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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ctnrMHvk5xMkb4t8fr3Tw6F</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01072</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401072</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005011201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190647</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190647</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Epis&#243;dios de Alta Frequ&#234;ncia Atrial e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com Eventos Isqu&#234;micos Cerebrais em Pacientes Chag&#225;sicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7028-9258</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Emanoela Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1702-7296</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Elieusa e Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2294-0872</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Hollanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Sergio da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Guisela Steffen Bonadie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3745-0753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Enfermagem, Salvador, BA - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Escola de Enfermagem, Salvador, BA - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ana Nery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia Faculdade de Medicina de Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Emanoela Lima Freitas</bold> &#8226; Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Unidade de Terapia Intensiva - Avenida Anita Garibaldi, 2199. CEP 40170-130, Ondina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>emanoela.limafreitas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Freitas EL, Sampaio ES, Oliveira MMC, Aras R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Freitas EL, Oliveira LH, Guimar&#227;es MSS, Pinheiro JO, Magalh&#227;es LP, Albuquerque GSB, Aras R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Freitas EL, Oliveira MMC, Oliveira LH, Guimar&#227;es MSS, Pinheiro JO, Magalh&#227;es LP, Albuquerque GSB, Macedo C, Aras R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Freitas EL, Sampaio ES, Oliveira MMC, Aras R; : Freitas EL, Sampaio ES, Oliveira MMC, Aras R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Aras R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1072</fpage>
      <lpage>1079</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Epis&#243;dios de alta frequ&#234;ncia atrial (EAFAs) est&#227;o associados a um risco elevado de eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais, por&#233;m n&#227;o existem estudos relacionados com a presen&#231;a de EAFAs e eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais em pacientes chag&#225;sicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos e eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais em pacientes chag&#225;sicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte com pacientes chag&#225;sicos, portadores de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEIs), acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de arritmias de um hospital universit&#225;rio, na cidade de Salvador/BA, entre maio de 2016 e junho de 2017. Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de flutter atrial/fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, com DCEI unicameral e em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foram exclu&#237;dos. Foram considerados EAFAs com frequ&#234;ncia atrial &#8805; 190 batimentos por minuto e dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 6 minutos (min), e os eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais foram identificados por meio de tomografia computadorizada (TC) de cr&#226;nio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Os 67 participantes da pesquisa (67,2% do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 63,6 &#177; 9,2 anos) foram acompanhados por 98 &#177; 28,8 dias e 11,9% dos pacientes apresentaram EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos. A TC de cr&#226;nio evidenciou eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais silenciosos em 16,4% dos pacientes, sendo que, destes, 63,6% haviam apresentado os EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos na an&#225;lise dos DCEIs. A idade avan&#231;ada (OR 1,12 [IC 95% 1,03-1,21; p=0,009) e a presen&#231;a de EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos (OR 96,2 [IC 95% 9,4-987,4; p&lt;0,001]) foram preditores independentes para eventos isqu&#234;micos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>EAFAs detectados por DCEIs estavam associados &#224; presen&#231;a de eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais silenciosos em pacientes chag&#225;sicos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Encef&#225;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) aumenta o risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico em cerca de 5 a 6 vezes, independentemente de outros fatores de risco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem crescido o interesse em detectar FA em uma fase mais precoce, antes da identifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com detec&#231;&#227;o principalmente por meio de marca-passo/desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel (CDI) e que precedem a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> S&#227;o os epis&#243;dios de alta frequ&#234;ncia atriais (EAFAs), que correspondem &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais como fibrila&#231;&#227;o e <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, e s&#227;o caracterizados por apresentar uma frequ&#234;ncia atrial &#8805; 190 batimentos por minuto (bpm) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ou &#8805;250 bpm, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 5 a 6 minutos (min). S&#227;o epis&#243;dios assintom&#225;ticos e detectados apenas atrav&#233;s de monitoramento cont&#237;nuo, e denominados tamb&#233;m &#8220;FA subcl&#237;nica&#8221;. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>EAFAs est&#227;o associados a um risco elevado de AVC <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e a tend&#234;ncia &#233; que esses epis&#243;dios tenham o mesmo progn&#243;stico adverso que a FA cl&#237;nica; no entanto, a dura&#231;&#227;o, a frequ&#234;ncia ou a carga di&#225;ria exata desses epis&#243;dios no risco de AVC ainda s&#227;o desconhecidas; assim, o limiar de EAFAs que justifica a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de EAFAs &#233; de 30% a 70%, dependendo do perfil cl&#237;nico da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e dos algoritmos de detec&#231;&#227;o utilizados em cada protocolo de estudo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ao excluir pacientes com hist&#243;ria de FA e em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, esse n&#250;mero cai para cerca de 30%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, em algumas popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas e vulner&#225;veis &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas, como em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC), n&#227;o existem dados relacionados &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a desses epis&#243;dios e sua incid&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes com DC desenvolvem as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, e mais de 10%, altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca s&#227;o principalmente em decorr&#234;ncia de arritmias e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, respons&#225;veis por mais de 35% dos &#243;bitos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Na DC, a FA &#233; a arritmia supraventricular mais frequente, sendo encontrada em 4 a 12% dos casos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> sendo uma das principais causas dos eventos emb&#243;licos cerebrais, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> cuja incid&#234;ncia chega a atingir 3% da popula&#231;&#227;o chag&#225;sica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Investigar a presen&#231;a dos EAFAs e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com AVC em pacientes com DC pode permitir a inclus&#227;o desses pacientes na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais. O objetivo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos e eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais em pacientes chag&#225;sicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo e Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, do tipo coorte prospectiva. Foram inclu&#237;dos 77 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com idade &#8805; 18 anos, acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de arritmias de um hospital universit&#225;rio refer&#234;ncia em Cardiologia, na cidade de Salvador/BA, entre maio de 2016 e junho de 2017. Os pacientes eram portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas e DCEIs (marca-passo, cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel ou dispositivos de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca) capazes de monitorar a atividade atrial. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial/ <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, portadores de DCEI unicameral, aqueles com indica&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral por qualquer raz&#227;o ou que tinham contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de TC de cr&#226;nio.</p>
        <p>A pesquisa foi conduzida de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos (UFBA-HUPES) (sob o n&#250;mero: 1.426.885, em 26/02/2016). O Termo de Consentimento foi obtido dos participantes.</p>
        <p>Foram coletados dados sobre sexo, idade, etnia, comorbidades, tipo e indica&#231;&#227;o dos DCEIs, modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o dos DCEIs, caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas, terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, al&#233;m de dados relacionados &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ECO-TT) e eletrocardiograma (ECG) de longa dura&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Holter 24 horas. A DC foi classificada, em cada paciente, conforme crit&#233;rios do Consenso Brasileiro em Doen&#231;a de Chagas.14 Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas com os pacientes e prontu&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado o escore de risco CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc &#8211; C: <italic>congestive heart failure</italic> or <italic>left ventricular systolic dysfunction</italic> (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) = 1 ponto, H: <italic>hypertension</italic> (hipertens&#227;o) = 1 ponto, A <sub>2</sub>: <italic>age</italic> (idade) &#8805; 75 anos = 2 pontos, D: <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> (diabetes melito) = 1 ponto, S <sub>2</sub>: <italic>prior stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism</italic> (AVC pr&#233;vio ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou tromboembolismo) = 2 pontos, V: <italic>vascular disease</italic> ( <italic>p. ex., peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, aortic plaque</italic> ) (doen&#231;a vascular [p. ex., doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, placa a&#243;rtica]) = 1 ponto, A: <italic>age</italic> (idade) 65 a 74 anos = 1 ponto e Sc: <italic>sex category</italic> (female sex) (g&#234;nero [sexo feminino]) = 1 ponto. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos cerebrovasculares, de acordo com o escore CHA2DS2-VASc &#233; a seguinte: alto risco (2 pontos ou mais), risco intermedi&#225;rio (1 ponto) e baixo risco (0 ponto).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos do Estudo</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s assinatura do termo de consentimento informado, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, visando &#224; confirma&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial/ <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, al&#233;m da descri&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular. Em seguida, os pacientes foram avaliados por um m&#233;dico arritmologista e tiveram seus DCEIs ajustados para uma programa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, visando &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o e grava&#231;&#227;o das arritmias atriais.</p>
        <p>Depois de um per&#237;odo de aproximadamente 3 meses ap&#243;s a programa&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes retornaram ao ambulat&#243;rio para an&#225;lise dos dispositivos (leitura dos DCEIs), com o intuito de identificar e classificar a ocorr&#234;ncia das arritmias atriais, os EAFAs.</p>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo entre a programa&#231;&#227;o e a leitura dos DCEIs, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da TC de cr&#226;nio sem contraste, com o objetivo de identificar eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais. Foram identificados como infarto cerebral silencioso aqueles pacientes que apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es de infarto cerebral nos laudos das TCs e que n&#227;o tinham altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de eventos isqu&#234;micos ou d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos. As TCs foram realizadas e avaliadas pelo departamento de neurorradiologia do hospital. Esse exame foi realizado em aparelho da Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, 1385 (Shimo Ishigami, Otawara-Shi, Tochigi, Jap&#227;o).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Programa&#231;&#227;o dos DCEIs</title>
        <p>A escolha do fabricante do dispositivo n&#227;o influenciou na inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o do paciente. Foram inclu&#237;dos dispositivos dos fabricantes Medtronic&#174;, StJude Medical&#174; e Biotronik&#174;, cujos modelos estavam dispon&#237;veis para uso nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O dispositivo foi programado para identificar EAFAs com dura&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 190 bpm, com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 6 minutos, reconhecido como um ponto de corte apropriado para selecionar EAFAs e descartar a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial prematura ou falsos eventos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> durante todo per&#237;odo de monitoramento. Essa dura&#231;&#227;o foi escolhida por ser consistente com a metodologia de dois grandes estudos &#8211; <italic>Asymptomatic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Evaluation in Pacemaker Patients and the Atrial Fibrillation Reduction Atrial Pacing Trial</italic> (ASSERT) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e <italic>The Relationship Between Daily Atrial Tachyarrhythmia Burden From Implantable Device Diagnostics and Stroke Risk</italic> (TRENDS) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#8211; que demonstraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EAFAs, com dura&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 5 ou 6 minutos, e eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais. O eletrograma de armazenamento foi ativado para confirmar a ocorr&#234;ncia dos EAFAs. Os pacientes tiveram a sensibilidade atrial programada para 0,1 a 0,5 milivolts (mV).</p>
        <p>Todos os EAFAs detectados pelo DCEI com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 6 minutos e com frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 190 bpm foram documentados e enviados para avalia&#231;&#227;o cega do especialista (m&#233;dico eletrofisiologista). A ativa&#231;&#227;o de outros desencadeantes do armazenamento de eletrogramas foi deixada a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico, mas n&#227;o foi apoiada pelo protocolo do estudo.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da programa&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos, foram coletados dados relacionados com par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o/detec&#231;&#227;o, percentuais de utiliza&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular, al&#233;m de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#237;nima e m&#225;xima.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s aproximadamente 3 meses desde a programa&#231;&#227;o do DCEI, o paciente retornou para a consulta subsequente e, nesse momento, foram coletados os dados relacionados com a detec&#231;&#227;o dos EAFAs.</p>
        <p>Os eletrogramas atriais correspondentes aos EAFAs detectados foram avaliados por m&#233;dico eletrofisiologista cego aos resultados das TCs de cr&#226;nio. Tais eletrogramas foram categorizados como detec&#231;&#245;es adequadas ou inadequadas. As detec&#231;&#245;es inadequadas (ru&#237;dos, detec&#231;&#227;o da onda <italic>Farfield</italic> ventricular ou sincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventriculoauricular repetitiva e n&#227;o reentrante) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> foram exclu&#237;das.</p>
        <p>Foram definidas tr&#234;s categorias sem sobreposi&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o dos EAFAs: (1) sem EAFAs; (2) EAFAs com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 6 minutos; (3) EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos. A partir da detec&#231;&#227;o dos EAFAs com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 6 minutos, foram definidos 4 subgrupos: (1) EAFAs entre 6 minutos e 29 minutos; (2) EAFAs entre 30 minutos e 5 horas e 59 minutos; (3) EAFAs entre 6 horas e 23 horas e 59 minutos e (4) EAFAs &#8805; 24 horas. Esses cortes foram definidos de acordo com os valores preditivos positivos avaliados em uma an&#225;lise do estudo <italic>ASSERT</italic> . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos e &#8805; 190 batimentos/min, o valor preditivo positivo foi de 82,7%. O valor preditivo positivo aumentou para 93,2%, 96,7% e 98,2% quando a dura&#231;&#227;o do limiar foi prolongada para 30 minutos, 6 horas e 24 horas, respectivamente. O aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca limiar para 250 batimentos/min diminuiu as detec&#231;&#245;es de falso-positivo, mas em menor medida, e adicionou-se apenas marginalmente ao valor preditivo positivo quando foram utilizadas longas dura&#231;&#245;es de limiar. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eventos Isqu&#234;micos na Tomografia de Cr&#226;nio</title>
        <p>Todas as TCs foram realizadas e avaliadas pelo departamento de neurorradiologia do hospital onde o estudo foi realizado, com o objetivo de identificar &#225;reas compat&#237;veis com eventos isqu&#234;micos (&#225;reas isqu&#234;micas, infartos lacunares, glioses localizadas ou &#225;reas hipodensas). Para pacientes sem hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica ou d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos anteriores, os eventos isqu&#234;micos foram considerados como silenciosos. As TCs de cr&#226;nio foram realizadas em aparelho da Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, 1385, Shimoishigami, Otawara-Shi, Tochigu, Jap&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o programa IBM SPSS, vers&#227;o 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York). Os dados foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva, por meio de medi&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia (absolutas e relativas) para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, utilizaram-se m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, a depender da distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel, que foi testada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
        <p>Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi aplicado o teste &#967; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ou teste exato de Fisher. O teste Student t n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado para as m&#233;dias das idades dos pacientes com EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos e sem EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos e para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da FEVE, e o teste de Mann-Whitney foi empregado para compara&#231;&#227;o do implante do DCEI em meses.</p>
        <p>Os resultados foram apresentados por meio de <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e os seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Popula&#231;&#227;o e Detec&#231;&#227;o dos Eafas</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 77 pacientes na coorte &#8211; 10 foram exclu&#237;dos, sendo que 7 apresentaram FA no momento da programa&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo card&#237;aco, sendo iniciada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (por defini&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente do paciente); 2 foram a &#243;bito antes da leitura do dispositivo e em 1 paciente foi identificado <italic>farfield</italic> ventricular durante leitura do DCEI. Ao final, 67 participantes cumpriram todas as etapas da pesquisa.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 63,6 &#177; 9,2 anos; todos os participantes estavam na fase cr&#244;nica da DC, sendo que 89,6% deles haviam desenvolvido a forma card&#237;aca e 10,4% deles desenvolveram a forma cardiodigestiva da doen&#231;a. Dentre as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da forma card&#237;aca da DC, estavam presentes: s&#237;ndrome arr&#237;tmica (100% dos pacientes), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) (38,8%) e s&#237;ndrome tromboemb&#243;lica (3%, correspondendo a 2 pacientes com AVC pr&#233;vio). As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relacionadas com a forma cardiodigestiva consistiram em ocorr&#234;ncia de megaes&#244;fago chag&#225;sico em 7 pacientes.</p>
        <p>Quanto aos dados relacionados com DCEIs, identificamos que 46,3% dos pacientes estavam em modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o DDD (estimula&#231;&#227;o de dupla c&#226;mara), seguido de 41,8% do modo DDD-R (DDD com resposta de frequ&#234;ncia &#8211; R); a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#237;nima foi de 61,8 &#177; 3,9 bpm, e m&#225;xima de 124,4 &#177; 5,5 bpm. O percentual de utiliza&#231;&#227;o atrial teve m&#233;dia de 52,8 &#177; 37,4% e o ventricular, 65,6 &#177; 42,5%.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de acompanhamento foi de 98 &#177; 28,8 dias e foram detectados EAFAs em 24 (35,8%) pacientes, com dura&#231;&#245;es variadas. A incid&#234;ncia de EAFAs com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 6 minutos ou &#8220;FA subcl&#237;nica&#8221; foi de 11,9% (n = 08).</p>
        <p>A mediana de tempo para atingir o primeiro EAFA foi de 26,2 dias (variando entre 0,08 e 83,25 dias), e a mediana da dura&#231;&#227;o dos EAFAs foi de 135,4 minutos (variando entre 22,8 e 5.811,8 minutos).</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos <italic>versus</italic> pacientes sem EAFAs ou com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 6 minutos s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos <italic>versus</italic> pacientes sem EAFAs ou com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 6 minutos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o total ( <italic>n</italic> = 67)</th>
                  <th>Com EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos ( <italic>n</italic> = 08)</th>
                  <th>Sem EAFAs ou &lt; 6min (n = 59)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos) &#8211; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">63,6 &#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">69,9 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (67,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (93,3)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (32,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (22,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (77,3)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etnia &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branco</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o branco</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (94)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (87,3)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tipo de DCEI</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (92,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (87,1)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CDI</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indica&#231;&#227;o do DCEI &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV/BAVT</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (77,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (86,5)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DNS</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (14,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria MSC</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante do DCEI (meses) <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">108 (48-168)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (54-165)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (36-180)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,757*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC (NYHA)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (84,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,701</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional da IC</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (26,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (85,7)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (84,5)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (83,3)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (74,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,549</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (90,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE % &#8211; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">58,5 &#177; 14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">58,1 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 14,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,495</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE &#8805; 40 mm &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (32,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (86,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,346</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (91,7)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (55,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (91,9)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco alto</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (26,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (77,9)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Fonte: pr&#243;prio autor Os dados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou o n&#250;mero de pacientes (%). &#167;Dados apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil. Os valores de P foram calculados usando o teste qui-quadrado. *Mann-Whitney e o &#8224;teste t de Student, conforme apropriado. DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; BAV/BAVT: bloqueio atrioventricular/bloqueio atrioventricular total; DNS: doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal; MSC: morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (NYHA: New York Heart Association); IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; CHA2DS2-VASc: escore de risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos (C: congestive heart failure or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) = 1 ponto, H: hypertension (hipertens&#227;o) = 1 ponto, A <sub>2</sub>: age (idade) &#8805; 75 anos = 2 pontos, D: diabetes mellitus (diabetes melito) = 1 ponto, S <sub>2</sub>: prior stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism (AVC pr&#233;vio ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou tromboembolismo) = 2 pontos, V: vascular disease (p. ex., peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, aortic plaque) (doen&#231;a vascular [p. ex., doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, placa a&#243;rtica]) = 1 ponto, A: age (idade) 65 a 74 anos = 1 ponto e Sc: sex category (female sex) (g&#234;nero [sexo feminino]) = 1 ponto).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o dos Eventos Isqu&#234;micos</title>
        <p>Onze pacientes (16,4%) apresentaram evento isqu&#234;mico na TC de cr&#226;nio e n&#227;o tinham hist&#243;ria de AVC pr&#233;vio. Observou-se que 87,5% dos pacientes que tinham EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos, apresentaram eventos isqu&#234;micos na TC de cr&#226;nio. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, demonstram-se as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com e sem eventos isqu&#234;micos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com e sem eventos isqu&#234;micos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th>Eventos isqu&#234;micos ( <italic>n</italic> = 11)</th>
                  <th>Sem eventos isqu&#234;micos ( <italic>n</italic> = 56)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos) &#8211; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">70,6 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">62,2 &#177; 8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,483</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (86,7)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (22,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (77,3)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (76,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,315</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da IC &#8211; (NYHA)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,843</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (85,7)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (76,9)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (66,7)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,521</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (84)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (23,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (76,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,301</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE % &#8211; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">57,2 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">58,7 &#177; 14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,553 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE &#8805; 40mm &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (72,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (86,5)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco alto</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (66,7)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EAFAs</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem EAFAs</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (93)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EAFAs &lt; 6 minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (93,8)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Fonte: pr&#243;prio autor Os dados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou o n&#250;mero de pacientes (%). &#167;Dados apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquartil. Os valores de P foram calculados usando o teste do qui-quadrado e o &#8224;teste t de Student. (&#167; - n&#227;o consta esse s&#237;mbolo na tabela) EAFAs: epis&#243;dios de alta frequ&#234;ncia atrial; DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel; MP: marca-passo card&#237;aco; BAV/BAVT: bloqueio atrioventricular/bloqueio atrioventricular total; DNS: doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal; MSC: morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; CHA2DS2-VASc: escore de risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos (C: congestive heart failure or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) = 1 ponto, H: hypertension (hipertens&#227;o) = 1 ponto, A <sub>2</sub>: age (idade) &#8805; 75 anos = 2 pontos, D: diabetes mellitus (diabetes melito) = 1 ponto, S <sub>2</sub>: prior stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism (AVC pr&#233;vio ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou tromboembolismo) = 2 pontos, V: vascular disease (p. ex., peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, aortic plaque) (doen&#231;a vascular [p. ex., doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, placa a&#243;rtica]) = 1 ponto, A: age (idade) 65 a 74 anos = 1 ponto e Sc: sex category (female sex) (g&#234;nero [sexo feminino]) = 1 ponto).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Identificou-se que 45,5% dos pacientes com eventos isqu&#234;micos apresentaram EAFAs com dura&#231;&#227;o entre 30 minutos e 5 horas e 59 minutos, e o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos foi de 3,88 &#177; 2,58, sendo que 50% dos pacientes tiveram entre 1 e 3 epis&#243;dios.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m de considerar o maior EAFA identificado pelo DCEI, foi mensurada tamb&#233;m a carga di&#225;ria total de EAFAs (o m&#225;ximo de tempo em que o paciente permaneceu em &#8220;FA subcl&#237;nica&#8221; em 24 horas) e sua poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos isqu&#234;micos. Evidenciou-se que o paciente chag&#225;sico com carga di&#225;ria com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 6 minutos tem mais chance de desenvolver eventos isqu&#234;micos (OR: 46,67 [6,57 &#8211; 331,67; p &lt;0,001]). A mediana da carga di&#225;ria m&#225;xima que teve associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos foi de 4.554 segundos (75,9 minutos) (OR: 1,001; p &lt; 0,026).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, mostra a descri&#231;&#227;o da carga di&#225;ria de EAFAs em pacientes com e sem eventos isqu&#234;micos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o da carga di&#225;ria de EAFAs em pacientes com e sem eventos isqu&#234;micos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Descri&#231;&#227;o da carga di&#225;ria</th>
                  <th>Com eventos isqu&#234;micos ( <italic>n</italic> = 11)</th>
                  <th>Sem eventos isqu&#234;micos ( <italic>n</italic> = 56)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carga di&#225;ria de EAFAs &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem carga di&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (71,4)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 6 minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (25)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 6 minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,6)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados atrav&#233;s do n&#250;mero de pacientes (%). O valor de p foi calculado por meio do teste exato de Fischer. EAFAs: epis&#243;dios de alta frequ&#234;ncia atrial.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A idade avan&#231;ada e a presen&#231;a de EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos foram associadas &#224; eventos isqu&#234;micos, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores associados aos eventos isqu&#234;micos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fatores associados</th>
                  <th align="left">OR</th>
                  <th align="left">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="left">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos</td>
                  <td>96,2</td>
                  <td>9,4 - 987,5</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade avan&#231;ada</td>
                  <td>1,12</td>
                  <td>1,03 - 1,21</td>
                  <td>0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td>2,16</td>
                  <td>0,58 -7,98</td>
                  <td>0,241</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td>2,08</td>
                  <td>0,56 &#8211; 7,80</td>
                  <td>0,270</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; Teste &#967; <sup>2</sup> ; EAFAs: epis&#243;dios de alta frequ&#234;ncia atrial; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o de EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos com eventos isqu&#234;micos silenciosos. O estudo de Benezet-Mazuecos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> evidenciou que eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais silenciosos ocorrem mais nos pacientes com EAFAs (42%) do que naqueles sem EAFAs (19%), encontrando uma OR de 3,4. Benezet-Mazuecos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m descreveram que os eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais silenciosos ocorreram mais nos pacientes com EAFAs (32%) do naqueles sem EAFAs (13%), encontrando uma OR de 2,45. Al&#233;m disso, breves epis&#243;dios de FA subcl&#237;nica (48 horas) documentados pelo monitoramento do Holter foram associados a um risco significativamente aumentado de eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais silenciosos e AVC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de EAFAs em pacientes sem hist&#243;ria de FA &#233; de cerca de 30%, em per&#237;odos de monitoramento variados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a incid&#234;ncia encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o chag&#225;sica (tamb&#233;m sem hist&#243;ria de FA), em um per&#237;odo de monitoramento de cerca de 3 meses, foi de 11,9%. Tal achado &#233; muito similar ao encontrado em um grande estudo de 2.580 pacientes n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos e sem hist&#243;ria de FA, em que os EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos foram encontrados em 35% dos pacientes em um seguimento m&#233;dio de 2,5 anos, e em 10% dos pacientes nos primeiros 3 meses do estudo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que a mediana de tempo para detec&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios no nosso estudo com pacientes chag&#225;sicos (26,2 dias) foi inferior a de outros estudos, como no <italic>MOde Selection Trial</italic> (MOST) &#8211; 100 dias <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#8211; e no <italic>ASSERT</italic> &#8211; 36 dias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de EAFAs no nosso estudo foi maior (3,9) que o do estudo ASSERT (2,0). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, todos os pacientes possu&#237;am um DCEI dupla c&#226;mara; entretanto, n&#227;o se encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o dupla c&#226;mara e a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de EAFAs, e isso pode ser devido ao fato de que muitos epis&#243;dios foram de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que em uma amostra maior de pacientes, uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos EAFAs, com estimula&#231;&#227;o da dupla c&#226;mara possa ser detectada. O estudo MOST <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o evidenciou essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o dos EAFAs foi maior em pacientes com idade avan&#231;ada, do sexo feminino, de etnia negra, com passado de IAM, cuja indica&#231;&#227;o do implante do DCEI foi o BAV/BAVT; contudo, apenas a idade avan&#231;ada foi associada ao evento isqu&#234;mico. O envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o traz consigo o aumento da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente, e a melhora das t&#233;cnicas de diagn&#243;stico tem evidenciado uma alta preval&#234;ncia de FA em pessoas com mais de 70 anos de idade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Isso tamb&#233;m acontece com a popula&#231;&#227;o chag&#225;sica, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> onde a preval&#234;ncia de FA foi acentuadamente maior com a idade avan&#231;ada. Estudos evidenciaram que EAFAs eram mais prevalentes na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, mas n&#227;o foi encontrado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nessa associa&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dos eventos isqu&#234;micos silenciosos associados com EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos em pacientes mais velhos, tamb&#233;m houve associa&#231;&#227;o do escore CHA2DS2-VASC de risco elevado com eventos isqu&#234;micos silenciosos, semelhantes a outros estudos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de os EAFAs detectados por DCEIs estarem associados a um aumento de 2 a 2,5 vezes no risco de AVC, se comparados com indiv&#237;duos sem EAFAs, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> o risco absoluto de AVC entre esses pacientes &#233; menor do que entre os portadores de FA cl&#237;nica detectada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os estudos de detec&#231;&#227;o da &#8220;FA subcl&#237;nica&#8221; atrav&#233;s de DCEIs t&#234;m tentado identificar o limite de tempo ideal (considerando o maior epis&#243;dio ou a carga di&#225;ria) e suas consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, tais como eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. As dura&#231;&#245;es dos limiares descritos nos estudos t&#234;m sido altamente vari&#225;veis: 5 minutos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> sugerindo aumento de 2,8 no risco de AVC ou &#243;bito; 6 minutos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> com aumento de 2,5 maior risco para tromboembolismo; 24 horas, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> com aumento de 3,1 com maior risco para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. Da mesma forma, a carga di&#225;ria de 3,8 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e 5,5 horas <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m tem sido associada a um aumento significativo do risco de AVC (aumento de 9 e 2 vezes, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>No nosso estudo, a carga di&#225;ria dos EAFAs com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 6 minutos sugere maior chance de o paciente chag&#225;sico desenvolver evento isqu&#234;mico silencioso, um risco mais elevado do que o descrito por outros estudos. Em pacientes com DCEIs, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> evidenciou-se uma OR de 2,11 para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos nos pacientes que tiveram pelo menos 1 dia com no m&#237;nimo 1 hora da carga de &#8220;FA subcl&#237;nica&#8221; (IC 95%: 1,22-3,64, p = 0,008). Outro estudo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> descreve que a carga detectada pelos DCEIs demonstrou-se significativamente associada a eventos cerebrais isqu&#234;micos silenciosos, com OR 5,38.</p>
      <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do maior epis&#243;dio ou a carga di&#225;ria dos EAFAs que elevam o risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos suficientemente para justificar a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o incertas. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual &#233; seguir o algoritmo de gerenciamento dos EAFAs7, visto que n&#227;o existem estudos publicados at&#233; o momento sobre esse assunto.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O estudo apresentado tem limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos e ao seu desenvolvimento em um centro &#250;nico de observa&#231;&#227;o, mas vale ressaltar que n&#227;o existe qualquer estudo sendo realizado com a popula&#231;&#227;o chag&#225;sica e com este objetivo. Al&#233;m disso, diferentemente de outros estudos j&#225; realizados, foram inclu&#237;dos aqui as tr&#234;s marcas de DCEIs mais utilizadas pela popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, n&#227;o se limitando a um &#250;nico tipo de dispositivo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o destes (programa&#231;&#227;o realizada e an&#225;lise dos registros) n&#227;o interferiu em demais configura&#231;&#245;es, atendendo, portanto, &#224;s necessidades dos pacientes durante todo o tempo de monitoramento, e sendo o estudo facilmente reprodut&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle tamb&#233;m corresponde a uma limita&#231;&#227;o; contudo, mesmo sem o grupo controle, vale frisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o relevante do estudo para obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es in&#233;ditas sobre a doen&#231;a de Chagas e os eventos isqu&#234;micos.</p>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o dos eventos isqu&#234;micos foi realizada por meio de TC de cr&#226;nio. A sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o da isquemia &#233; maior a partir de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) de cr&#226;nio. Entretanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de RM espec&#237;fica para pacientes em uso de DCEIs ainda n&#227;o &#233; uma realidade para pacientes atendidos pelo sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico brasileiro, e n&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lises de variabilidade intra e interobservador entre os m&#233;dicos neurologistas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Observamos que em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e DCEIs, os EAFAs &#8805; 6 minutos s&#227;o frequentes e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos isqu&#234;micos silenciosos foi significante. A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos silenciosos tamb&#233;m se associou a uma maior carga di&#225;ria m&#225;xima. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais prevalente em pacientes idosos, e as demais caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o interferiram nos resultados avaliados.</p>
      <p>Estes s&#227;o os primeiros resultados em pacientes chag&#225;sicos j&#225; publicados, e podem oferecer subs&#237;dios para profissionais que realizam rotineiramente o acompanhamento desses pacientes, tornando-os conscientes da relev&#226;ncia desses epis&#243;dios e direcionando-os na busca e na aplica&#231;&#227;o de algoritmos para essa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
    </sec>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Emanoela Lima Freitas pela Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atrial High-Rate Episodes and Their Association with Cerebral Ischemic Events in Chagasic Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7028-9258</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Emanoela Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1702-7296</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Elieusa e Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2294-0872</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Hollanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Sergio da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Guisela Steffen Bonadie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3745-0753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#8211; Enfermagem, Salvador, BA - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Escola de Enfermagem, Salvador, BA - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Bahia Faculdade de Medicina de Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Emanoela Lima Freitas</bold> &#8226; Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Unidade de Terapia Intensiva - Avenida Anita Garibaldi, 2199. Postal Code 40170-130, Ondina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: emanoela.limafreitas@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Freitas EL, Sampaio ES, Oliveira MMC, Aras R; Acquisition of data: Freitas EL, Oliveira LH, Guimar&#227;es MSS, Pinheiro JO, Magalh&#227;es LP, Albuquerque GSB, Aras R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Freitas EL, Oliveira MMC, Oliveira LH, Guimar&#227;es MSS, Pinheiro JO, Magalh&#227;es LP, Albuquerque GSB, Macedo C, Aras R; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Freitas EL, Sampaio ES, Oliveira MMC, Aras R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Aras R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) are associated with an increased risk of cerebral ischemic events; however, there are no studies related to the presence of AHREs and cerebral ischemic events in Chagasic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate the association between the presence of AHREs &#8805; 6 minutes and cerebral ischemic events in Chagasic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Cohort study with Chagasic patients with implantable electronic cardiac devices (IECDs), followed at the Arrhythmia Outpatient Clinic of a University Hospital, in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil, between May 2016 and June 2017.. Patients diagnosed with atrial flutter / atrial fibrillation, with unicameral IECD and using oral anticoagulation were excluded. AHREs with atrial frequency &#8805; 190 beats per minute and duration &#8805; 6 minutes (min) were considered, and cerebral ischemic events were identified by computed tomography (CT) of the skull.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The 67 research participants (67.2% females, mean age 63.6 &#177; 9.2 years) were followed for 98 &#177; 28.8 days and 11.9% of the patients had AHREs &#8805; 6 min. Skull CT showed silent cerebral ischemic events in 16.4% of the patients, 63.6% of whom had AHREs &#8805; 6 min in the analysis of IECDs. Advanced age [OR 1.12 (95% CI 1.03-1.21; p=0.009] and the presence of AHREs &#8805; 6 minutes [OR 96.2 (95% CI 9.4-987.4; p &lt;0.001)] were independent predictors for ischemic events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>AHREs detected by IECDs were associated with the presence of silent cerebral ischemic events in Chagasic patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>Cerebral Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Brain Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, Computed/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of ischemic stroke by five to six times regardless of other risk factors. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In recent years, interest in detecting AF at an earlier stage, before clinical identification, has been growing, mainly detected through an implantable cardiac pacemaker / defibrillator (ICD) and preceding the first disease manifestation, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> the atrial high-frequency episodes (AHREs), which correspond to the occurrence of atrial arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and flutter and are characterized by having an atrial frequency &#8805; 190 beats per minute (bpm) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> or &#8805; 250 bpm, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> with duration &#8805; 5 to 6 minutes (min). They are asymptomatic episodes and detected only through continuous monitoring and are also called &#8220;subclinical AF&#8221;. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>AHREs are associated with an increased risk of stroke <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and the tendency is that these episodes have the same adverse prognosis as clinical AF; however, the duration, frequency or exact daily load of these episodes at risk of stroke is still unknown; thus, the threshold of AHREs that justifies oral anticoagulation is not yet clear. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The incidence of AHREs is 30-70%, depending on the clinical profile of the population studied and the detection algorithms used in each study protocol. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> When excluding patients with a history of AF and using oral anticoagulation, that number drops to around 30%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, in some specific populations who are vulnerable to thromboembolic complications, such as patients with Chagas&#8217; disease (CD), there are no data related to the investigation of the presence of these episodes and their incidence.</p>
        <p>Approximately 30% of CD patients develop cardiac changes, and more than 10% develop neurological changes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Complications of heart disease are mainly due to arrhythmias and heart failure, responsible for more than 35% of deaths. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In CD, AF is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia, being found in 4 to 12% of cases, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> being one of the main causes of cerebral embolic events, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and of which incidence affects 3% of the Chagasic population. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Investigating the presence of AHREs and their association with stroke in patients with CD may allow the inclusion of these patients to those using oral anticoagulants. The objective was to investigate the association between the presence of AHREs &#8805; 6 minutes and cerebral ischemic events in Chagasic patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design and Population</title>
          <p>This is an observational, prospective cohort study. All 77 patients were included, of both genders, aged &#8805; 18 years, followed at the arrhythmia outpatient clinic of a University Hospital, a referral in Cardiology, in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil, between May 2016 and June 2017. The patients had Chagas&#8217; disease and IECD&#8217;s (pacemaker, implantable cardioverter defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy devices) capable of monitoring atrial activity. Patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation / atrial flutter, with unicameral IECD, those with chronic indication for oral anticoagulation for any reason, or those with a contraindication to cranial tomography were excluded.</p>
          <p>The research was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Edgard Santos UFBA-HUPES (under number: 1,426,885, on 26/02/2016). The consent form was obtained from all participants.</p>
          <p>Data on gender, age, ethnicity, comorbidities, type and indication of IECD&#8217;s, IECD stimulation mode &#8216; drug therapy and characterization of Chagas disease were collected, in addition to data related to chest radiography, transthoracic echocardiogram ((TTE) and long-term electrocardiogram - 24-hour Holter. In each patient, CD was classified according to the criteria of the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Data were collected through interviews with patients and from medical records.</p>
          <p>The risk score used was CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc (C- Congestive heart failure (or Left ventricular systolic dysfunction) &#8211; 1 point, H- Hypertension &#8211; 1 point, A <sub>2</sub>
						<sub><bold>-</bold></sub> Age &#8805;75 years - 2 points, D - Diabetes Mellitus &#8211; 1 point, S <sub>2</sub> -Prior Stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism- 2 points, V - Vascular disease (e.g., peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, aortic plaque) &#8211; 1 points, A - Age 65&#8211;74 years &#8211; 1 point and Sc <bold>-</bold> Sex category (female sex) - 1 point). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The risk classification of cerebrovascular events, according to the score CHA2DS2-VASc is defined as follows: High risk (2 points or more), intermediate risk (1 point) and low risk (0 points).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Procedures</title>
          <p>After signing the informed consent form, patients underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), aiming at confirming the absence of atrial fibrillation / atrial flutter, in addition to identifying cardiac rhythm and intraventricular conduction disorders. Then, the patients were evaluated by an arrhythmologist and had their IECDs adjusted to a specific schedule, aiming at detection and recording of atrial arrhythmias.</p>
          <p>After a period of approximately 3 months after the schedule implementation, the patients returned to the clinic to have devices analyzed (reading of the IECD&#8217;s), to identify and classify the occurrence of atrial arrhythmias, the AHREs.</p>
          <p>During the period between the programming and the reading of the IECDs, patients underwent a non-contrast-enhanced skull computed tomography (CT) aiming to identify cerebral ischemic events. Silent cerebral infarction was identified in those patients who showed changes in cerebral infarction in the CT reports and who did not show any clinical changes in ischemic events or neurological deficits. CT scans were performed and evaluated by the Neuroradiology Department of the Hospital. This examination was performed on a Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation device, 1385 (Shimo Ishigami, Otawara-Shi, Tochigi, Japan).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>IECDs Programming</title>
          <p>The choice of device manufacturer did not influence patient inclusion / exclusion. Manufacturers&#8217; devices that have been included were Medtronic&#174;, St. Jude Medical&#174; and Biotronik&#174;, of which models were available for use in this population.</p>
          <p>The device was programmed to identify AHREs lasting at least 190 bpm, for &#8805; 6 min, recognized as an appropriate cutoff point to select AHREs and rule out premature atrial contraction or false events, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> throughout the monitoring period. This duration was chosen because it is consistent with the methodology of two large studies, the &#8220;Asymptomatic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Evaluation in Pacemaker Patients and the Atrial Fibrillation Reduction Atrial Pacing Trial (ASSERT)&#8221; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and the &#8220;The Relationship Between Daily Atrial Tachyarrhythmia Burden From Implantable Device Diagnostics and Stroke Risk (TRENDS)&#8221;, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which demonstrated the association between AHREs, lasting at least five or six min, and cerebral ischemic events. The storage electrogram was activated to confirm the occurrence of AHREs. Patients had atrial sensitivity set at 0.1 - 0.5 millivolts (mV).</p>
          <p>All AHREs detected by IECD lasting &#8805; 6 min and with frequency &#8805; 190 bpm were documented and sent for blind assessment by the specialist (electrophysiologist). The activation of other electrogram storage triggers was left to the physician&#8217;s discretion but was not supported by the study protocol.</p>
          <p>In addition to device programming, data related to stimulation / detection parameters, percentages of atrial and ventricular utilization, as well as the minimum and maximum heart rate were collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoring</title>
          <p>Approximately three months after IECD programming, the patient returned for the subsequent consultation, and at this time data related to the detection of AHREs were collected.</p>
          <p>The atrial electrograms corresponding to the detected AHREs were evaluated by an electrophysiologist blinded to the results of cranial CT scans. These electrograms were categorized as adequate or inadequate detections. Inadequate detections (noise, ventricular Far-field R wave detection, or repetitive, non-reentrant ventricular-atrial synchrony), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> were excluded.</p>
          <p>Three categories were defined, without overlapping the duration of AHREs: (1) without AHREs; (2) AHREs lasting &lt;6 min; (3) AHREs lasting &#8805; 6 min. Based on the detection of AHREs lasting &#8805; 6 min, 4 subgroups were defined: (1) AHREs between 6 min - 29 min; (2) AHREs between 30min - 5h59min; (3) AHREs between 6 am - 11:59 pm and (4) AHREs &#8805; 24 h. These cutoffs were defined according to the positive predictive values established by the ASSERT study analysis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For AHREs &#8805; 6 minutes and &#8805; 190 beats / min, the positive predictive value was 82.7%. The positive predictive value increased to 93.2%, 96.7% and 98.2% when the threshold duration was extended to 30 minutes, six hours and 24 hours, respectively. Increasing the threshold heart rate to 250 beats / min decreased false positive detections, but to a lesser extent, and added only marginally to the positive predictive value when long threshold durations were used. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ischemic Events in Cranial Tomography</title>
          <p>All CT scans were performed and evaluated by the Department of Neuroradiology of the Hospital where the study was conducted, with the aim of identifying areas compatible with ischemic events (ischemic areas, lacunar infarctions, localized glioses or hypodense areas). For patients with no medical history or previous neurological deficits, ischemic events were considered to be silent. The cranial CTs were performed on a Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation device, 1385, Shimoishigami, Otawara-Shi, Tochigu, Japan.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS program, version 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, New York). The data was submitted to descriptive statistical analysis, using frequency measurements (absolute and relative) for qualitative variables. For quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation, or median and interquartile range were used, depending on the variable distribution, which was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
          <p>For the categorical variables, the &#967; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was applied. The unpaired Student&#8217;s t test was used for the mean ages of patients with AHREs &#8805; 6min and without AHREs &#8805; 6min and for the comparison of LVEF means, whereas the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the time since the IECD implantation in months.</p>
          <p>The results were presented using Odds Ratio (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A value of p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population Characteristics and Detection of AHREs</title>
          <p>A total of 77 patients were included in the cohort, of which ten were excluded; seven had AF at the time of the cardiac device programming, and oral anticoagulation was started (as defined by the patient&#8217;s attending physician); two died before the reading of the device and in one patient, ventricular Far-field R-wave detection was identified during IECD reading. In the end, 67 participants completed all stages of the research.</p>
          <p>The mean age was 63.6 &#177; 9.2 years; all participants were in the chronic phase of CD, 89.6% of whom had developed the Cardiac form and 10.4% the Cardiodigestive form of the disease. The clinical manifestations of the cardiac form of CD included the Arrhythmic Syndrome (100% of patients), Heart Failure - HF (38.8%) and Thromboembolic Syndrome (3% - corresponding to two patients with previous stroke). The clinical manifestations related to the Cardiodigestive form was the occurrence of Chagasic Megaesophagus in seven patients.</p>
          <p>As for data related to IECDs, we found that 46.3% of patients were in DDD stimulation mode (double-chamber stimulation), followed by 41.8% in DDD-R mode (DDD with frequency response - R); the minimum heart rate was 61.8 &#177; 3.9 bpm, and the maximum was 124.4 &#177; 5.5 bpm. The percentage of atrial utilization averaged 52.8 &#177; 37.4%, whereas the ventricular was 65.6 &#177; 42.5%.</p>
          <p>The mean follow-up was 98 &#177; 28.8 days and AHREs were detected in 24 (35.8%) patients, with varying durations. The incidence of AHREs lasting &#8805; 6 minutes or &#8220;subclinical AF&#8221; was 11.9% (n = 08).</p>
          <p>The median time to reach the first AHRE was 26.2 days (ranging from 0.08 to 83.25 days), and the median duration of the AHREs was 135.4 minutes (ranging from 22.8 to 5811.8 minutes).</p>
          <p>Comparisons of the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with AHREs &#8805; 6min <italic>versus</italic> patients without AHREs or with duration &lt;6 min are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with AHREs &#8805; 6 min <italic>versus</italic> patients without AHREs or duration &lt;6 min</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Demographic and clinical characteristics</th>
                    <th>Population total (n=67)</th>
                    <th>With AHREs &#8805; 6min (n= 08)</th>
                    <th>Without AHREs or &lt; 6min (n= 59)</th>
                    <th>P value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years) &#8211; mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">63.6 &#177; 9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">69.9 &#177; 10.4</td>
                    <td align="center">62.8 &#177; 8.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040 <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex&#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0.103</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (67.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (93.3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (32.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (22.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (77.3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ethnicity &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nonwhite</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (94)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (12.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (87.3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IECD Type</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (92.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (12.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (87.1)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICD</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IECD Indication &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AVB/ TAVB</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (77.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (13.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (86.5)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SND</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (14.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Secondary prevention SCD</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implant OF IECD (months) <sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">108 (48-168)</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (54-165)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (36-180)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.757*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF (NYHA)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (38.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (15.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (84.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.701</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF functional class</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (26.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (85.7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (84.5)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (83.3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMI&#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (12.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAH &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (74.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (88)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.549</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (31.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (90.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF % - mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">58.5 &#177; 14.1</td>
                    <td align="center">58.1 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">58.6 &#177; 14.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.495</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA &#8805; 40mm &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (32.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (13.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (86.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA2DS2-VASc Score</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0.346</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low risk</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (17.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (91.7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intermediate risk</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (55.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (91.9)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High risk</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (26.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (22.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (77.9)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Source: The author. Data is presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or the number of patients (%); &#167; Data presented as median and interquartile range. P values were calculated using the Chi-square test, * Mann-Whitney and the &#8224; Student&#8217;s t test, as appropriate. IECD: Implantable electronic cardiac device. ICD: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator. AVB/TAVB: Atrioventricular block / Total atrioventricular block. SND: Sinus node disease. SCD: Sudden cardiac death. HF: Heart Failure (NYHA: New York Heart Association). AMI: Acute myocardial infarction. SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension. LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction. LA: Left atrium. CHA2DS2-VASc: risk score for thromboembolic events (C- Congestive heart failure (or Left ventricular systolic dysfunction) &#8211; 1 point, H- Hypertension &#8211; 1 point, A <sub>2</sub> - Age &#8805;75 years- 2 points, D - Diabetes Mellitus &#8211; 1 point, S <sub>2</sub> - Prior Stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism- 2 points, V - Vascular disease (e.g. peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, aortic plaque) &#8211; 1 point, A - Age 65&#8211;74 years &#8211; 1 point e Sc - Sex category (female sex) - 1 point).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detection of Ischemic Events</title>
          <p>Eleven patients (16.4%) had an ischemic event on cranial CT and had no history of previous stroke. It was observed that 87.5% of the patients, who had AHREs &#8805; 6 min, also had ischemic events on cranial CT. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of patients with and without ischemic events.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of patients with and without ischemic events</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Clinical characteristics</th>
                    <th>Ischemic events (n= 11)</th>
                    <th>Non-ischemic events (n= 56)</th>
                    <th>P value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years) &#8211; mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">70.6 &#177; 10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">62.2 &#177; 8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005&#8224;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex&#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0.483</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (86.7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (22.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (77.3)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (76.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.315</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Classification of HF -(NYHA)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0.843</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (85.7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (76.9)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (66.7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMI &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (75)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.521</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAH &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (84)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (23.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (76.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.301</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF % - mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">57.2 &#177; 14</td>
                    <td align="center">58.7 &#177; 14.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.553&#8224;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA &#8805; 40mm &#8211; n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (72.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.157</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Score CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">0.050</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low risk</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intermediate risk</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (13.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (86.5)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High risk</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (66.7)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AHREs</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Without AHREs</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (93)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AHREs &lt; 6minutes</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (93.8)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AHREs &#8805; 6minutes</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Source: The author. Data is presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or the number of patients (%); &#167; Data presented as median and interquartile range. P-values were calculated using the Chi-square test and &#8224; Student&#8217;s t test. AHREs: Atrial high-rate episodes. IECD: Implantable electronic cardiac device. PM: Cardiac pacemaker. AVB/TAVB: Atrioventricular block / Total atrioventricular block. SND: Sinus node disease. SCD: Sudden cardiac death. HF: Heart Failure (NYHA: New York Heart Association). AMI: Acute myocardial infarction. SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension. DM: Diabetes mellitus. LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction. LA: Left atrium. CHA2DS2-VASc: risk score for thromboembolic events (C- Congestive heart failure (or Left ventricular systolic dysfunction) &#8211; 1 point, H- Hypertension &#8211; 1 point, A <sub>2</sub> - Age &#8805;75 years- 2 points, D - Diabetes Mellitus &#8211; 1 point, S <sub>2</sub> - Prior Stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism- 2 points, V - Vascular disease (e.g. peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, aortic plaque) &#8211; 1 point, A - Age 65&#8211;74 years &#8211; 1 point e Sc - Sex category (female sex) - 1 point).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>It was observed that 45.5% of the patients with ischemic events had AHREs lasting between 30min and 05h59 min, and the average number of AHREs &#8805; 6 min was 3.88 &#177; 2.58, with 50% of patients having between 1 and 3 episodes.</p>
          <p>In addition to considering the longest AHRE identified by the IECD, the total daily load of AHREs (the maximum time that the patient remained in &#8220;subclinical AF&#8221; during a 24-hour period) and its possible association with ischemic events were also measured. It was demonstrated that the Chagasic patient with daily load lasting &#8805; 06 minutes, is more likely to develop ischemic events [OR: 46.67 (6.57 - 331.67; p &lt;0.001)]. The median maximum daily load that was associated with the occurrence of ischemic events was 4,554 seconds (75.9 minutes) [OR: 1.001; p &lt;0.026).</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the description of the daily load of AHREs in patients with and without ischemic events.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Description of the daily load of AHREs in patients with and without ischemic events</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Description of daily load</th>
                    <th>With ischemic events (n= 11)</th>
                    <th>No ischemic events (n= 56)</th>
                    <th>P value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Daily load of AHREs - n (%)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Without daily load</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (71.4)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 6 minutes</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (25)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 6 minutes</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.6)</td>
                    <td>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data is presented as the number of patients (%); The P-value was calculated using Fischer&#8217;s exact test. AHREs: Atrial High Rate episodes.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Advanced age and the presence of AHREs &#8805; 6 minutes were associated with ischemic events, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Factors associated with ischemic events</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Associated factors</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                    <th>P value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AHREs &#8805; 6 minutes</td>
                    <td align="center">96.2</td>
                    <td align="center">9.4 - 987.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Advanced age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 - 1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF</td>
                    <td align="center">2.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58 -7.98</td>
                    <td align="center">0.241</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">2.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56 &#8211; 7.80</td>
                    <td align="center">0.270</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAH</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21 -3.82</td>
                    <td align="center">0.874</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>OR: Odds Ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; &#967;2 test. AHREs: Atrial high-rate episodes. HF: Heart Failure. SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>There was an association of AHREs &#8805; 6 min with silent ischemic events. The study by Benezet-Mazuecos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> showed that silent cerebral ischemic events occur more in patients with AHREs (42%) than in those without AHREs (19%), finding an OR of 3.4. Benezet-Mazuecos et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> also described that silent cerebral ischemic events occurred more in patients with AHREs (32%) than in those without AHREs (13%) finding an OR of 2.45. In addition, brief episodes of subclinical AF (48 hours) documented by Holter monitoring were associated with a significantly increased risk of silent cerebral ischemic events and stroke. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The incidence of AHREs in patients without a history of AF is around 30%, with different monitoring periods. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In our study, the incidence found in the Chagas population (also without a history of AF), with a monitoring period of about 03 months, was 11.9%. This finding is very similar to that found in a large study of 2,580 non-Chagasic patients with no history of AF, where AHREs &#8805; 6 min were found in 35% of patients in an average follow-up of 2.5 years, and in 10% of patients in the first three months of the study. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, it is important to note that the median time to detect episodes in our study with Chagasic patients (26.2 days) was lower than the one in other studies, as in the MOde Selection Trial (MOST) - 100 days <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and ASSERT - 36 days, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and additionally, the average number of AHREs in our study was higher (3.9) than that in the ASSERT study (2.0). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, all patients had a double-chamber IECD; however, no association was found between the dual-chamber stimulation mode and the presence or absence of AHREs, and this may be due to the fact that many episodes were short-lived. However, it is possible that in a larger sample of patients, a reduction in AHREs can be detected, with double-chamber stimulation. The MOST <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> study also did not show this association.</p>
        <p>The detection of AHREs was higher in patients with advanced age, females, of black ethnicity, with a history of AMI, whose indication for IECD implantation was AVB / TAVB; however, only advanced age was associated with the ischemic event. The aging of the population results in an increase in the underlying heart disease, and the improvement in diagnostic techniques has shown a high prevalence of AF in people over 70 years of age. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This also happens with the Chagasic population, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> where the prevalence of AF was markedly higher in individuals with advanced age. Studies have shown that AHREs were more prevalent in the elderly population, but no statistical significance was found in this association. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to the silent ischemic events associated with AHREs &#8805; 6 min in older patients, there was also an association of the high-risk CHA2DS2-VASC score with silent ischemic events, similar to what was observed in other studies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although AHREs detected by IECDs are associated with a 2- to 2.5-fold increase in stroke risk, compared to individuals without AHREs, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> the absolute risk of stroke in these patients is lower than in those with detected clinical AF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Detection studies of &#8220;subclinical AF&#8221; using IECDs have tried to identify the ideal time limit (considering the longest episode or daily load) and its clinical consequences, such as thromboembolic events. The duration of the thresholds described in the studies have been highly variable, 5 min, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> suggesting an increase of 2.8 in the risk of stroke or death; 6 min, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> with a 2.5-fold increased risk for thromboembolism; 24 h <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> with an increase of 3.1, with a greater risk for thromboembolic events. Likewise, the daily load of 3.8 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and 5.5 h, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> has also been associated with a significant increase in stroke risk (9 and 2-fold increase, respectively).</p>
        <p>In our study, the daily load of AHREs lasting &#8805; 6 minutes, suggests a greater chance for the Chagasic patient to develop a silent ischemic event, a higher risk than that described by other studies. In patients with IECDs, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> an OR of 2.11 was demonstrated for the occurrence of ischemic events in the patient who had at least 1 day with at least 1 hour of the &#8220;subclinical AF&#8221; load (95% CI: 1.22-3.64, p = 0.008). Another study, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> describes that the load detected by the IECDs was shown to be significantly associated with silent cerebral ischemic events, with an OR o 5.38.</p>
        <p>The duration of the longest episode or the daily load of AHREs that sufficiently increases the risk of ischemic events to justify anticoagulation is uncertain. The current recommendation is to follow the AHRE Management Algorithm <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>, since there are no studies published so far on this subject.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study has limitations related to the small number of patients included in it and its development in a single observation center, but it is worth mentioning that there are no studies being carried out with the Chagasic population and with this purpose. In addition, unlike other previously performed studies, the three brands of IECDs most often used by the studied population were included here, not limited to a single type of device and their evaluation (programming performed and analysis of records) did not interfere with other configurations, therefore meeting the needs of patients during the entire monitoring time, with the study being easily reproducible.</p>
          <p>The absence of a control group also corresponds to a limitation; however, even without the control group, it is worth emphasizing the relevant contribution of the study to obtain unprecedented information on patients with Chagas disease and ischemic events.</p>
          <p>The investigation of ischemic events was performed through skull CT, and the sensitivity for the detection of ischemia is greater than that of skull magnetic resonance. However, the use of specific magnetic resonance imaging methods for patients using IECDs is not yet a reality for patients treated by the Brazilian public health system and analyses of intra and inter-observer variability have not been carried out by neurologists.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>We observed that in patients with Chagas disease and IECDs, AHREs &#8805; 6 min are frequent and their association with silent ischemic events was significant. The occurrence of silent ischemic events was also associated with a higher maximum daily load. This association was more prevalent in elderly patients, and the other characteristics of Chagas disease did not interfere with the evaluated results.</p>
        <p>These are the first published results about Chagasic patients, and may offer subsidies for professionals who routinely monitor these patients, making them aware of the relevance of these episodes and directing them in the search and application of algorithms for this specific population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Emanoela Lima Freitas, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
