, Freitas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> presented a study to help understand an important clinical presentation in CCC, i.e. stroke. They draw attention to the arrhythmic mechanism, particularly atrial arrhythmia. The justification is that a consensus is lacking about the contribution of atrial high-rate episodes in this event. To answer this question, the authors performed a longitudinal study between 2016 and 2017 to check the existence (or not) of an association between high-rate atrial episodes (HRAE) and stroke in patients with chronic CCC. All 67 Chagas patients had implantable electronic cardiac devices (IECDs) (92.5% had pacemakers and 7.5% had implantable cardioverter-defibrillators) to monitor atrial activity. HRAE was considered as atrial frequency &#8805;190 beats per minute and duration &#8805;6 minutes and cerebral ischemic events were identified by brain computed tomography (CT) scans. The results were summarized and analyzed in the groups with and without atrial high-rate episodes.</p>
      <p>Mean age of 63.6&#177;9.2 years, follow-up for 98&#177;28.8 days; and 11.9% of the patients had HRAEs &#8805;6 min. CT showed silent brain ischemic events in 16.4% of the patients, 63.6% of whom had HRAEs &#8805;6 min in the analysis of IECDs. Advanced age [OR 1.12 (95% CI 1.03&#8211;1.21; p&lt;0.009] and the presence of HRAEs &#8805;6 minutes [OR 96.2 (95% CI 9.4&#8211;987.4; p&lt;0.001)] were independent predictors for ischemic events. They concluded that HRAEs detected by IECDs were associated with the presence of silent brain ischemic events in Chagas patients.</p>
      <p>The interpretation of these results should consider the small number of patients previously mentioned by the authors, uncontrolled confounding factors and the uncertainty introduced by the large 95% confidence interval observed in the patients with HRAEs &#8805;6 minutes. Different stages of CCC was possibly used since there is a wide spectrum of clinical and pathological manifestations in CCC patients leading to different profiles of patients included in the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Possibly, the study refers to noncardioembolic CAS, since left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left atrial (LA) diameter were normal (only 27.3% LA &#8805;40 mm) and it does not contain any information about existence of intracardiac thrombus and apical aneurysm. An important question is that the level of noncardioembolic CAS reported was very high for a mean follow-up of only 3 months. We are not aware of any study or registries that show such a high incidence in CCC patients of similar age and clinical characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Another important question is the clinical applicability of the study since its main result does not change decision-making in CCC patients. There is no evidence that patients with non-embolic CAS should undergo a different diagnostic workup than other stroke patients and antiplatelet agents for noncardioembolic CAS. Actual data on effective treatments are lacking in this rather large subgroup of patients. However, it is important to understand why such patients without overt left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVEF 58.5&#177;14.1) seemed to have increased non-embolic CAS. One putative explanation is the presence of autonomic dysfunction observed in nondilated CCC patients, which is related to reduced vagal heart variability indexes. Vagal heart dysfunction can occur even in CCC patients in the early stages, but it worsens as the left ventricular function deteriorates with disease progression<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and a properly functioning parasympathetic system to protect the brain against noncardioembolic CAS.</p>
      <p>Although several aspects of non-embolic CAS in CCC have been elucidated in the last decades, important questions remain unresolved as to its mechanisms. While some studies in the pre-clinical area have documented the role of autonomic modulation disorders in noncardioembolic CAS, this still represents a preliminary hypothesis and the translational aspects of these studies have not been fully achieved. A better understanding of the function of autonomic modulation in the clinical severity of non-embolic CAS in CCC is an important area of research for future studies.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Atrial High-Rate Episodes and Their Association with Cerebral Ischemic Events in Chagasic Patients</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
