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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HCTvZwSs6HySpPjKPPYKpbx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001401051</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200342</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200342</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Menor Preval&#234;ncia e Extens&#227;o da Aterosclerose Coron&#225;ria na Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica por Angiotomografia Coron&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Savio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9493-0687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Clerio Francisco de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torre&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Andion</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8160-2569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Diniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9860-6582</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital - Medicine/Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Hospital - Medicine/Cardiology, North Carolina - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santa Maria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficente S&#237;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR) Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficente S&#237;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos E. R <bold>ochitte &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR) - Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cardoso S, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Mady C, Kalil-Filho R, Ramires JAF, Rochitte CE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cardoso S, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Torre&#227;o JA, Marques MD, &#193;vila LFR, Santos Filho R, Rochitte CE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cardoso S, Azevedo Filho CF, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Torre&#227;o JA, Marques MD, &#193;vila LFR, Santos Filho R, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Azevedo Filho CF, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Torre&#227;o JA, Marques MD, Santos Filho R, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rochitte CE; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cardoso S, Azevedo Filho CF, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Torre&#227;o JA, Marques MD, &#193;vila LFR, Santos Filho R, Mady C, Kalil-Filho R, Ramires JAF, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cardoso S, Azevedo Filho CF, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Marques MD, Santos Filho R, Mady C, Kalil-Filho R, Ramires JAF, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1051</fpage>
      <lpage>1060</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Em regi&#245;es end&#234;micas da doen&#231;a de Chagas, por muitos anos, existe uma observa&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;rica recorrente de que a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; incomum em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas. Estudos anteriores baseados em an&#225;lise patol&#243;gica ou angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva apresentam resultados controversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar se a DAC &#233; menos prevalente e menos grave em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica em compara&#231;&#227;o a uma popula&#231;&#227;o pareada controle, com perfil de risco para DAC similar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 86 participantes, 43 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica consecutivos e 43 indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, sem qualquer hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou doen&#231;a DAC conhecida (grupo controle), foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Pacientes e controles foram pareados quanto sexo, idade e escore de risco de Framingham. Todos os pacientes foram analisados quanto ao escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (ECC) e submetidos &#224; angiotomografia coron&#225;ria usando um tom&#243;grafo de 320 detectores. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O ECC foi significativamente mais baixo em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (p&lt;0,05). A presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas coron&#225;rias foi significativamente menos frequente em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas que nos controles (20,9% versus 41,9%, p=0,037). Ap&#243;s ajuste quanto ao escore de Framingham, o odds ratio para a presen&#231;a de qualquer calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria foi de 0,26 (IC95%: 0,07-0,99, p=0,048). O padr&#227;o &#233; similar para escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (ECC) &gt; 10 (OR: 0,11, IC95%: 0,01-0,87, p=0,04), e para a presen&#231;a de estenose (OR: 0,06, IC95%: 0,01-0,47, p=0,001). O pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o tamb&#233;m mostrou um efeito da doen&#231;a de Chagas no ECC (-21,6 pontos no escore absoluto e 25% menos pacientes com ECC &gt; 10; p=0,015).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia e a gravidade da DAC s&#227;o mais baixas nos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica em compara&#231;&#227;o a uma popula&#231;&#227;o pareada e perfil de risco para DAC similar. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1051-1060)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="44"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Aproximadamente 20 000 pessoas morrem anualmente de doen&#231;a de Chagas e 100 milh&#245;es de pessoas est&#227;o em risco de contrair a infec&#231;&#227;o em todo o mundo. A doen&#231;a &#233; end&#234;mica em grande parte do M&#233;xico, Am&#233;rica Central, e Am&#233;rica do Sul, onde cerca de seis milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o infectadas.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup> Nos Estados Unidos, estima-se que 300 000 indiv&#237;duos estejam infectados com <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> ( <italic>T. cruzi</italic> ), a maioria dos quais adquiriram a infec&#231;&#227;o em &#225;reas end&#234;micas e depois migraram para a Am&#233;rica do Norte.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica &#233; essencialmente uma miocardite. O processo inflamat&#243;rio, apesar de mais intenso na fase aguda, &#233; clinicamente silencioso, mas incessante em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> Ap&#243;s a fase aguda da doen&#231;a, os pacientes entram na fase indeterminada, a qual &#233; assintom&#225;tica e pode ter dura&#231;&#227;o indefinida. Cerca de 20-30% das pessoas com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> eventualmente desenvolvem doen&#231;a cl&#237;nica, predominantemente card&#237;aca. A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca geralmente inicia-se com anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o, tais como bloqueio de ramo direito e/ou bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo, que pode ser seguido por cardiomiopatia dilatada anos depois.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e outras anormalidades <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> - <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>associadas, tais como disautonomia simp&#225;tica,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> podem ser observadas nesta fase. Em est&#225;gios posteriores, aneurismas apicais e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos podem ser achados frequentes.</p>
      <p>Durante a fase cr&#244;nica da cardiomiopatia, uma propor&#231;&#227;o importante de pacientes queixa-se de dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica. Apesar disso, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nesses pacientes &#233; consistentemente baixa. Portanto, especialistas em doen&#231;a de Chagas levantaram a hip&#243;tese de que pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas teriam menos DAC que indiv&#237;duos com perfil de risco similar para DAC. mas sem doen&#231;a de Chagas. Ainda, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a de Chagas e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana permanece controversa.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que uma perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal e mesmo cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica extensa podem ocorrer em pacientes chag&#225;sicos na aus&#234;ncia de estenose coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas pode ser detectada em fases iniciais da doen&#231;a e precisamente quantificada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca,<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> , <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> </sup> e sua magnitude tem signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica comprovada.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para DAC, incluindo tabagismo, estudos iniciais que indicavam uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de DAC significativa por angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica grave sugeriram uma preval&#234;ncia distinta de DAC em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup> A influ&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a de Chagas sobre a DAC e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas degenerativas, incluindo doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas,<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> tem plausibilidade biol&#243;gica baseada na presen&#231;a de fatores e mecanismos comuns, tais como inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, fibrose, aumento de n&#237;veis de radicais livres e de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, e diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. No entanto, estudos que descreveram a preval&#234;ncia de DAC em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas relataram resultados conflitantes. Enquanto alguns estudos encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia similar &#224; observada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> v&#225;rios estudos sugeriram que a preval&#234;ncia de DAC em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas poderia ser menor que &#224;quela encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o infectada com escores de cl&#237;nicos de risco similares para DAC.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> - <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup> Tamb&#233;m existe evid&#234;ncia b&#225;sica preliminar sugerindo que a infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , por si s&#243;, possa exercer um efeito protetor contra o desenvolvimento de DAC em indiv&#237;duos cronicamente infectados.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> Isso seria poss&#237;vel pela a&#231;&#227;o potencial da trans-sialidase produzida por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> em reduzir a infec&#231;&#227;o por micoplasma, o qual poderia estar envolvido na inflama&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; DAC.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, utilizamos t&#233;cnicas modernas de tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca para determinar se pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica apresentam uma preval&#234;ncia e/ou gravidade mais baixa da DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o a uma popula&#231;&#227;o pareada, de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de DAC, mas com perfil risco similar para DAC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um total de 43 pacientes consecutivos com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica foram recrutados prospectivamente de nosso ambulat&#243;rio especializado em doen&#231;a de Chagas. Todos os pacientes apresentavam sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas por pelo menos duas t&#233;cnicas diferentes: ELISA e imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta. Os pacientes foram classificados em tr&#234;s subgrupos: (1) pacientes na fase indeterminada; (2) pacientes com anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, e (3) pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O subgrupo indeterminado (15 pacientes, 34,9%) foi definido como pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica, mas sem anormalidades no raio-X de t&#243;rax, eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiografia ou estudos de raio-X contrastado do es&#244;fago e do c&#243;lon. O grupo ECG (n=12, 27,9%) foi definido como pacientes com anormalidades no ECG, mas sem anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo global ou segmentar, e com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8805; 55% pela ecocardiografia. Pacientes com FEVE &lt; 55% foram alocados no subgrupo de cardiomiopatia (n=16, 37,2%).</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, um total de 43 indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, sem hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou DAC, e sem hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC precoce, que foram submetidos &#224; angiotomografia coronariana somente para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo controle. Esses 43 pacientes foram selecionados de um grupo controle maior de 124 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de pareamento para cada paciente com doen&#231;a de Chagas. Um segundo indiv&#237;duo que preencheu os crit&#233;rios de pareamento n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do, e foi alocado no grupo controle &#8220;backup&#8221;. Para a sele&#231;&#227;o do grupo controle, tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de paramento foram usados para cada paciente com doen&#231;a de Chagas (caso/controle: 1x1): primeiro, um escore de risco de Framingham (FRS) dentro da mesma categoria de risco (baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto);<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> segundo diferen&#231;a de idade de at&#233; 5 anos; e terceiro, mesmo sexo. Ainda, uma vez que n&#227;o havia pacientes com diabetes mellitus no grupo doen&#231;a de Chagas, tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;mos pacientes diab&#233;ticos do grupo controle. O FRS foi calculado usando o modelo descrito por D&#8217;Agostino et al.,<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> e se baseou nos seguintes par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos: idade, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL colesterol) e colesterol total, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, tratamento para hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo e diabetes. Todos os 43 indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a teste sorol&#243;gico para excluir doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional local. Em ambos os grupos, n&#243;s exclu&#237;mos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal, definida por creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,5mg/dL e/ou <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina &lt;60mL/min/1,72m<sup>2</sup>, pela f&#243;rmula MDRD ( <italic>Modification of Diet for Renal Disease</italic> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiotomografia coronariana (ATC)</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ATC utilizando-se um tom&#243;grafo de 320 detectores ( <italic>AquillionOne</italic> <sup>TM</sup> <italic> &#8211; Canon Medical Systems Corporation, </italic> Otawara, Jap&#227;o) ap&#243;s jejum de pelo menos 4 horas. Antes do exame, os pacientes responderam um question&#225;rio sobre risco cardiovascular e foram avaliados com medidas de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>O protocolo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o incluiu o escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (ECC) e ATC. Para determina&#231;&#227;o do ECC, utilizou-se tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o do tubo de 370ms, voltagem do tubo de 120kV, corrente de 300mA, colima&#231;&#227;o 321x0,5mm com imagens reconstru&#237;das com espessura de corte de 3mm, obtidas a cada batimento durante di&#225;stole.</p>
        <p>Para a ATC, os participantes com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acima de 65bpm receberam at&#233; 20mg de metoprolol endovenoso. Todos os participantes receberam nitrato sublingual se apresentassem press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica maior que 90 mmHg. Os limites superior e inferior foram definidos na imagem do ECC. Um rastreamento em tempo real do contraste (m&#233;todo do &#8220; <italic>bolus tracking</italic> &#8221;) ( <italic>Sure Start</italic> <sup>TM</sup> &#8211; <italic>Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, </italic> Otawara, Jap&#227;o) foi usado para detectar aumentos acentuados na intensidade do sinal na aorta descendente. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o iniciou-se no limiar de 150 HU. Um contraste iodado n&#227;o i&#244;nico (70mL, concentra&#231;&#227;o de iodo de 370mg/mL) (Iopamiron 370 &#8211; Schering, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, sob licen&#231;a da BRACCO &#8211; It&#225;lia), foi administrado por uma bomba injetora ( <italic>Stellant</italic> <sup>TM</sup> &#8211; <italic>Medrad, </italic> Indianola, PA, EUA) a uma taxa de 5mL/s seguido por 40mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina ( <italic>saline chaser</italic> ).</p>
        <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem por ATC ocorreu durante um &#250;nico batimento (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca menor que 65bpm) de acordo com um protocolo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o prospectiva por ECG e durante apneia inspirat&#243;ria.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> </sup> Os par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o da TCA dependeram do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC): at&#233; 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, voltagem do tubo de 100kV e corrente de 450-550mA; IMC de 24 a 39 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 120kV e 400-580mA, respectivamente; para IMC maior que 40kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 135kV e 510mA, respectivamente. A colima&#231;&#227;o dependeu da dimens&#227;o longitudinal do cora&#231;&#227;o e variou de 120 a 160mm, com aquisi&#231;&#245;es de cortes de espessura de 0,5mm (240x0.5mm a 320x0.5mm). A dose de radia&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica para este protocolo &#233; de at&#233; 10 mSv.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de ATC</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do ECC foi por meio do protocolo padr&#227;o descrito por Agatston et al.,<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> utilizando-se no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s pixels maiores ou iguais a 130HU para identifica&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio.</p>
        <p>As imagens obtidas por ATC foram reconstru&#237;das imediatamente ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do escaneamento de maneira consistente, para identificar imagens da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria livres de movimento. Os dados acoplados ao ECG foram reconstru&#237;dos a 75% do ciclo card&#237;aco. Em caso de qualidade insuficiente da imagem, foram reconstru&#237;das fases adicionais com acr&#233;scimos de 5%. M&#250;ltiplas fases foram usadas para interpreta&#231;&#227;o da imagem se a fase de m&#237;nima movimenta&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria tivesse sido diferente para art&#233;rias diferentes. Todas as imagens foram analisadas por dois especialistas em ATC que desconheciam qualquer informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, usando a esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho ( <italic>workstation</italic> ) <italic>Vitrea</italic> <sup>TM</sup> <italic>FX</italic> ( <italic>Vital Images Inc, </italic> Plymouth, MN, EUA). Os avaliadores poderiam usar quaisquer ferramentas dispon&#237;veis na esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho para analisar as imagens, tais como cortes axiais, multiplanar e reformata&#231;&#227;o curva, proje&#231;&#227;o de intensidade m&#225;xima e reconstru&#231;&#227;o em 3D. Em caso de discrep&#226;ncias, um consenso entre os dois avaliados foi obtido quanto &#224; presen&#231;a e tipo de placa ateroscler&#243;tica e grau de estenose por cada segmento coron&#225;rio. Para a segmenta&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, usamos um modelo de 19 segmentos, previamente descrito no estudo CorE-64.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A DAC foi definida como a presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal. DAC obstrutiva importante foi definida como redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men maior ou igual a 50% do di&#226;metro luminal de refer&#234;ncia (segmento imediatamente distal sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a). A placa ateroscler&#243;tica foi classificada por an&#225;lise qualitativa: A &#8211; placa n&#227;o calcificada, B &#8211; placa predominantemente n&#227;o calcificada; C &#8211; placa mista, D &#8211; placa predominantemente calcificada e E &#8211; placa calcificada. Quando mais de um tipo de placa estava presente, considerou-se o tipo predominante em cada paciente para an&#225;lise. O grau de estenose coron&#225;ria foi visualmente classificado pelos dois avaliadores segundo o escore de estenose: 0 &#8211; aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o luminal, 1-estenose leve (&lt; 50%), 2- estenose moderada (50-69%) e 3 &#8211; estenose grave (&#8805; 70%). A <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> mostra dois exemplos de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas com e sem DAC.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Imagens de angiotomogafia coronariana de exemplos de casos de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem (linha superior) e com (linha inferior) doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Imagens A, B e C mostram tr&#234;s diferentes cortes da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADE) esquerda de ambos os pacientes. Na linha inferior, as setas vermelhas indicam placa parcialmente calcificada na ADE proximal sem estenose (placa mista predominantemente calcificada), e setas amarelas indicam uma placa n&#227;o calcificada com estenose luminal importante.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1051-00342-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e todas as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas descritas como porcentagem ou n&#250;mero absoluto. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para avaliar normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, usamos o teste t de Student para amostras pareadas para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, usamos o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, realizamos a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional ajustada para o FRS para cada um dos desfechos bin&#225;rios de ECC &#8805;0; ECC&lt; 10 ou &gt; 10 e presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria (estenose &gt;50% na avalia&#231;&#227;o visual). O pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o usando o m&#233;todo de kernel e reamostragem ( <italic>bootstrapping</italic> ) foi usado para pareamento adicional de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e controles. N&#227;o existem dados na literatura sobre a preval&#234;ncia da placa ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria, medida por tomografia computadorizada (TC), em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas; por isso, usamos um tamanho amostral explorat&#243;rio ou de conveni&#234;ncia. O estudo foi delineado para ter um grupo controle pareado, de maneira que 43 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas tinham que ser pareados a 43 controles sadios, com sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, e FRS similares. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa Stata, vers&#227;o 13.0 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas). Todos os testes foram bicaudais, e um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado como indicativo de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> . No grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, 27 pacientes eram mulheres (62,8%) e a idade m&#233;dia era de 54,2&#177;8,3 anos. No grupo controle, 27 pacientes eram mulheres (62,8%) e a idade m&#233;dia era de 55,0&#177;7,1 anos. Idade, sexo e FRS foram similares, destacando o pareamento efetivo de ambos os grupos. Os pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas apresentavam n&#237;veis mais elevados de HDL colesterol que o grupo controle (p=0,030, <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ). Nenhum paciente foi exclu&#237;do devido &#224; baixa qualidade de imagem da TCA, e n&#227;o foi relatado nenhum evento adverso relacionado aos procedimentos do estudo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Doen&#231;a de Chagas (n=43)</th>
                <th>Controle (n=43)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>54,18 &#177; 8,26</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>55,00 &#177; 7,12</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,626*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">16 (37,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (37,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</td>
                <td align="center">27,4&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,9&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,127*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm) (ATC)</td>
                <td align="center">63,4&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center">62,2&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,215*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">51,0 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">45,9 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,030*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">201,5 &#177; 36,3</td>
                <td align="center">224,3 &#177; 84,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,108*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o tratada</td>
                <td align="center">20 (46,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (55,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,388**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">04 (9,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">04 (9,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de risco de Framingham</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1; 8)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4 (1; 8)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,682***</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ATC &#8211; angiotomografia coron&#225;ria; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; bpm: batimentos por minuto. &#8224;: Mediana (P25; P75); *: Teste t de Student; **: Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson; ***: Teste de Mann-Whitney .</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O ECC foi significativamente mais baixo nos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas que nos controles. Ainda, a gravidade da estenose coron&#225;ria, n&#250;mero de territ&#243;rios de perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, e n&#250;mero de segmentos coron&#225;rios com DAC foi significativamente menor no grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p &lt; 0,05 para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ). Quando estratificada pelo FRS, a preval&#234;ncia de ECC &gt; 0 foi maior no grupo controle nos tr&#234;s tercis de escore de risco ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) entre pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e grupo controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th rowspan="4">p*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</th>
                <th>Controle</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia&#177;DP</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Mediana (P<sub><bold>25</bold></sub>; P<sub><bold>75</bold></sub>)</th>
                <th>Mediana (P<sub><bold>25</bold></sub>; P<sub><bold>75</bold></sub>)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">24,7&#177;100,6</td>
                <td align="center">49,8&#177; 118,7</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Escore de estenose segmentar</td>
                <td align="center">0,12&#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,56&#177;0,80</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">N&#250;mero de territ&#243;rios de perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">0,35&#177;0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,77&#177;1,07</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">N&#250;mero de segmentos coron&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">0,63&#177;1,81</td>
                <td align="center">1,35&#177;2,14</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; (P<sub><italic>25:</italic></sub> percentil25; P<sub><italic>75:</italic></sub> percentil 75), * teste de Mann-Whitney.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a de Chagas e preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). A. Preval&#234;ncia de qualquer calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana (escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio, ECC, &gt; 0) em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e controles, estratificados pelos tercis de escore de risco de Framingham (FRS). B. Preval&#234;ncia de ECC &gt; 10 em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e controles, estratificados pelos tercis de escore de risco de Framingham.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1051-00342-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estenose coron&#225;ria, 93% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e 58,1% dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle n&#227;o apresentaram nenhuma estenose coron&#225;ria (p=0,001, <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o do grau de estenose entre grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e grupo controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Grau de estenose <sup><bold>*</bold></sup></th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Doen&#231;a de Chagas&#8217; n (%)</th>
                <th>Controle n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem estenose</td>
                <td align="center">40 (93,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (58,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose leve</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (32,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose moderada</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose grave</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic><sup><italic>*</italic></sup>Teste exato de Fisher, p = 0,001.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia da presen&#231;a de placas coron&#225;rias ateroscler&#243;ticas foi significativamente mais baixa em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas que nos sujeitos controles (20,9% versus 41,9%, p = 0,037, <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quanto ao tipo de placas coron&#225;rias entre os grupos (p=0,237), apesar que 27,9% dos participantes do grupo controle apresentaram placa calcificada versus somente 11,6% do grupo doen&#231;a de Chagas ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ). No grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na &#8220;carga&#8221; da DAC sobre o escore de c&#225;lcio entre os grupos, incluindo a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a quando comparado &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 55% (grupo cardiomiopatia).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das placas coron&#225;rias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Placas ateroscler&#243;ticas</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Chagas&#8217; n (%)</th>
                <th>Controle n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Aus&#234;ncia de placa</td>
                <td align="center">34 (79,1)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (58,1)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de placa</td>
                <td align="center">9 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (41,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo de placa#</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o calcificada</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mista &#8211; predominantemente n&#227;o calcificada</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mista</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mista &#8211; predominantemente calcificada</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Calcificada</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>* Teste exato de Fisher. # An&#225;lise baseada no paciente&#8211; Quando mais de um tipo de placa estava presente, considerou-se o tipo predominante.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quando a an&#225;lise foi realizada com base no delineamento caso-controle, a raz&#227;o de chances ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> , OR) para a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria no grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas foi de 0,27 (IC95%: 0,08 &#8211; 0,98, p =0,046). O padr&#227;o &#233; similar para ECC &gt; 10 (OR: 0,1; IC95%: 0,13 &#8211; 0,78, p=0,028) e para a presen&#231;a de estenose (OR: 0,06, IC95%: 0,01 &#8211; 0,47, p=0,007). Esses resultados mantiveram-se robustos mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste quanto ao FRS, com OR de 0,26 (IC95%: 0,07 &#8211; 0,99; p=0,048) para ECC &gt;0; 0,11 (IC95%: 0,01 &#8211; 0,87, p=0,04) para ECC &gt;10 e 0,06 (IC95%: 0,01 &#8211; 0,47; p=0,001) para a presen&#231;a de estenose ( <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 5</xref> ). Outra an&#225;lise, utilizando-se o pareamento com escore de propens&#227;o, com o m&#233;todo de pareamento de kernel e <italic>bootstrapping</italic> , indicou um efeito m&#233;dio de -21,6 pontos para o ECC absoluto e -25% para ECC acima de 10 no grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas comparado ao grupo controle pareado.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Odds ratio para a presen&#231;a de qualquer calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana, escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (ECC &gt; 10), e para a presen&#231;a de qualquer estenose em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th>OR*</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#227;o ajustado</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de qualquer calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 &#8211; 0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECC &gt; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,13 &#8211; 0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de estenose</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 &#8211; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ajustado para FRS</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de qualquer calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,07 &#8211; 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECC &gt; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 &#8211; 0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de estenose</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 &#8211; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>ECC: escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio; FRS, escore de risco de Framingham. *regress&#227;o condicional log&#237;stica multivariada.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, utilizando t&#233;cnicas modernas de tomografia computadorizada, n&#243;s demonstramos uma preval&#234;ncia e gravidade mais baixas de DAC em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o pareada, com perfil de risco para DAC similar. A preval&#234;ncia de placas coron&#225;rias ateroscler&#243;ticas em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> foi aproximadamente metade da observada na popula&#231;&#227;o controle (n&#227;o infectada). Importante mencionar que, neste estudo, estudamos a infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios diferentes: (1) na fase indeterminada, (2) anormalidade eletrocardiogr&#225;fica com fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal e (3) presen&#231;a clara de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Doen&#231;a de Chagas e DAC</title>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a de Chagas e DAC, com resultados conflitantes. Lopes et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> examinaram cora&#231;&#245;es submetidos ao exame de necr&#243;psia de 35 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e 54 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infectados e encontraram que a preval&#234;ncia de placas coron&#225;rias ateroscler&#243;ticas (71,4% versus 74,1%, respectivamente) e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (8,6% versus 7,4%) foi similar entre os grupos.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Esse resultado contrasta com nossos achados. Acreditamos que a raz&#227;o para essa aparente discrep&#226;ncia est&#225; no fato de que Lopes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> realizaram um estudo patol&#243;gico baseado em necr&#243;psia e, portanto, &#233; prov&#225;vel que tenham avaliado uma popula&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a muito mais avan&#231;ada. De fato, &#233; poss&#237;vel que alguns desses pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas tenham morrido de complica&#231;&#245;es da DAC e n&#227;o por doen&#231;a de Chagas. Ainda, enquanto Lopes et al.,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> estudaram somente indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, n&#243;s inclu&#237;mos ambos os g&#234;neros no estudo.</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo baseado em necropsia, de Morais et al.,<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> avaliaram 181 cora&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e identificaram somente quatro casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Um dado interessante foi que todos os casos foram secund&#225;rios a eventos coron&#225;rios tromboemb&#243;licos, provavelmente de origem em aneurismas apicais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Mais importante, o substrato fisiopatol&#243;gico mais frequentemente associado com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, isto &#233;, aterosclerose complicada, n&#227;o foi encontrado em nenhum paciente desta grande s&#233;rie de aut&#243;psias.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo observacional prospectivo de nosso grupo, Ianni et al.,<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> acompanharam 160 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica, na fase indeterminada por at&#233; 14 anos, e conseguiram documentar o desenvolvimento de DAC em apenas dois indiv&#237;duos; um com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e outro com angina est&#225;vel. Marin-Neto et al.,<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> avaliaram 23 indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica e mostraram anormalidades de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica detectada por cintilografia com t&#225;lio em todos os pacientes. No entanto, a presen&#231;a de DAC importante n&#227;o foi observada em nenhum dos 16 pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva.</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo, Sarabanda et al.,<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> realizaram angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva em 56 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos com doen&#231;a de Chagas e taquicardia ventricular, e demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de DAC importante n&#227;o foi observada em nenhum dos pacientes. Mais recentemente, Carvalho et al.,<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> avaliaram 61 pacientes consecutivos com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica grave (classe funcional da NYHA III ou IV). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva e a presen&#231;a de DAC importante (estenose &gt;50%) foi identificada somente em um paciente (1,6%). Esse resultado est&#225; de acordo com os nossos, que tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de DAC importante (4,7%) em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ATC versus angiografia invasiva</title>
        <p>&#201; importante destacar que existe uma diferen&#231;a importante entre o presente estudo, em que se utilizou ATC para avaliar presen&#231;a de DAC, e todos esses estudos pr&#233;vios em que se usou angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva. Apesar do segundo ser considerado o padr&#227;o ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coron&#225;ria e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de estenose coron&#225;ria, o m&#233;todo consiste em uma luminografia, que n&#227;o &#233; capaz de detectar ou quantificar placas ateroscler&#243;ticas n&#227;o obstrutivas na parede arterial. Por outro lado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do ECC, somada &#224; ATC, n&#227;o somente &#233; capaz de identificar les&#245;es obstrutivas,<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> - <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> </sup> como tamb&#233;m permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da &#8220;carga&#8221; ateroscler&#243;tica global do indiv&#237;duo.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> - <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref> </sup> Assim, trata-se de um instrumento muito mais sens&#237;vel para a detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC, particularmente em est&#225;gios mais precoces da doen&#231;a, nas quais a angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva pode perder o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e sele&#231;&#227;o do grupo controle</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser mencionadas. Este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, com um tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno. O grupo controle foi composto por indiv&#237;duos sadios e assintom&#225;ticos que se submeteram &#224; ATC somente para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em vez de serem selecionados aleatoriamente da comunidade. Um aspecto importante do estudo refere-se &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o do grupo controle, que foi uma etapa cr&#237;tica do estudo. N&#243;s conseguimos selecionar indiv&#237;duos compar&#225;veis aos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas quanto ao risco de desenvolverem DAC, de modo que cada indiv&#237;duo do grupo controle foi pareado a um paciente do grupo doen&#231;a de Chagas quanto ao sexo, idade e FRS. De fato, com exce&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , as caracter&#237;sticas basais de ambos os grupos eram muito similares. A &#250;nica diferen&#231;a significativa foi que pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de HDL colesterol que indiv&#237;duos controles. No entanto, n&#227;o acreditamos que tal diferen&#231;a tenha uma influ&#234;ncia significativa em nossos resultados, uma vez que, como o grupo controle foi pareado com o grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas quanto ao FRS, essa pequena diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de HDL foi, ao menos na teoria, compensada pelos outros fatores de risco do escore.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> O uso da t&#233;cnica de pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o adicionou mais confian&#231;a ao pareamento que realizamos entre os indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de Chagas e controles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Infelizmente, no presente estudo, n&#227;o conseguimos investigar os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela menor preval&#234;ncia e gravidade de DAC em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica por T. cruzi. Por&#233;m, nossos resultados permitem o levantamento de algumas hip&#243;teses. Uma possibilidade &#233; que, apesar da cuidadosa sele&#231;&#227;o de um grupo controle pareado, ambos os grupos poderiam ter diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas e ambientais que n&#227;o foram controlados em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Outra possibilidade fascinante &#233; que a infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , por si, possa exercer algum efeito protetor contra o desenvolvimento de DAC. Existem evid&#234;ncias preliminares sugerindo que uma enzima derivada do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , a trans-sialidase, teria o potencial de reduzir a atividade inflamat&#243;ria e a quantidade de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas em modelos experimentais.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> &#201; ineg&#225;vel que a mera possibilidade de que essa linha de pesquisa possa resultar no desenvolvimento de uma nova ferramenta terap&#234;utica para a preven&#231;&#227;o de DAC &#233; muito excitante.</p>
        <p>Por enquanto, a menor preval&#234;ncia de DAC na doen&#231;a de Chagas pode sugerir que m&#233;dicos envolvidos no tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas possam utilizar imagens de ATC como uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica inicial em caso de suspeita de DAC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Apesar de nossos dados serem insuficiente para embasar uma mudan&#231;a no tratamento atual, a ATC poderia ser o primeiro passo para uma angiografia coronariana invasiva nesses pacientes, mesmo naqueles em um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico mais grave, tais como taquicardia e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, usamos a ATC, uma ferramenta sens&#237;vel para a detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC, e demonstramos, de maneira conclusiva, que a DAC &#233; menos prevalente e menos grave em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de indiv&#237;duos pareados, com risco similar para DAC. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar com mais detalhes os mecanismos respons&#225;veis por esses resultados instigantes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas</title>
        <p><bold>Compet&#234;ncia em conhecimento m&#233;dico:</bold> A doen&#231;a de Chagas e a DAC s&#227;o duas doen&#231;as prevalentes na Am&#233;rica Latina, e sintomas como dor tor&#225;cica, podem ser comuns &#224;s duas doen&#231;as. No entanto, a DAC &#233; menos prevalente em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral com escores de risco de Framingham similares. Isso poderia ajudar m&#233;dicos durante estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de dor tor&#225;cica.</p>
        <p><bold>Vis&#227;o translacional</bold>:  S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos futuros para confirmar esses resultados em uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior e para identificar poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos nesta aparente &#8220;prote&#231;&#227;o&#8221; &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> .O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    <fn-group>
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          <bold>Errata</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Dezembro de 2020, vol. 115 (6), p&#225;gs. 1051-1060</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Menor Preval&#234;ncia e Extens&#227;o da Aterosclerose Coron&#225;ria na Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica por Angiotomografia Coron&#225;ria&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200342, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 115(6):1051-1060, na p&#225;gina 1059, alterar a informa&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o houve financiamento externo para: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Capes. Alterar a informa&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica para: Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Savio Cardoso pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lower Prevalence and Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Chronic Chagas&#8217; Disease by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Savio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9493-0687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Clerio Francisco de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torre&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Andion</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8160-2569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Diniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9860-6582</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Hospital - Medicine/Cardiology, North Carolina - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR) Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficente S&#237;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos E. Rochitte &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o and Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR) - Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: rochitte@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cardoso S, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Mady C, Ramires JAF, Rochitte CE; Acquisition of data: Cardoso S, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Torre&#227;o JA, Marques MD, &#193;vila LFR, Santos Filho R, Rochitte CE; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cardoso S, Azevedo Filho CF, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Torre&#227;o JA, Marques MD, &#193;vila LFR, Santos Filho R, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE; Statistical analysis: Azevedo Filho CF, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Torre&#227;o JA, Marques MD, Santos Filho R, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE; Obtaining financing: Rochitte CE; Writing of the manuscript: Cardoso S, Azevedo Filho CF, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Torre&#227;o JA, Marques MD, &#193;vila LFR, Santos Filho R, Mady C, Ramires JAF, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cardoso S, Azevedo Filho CF, Fernandes F, Ianni B, Marques MD, Santos Filho R, Mady C, Ramires JAF, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>In Chagas&#8217; disease endemic regions, there has been for many years a recurrent empirical observation that coronary artery disease (CAD) is uncommon in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease. Previous pathological and invasive coronary angiography studies led to controversial results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>We sought to investigate whether CAD is less prevalent and less severe in patients with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease when compared with a matched population with a similar CAD risk profile.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 86 participants, 43 consecutive patients with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease and 43 asymptomatic individuals, without any prior history of cardiac disease or known CAD (control group), were included. Patients and controls were matched according to gender, age, and Framingham risk score. All participants underwent coronary calcium scoring and coronary computed tomography angiography on a 320-row detector scanner. Statistical significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The coronary artery calcium score (CACS) was significantly lower in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease than in controls (p&lt;0.05). The presence of coronary atherosclerotic plaques was significantly less frequent in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease than in controls (20.9% versus 41.9%, p=0.037). After adjustment for the Framingham score, the odds ratio for the presence of any coronary artery calcium (CAC) in Chagas patients was 0.26 (95%CI: 0.07-0.99, p=0.048). The pattern is similar for CACS &gt; 10 (OR: 0.11, 95%CI: 0.01-0.87, p=0.04) and for the presence of any stenosis (OR: 0.06, 95%CI: 0.01-0.47, p=0.001). Propensity score matching also indicated an effect of Chagas disease on the CACS (-21.6 points in the absolute score and 25% less of patients with CACS &gt;10, p=0.015).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>CAD is less prevalent and less severe in patients with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease when compared with a matched population with a similar CAD risk profile. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1051-1060)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, Computerized/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Score Calcium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Approximately 20,000 people die annually from Chagas&#8217; disease and 100 million people are at risk of contracting the infection worldwide. It is endemic throughout much of Mexico, Central America, and South America, where as many as 6 million people are infected.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup>In the United States, an estimated 300,000 individuals are infected with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> ( <italic>T. cruzi)</italic> , most of who acquired the infection in endemic areas and then migrated to North America.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy is essentially a myocarditis. The inflammatory process, although more intense in the acute phase, is clinically silent but continuous in patients with chronic infection.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>After the acute illness, patients enter the indeterminate phase, which is asymptomatic and may last indefinitely. About 20 to 30% of people with chronic <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection eventually develop clinical disease, predominantly cardiac. Cardiac disease usually begins with conduction abnormalities such as right bundle branch block and/or left anterior fascicular block, which may be followed by dilated cardiomyopathy years later.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>Heart failure and other associated abnormalities,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> - <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>including sympathetic autonomic dysfunction<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>can be seen at this phase. In later stages, apical aneurysms and thrombus formation can be frequent findings.</p>
        <p>Importantly, during the chronic cardiomyopathy phase, a significant proportion of patients complain of atypical chest pain. Yet, the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in these patients has been found to be consistently low. Therefore, expert investigators in Chagas&#8217; disease have raised the hypothesis that patients with Chagas&#8217; disease would have less CAD than individuals without Chagas&#8217; disease but with an otherwise similar CAD risk profile. Still, the relationship between Chagas&#8217; disease and coronary atherosclerotic disease remains controversial.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>It has been demonstrated that abnormal myocardial perfusion and even extensive myocardial scarring may occur in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease in the absence of epicardial coronary stenosis.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup>Myocardial fibrosis in Chagas&#8217; disease patients can be detected in early phases of the disease and precisely quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance;<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> , <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> </sup>its magnitude has proven prognostic significance.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the high prevalence of CAD risk factors, including smoking, initial reports indicating a very low prevalence of significant CAD by invasive coronary angiography in patients with severe Chagas cardiomyopathy have raised the suspicion of a distinct prevalence of CAD in Chagas patients.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup>The influence of Chagas disease on CAD and other chronic degenerative diseases including neoplastic diseases<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>has biological plausibility based on the presence of common mechanistic factors such as chronic inflammation, fibrosis, increase in free radical and low-density lipoprotein levels and decrease in nitric oxide levels. Nonetheless, studies that described the prevalence of CAD in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease have reported conflicting results. While some studies have found a prevalence that is similar to that observed in the general population,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>several studies have suggested that the prevalence of CAD in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease could be lower than that of a non-infected population with similar clinical risk scores for CAD.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> - <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup>There is also some preliminary basic evidence that <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection itself might exert a protective effect against the development of CAD in chronically infected subjects.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>This would be possible by the potential action of trans-sialidase produced by T. cruzi in reducing mycoplasma infection, which could be involved in inflammation associated with CAD.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, we used state-of-the-art coronary computed tomographic techniques to determine whether patients with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease have a lower prevalence and/or severity of CAD when compared with a matched population of asymptomatic and with no previous history of CAD, but with a similar CAD risk profile.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>A total of 43 consecutive patients with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease were prospectively recruited from our specialized outpatient clinic. All patients were serologically positive for Chagas&#8217; disease by at least two different techniques: ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence. They were classified in three subgroups: (1) patients in the indeterminate phase, (2) patients with electrocardiographic abnormalities, and (3) patients with heart failure. The indeterminate subgroup (15 patients, 34.9%) was defined as asymptomatic patients with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease but without abnormalities on chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography or contrasted X-ray studies of esophagus and colon. The ECG subgroup (12 patients, 27.9%) was defined as patients with electrocardiographic abnormalities, but no abnormalities on global or segmental left ventricular (LV) systolic function and with LV ejection fraction &#8805; 55% by echocardiography. Patients with LV ejection fraction &lt; 55% were assigned to the cardiomyopathy subgroup (16 patients, 37.2%).</p>
          <p>Additionally, a total of 43 asymptomatic individuals, without any prior history of cardiac disease or CAD, and no family history of early CAD, that underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) for risk stratification only were included as control group. These 43 patients were selected from a larger control group of 124 consecutive individuals that filled the matching criteria for each Chagas disease patient. A second individual who filled the matching criteria was not included and allocated to the backup control group. For selection of the control group, three levels of matching were used for each of the Chagas&#8217; disease patients (case-control 1x1): first, a Framingham risk score (FRS) within the same risk strata (low, intermediate and high);<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup>second, age differences &lt; 5 years; and third, the same gender. Also, since there were no patients with diabetes mellitus in the Chagas&#8217; disease group, we also excluded diabetic patients from the control group. The FRS was calculated using the model described by D&#8217;Agostino et al.,<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>and was based on the following clinical parameters: age, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, smoking and diabetes status. All 43 individuals underwent serological testing to exclude Chagas&#8217; disease.</p>
          <p>All patients signed an informed consent form approved by our local institutional ethics committee. In both groups we excluded patients with renal insufficiency, defined as serum creatinine &gt; 1.5mg/dL and/or creatinine clearance of &lt;60mL/min/1.72m<sup>2</sup>, by the MDRD formula (Modification of Diet for Renal Disease).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary computed tomographic angiography (Coronary CTA)</title>
          <p>All patients underwent coronary CTA on a 320-detector row scanner ( <italic>AquillionOne</italic> <sup>TM</sup> <italic>&#8211; Canon Medical Systems Corporation,</italic> Otawara, Japan) after fasting for at least 4 hours. Prior to the exam, the patients answered a questionnaire on cardiovascular risk and were examined for heart rate (HR) and blood pressure.</p>
          <p>Acquisition protocol included the coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and coronary CTA. CACS was determined using a tube rotation time of 370ms, tube voltage of 120 kV, current of 300mA, 320x0.5-mm collimation with 3-mm slice thickness reconstructed images obtained per heartbeat during diastole.</p>
          <p>For coronary CTA, participants with heart rate over 65 bpm received up to 20mg of intravenous metoprolol. All participants received sublingual nitrates if their systolic blood pressure were greater than 90 mmHg. Superior and inferior limits for acquisition were defined on the CACS imaging. A real time tracking of contrast bolus propagation ( <italic>Sure Start</italic> <sup>TM</sup>&#8211; <italic>Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation,</italic> Otawara, Japan) was used to detect steep increase in signal intensity on the descending aorta. The acquisition was started at a threshold of 150 HU. Non-ionic iodinated contrast (70mL, with iodine concentration of 370mg/mL) (Iopamiron 370 &#8211; Schering, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, under license of BRACCO - Italy) was then administered by a power injector ( <italic>Stellant</italic> <sup>TM</sup>&#8211; <italic>Medrad,</italic> Indianola, PA, USA) at a 5mL/s rate followed by 40mL of saline chaser.</p>
          <p>Coronary CTA image acquisition occurred within one single heart beat (HR less than 65 bpm) according to a prospectively ECG-triggered protocol and during inspiratory breath-hold.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> , <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> </sup>Coronary CTA acquisition parameters depended on participants&#8217; body mass index (BMI): up to 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, tube voltage of 100kV and tube current of 450-550mA; BMI from 24 to 39 kg/m2, 120kV and 400-580mA, respectively; BMI greater than 40kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 135kV and 510mA, respectively. Collimation depended on longitudinal size of the heart and varied from 120 to 160mm, with 0.5mm thick slice acquisitions (240x0.5mm to 320x0.5mm). Typical radiation dose for this protocol is below 10 mSv.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary CTA Analysis</title>
          <p>CACS analysis used standard protocol described by Agatston et al.,<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup>using at least 3 pixels equal to or greater than 130 HU to define calcium.</p>
          <p>Coronary CTA images were reconstructed immediately after scan completion in a consistent manner in order to identify motion-free coronary artery images. ECG-gated datasets were reconstructed at 75% of the cardiac cycle. In case of insufficient image quality, additional phases were reconstructed at 5% increments. Multiple phases were used for image interpretation if the phase of minimum coronary artery motion was different for different arteries. All images were analyzed in a <italic>Vitrea</italic> <sup>TM</sup> <italic>FX</italic> workstation ( <italic>Vital Images Inc,</italic> Plymouth, MN, EUA) by two experienced coronary CTA who were unaware of any clinical information. The observers could use all tools available in the workstation to analyze the images, such as axial views, multiplanar and curved reformatting, maximal intensity projection and 3D volume rendering. For the discrepancies, a consensus between the two readers was reached for the presence and type of atherosclerotic plaque and the degree of stenosis per each coronary segment. For coronary segmentation we used a 19-segment model, previously described in the CorE-64 trial.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>CAD was defined as the presence of any coronary atherosclerotic plaque, even in absence of luminal obstruction. Significant obstructive CAD was defined as luminal reduction equal to or greater than 50% of the reference luminal diameter (segment immediately distal without evident disease). Atherosclerotic plaque was classified by a qualitative analysis as: A &#8211; non-calcified plaque, B &#8211; predominantly non-calcified plaque, C &#8211; mixed plaque, D &#8211; predominantly calcified plaque and E &#8211; calcified plaque. When more than one type of plaque was present, the most predominant type in each patient was considered for analysis. The degree of coronary stenosis was visually classified by the two observers according to the segment stenosis score: 0 &#8211; absence of luminal reduction, 1- mild stenosis (&lt; 50%), 2- moderate stenosis (50-69%) and 3 &#8211; severe stenosis (&#8805; 70%). <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> shows two examples of Chagas&#8217; disease patients with and without CAD.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Coronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA) images of case examples of Chagas&#8217; patients without (top row) and with (bottom row) coronary artery disease (CAD). Panels A, B and C show three different views of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) of both patients. On the bottom row, red arrows indicate partially calcified plaque at proximal LAD without stenosis (predominantly cal mixed plaque), and yellow arrows indicate a non-calcified plaque with significant luminal stenosis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1051-00342-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>All continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, and all categorical variables are reported as percentage or absolute number. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described using the mean and standard deviation and continuous variables without normal distribution were described using the median and interquartile range. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check for normal distribution. For comparison between groups, we used the paired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test for variables with normal distribution, and the Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables. For comparisons of categorical variables, we used Pearsons&#8217; chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test as appropriate. For the multivariable analysis we performed conditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for the FRS for each of the binary outcomes of CACS equal to or greater than zero; CACS lower than 10 or greater or equal to 10 and presence of coronary obstruction (defined as &gt;50% stenosis on visual assessment). Propensity score matching, using kernel method and bootstrapping was used for additional matching between Chagas&#8217; disease and control patients. There are no data in the literature on the prevalence of atherosclerotic coronary plaque in Chagas disease patients measured by computed tomography (CT), therefore we used an exploratory or convenience sample size. The study was designed to have a matched control group, so 43 Chagas patients had to be matched to 43 normal controls with similar sex, age range and FRS. Analyses were performed with Stata software, version 13.0 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas). All tests were two-tailed, and a value of p&lt;0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The clinical characteristics of all participants are shown in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . In Chagas&#8217; disease group, 27 women were (62.8%) and the mean age was 54.2 &#177; 8.3 years, and in the control group, there were also 27 women (62.8%), and the mean age was 55.0 &#177; 7.1 years. Gender, age, and the FRS were similar, highlighting the effective matching of both groups. The Chagas&#8217; disease group was found to have higher levels of HDL cholesterol than the control group (p=0.030, <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ). No patient was excluded due to limited coronary CTA image quality, and no adverse event related to the procedures of this study was reported.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Chagas&#8217; (n=43)</th>
                  <th>Control (n=43)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">54.18 &#177; 8.26</td>
                  <td align="center">55.00 &#177; 7.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.626*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (37.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (37.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4&#177;4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">28.9&#177;4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.127*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary CTA HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.4&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">62.2&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.215*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0 &#177; 12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">45.9 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">201.5 &#177; 36.3</td>
                  <td align="center">224.3 &#177; 84.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.108*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Treated hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (46.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (55.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.388**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (9.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (9.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Framingham risk score</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1; 8)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1; 8)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.682***</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; CTA: computed Tomography Angiography; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; HDL: high density lipoprotein. &#8224;: Median (P25; P75); *: Student t test; **: Pearsons&#8217; chi-square test; ***: Mann-Whitney test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The CACS was significantly lower in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease than in controls. Similarly, the severity of coronary stenosis, number of coronary territories and number of coronary segments with CAD were significantly lower on Chagas&#8217; disease group compared to control group (p &lt; 0.05 for all comparisons, <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> and <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ). When stratified by the FRS the prevalence of CAC &gt;0 is higher in the control group across the three FRS tertiles ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of coronary artery disease (CAD) severity between patients with Chagas&#8217; disease and control group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                  <th rowspan="4">p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Chagas&#8217; disease</th>
                  <th>Control</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mean&#177;SD</th>
                  <th>Mean&#177;SD</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Median (P<sub><bold>25</bold></sub>; P<sub><bold>75</bold></sub>)</th>
                  <th>Median (P<sub><bold>25</bold></sub>; P<sub><bold>75</bold></sub>)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Coronary calcium score</td>
                  <td align="center">24.7&#177;100.6</td>
                  <td align="center">49.8&#177; 118.7</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0; 35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Segment stenosis Score</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12&#177; 0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56&#177;0.80</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0; 1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Number of coronary territories</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35&#177;0.81</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77&#177;1.07</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0; 1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Number of coronary segments</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63&#177;1.81</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35&#177;2.14</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0; 2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; (P25: 25th percentile; P75: 75th percentile), * Mann-Whitney test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Relationship between Chagas&#8217; disease and the prevalence of CAD. A. Prevalence of any coronary artery calcium (coronary artery calcium score, CACS &gt; 0) in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease and in controls stratified by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) tertiles. B. Prevalence of CACS &gt; 10 in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease and in controls stratified by Framingham Risk Score tertiles.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1051-00342-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the presence versus absence of coronary stenosis, 93% of Chagas&#8217; disease patients and 58.1% of control group participants did not have any coronary stenosis (p = 0.001, <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> and <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of the degree of coronary stenosis between Chagas disease and control groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Degree of stenosis<sup><bold>*</bold></sup></th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Chagas&#8217; n (%)</th>
                  <th>Control n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>No stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (93.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (58.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (32.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup><italic>*</italic></sup>Fisher&#8217;s exact test, p = 0.001.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The presence of coronary atherosclerotic plaques was significantly less frequent in patients from the Chagas&#8217; disease group than in subjects from the control group (20.9% versus 41.9%, p = 0.037, <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ). No significant differences were found in the type of coronary plaques between the groups (p=0.237), although 27.9% of participants of the control group had calcified plaque versus only 11.6% in the Chagas&#8217; disease group ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ). Within the Chagas disease group, there were no differences in CAD burden based on calcium score among groups, including no differences compared to those with ejection fraction less than 55% (cardiomyopathy group).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characterization of coronary plaques</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Atherosclerotic plaques</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Chagas&#8217; disease n (%)</th>
                  <th>Control n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>No plaque</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (79.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (58.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plaque present</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (41.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type of plaque#</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0.237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non calcified</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed &#8211; predominat non calcified</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed &#8211; predominant calcified</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcified</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (27.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Fisher&#8217;s exact test. # Patient-based analysis &#8211; the most predominant type of plaque was assigned</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When the analysis was performed based on the case-control design, the odds ratio for the presence of any CAC in Chagas&#8217; disease patients was 0.27 (95%CI: 0.08 &#8211; 0.98, p =0.046). The pattern is similar for CACS &gt; 10 (OR: 0.1, 95%CI: 0.13 &#8211; 0.78, p=0.028) and for the presence of any stenosis (OR: 0.06, 95%CI: 0.01 &#8211; 0.47, p=0.007). These results remained robust even after adjustment for the FRS, with OR of 0.26 (95%CI: 0.07 &#8211; 0.99, p=0.048) for CACS&gt;0, 0.11 (95%CI: 0.01 &#8211; 0.87, p=0.04) for CACS&gt;10 and 0.06 (95%CI: 0.01 &#8211; 0.47, p=0.001) for the presence of any stenosis ( <xref rid="t5001" ref-type="table">Table 5</xref> ). An additional analysis using propensity score matching, with kernel matching method and bootstrapping, indicated an average effect of &#8211; 21.6 points for the absolute CACS and -25% for CACS above 10 in Chagas disease patients when compared to the matched control group.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Odds ratio for the presence of any coronary artery calcium, coronary artery calcium score (CACS &gt; 10), and for the presence of any stenosis in patients with Chagas disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>OR*</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Unadjusted</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presence of any CAC</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08 &#8211; 0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CACS &gt; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13 &#8211; 0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presence of any stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 &#8211; 0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Adjusted for FRS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presence of any CAC</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07 &#8211; 0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CACS &gt; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 &#8211; 0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presence of any stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 &#8211; 0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAC: coronary artery calcium score; FRS:Framingham risk score. *Multivarate logistic conditional regression.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, using state-of-the-art computed tomographic techniques, we demonstrated a lower prevalence and severity of CAD in chronic Chagas&#8217; disease patients when compared with a matched population with a similar CAD risk profile. The prevalence of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients with chronic <italic>T cruzi</italic> infection was approximately half of that observed in the control non-infected population. Importantly, in the present study, we studied chronic <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection in three different stages: (1) the indeterminate phase, (2) ECG abnormality with normal LV function and (3) overt LV dysfunction.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Chagas&#8217; disease and CAD</title>
          <p>Previous studies have investigated the relationship between Chagas&#8217; disease and CAD, and the results have been conflicting. Lopes et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>examined autopsied hearts of 35 chronic Chagas&#8217; disease patients and 54 non-infected individuals and found that the prevalence of coronary atherosclerotic plaques (71.4% versus 74.1%, respectively) and myocardial infarction (8.6% versus 7.4%, respectively) was similar in both groups.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>This is in contrast with our results. We believe the reason for this apparent discrepancy relies on the fact that Lopes et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>performed an autopsy-based pathology study and, therefore, it is likely that they evaluated a population with much more advanced disease. In fact, it is possible that some of the patients in the Chagas&#8217; disease group died of CAD complications and not Chagas&#8217; disease. Moreover, unlike Lopes et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>who studied male individuals only, we included both genders in the present study.</p>
          <p>In another autopsy-based study, de Morais et al.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>examined 181 hearts of chronic Chagas&#8217; disease patients and identified only four cases of myocardial infarction. Interestingly, all cases were secondary to thromboembolic coronary events, probably originated in apical LV aneurysms. Most importantly, the pathophysiological substrate most frequently associated with myocardial infarction, i.e. complicated atherosclerosis was not observed in any patient of this large autopsy series.</p>
          <p>In a prospective observational study from our group, Ianni et al.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>followed 160 patients in the indeterminate phase of chronic Chagas&#8217; disease for up to 14 years and were able to document the development of CAD in only two individuals; one presented an acute myocardial infarction and the other stable angina. Marin-Neto et al.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>evaluated 23 subjects with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease and demonstrated that myocardial perfusion abnormalities as detected by thallium scintigraphy were present in all patients. Nevertheless, the presence of significant CAD was not observed in any of the 16 patients that underwent invasive coronary angiography.</p>
          <p>In another study, Sarabanda et al.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>performed invasive coronary angiography in 56 consecutive subjects with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease and ventricular tachycardia and demonstrated that the presence of significant CAD was not observed in any of those patients. More recently, Carvalho et al.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>evaluated 61 consecutive patients with severe Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy (NYHA functional class III or IV). All patients underwent invasive coronary angiography, and the presence of significant CAD (&gt; 50% stenosis) was identified in only one patient (1.6%). These finding are in agreement with our results, which also demonstrated a low prevalence of significant CAD (4.7%) in chronic Chagas&#8217; disease patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary CTA versus invasive angiography</title>
          <p>It is important to highlight that there is an important difference between the present study, that used coronary CTA to evaluate the presence of DAC, and all these previous reports that used invasive coronary angiography. Even though the latter is considered the gold standard for the assessment of coronary anatomy and quantification of coronary stenosis, it consists of a luminography, i.e., it is not able to detect or quantify the amount of non-obstructive atherosclerotic plaques in the arterial wall. In contrast, coronary calcium scoring plus coronary CTA is not only capable of identifying obstructive lesions,<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> - <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> </sup>but also allows for the quantitative assessment of the global atherosclerotic burden of the individual.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> - <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref> </sup>Therefore, it is a much more sensitive tool for the detection of CAD, particularly in the earlier stages of the disease, in which the invasive coronary angiography might miss the diagnosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations and selection of the control group</title>
          <p>Our study has some limitations that must be recognized. This is a single-center study with a relatively small sample size. The control group was composed of healthy and asymptomatic individuals that underwent coronary CTA for risk-stratification only and not randomly selected from the community. One important aspect of the present study relates to the selection of the control group, which was a critical step. We were able to select individuals comparable to Chagas&#8217; disease patients in the risk to develop CAD, so that each individual of the control group was matched to one patient in the Chagas&#8217; disease group for gender, age and the FRS. Indeed, except for the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection, the baseline characteristics of both groups were very similar. The only significant difference was that patients in the Chagas&#8217; disease group demonstrated higher levels of HDL cholesterol than the individuals in the control group. However, we do not believe this difference had a significant influence on our results, particularly because, since the control group was matched regarding the FRS, this small difference in HDL cholesterol level was, at least theoretically, counterbalanced by the other risk factors of the score.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup>The use of the propensity score matching technique added an extra layer of confidence in our matching between Chagas&#8217; disease and control group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical implications</title>
          <p>Unfortunately, in the present study, we were not able to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the lower prevalence and severity of CAD in individuals with chronic <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection. Nevertheless, our results allow us to raise some hypotheses. One possibility is that, despite the careful selection of a matched control group, both populations could have genetic or environmental differences that were not controlled in our study.</p>
          <p>Another fascinating possibility is that the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection itself could exert some protective effect against the development of CAD. There is some preliminary evidence suggesting that an enzyme derived from the <italic>T. cruzi,</italic> called trans-sialidase, could have the potential to reduce the inflammatory activity and the amount of atherosclerotic plaques in experimental models.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>It is undeniable that the mere possibility that this line of research could result in the development of a novel therapeutic tool for the prevention of CAD is very exciting.</p>
          <p>In the meanwhile, the lower prevalence of CAD in Chagas&#8217; disease may suggest that physicians caring for Chagas&#8217; disease patients could utilize coronary CTA imaging as a first step diagnostic tool for suspected CAD in this population. Although our data is still not enough to support a change in current patient management, CTA could potentially be a gatekeeper for invasive coronary angiography in these patients, even those with more severe clinical scenario, such as ventricular tachycardia and dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In the present study, we used coronary CTA, which is a sensitive tool for the detection of CAD, and conclusively demonstrated that CAD is less prevalent and less severe in patients with chronic Chagas&#8217; disease when compared with a matched population with a similar CAD risk profile. Future studies will be necessary to investigate in greater detail the underlying mechanisms of these instigating findings.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Perspectives</title>
          <p><bold>Competency in medical knowledge:</bold> Chagas&#8217; disease and CAD are two prevalent diseases in Latin America, and symptoms such as chest pain, might be similar in patients with either of these diseases. Nonetheless, CAD is less prevalent in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease compared to general population with similar Framingham risk scores. This could help clinicians during risk stratification of chest pain.</p>
          <p><bold>Translational outlook:</bold> Future research is needed to confirm these findings in a large population and to identify potential mechanisms involved in this apparent &#8220;protection&#8221; for CAD in patients with Chagas&#8217; disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> .There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Erratum</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>December 2020 Issue, vol. 115 (6), pages 1051-1060</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In Original Article &#8220;Lower Prevalence and Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Chronic Chagas&#8217; Disease by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography&#8221; with DOI number: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200342, published in the Journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 115(6):1051-1060, on page 1059, change the information that there was no external funding to: This study was funded by Capes. Change information that is not associated to: This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Savio Cardoso from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
