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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QWTKngTKF4NzVqpfCMRYSmx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01063</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401063</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190090</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190090</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Tratamento Medicamentoso Habitual &#233; Suficiente para Manter o Controle da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca nos Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6701-0567</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esp&#237;ndola</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Dressler de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Enock</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Milena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8946-7509</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brancalh&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Euler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Name</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Lyra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Marcelina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marcelina &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mateus Dressler de Esp&#237;ndola &#8226; Hospital Santa Marcelina &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Santa Marcelina, 177. CEP 03614-000, Itaquera S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mateusespindola@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cardoso J, Cardoso C, Novaes M, Barretto ACP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cunha M, Netto E, Novaes M, Del Carlo CH, Brancalh&#227;o E; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cardoso J, Brancalh&#227;o E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Brancalh&#227;o E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cardoso J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cardoso J, Esp&#237;ndola MD, Cardoso C, Name AL, Barretto ACP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1063</fpage>
      <lpage>1069</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Estudos revelam que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) &lt;70 batimentos por minuto (bpm) evoluem melhor e t&#234;m menor morbimortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com FC &gt;70. Entretanto, muitos pacientes com IC mant&#234;m FC elevada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar se os pacientes acompanhados em ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia t&#234;m sua FC controlada e como estava a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos que reduzem a mortalidade na IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram analisados de forma consecutiva pacientes que passaram em consulta e que j&#225; acompanhavam em ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia, idade &gt; 18 anos e com diagn&#243;stico de IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;45%. Os pacientes em ritmo sinusal foram divididos em dois grupos: FC &#8804;70 bpm (G1) e FC &gt;70 bpm (G2). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram utilizados os testes t de Student, Qui-quadrado. Foi considerado significante p &lt;0,05. Utilizamos o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram avaliados 212 pacientes de forma consecutiva. Destes, 41 (19,3%) apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou eram portadores de marca-passo e foram exclu&#237;dos desta an&#225;lise; assim, 171 pacientes foram analisados. Os pacientes em ritmo sinusal tinham idade m&#233;dia de 63,80 anos (&#177;11,77), sendo 59,6% homens e FEVE m&#233;dia de 36,64% (&#177;7,79). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etiologia, a isqu&#234;mica estava presente em 102 pacientes (59,65%), enquanto a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica em 17 pacientes (9,9%); 131 pacientes eram hipertensos (76,6%), enquanto 63 pacientes (36,84%) eram diab&#233;ticos. Quanto &#224; FC, 101 pacientes apresentaram FC &#8804;70 bpm (59,06%) G1 e 70 pacientes (40,93%) FC &gt;70 bpm (G2). A FC m&#233;dia no G1 foi de 61,53 bpm (&#177;5,26) e no G2, 81,76 bpm (&#177;9,52), p &lt;0,001. A quase totalidade dos pacientes (98,8%) estava sendo tratada com carvedilol prescrito na dose m&#233;dia de 42,14 mg/dia (&#177;18,55) no G1 <italic>versus</italic> 42,48 mg/dia (&#177;21,14) no G2, p=0,911. A digoxina foi utilizada em 5,9% dos pacientes no G1 <italic>versus</italic> 8,5% no G2, p=0,510. A dose m&#233;dia de digoxina no G1 foi de 0,19 mg/dia (&#177;0,06) e no G2 foi de 0,19 mg/dia (&#177;0,06), p=0,999. A maioria dos pacientes (87,72%) utilizou o inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina (BRA), e 56,72% utilizaram espironolactona. A dose m&#233;dia de enalapril foi de 28,86 mg/dia (&#177;12,68) e de BRA foi de 87,80 mg/dia (&#177;29,80). A maioria dos pacientes utilizou IECA ou BRA e com doses adequadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O estudo revelou que 40,93% dos pacientes estavam com FC acima de 70 bpm, apesar de o betabloqueador ter sido prescrito para praticamente todos os pacientes e em doses elevadas. Outras medidas precisam ser adotadas para manter a FC mais controlada nesse grupo de frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1063-1069)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade e Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cada vez mais frequente que evolui com elevada morbidade e mortalidade nas formas avan&#231;adas, sendo a fase final comum das cardiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da gravidade da doen&#231;a, o tratamento correto conforme as diretrizes melhora a qualidade de vida e reduz a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar das evid&#234;ncias da sua efetividade, a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos que modificam o progn&#243;stico &#233; inferior ao desejado, como demonstrado em alguns registros recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ao analisar os potenciais motivos para a subprescri&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos direcionados aos pacientes com IC, &#233; poss&#237;vel destacar hipotens&#227;o, idade avan&#231;ada, al&#233;m do receio de poss&#237;veis efeitos colaterais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Outro prov&#225;vel motivo para n&#227;o alcan&#231;ar as doses de efic&#225;cia comprovada pode ser a falta de metas objetivas no tratamento da IC, assim como fazemos no tratamento das dislipidemias e da hipertens&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Talvez dev&#234;ssemos perseguir no tratamento da IC algumas metas objetivas, como o controle mais r&#237;gido da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). A FC nos pacientes com IC tem se mostrado um guia importante para avalia&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia do tratamento. Para os pacientes com IC, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida e em ritmo sinusal, o estudo SHIFT documentou que reduzir a FC para valores inferiores a 70 batimentos por minuto (bpm) modifica o progn&#243;stico. Entretanto, uma parcela dos nossos pacientes ainda apresenta FC acima do desejado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste trabalho, procuramos verificar em um ambulat&#243;rio de um grande hospital terci&#225;rio da zona leste da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo se os pacientes em ritmo sinusal apresentavam FC controlada (FC &#8804;70 bpm). Tamb&#233;m avaliamos se a medica&#231;&#227;o para IC estava adequada conforme as diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Para realizar esta pesquisa avaliamos os pacientes com IC que foram atendidos consecutivamente no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2016 a mar&#231;o de 2017 com FEVE &lt;45%, em tratamento da IC h&#225; mais de 6 meses. Avaliamos dados demogr&#225;ficos, etiologia da cardiopatia, ritmo card&#237;aco, press&#227;o arterial, FC e o tratamento medicamentoso, verificando as doses alcan&#231;adas com os diferentes f&#225;rmacos.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade &gt;18 anos, diagn&#243;stico de IC, FEVE &lt;45% e ritmo sinusal. Para fim de an&#225;lise, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, um com FC &#8804;70 bpm (G1) e outro com FC &gt;70 bpm (G2).</p>
      <p>Foi avaliada a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s grupos de medica&#231;&#245;es que comprovadamente modificam a hist&#243;ria natural da IC: vasodilatadores (inibidor da ECA [IECA] ou bloqueador dos receptores da angiotensina II [BRA] ou hidralazina e nitrato), espironolactona e betabloqueador; somente naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e com hiperpotassemia persistente e que n&#227;o toleravam pelo menos 50% de IECA/BRA, os vasodilatadores utilizados eram hidralazina e nitrato. J&#225; nos pacientes em uso de dose plena de IECA/BRA, betabloqueador e espironolactona e que permaneciam sintom&#225;ticos, era adicionado ao tratamento o uso de hidralazina e nitrato.</p>
      <p>A dose considerada correta para o IECA foi de 20 mg 2x/dia de enalapril ou dose equivalente de captopril (150 mg/dia). Para os BRA, a dose considerada correta foi de 100 a 150 mg/dia de losartana. Para espironolactona, a dose plena foi de 25 mg/dia. Para os betabloqueadores, a dose considerada plena foi de 25 mg 2x/dia para o carvedilol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Identificaram-se tamb&#233;m o percentual e a dose de prescri&#231;&#227;o de digoxina, hidroclorotiazida e furosemida, medica&#231;&#245;es frequentemente prescritas para os pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, houve aprova&#231;&#227;o do projeto pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Casa de Sa&#250;de Santa Marcelina, sob parecer n&#176; 13.10.805.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;mero (porcentagem). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para testar a normalidade dos dados (p &gt;0,05 = distribui&#231;&#227;o normal). Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> -Student n&#227;o pareado para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os testes utilizados foram bicaudais e o valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado como estatisticamente significante. Na compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas, foram utilizados os testes do Qui-quadrado ou Teste Exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com <italic>o software</italic> estat&#237;stico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram analisados 212 pacientes de forma consecutiva. Deste grupo, 41 (19,3%) apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou eram portadores de marca-passo e foram exclu&#237;dos desta an&#225;lise. Portanto, analisamos 171 pacientes em ritmo sinusal. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 63,80 anos &#177; 11,77, sendo 59,6% homens, FEVE m&#233;dia 36,64% &#177; 7,79 e Pro-BNP m&#233;dio de 1663,95 pg/mL &#177; 2158,77. A etiologia isqu&#234;mica ocorreu em 102 pacientes (59,65%). Diabetes estava presente em 63 pacientes (36,84%), e 131 pacientes (76,6%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , apresentamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes e o tratamento que vinham recebendo. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , apresentamos as doses dos medicamentos prescritos (mg/dia).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e tratamento dos pacientes em ritmo sinusal estudados.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Pacientes n</th>
                <th>171</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade em anos</td>
                <td align="center">63,80 &#177; 11,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">102 (59,65%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">17 (9,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">29 (17%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Comorbidades n</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">63 (36,84%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">131 (76,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Dados cl&#237;nicos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS em mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">119,56 &#177; 18,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC em bpm</td>
                <td align="center">69,81 &#177;12,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                <td align="center">1663,95 &#177; 2158,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Dados do ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE em mm</td>
                <td align="center">61,34 &#177; 7,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE em mm</td>
                <td align="center">50,33 &#177; 8,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE percentual</td>
                <td align="center">36,64 &#177; 6,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Medicamentos prescritos n</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">90 (52,63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidroclorotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">25 (14,61%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">150 (87,72%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">169 (98,83%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">97 (56,72%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidralazina</td>
                <td align="center">30 (17,54%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center">42 (24,56%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,01%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NT-proBNP: por&#231;&#227;o N terminal do pept&#237;dio natriur&#233;tico do tipo &#8220;B&#8221;; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dose m&#233;dia dos medicamentos prescritos (mg/dia) e desvio padr&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medicamento</th>
                <th>Dose</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">52,31 &#177; 26,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidroclotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">26,09 &#177; 5,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enalapril</td>
                <td align="center">28,86 &#177; 12,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Losartana</td>
                <td align="center">87,80 &#177; 29,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carvedilol</td>
                <td align="center">42,28 &#177; 19,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">25,00 &#177; 4,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidralazina</td>
                <td align="center">96,55 &#177; 59,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isossorbida</td>
                <td align="center">53,90 &#177; 15,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,06</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> , est&#227;o demonstradas as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados cl&#237;nicos e de tratamento dos pacientes em ritmo sinusal de acordo com FC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
								</th>
                <th>G1 (FC &#8804;70bpm)</th>
                <th>G2 FC &gt;70 bpm</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pacientes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">101 (59,06%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (40,93%)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens</td>
                <td align="center">62 (61,38%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (57,97%)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Etiologia da cardiopatia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">59 (58,41%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (61,64%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,938</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">16 (15,84%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,28%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">26 (25,74%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (34,28%)</td>
                <td>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">31 (30,69%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (45,71%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">82 (81,18%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (71,42%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS em mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">119,76 &#177; 17,87</td>
                <td align="center">119,29 &#177; 19,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,871</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC em bpm</td>
                <td align="center">61,53 &#177; 5,26</td>
                <td align="center">81,76 &#177; 9,52</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                <td align="center">1625,09 &#177; 2258,42</td>
                <td align="center">1721,80 &#177; 1999,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,822</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dados do Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE em mm</td>
                <td align="center">61,26 &#177; 7,78</td>
                <td align="center">61,46 &#177; 7,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,868</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE em mm</td>
                <td align="center">49,84 &#177; 8,42</td>
                <td align="center">51,12 &#177; 7,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE em %</td>
                <td align="center">37,46 &#177; 6,58</td>
                <td align="center">35,46 &#177; 6,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dose dos medicamentos prescritos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">50,57 &#177; 25,06</td>
                <td align="center">54,74 &#177; 27,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,458</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidroclorotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">26,92 &#177; 6,66</td>
                <td align="center">25,00 &#177; 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enalapril</td>
                <td align="center">29,77 &#177; 12,38</td>
                <td align="center">27,50 &#177; 12,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,361</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Losartana</td>
                <td align="center">80,43 &#177; 33,75</td>
                <td align="center">97,22 &#177; 20,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carvedilol</td>
                <td align="center">42,14 &#177; 18,55</td>
                <td align="center">42,48 &#177; 21,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,911</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">24,79 &#177; 4,84</td>
                <td align="center">25,35 &#177; 4,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,585</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidralazina</td>
                <td align="center">111,11 &#177; 67,81</td>
                <td align="center">72,73 &#177; 29,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isossorbida</td>
                <td align="center">55,77 &#177; 16,21</td>
                <td align="center">50,67 &#177; 13,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,325</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NT-proBNP: por&#231;&#227;o N terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo &#8220;B&#8221;.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo revelou que 40,93% dos pacientes avaliados apresentavam FC maior que 70 bpm, apesar de o carvedilol ter sido utilizado em mais de 98% dos pacientes e com dose m&#233;dia elevada, acima de 42 mg/dia. Os dados deste estudo revelam que, na maioria dos casos, foi poss&#237;vel prescrever corretamente os medicamentos que modificam o progn&#243;stico na IC. A frequ&#234;ncia de prescri&#231;&#227;o foi mais elevada que as descritas nos registros internacionais, bem como no Registro Brasileiro BREATHE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os pacientes estavam recebendo, em sua maioria, as doses-alvo dos medicamentos, como indicado pelas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses resultados permitem supor que a n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos pelos m&#233;dicos, na maioria das vezes, decorre da falta de tentativa em aumentar as doses. &#201; importante ressaltar que a n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o em doses, de pelo menos 50% da dose-alvo dos medicamentos, implica menor prote&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes e um risco maior de morte e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos dados diferem dos dados de Registros como o BIOSTAT-HF, no qual somente 60% dos pacientes estavam recebendo dose de 50% ou mais da dose-alvo de IECA ou BRA, e cerca de 40% recebiam dose de 50% ou mais da dose-alvo de betabloqueador, doses estas associadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, como bem demonstrado nesse Registro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O mesmo se aplica para dados brasileiros quando o Registro BREATHE mostrou que 83,4% estavam recebendo IECA/BRA na alta do hospital e 63,1%, um betabloqueador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No Registro QUALIFY, apesar de a maioria dos pacientes estar recebendo prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA/BRA (87,5%) ou betabloqueador (87%), somente 14,8% recebiam a dose-alvo e 51,8% recebiam dose superior a 50% da dose-alvo de IECA. Ao passo que, nesse mesmo estudo, 27,9% estavam recebendo dose-alvo de betabloqueador e 51,8% receberam dose 50% ou mais da dose-alvo do betabloqueador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em nossos pacientes, 79,09% est&#227;o recebendo dose-alvo de IECA, sendo que 53,63% destes estavam recebendo 40 mg/dia de enalapril, e 58,47% recebiam dose-alvo de betabloqueador, sendo que 15% destes, com doses superiores a 50 mg/dia do carvedilol. Uma dose de 50% ou mais da dose-alvo de IECA foi prescrita para 97,27% dos pacientes e 88,88% recebiam dose de 50% ou mais de betabloqueador (carvedilol) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico mostrando o percentual de pacientes tomando cada medicamento (%) e a dose m&#233;dia prescrita para cada f&#225;rmaco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1063-90090-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nosso estudo revelou tamb&#233;m que mesmo bem tratados com dose m&#233;dia de carvedilol de 42,48 mg/dia, muitos pacientes ainda apresentam FC acima de 70 bpm; 40% em ritmo sinusal apresentavam FC &gt;70 bpm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os da literatura, pois a totalidade dos artigos que aborda FC em pacientes em tratamento da IC com IECA, betabloqueador e espironolactona descreve que percentual acentuado de pacientes continua com FC acima de 70 bpm, apesar do tratamento. Vale ressaltar que, em muitos desses artigos, a dose de betabloqueador n&#227;o &#233; elevada, com a maioria permanece com dose abaixo de 50% da dose-alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Percentual de pacientes em ritmo sinusal que apresentam frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) maior ou menor que 70 bpm.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1063-90090-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No Registro OPTIMIZE-HF, que avaliou 10.697 pacientes de hospitais dos EUA, constatou-se que a FC m&#233;dia na alta era de 76 bpm, e que n&#227;o houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o com a dose do betabloqueador. Os pacientes com dose inferior a 25% da dose-alvo de betabloqueador apresentaram FC m&#233;dia de 78 bpm, j&#225; os com a dose-alvo de 72 bpm, a FC elevada guardou rela&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico, sendo maior a morbimortalidade para aqueles com FC acima de 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Na Duke University, verificou-se tamb&#233;m que a maioria dos pacientes (73%) tratados apresentava FC acima de 70 bpm. Tais pacientes com FC acima de 70 bpm apresentaram maior morbimortalidade (RR 1,59), e foi observado que a FC elevada foi associada a maior custo de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Habal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> verificou que o risco de morte dos pacientes era 59% maior se os pacientes apresentassem FC acima de 90 bpm em rela&#231;&#227;o aos com FC entre 61 a 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O estudo ASCEND-HF revelou que muitos pacientes persistiam com FC elevada, sendo que 85% dos pacientes apresentavam FC acima de 70 bpm, e esta FC elevada foi associada &#224; maior mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No nosso estudo, embora expressivo o n&#250;mero de casos com FC &gt;70 bpm, ela foi menor que a descrita nesses estudos comentados, possivelmente em decorr&#234;ncia do tratamento com doses mais elevadas dos betabloqueadores. Tal fato tamb&#233;m foi observado em estudo com pacientes de consult&#243;rio que estavam recebendo dose pr&#243;xima &#224; dose-alvo de carvedilol, no qual encontramos cerca de 35% dos pacientes com FC acima de 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um tema em discuss&#227;o na literatura &#233; o que seria mais importante para determinar uma boa evolu&#231;&#227;o dos portadores de IC: se a dose-alvo do betabloqueador ou a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC. Vale ressaltar que a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC com os betabloqueadores n&#227;o &#233; igual para todos os pacientes. No estudo MERIT-HF, identificaram-se dois grupos: um que teve redu&#231;&#227;o da FC com doses baixas de metoprolol (dose m&#233;dia 76 mg/dia) e outro que necessitou da dose-alvo para reduzir a FC (dose m&#233;dia 195 mg/dia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Essa poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a pode ser geneticamente determinada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> sendo alguns pacientes muito responsivos &#224;s doses dos medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Quanto aos resultados do estudo, os autores sinalizaram que a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente nos dois grupos, indicando que a redu&#231;&#227;o de FC foi mais importante que a dose do betabloqueador na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando-se a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC, &#233; importante ressaltar que o estudo SHIFT indicou que a FC-alvo seria inferior a 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No pr&#243;prio estudo SHIFT, tamb&#233;m se documentou que a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC foi mais importante que a dose do betabloqueador na promo&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando se aborda a FC, &#233; importante ressaltar que a maior redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos tem sido descrita quando se atinge FC inferior a 64 bpm, como bem demonstrado nos estudos CHARM e CIBIS-ELD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em metan&#225;lise com v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos com betabloqueador, a sua prescri&#231;&#227;o foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade de 34%, e observou-se que a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC se correlacionou melhor com a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos do que com a dose do betabloqueador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nesta metan&#225;lise para a redu&#231;&#227;o de cada 5 bpm, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de 18% no risco de morte e, quanto &#224; dose, ela n&#227;o foi determinante da redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos, constatando-se redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade de 26% para dose mais elevada e de 22% para as doses mais baixas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos estudos BIOSTAT-HF e na an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados do estudo ACTION-HF, observou-se maior redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos nos pacientes tratados com dose mais elevada do betabloqueador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No estudo BIOSTAT-HF, doses superiores a 50% da dose-alvo foram associadas &#224; maior redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade entre os 2.516 pacientes estudados. Os autores, na discuss&#227;o, comentam que n&#227;o conseguiram detectar diferen&#231;a na evolu&#231;&#227;o entre os tratados com mais de 50% da dose-alvo e aqueles tratados com dose alvo, mas doses mais baixas n&#227;o protegeram os pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No estudo ACTION-HF, os pacientes que tiveram a melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o (maior redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade) foram aqueles que tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o da FC abaixo de 70 bpm com dose de 50% ou mais do betabloqueador. Os pacientes com dose mais baixa tiveram maior mortalidade. Quando se analisa somente os pacientes com dose mais baixa, aqueles que apresentavam FC menor que 70 bpm tiveram melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o do que aqueles com FC acima de 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Podemos concluir que os dois pontos s&#227;o importantes, doses baixas de betabloqueador e FC acima de 70 bpm est&#227;o associadas a pior progn&#243;stico. Os dados da literatura destacam a import&#226;ncia de avaliar a FC em todos os pacientes e, naqueles com FC acima de 70 bpm, otimizar o tratamento, quer aumentando a dose do betabloqueador se estiver sendo prescrita em dose baixa quer prescrevendo ivabradina para que seja poss&#237;vel reduzi-la, uma vez que a FC acima de 70 bpm vem se mostrando um excelente e f&#225;cil marcador de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o. Vale lembrar que quanto mais elevada a FC, pior o progn&#243;stico. Devemos nos policiar para evitar a in&#233;rcia de deixar para a pr&#243;xima avalia&#231;&#227;o a mudan&#231;a de conduta quando encontramos um paciente em ritmo sinusal com FC acima de 70 bpm. &#201; importante tamb&#233;m lembrar que doses baixas de betabloqueador n&#227;o tiveram sua efic&#225;cia comprovada. Al&#233;m disso, nos pacientes que apresentam FC elevada apesar do uso da dose correta de betabloqueador, podemos utilizar a ivabradina, que &#233; um inibidor dos canais <italic>f</italic> e que reduz a FC nos pacientes em ritmo sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tivemos como limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo o fato de ser unic&#234;ntrico, tendo, portanto, as limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a esse fato. O estudo teve como ponto forte revelar que, dentre os pacientes estudados, apesar de serem bem tratados do ponto de vista da IC, inclusive com doses adequadas de betabloqueador, muitos ainda permanecem com FC mais elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Fato que relevante, pois est&#225; relacionado com o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Dos pacientes avaliados em ritmo sinusal, 40,93% ainda apresentavam FC acima de 70 bpm, apesar de o betabloqueador ter sido prescrito para 98,83% dos pacientes, e com dose m&#233;dia elevada (42,28mg/dia <underline>+</underline> 19,65). Outras medidas precisam ser adotadas para manter a FC mais controlada nesse grupo que persiste com a FC elevada. Os vasodilatadores foram utilizados com frequ&#234;ncia e com dose m&#233;dia adequada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Datasus: mortalidade &#8211; 1996 a 2015, pela CID-10. Bras&#237;lia, 2017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Datasus: mortalidade &#8211; 1996 a 2015, pela CID-10</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <year>2017</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is Current Drug Therapy for Heart Failure Sufficient to Control Heart Rate of Patients?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6701-0567</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esp&#237;ndola</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Dressler de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Enock</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Milena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8946-7509</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brancalh&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Euler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Name</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Lyra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marcelina &#8211; Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Mateus Dressler de Esp&#237;ndola</bold> &#8226; Hospital Santa Marcelina &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Santa Marcelina, 177. Postal Code 03614-000, Itaquera S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mateusespindola@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cardoso J, Cardoso C, Barretto ACP; Acquisition of data: Cunha M, Netto E, Del Carlo CH, Brancalh&#227;o E; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cardoso J, Brancalh&#227;o E; Statistical analysis: Brancalh&#227;o E; Writing of the manuscript: Cardoso J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cardoso J, Esp&#237;ndola MD, Cardoso C, Name AL, Barretto ACP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Studies have shown that heart failure (HF) patients with heart rate (HR) &lt; 70 bpm have had a better clinical outcome and lower morbidity and mortality compared with those with HR &gt; 70 bpm. However, many HF patients maintain an elevated HR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate HR and the prescription of medications known to reduce mortality in HF patients attending an outpatient cardiology clinic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We consecutively evaluated patients seen in an outpatient cardiology clinic, aged older than 18 years, with diagnosis of HF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 45%. Patients with sinus rhythm were divided into two groups &#8211; HR &#8804; 70 bpm (G1) and HR &gt; 70 bpm (G2). The Student&#8217;s t-test and the chi-square test were used in the statistical analysis, and a p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The SPSS software was used for the analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 212 consecutive patients were studied; 41 (19.3%) had atrial fibrillation or had a pacemaker implanted and were excluded from the analysis, yielding 171 patients. Mean age of patients was 63.80 &#177; 11.77 years, 59.6% were men, and mean LVEF 36.64&#177;7.79%. The most prevalent HF etiology was ischemic (n=102; 59.6%), followed by Chagasic (n=17; 9.9%). One-hundred thirty-one patients (76.6%) were hypertensive and 63 (36.8%) diabetic. Regarding HR, 101 patients had a HR &#8804;70 bpm (59.1%) and 70 patients (40.93%) had a HR &gt;70 bpm (G2). Mean HR of G1 and G2 was 61.5&#177;5.3 bpm and 81.8&#177;9.5 bpm, respectively (p&lt;0.001). Almost all patients (98.8%) were receiving carvedilol, prescribed at a mean dose of 42.1&#177;18.5 mg/day in G1 and 42.5&#177;21.1mg/day in G2 (p=0.911). Digoxin was used in 5.9% of patients of G1 and 8.5% of G2 (p=0.510). Mean dose of digoxin in G1 and G2 was 0.19&#177;0.1 mg/day and 0.19&#177;0.06 mg/day, respectively (p=0,999). Most patients (87.7%) used angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), and 56.7% used spironolactone. Mean dose of enalapril was 28.9&#177;12.7 mg/day and mean dose of ARB was 87.8&#177;29.8 mg/day. The doses of ACEI and ARB were adequate in most of patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The study revealed that HR of 40.9% of patients with HF was above 70 bpm, despite treatment with high doses of beta blockers. Further measures should be applied for HR control in HF patients who maintain an elevated rate despite adequate treatment with beta blocker. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1063-1069)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxine</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity &amp; Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is an increasingly frequent syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality in severe cases, and a common end-stage of heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the severity of HF, an effective guideline-based treatment of HF can improve the quality of life and reduce mortality of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, the prescription of medications known to improve HF patients&#8217; prognosis is still lower than expected, as shown in recent reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Among the main causes of the under-prescription of medications to HF patients are hypotension, older age, and fear of potential side effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Another possible reason why drug doses that have been proven effective in HF are not achieved is the lack of clear therapeutic objectives, as commonly seen in the treatment of dyslipidemias and hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Perhaps we should set some clear targets, including a more strict control of heart rate (HR), which has been shown to be an important guide to assess treatment efficacy. The SHIFT study has shown that reducing HR values to less than 70 beats per minute (bmp) can improve the prognosis of HF patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and sinus rhythm. However, HR values in some of our patients are still higher than expected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, we aimed to verify whether HF patients with sinus rhythm, attending the outpatient department of a large tertiary hospital in east S&#227;o Paulo, had controlled HR (i.e., HR&#8804;70 bpm). We also evaluated whether these patients were receiving appropriate drug therapy, in accordance with guidelines on HF management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Consecutive patients with HF and LVEF &lt;45% seen at a cardiology outpatient clinic between January 2016 and March 2017, treated for HF for at least six months participated in the study. We assessed demographic data, etiology of heart disease, heart rhythm, blood pressure, HR, and drug treatment, including the doses achieved of each drug.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were age older than 18 years, diagnosis of HF, LVEF &lt;45% and sinus rhythm. Patients were divided into two groups &#8211; patients with HR &#8804;70 bpm (G1) and patients with HR &gt;70 bpm (G2).</p>
        <p>Prescription of the three groups of medications proven to change the natural history of HF was evaluated &#8211; 1) vasodilators: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), 2) angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), 3) spironolactone and beta blockers. Patients with renal dysfunction and persistent hyperkalemia, who did not tolerate 50% of ACEI/BRA, used hydralazine and nitrates.</p>
        <p>The dose of ACEI considered was 20mg twice daily or equivalent dose of captopril (150mg per day). The dose of ARBs considered was 100-150 mg per day for losartan, and a full dose of 25mg per day for spironolactone. For beta blockers, the full dose was 25 mg twice a day for carvedilol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> We also evaluated the percentage of prescription and dose of commonly prescribed drugs for HF treatment, including digoxin, hydrochlorothiazide, and furosemide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Casa de Sa&#250;de Santa Marcelina (approval number 13.10.805).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>For characterization of the study population, continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were described as number (percentage). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify normality of data distribution (p&gt;0.05 = normal distribution). For group comparisons, continuous variables were described as mean &#177; standard deviation; and for comparisons of patients&#8217; characteristics, the chi-square or the Fisher exact test was used. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 212 consecutive patients were studied; 41 of them were excluded for having atrial fibrillation or a pacemaker implanted. Therefore, 171 patients with sinus rhythm were assessed. Mean age was 63.8 &#177; 11.8 years, 59.6% were men, mean LVEF was 36.64 &#177; 7.79% and mean pro-brain natriuretic peptide level was 1663.95 &#177; 2158.77 pg/mL. An ischemic etiology of HF was identified in 63 patients (36.84%), and 131 patients (76.6%) were hypertensive. Clinical characteristics and HF treatment of patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Doses of prescribed medications are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics and drug treatment of heart failure patients with sinus rhythm (n=171)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.80 &#177; 11.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiology of heart failure</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (59.65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagasic</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (9.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idiopathic</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Comorbidities (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (36.84%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (76.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">119.56 &#177; 18.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.81 &#177; 12.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                  <td align="center">1663.95 &#177; 2158.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.34 &#177;7.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">50.33 &#177; 8.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.64 &#177; 6.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Drugs prescribed; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemide</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (52.63%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (14.61%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (87.72%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (98.83%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (56.72%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydralazine</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (17.54%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrates</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (24.56%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (7.01%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SBP: systolic blood pressure; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro&#8211;B-type natriuretic peptide; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean dose (mg/day) of the drugs prescribed</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Medication</th>
                  <th>Dose (mg/day)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemide</td>
                  <td align="center">52.31 &#177; 26.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                  <td align="center">26.09 &#177; 5.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enalapril</td>
                  <td align="center">28.86 &#177; 12.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Losartan</td>
                  <td align="center">87.80 &#177; 29.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carvedilol</td>
                  <td align="center">42.28 &#177; 19.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">25.00 &#177; 4.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydralazine</td>
                  <td align="center">96.55 &#177; 59.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isosorbide</td>
                  <td align="center">53.90 &#177;15.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.06</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Comparisons between G1 and G2 are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of clinical data and drug therapies of patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm by heart rate values (&#8804;70bpm vs. &gt;70 bpm)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
									</th>
                  <th>G1 (HR &#8804;70bpm)</th>
                  <th>G2 HR&gt;70 bpm</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Patients; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (59.06%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (40.93%)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (61.38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (57.97%)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Etiology of heart rate</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (58.41%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (61.64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.938</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagasic</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (15.84%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (25.74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (34.28%)</td>
                  <td>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (30.69%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (45.71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (81.18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (71.42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.108</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">119.76 &#177; 17.87</td>
                  <td align="center">119.29 &#177; 19.81</td>
                  <td align="center">0.871</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.53 &#177; 5.26</td>
                  <td align="center">81.76 &#177; 9.52</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                  <td align="center">1625.09 &#177; 2258.42</td>
                  <td align="center">1721.80 &#177; 1999.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.822</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.26 &#177; 7.78</td>
                  <td align="center">61.46 &#177; 7.82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.868</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.84 &#177; 8.42</td>
                  <td align="center">51.12 &#177; 7.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.356</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.46 &#177; 6.58</td>
                  <td align="center">35.46 &#177; 6.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Doses of the drugs prescribed</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemide</td>
                  <td align="center">50.57 &#177; 25.06</td>
                  <td align="center">54.74 &#177; 27.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.458</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                  <td align="center">26.92 &#177; 6.66</td>
                  <td align="center">25.00 &#177; 0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.392</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">29.77 &#177; 12.38</td>
                  <td align="center">27.50 &#177; 12.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.361</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker</td>
                  <td align="center">80.43 &#177; 33.75</td>
                  <td align="center">97.22 &#177; 20.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">42.14 &#177; 18.55</td>
                  <td align="center">42.48 &#177; 21.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.911</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydralazine</td>
                  <td align="center">24.79 &#177; 4.84</td>
                  <td align="center">25.35 &#177; 4.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.585</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrates</td>
                  <td align="center">111.11 &#177; 67.81</td>
                  <td align="center">72.73 &#177; 29.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin</td>
                  <td align="center">55.77 &#177; 16.21</td>
                  <td align="center">50.67 &#177; 13.89</td>
                  <td align="center">0.325</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemide</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro&#8211;B-type natriuretic peptide.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study showed that 40.93% of patients with HF had a HR above 70 bpm, despite the use of a high dose (&gt;42 mg/day) of carvedilol by more than 98% of patients. Most patients were correctly prescribed with medications that could change the prognosis of the disease. The frequency of prescription of HF drugs was higher than previously described in international registries as well as in the Brazilian registry of heart failure (BREATHE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Most patients were receiving the target dose of the drugs prescribed as recommended in the guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These results allow us to suggest that the main cause of non-prescription of HF drugs by physicians is the lack of attempts to increase the treatment doses. It is important to highlight that the non-prescription of at least 50% of target dose leads to lower protection and higher risk of death and hospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our data differ from those previously published in registries such as the BIOSTAT-HF, in which only 60% of patients achieved at least 50% of the recommended treatment dose for beta blockers, which has been shown to reduce mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Similarly, the Brazilian registry - BREATHE &#8211; showed that 83.4% and 63.1% of HF patients were receiving ACEI/ARB and beta blockers, respectively, at hospital discharge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the QUALIFY registry, although most patients (87.5%) were prescribed ACEI/ARB, only 14.8% achieved the target dose, and 51.8% were using a dose greater than 50% of the target dose for ACEI. In this same study, 27.9% of patients were taking the target dose for beta blockers, and 51.8% were receiving a dose greater than 50% of the target dose for beta blocker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In our study group, 79.09% of patients achieved the recommended dose for ACEI, and 53.63% of them were using enalapril 40 mg/day, and 58.47% achieved the recommended dose for beta blockers (15% of them were receiving a dose greater than 50 mg/day of carvedilol. A large majority (97.27%) of patients were prescribed a dose greater than 50% of ACEI, and 88.88% of patients were receiving a dose greater than 50% of carvedilol ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Percentage of users and mean dose of the prescribed medications for heart failure treatment in 171 patients (mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 36.6%) seen at the cardiology outpatient clinic of Santa Marcelina Hospital, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1063-90090-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Our study also revealed that many of the patients treated with carvedilol 42.48mg/day, and 40% of the patients with sinus rhythm had a HR greater than 70 bpm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). These results are in agreement with the literature, since all studies reporting HR data of HF patients treated with ACEI, beta blockers and spironolactone have shown that a high percentage of them maintain the HR at values above 70 bpm despite treatment. It worth mentioning that in many of these studies, the beta blocker dose used by the patients was lower than 50% of target dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of heart failure patients with sinus rhythm by heart rate (&gt;70 bpm or &lt;70 bpm).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1063-90090-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the OPTIMIZE-HF registry, that evaluated 10,697 hospitalized patients in the United States, mean HR at hospital discharge was 76 bpm, with no correlation between HR and dose of beta blocker. Patients receiving a dose lower than 25% of the target dose for beta blockers showed a mean HR of 78 bpm, and those who achieved the target dose showed a mean HR of 72 bpm. An elevated HR correlated with the prognosis, with higher morbidity and mortality among patients with HR greater than 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> At Duke University, most of patients with HF (73%) showed elevated HR (&gt;70 bpm) despite treatment. Elevated HR was associated with higher morbidity and mortality (RR 1.59), and higher treatment cost.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Habal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> reported that the risk of death was 59% higher in patients with a HR above 90 bpm compared with those with HR of 61-70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The ASCEND-HF study showed that 85% of HF patients had elevated HR (&gt;70 bpm) despite treatment, which was associated with higher mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, although a considerable number of patients showed a HR above 70 bpm, the number was lower than those reported in these previous studies, which may be explained by the different doses of beta blockers used by the patients. In addition, a study on office patients who were receiving carvedilol at a dose near to the target dose reported that 35% of patients with HF had a HR above 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An issue discussed in the literature concerns which is a more important determinant of prognosis, the target dose of beta blocker or the reduction in HR. It is worth pointing out that the HR reduction achieved by beta blockers differs among patients. In the MERIT-HF study, two groups of patients were identified &#8211; one group that showed a HR reduction in response to low doses of metoprolol (mean 76 mg/day) and another group that achieve HR reduction in response to high doses of metoprolol (mean 195 mg/day).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Such difference may be genetically determined, with some of the patients highly responsive to relatively low doses of medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The authors pointed out that the reduction in events was not different between the two groups, indicating that HR reduction was a more important determinant to reduction of cardiovascular events compared with the beta blocker dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Considering HR reduction, the SHIFT study suggested a target HR below 70 bpm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and suggested that HR reduction is also more important than the dose of beta blocker in reducing cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It is of mention that the greater reduction in events is achieved when the HR is reduced to values lower than 64 bpm, as demonstrated in the CHARM and CIBIS-ELD studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A meta-analysis of several clinical trials with beta blockers showed that the prescription of these drugs was associated with a reduction in mortality of 34%, and that the HR reduction was more strongly associated with a reduction in events that the dose of beta blocker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In addition, the study showed that for every reduction in HR of 5 beats/min, the risk of death decreased by 18%, and the dose of beta blocker was not determinant to event reduction, with a reduction in the risk of death of 26% in patients receiving a higher dose, and of 22% in those receiving a lower dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The BIOSTAT-HF study and the retrospective analysis of the ACTION-HF data revealed a greater reduction in cardiovascular events in patients treated with a higher dose of beta blocekrs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In the BIOSTAT-HF study, doses greater than 50% of target dose were associated with greater mortality reduction in 2,516 patients. In the Discussion section, the authors state that they did not detect any difference in the clinical course of patients treated with more than 50% of target dose compared with those treated with the target dose; however, lower doses did not have a protective effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the ACTION-HF study, the patients who had a better clinical outcome (greater mortality reduction) were those who achieved HR reduction to lower than 70 bpm with a dose of 50% or more of beta blocker. Patients receiving a lower beta blocker dose showed higher mortality rate. When only patients receiving a low dose of beta blocker were analyzed, those with HR values below 70 bpm showed a better clinical outcome than those with HR values above 70 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We can conclude that both low doses of beta blocker and a HR above 70 bpm are associated with a worse prognosis. Data of the literature have highlighted the importance of evaluating HR in all HF patients and optimizing the treatment in those with HR above 70 bpm, by either increasing the dose of beta blocker or by prescribing ivabradine in attempt to reduce it, since a HR of more than 70 bpm has been shown an excellent and easy marker of worse course. It is worth remembering that the higher the HF the worse the prognosis. We should be careful to avoid postponing the decision to change the therapy when we see a patient with sinus rhythm and HR above 70 bpm. It is also important to point out that the efficacy of be blockers at low doses has not been proven. Besides, in patients with elevated HR despite treatment with beta blocker, we can use ivabradine, which is a selective <italic>f</italic> current blocker, that reduces HR in patients with sinus rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One limitation of this study was the fact that it was a single-center study. The strength of this study lies on the fact that it demonstrated that many HF patients treated with adequate dose of beta blocker maintain HR at high levels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> which is related to their prognosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Of the patients with sinus rhythm evaluated, 98.83% were prescribed a high dose of beta blocker (42.28 &#177; 19.65 mg/day), but 40.93% maintained HR at levels above 70 bpm. Further measures should be applied for a better HR control of these patients who maintain an elevated HR despite adequate treatment with beta blocker. In our study group, a high frequency of patients was taking vasodilators, at adequate mean dose.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
