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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wmtBC9jMMTzTMhQr9ffWbVN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01047</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001401047</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pintando a Hist&#243;ria da Cardiologia do Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cabedelo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Cabedelo, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes &#8226;</bold> Cardiocenter &#8211; Av. Ministro Jos&#233; Am&#233;rico de Almeida, 1450, Torre, Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley. CEP 58040-300, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mqueiroga@cardiol.br</email> , <email>marcelocartaxoqueiroga@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1047</fpage>
      <lpage>1050</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiologia/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologistas</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina nas Artes/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Pinturas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O mural que o artista pl&#225;stico Fl&#225;vio Tavares criou para a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), O Cora&#231;&#227;o dos Tr&#243;picos, &#233; um testemunho eloquente do seu talento &#237;mpar como pintor ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). A obra retrata o desenvolvimento da cardiologia no Brasil. Trata-se de um conjunto de tr&#234;s pain&#233;is de tinta acr&#237;lica sobre tela justapostos, medindo 6,30m de largura e 1,80m de altura, com personagens reais e imagin&#225;rios que integram a narrativa de mais de um s&#233;culo da pr&#225;tica da cardiologia na maior na&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#243;picos. O mural de Fl&#225;vio Tavares ser&#225; um legado para a hist&#243;ria da cardiologia brasileira assim como tem sido o mais famoso mural da hist&#243;ria da cardiologia mundial pintado por Diego Rivera, em 1944, para o Instituto de Cardiologia na cidade do M&#233;xico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Pintando a Hist&#243;ria da Cardiologia do Brasil.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1047-01133-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A medicina, presente dos deuses aos m&#233;dicos para al&#237;vio do sofrimento dos homens, &#233; representada como estatu&#225;rio de forma monumental em plano avan&#231;ado por Escul&#225;pio (Ascl&#233;pio) e sua filha Higeia (Salus), que abrem espa&#231;o para os pioneiros da medicina social brasileira. O enredo tem como cen&#225;rio a paisagem amaz&#244;nica que, em suave e harm&#244;nica transi&#231;&#227;o, &#233; substitu&#237;da pelo Castelo Mourisco da Fiocruz e pela ambi&#234;ncia do Brasil rural, subdesenvolvido, com casebres de taipa e, em sequ&#234;ncia, pelo edif&#237;cio do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor).</p>
    <p>Com sua exuberante biodiversidade, a Amaz&#244;nia simboliza a imensa fronteira para a pesquisa de poss&#237;veis princ&#237;pios ativos empregados em medicina. As propriedades medicinais das plantas t&#234;m sido descritas por mil&#234;nios, sendo um exemplo a dedaleira ( <italic>Digitalis purpurea</italic> ), planta empregada para tratar os males do cora&#231;&#227;o. William Whittering, m&#233;dico brit&#226;nico descobridor das propriedades medicinais da <italic>digitalis</italic> presente na dedaleira, mereceu destaque na pintura. O g&#234;nio impressionista Vincent Van Gogh, igualmente, imortalizou a dedaleira em &#8220;O retrato do Dr. Gachet&#8221; <italic>(Mus&#233;e D&#8217;Orsay</italic> &#8211; Paris), plasmando sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a medicina e a arte. A magia da pintura permite confirmar a vis&#227;o dos descobridores &#8220;nessa terra tudo que se planta d&#225;&#8221;, e um frondoso salgueiro, base da s&#237;ntese do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por Felix Hoffman, foi integrado &#224; paisagem amaz&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>A biodiversidade e a sua utilidade para a ci&#234;ncia s&#227;o uma tem&#225;tica inovadora, mas sempre presente na medicina, como se pode ver no dizer de Paracelso: &#8220;A medicina se fundamenta na natureza, a natureza &#233; a medicina e somente naquela devem os homens busc&#225;-la. A natureza &#233; o mestre do m&#233;dico, j&#225; que ela &#233; mais antiga do que ele e ela existe dentro e fora do homem.&#8221; Tal fato se confirma na pesquisa de Sergio Henrique Ferreira, que liderou a s&#237;ntese do pept&#237;deo ativo presente no veneno da jararaca do mato. Esse veneno &#233; a base para a produ&#231;&#227;o do captopril, f&#225;rmaco que mudou a hist&#243;ria natural de enfermidades como hipertens&#227;o arterial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Os pesquisadores William Harvey, Daniel Hale Williams e Willem Einthoven representam os prim&#243;rdios da cardiologia como ci&#234;ncia, para al&#233;m dos s&#237;mbolos gregos cl&#225;ssicos. <italic>Sir</italic> William Harvey, considerado o pai da cardiologia, desvendou os mist&#233;rios da circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, desafiando todos os conceitos da &#233;poca, inclusive as cren&#231;as religiosas. A cardiologia mundial celebrar&#225; 400 anos da publica&#231;&#227;o do livro <italic>De Motu Cordis</italic> , o mais antigo paradigma cient&#237;fico da medicina, escrito por Harvey.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em 1893, o vanguardista cirurgi&#227;o afro-americano Daniel Hale Williams realizou a primeira cirurgia bem-sucedida de peito aberto para reparar uma ferida no peric&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Willem Einthoven, agraciado com o Pr&#234;mio Nobel de medicina em 1924, tem protagonismo &#237;mpar na cardiologia e sua presen&#231;a &#233; obrigat&#243;ria ao se contar a hist&#243;ria da especialidade. Rubens Maciel destaca que Einthoven, ao receber o Pr&#234;mio Nobel de medicina a 8 de dezembro de 1925 em memor&#225;vel confer&#234;ncia sobre o galvan&#244;metro de corda e a medida da corrente de a&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, salientou: &#8220;um novo cap&#237;tulo se abria no aprendizado das doen&#231;as do cora&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o por obra de um s&#243; homem, mas pelo trabalho conjugado de muitos homens de talento que, espalhados pelo mundo e sem respeitar fronteiras pol&#237;ticas, convergiam seus esfor&#231;os para um prop&#243;sito comum: aumentar nosso conhecimento da doen&#231;a, para al&#237;vio da humanidade sofredora&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nos prim&#243;rdios da cardiologia brasileira tivemos a influ&#234;ncia do doutor piauiense Pedro Francisco da Costa Alvarenga que, no final do s&#233;culo XIX, escreveu sobre cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e tornou-se uma celebridade da cardiologia francesa, tendo posteriormente retornado ao Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A medicina praticada no s&#233;culo XIX at&#233; meados do s&#233;culo XX est&#225; bem representada no mural. &#192; &#233;poca, pouco podia ser feito para alterar o curso natural das doen&#231;as, restando t&#227;o somente o humanismo e a f&#233; como alento para os enfermos.</p>
    <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente, imprescind&#237;vel para o exerc&#237;cio da medicina, tem destaque no mural. Percebem-se as premissas semi&#243;ticas do exame do aparelho cardiovascular &#8211; aferi&#231;&#227;o do pulso e da press&#227;o arterial e ausculta card&#237;aca. O franc&#234;s Ren&#233; Leannec, ao inventar o estetosc&#243;pio, fez o cardiologista se diferenciar dos demais m&#233;dicos por interpretar a &#8220;voz do cora&#231;&#227;o&#8221;. A capacidade de distinguir os sons das bulhas, cliques, estalidos e sopros, correlacionando-os com as doen&#231;as do cora&#231;&#227;o, passou a ser um dom almejado e um requisito para se compreender a verdadeira sinfonia executada pelo &#243;rg&#227;o da vida. A ausculta card&#237;aca &#233; retratada de maneira original no mural, inspirado no movimento antropof&#225;gico de Oswald de Andrade: v&#234;-se o cardiologista auscultando uma &#237;ndia em uma oca. O simbolismo aut&#243;ctone dessa imagem pict&#243;rica reafirma a necessidade da conviv&#234;ncia harm&#244;nica dos povos de diversas culturas com o meio ambiente.</p>
    <p>A voca&#231;&#227;o das mulheres na arte de cuidar &#233; reconhecida desde o in&#237;cio desses s&#233;culos. Nos prim&#243;rdios da cardiologia, contudo, a presen&#231;a delas era muito restrita. Por isso, o esfor&#231;o pioneiro das m&#233;dicas Rita Lobato Velho Lopes e Anna Turan Machado Falc&#227;o imp&#245;e-se como forma de registrar a incompar&#225;vel habilidade das mulheres para o exerc&#237;cio da medicina. A ga&#250;cha Rita Lobato foi a primeira m&#233;dica brasileira. Ingressou na Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, tendo conclu&#237;do o curso na Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia. A outra pioneira, a m&#233;dica paraense Anna Turan Machado Falc&#227;o, tamb&#233;m teve sua not&#225;vel trajet&#243;ria de vida destacada. Formou-se em 19 de abril de 1887 em Nova York em uma turma composta por dez mulheres. Recebeu medalha de honra ao m&#233;rito, de ouro, aposta ao diploma. Apesar de n&#227;o terem se dedicado &#224; cardiologia, figuram no mural por serem inspira&#231;&#227;o para as m&#233;dicas brasileiras.</p>
    <p>Carlos Chagas, considerado por muitos o primeiro cardiologista moderno e pioneiro da ci&#234;ncia translacional por sua lideran&#231;a na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica brasileira na fase final da pandemia em 1919, &#233; o personagem central do mural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na pintura, o pesquisador e seus mentores Oswaldo Cruz e Miguel Couto dialogam com os pioneiros da cardiologia brasileira. O esfor&#231;o na descri&#231;&#227;o da tripanossom&#237;ase americana, ou doen&#231;a de Chagas, e a identifica&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa do ambiente onde se difunde a endemia s&#227;o retratados com riqueza de detalhes. Chagas e Oswaldo Cruz simbolizam a prem&#234;ncia de investimento na medicina social, voltada para a aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. O estudo da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica deu destaque internacional &#224; cardiologia brasileira e Anis Rassi representa esse modelo de lideran&#231;a m&#233;dica que muito contribuiu para o conhecimento dos fatores progn&#243;sticos dessa ainda importante endemia latino-americana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 40, ambiente de forte ebuli&#231;&#227;o cultural e social, marcou a funda&#231;&#227;o da SBC. No mural, emergem as figuras dos fundadores da SBC, Dante Pazzanese (primeiro presidente), Jairo Ramos e Genival Londres, que simbolizam uma era de ouro da medicina cardiovascular. O doutor Dante foi o aglutinador de um grupo extraordin&#225;rio de m&#233;dicos de v&#225;rias regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s que j&#225; se destacavam no estudo das doen&#231;as do cora&#231;&#227;o, sendo a cria&#231;&#227;o da SBC uma consequ&#234;ncia natural dessas a&#231;&#245;es. &#192; &#233;poca, Dante Pazzanese e Genival Londres j&#225; haviam fundado os Institutos Estaduais de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo e do Rio de Janeiro, respectivamente. Genival Londres publicou o primeiro livro sobre hipertens&#227;o arterial no Brasil e, &#224; guisa de ilustra&#231;&#227;o, registrou n&#227;o existir tratamento eficaz para o mal, como destacado por Rafael Leite Luna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No mural, Jairo Ramos &#233; o s&#237;mbolo do compromisso perene com o avan&#231;o da pesquisa no Brasil e sua publica&#231;&#227;o. Foi o primeiro editor dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC) e presidente da SBC. Hoje, os ABC s&#227;o a publica&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia com maior fator de impacto em l&#237;ngua portuguesa, constituindo o registro vivo da evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia brasileira e o desaguadouro da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica nacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A cardiologia da primeira metade do s&#233;culo XX foi inicialmente constru&#237;da atrav&#233;s de arg&#250;cia cl&#237;nica apoiada pelo eletrocardiograma, pela radiografia do t&#243;rax e pela fonomecanocardiografia. Naquela &#233;poca, os mestres franceses, ingleses e posteriormente os da escola mexicana de cardiologia foram as grandes refer&#234;ncias para a forma&#231;&#227;o dos nossos cardiologistas. O genial professor Ign&#225;cio Chaves, ao fundar o Instituto de Cardiologia do M&#233;xico, criou um ambiente &#250;nico de ensino-pesquisa e assist&#234;ncia, que formou e influenciou gera&#231;&#245;es de brasileiros.</p>
    <p>As Santas Casas foram o local de cuidar dos mais pobres com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Pouco a pouco, por&#233;m, transformaram-se em centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e de ensino. O professor Nelson Botelho Reis introduziu na 6&#170; Enfermaria da Santa Casa do Rio de Janeiro o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;mico &#224; beira do leito. Na 29&#170; Enfermaria da Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, o grande educador e l&#237;der Rubens Maciel promoveu uma nova vis&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia e criou a p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>A cardiologia de meados do s&#233;culo XX era ainda muito marcada pela doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, que acometia crian&#231;as e adultos jovens e estava associada &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es sanit&#225;rias prec&#225;rias dos brasileiros. O livro de Luiz Venere D&#233;court sobre doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, lan&#231;ado em 1965, representa um dos marcos das publica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas do nosso pa&#237;s. Luiz Venere D&#233;court foi um &#237;cone da cardiologia, s&#237;ntese da ci&#234;ncia e do humanismo necess&#225;rios ao exerc&#237;cio da medicina. Abriu as portas para a moderna cardiologia brasileira. Sua trajet&#243;ria &#237;mpar foi imortalizada na cria&#231;&#227;o do InCor, inaugurando uma nova perspectiva para a cardiologia nacional. D&#233;court e Zerbini foram os art&#237;fices da cria&#231;&#227;o do InCor, um hospital p&#250;blico voltado &#224; assist&#234;ncia, ao ensino e &#224; pesquisa e que teve nas lideran&#231;as de Fulvio Pileggi e Adib Jatene a consolida&#231;&#227;o da inser&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia do Brasil, definitivamente, entre as mais respeitadas do mundo.</p>
    <p>O not&#225;vel avan&#231;o da cirurgia cardiovascular tem seu papel registrado, pois foi fundamental para o desenvolvimento da cardiologia brasileira. Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini e Adib Jatene, dois &#237;cones e personalidades que transpuseram as fronteiras da cardiologia, foram os protagonistas. O doutor Zerbini, figura emblem&#225;tica, para quem nada vencia o trabalho, realizou o primeiro transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o da Am&#233;rica Latina, logo ap&#243;s Christiaan Barnard, iniciando uma era de ouro na cirurgia card&#237;aca brasileira. O seu esfor&#231;o foi recompensado. Hoje o Brasil tem o maior programa p&#250;blico de transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o do mundo. Por sua vez, o doutor Jatene, para muitos o m&#233;dico mais proeminente da sua gera&#231;&#227;o, foi duas vezes ministro da sa&#250;de e &#233; retratado no mural por sua vertente mais humana: devolver a alegria &#224;s m&#227;es de crian&#231;as que nascem com cardiopatia. O desafio de realizar a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias foi superado pela per&#237;cia t&#233;cnica do doutor Adib, um grande salto para a cirurgia cardiovascular infantil.</p>
    <p>A cardiologia, ao aliar a arte da medicina &#224; tecnologia, incorporou o progresso da ci&#234;ncia &#224;s necessidades da assist&#234;ncia, sendo o eletrocardiograma a express&#227;o mais eloquente desse bin&#244;mio. No Brasil, Jo&#227;o Tranchesi, retratado no mural, simboliza a difus&#227;o da eletrocardiografia moderna. Com did&#225;tica incompar&#225;vel, democratizou o aprendizado do m&#233;todo. Como tributo, seus disc&#237;pulos realizam anualmente no Congresso Brasileiro de Cardiologia a Sess&#227;o Jo&#227;o Tranchesi, onde se discute o estado da arte na eletrocardiografia em sua homenagem. A contemporaneidade do m&#233;todo &#233; indiscut&#237;vel e seu emprego, na vers&#227;o digital, constitui-se importante ferramenta da Telemedicina, ampliando o acesso em regi&#245;es remotas e provendo agilidade ao tratamento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>A mudan&#231;a do perfil de adoecimento dos brasileiros, em parte decorrente da transi&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica, com elevada incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, faz-se presente no mural. A m&#227;o espalmada no peito, tal qual descrito por Cossio-Levine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> marca registrada do paciente anginoso, representa o sofrimento de centenas de milhares de brasileiros que morrem em decorr&#234;ncia dessa enfermidade. O cateterismo card&#237;aco, parte importante na estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica desses enfermos, tem no doutor Eduardo Sousa, pioneiro da cinecoronariografia e da cardiologia intervencionista no Brasil, seu mais destacado precursor. Eduardo Sousa e Adib Jatene, parceiros de uma vida, foram os respons&#225;veis pela consolida&#231;&#227;o do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC) como importante centro de pesquisa, ensino e assist&#234;ncia no Brasil. No IDPC, foram realizadas as primeiras pesquisas com os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos em seres humanos no mundo. Imposs&#237;vel abordar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da terapia da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria sem reverenciar Ren&#233; Favaloro, respons&#225;vel pelo grande impulso da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Essas s&#227;o contribui&#231;&#245;es originais de m&#233;dicos do nosso hemisf&#233;rio.</p>
    <p>No alto do mural, em sua parte contempor&#226;nea, emerge a figura emblem&#225;tica do professor Eugene Braunwald da Universidade de Harvard, uma lenda viva da cardiologia e talvez o nome de maior express&#227;o da cardiologia moderna. Mesmo nonagen&#225;rio, por seu saber e sua experi&#234;ncia, continua a influenciar a especialidade no mundo. Esse registro simboliza a necessidade do interc&#226;mbio cient&#237;fico permanente com os centros mundiais para o desenvolvimento da cardiologia no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Abaixo, na parte inferior do painel, diversos nomes emblem&#225;ticos da cardiologia nacional s&#227;o retratados, todos atentos a um enfermo que padece no leito. A cena se assemelha &#224; &#8220;A li&#231;&#227;o de anatomia do Dr. Tulp&#8221; do lend&#225;rio Rembrandt. Est&#227;o tamb&#233;m retratados os cardiologistas Adriano Pond&#233;, Rafael Leite Luna, Rachel Snitcovsky, Betina Ferro, Edgard Magalh&#227;es Gomes, Fulvio Pileggi, Jos&#233; Krieger, Ivo Nersralla, Siguemituzo Arie, Arnaldo Elian e &#202;nio Cantarelli. V&#225;rios desses ilustres m&#233;dicos presidiram a SBC e todos foram determinantes para o desenvolvimento da cardiologia no Brasil.</p>
    <p>Se olharmos para a disposi&#231;&#227;o dos personagens, &#233; poss&#237;vel perceber que eles est&#227;o distribu&#237;dos em uma linha do tempo ilus&#243;ria, onde os respons&#225;veis pelas primeiras descobertas est&#227;o &#224; esquerda e os mais recentes, no extremo oposto &#224; direita. A propor&#231;&#227;o dos personagens e seus tamanhos n&#227;o guardam rela&#231;&#227;o com sua hipot&#233;tica import&#226;ncia hist&#243;rica, mas integram um conjunto que deve dialogar com a ambi&#234;ncia da perspectiva art&#237;stica. Segundo Fl&#225;vio Tavares, &#233; imposs&#237;vel registrar em uma pintura todas as personalidades que constru&#237;ram a cardiologia brasileira, tendo sido um desafio instigante todo o esfor&#231;o dedicado &#224; constru&#231;&#227;o de um enredo capaz de exprimir essa hist&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>A express&#227;o figurativa art&#237;stica tem seus primeiros registros na arte rupestre, sendo, talvez, sua primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o na humanidade. A necessidade humana de registrar o saber m&#233;dico &#233; visceral, chegando, em alguns casos, a p&#244;r em risco a pr&#243;pria vida, como exemplos dos anatomistas Andreas Vesalius e Leonardo Da Vinci, que profanaram cad&#225;veres impulsionados por uma curiosidade proibitiva para a &#233;poca. Portanto, o casamento entre arte e medicina foi respons&#225;vel pelo avan&#231;o e dissemina&#231;&#227;o do saber m&#233;dico. O Cora&#231;&#227;o dos Tr&#243;picos eterniza sinteticamente em poucos metros e de forma aleg&#243;rica a nossa cardiologia. Esse painel requereu um apurado trabalho de pesquisa e o resultado passou por diversos ajustes para harmonizar a hist&#243;ria da cardiologia brasileira dentro de uma perspectiva art&#237;stica capaz de compatibilizar os personagens reais com figurantes e enfermos, permitindo um mergulho em mais de um s&#233;culo do desenvolvimento da especialidade em nosso meio. Um universo de cores, luzes e sombras se combina para integrar os personagens ao cen&#225;rio on&#237;rico da pintura. No dizer de Emilia Viotti da Costa, um povo sem hist&#243;ria &#233; um povo sem mem&#243;ria.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Painting the History of Brazilian Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Cabedelo, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes &#8226;</bold> Cardiocenter &#8211; Av. Ministro Jos&#233; Am&#233;rico de Almeida, 1450, Torre, Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley. Postal Code 58040-300, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mqueiroga@cardiol.br, marcelocartaxoqueiroga@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiology/history</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologists</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicine in the Arts/history</kwd>
        <kwd>Paintings</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The mural painted by the visual artist Fl&#225;vio Tavares for the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), The Heart of the Tropics, is an eloquent witness of his unique talent as a painter ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The mural portrays the development of Brazilian cardiology. It comprises three juxtaposed acrylic-on-canvas panels, measuring 6.30m of length and 1.80m of height, with real and imaginary characters illustrating more than one century of the practice of cardiology in the largest nation of the tropics. Similarly to the most famous mural on the history of world cardiology painted by Diego Rivera in 1944 for the <italic>Instituto de Cardiolog&#237;a de M&#233;xico</italic> , the mural by Fl&#225;vio Tavares is a legacy for the history of Brazilian cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Painting the History of Brazilian Cardiology.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-06-1047-01133-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Medicine, a gift from the Gods to physicians to relieve human suffering, is monumentally represented by figures, among which Aesculapius (Asclepius) and his daughter Hygieia (Salus) make way for the pioneers of Brazilian social medicine. In the background, in a smooth and harmonious transition, the Amazonian landscape is replaced by the <italic>Mourisco</italic> Castle from Fiocruz, a Brazilian underdeveloped rural setting, and then the building of the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (InCor).</p>
      <p>With its exuberant biodiversity, the Amazonia symbolizes a huge frontier for the research of possible active principles used in medicine. The medicinal properties of plants have been described for millennia, an example being the foxglove plant ( <italic>Digitalis purpurea</italic> ), used to treat heart conditions. The British physician William Whittering, who has discovered the medicinal properties of <italic>digitalis</italic> present in the foxglove plant, stands out in the painting. Similarly, Vincent Van Gogh, the Impressionist genius, has immortalized foxglove in &#8220;The Portrait of Dr. Gachet&#8221; painting <italic>(Mus&#233;e D&#8217;Orsay</italic> &#8211; Paris), shaping his relationship with medicine and art. The magic of the painting confirms the vision of the explorers that ours is a fertile land, and a leafy willow tree, the base for the acetylsalicylic acid synthesis by Felix Hoffman, was integrated into the Amazonian landscape.</p>
      <p>Biodiversity and its use for science are an innovative theme, although it has always been present in medicine. According to Paracelsus, medicine is based on nature, and nature is medicine, which should only be pursued by men in nature; nature is the master of the physician, because nature is older than the physician and exists inside and outside men. This is supported by the research by Sergio Henrique Ferreira, who led the synthesis of the bioactive peptide found in the Bothrops jararaca venom. This venom is the base to produce captopril, a drug that has changed the natural history of illnesses, such as arterial hypertension and heart failure.</p>
      <p>The researchers William Harvey, Daniel Hale Williams and Willem Einthoven represent the dawn of cardiology as a science, beyond the classical Greek symbols. Sir William Harvey, considered the father of cardiology, has unveiled the mysteries of blood circulation, challenging all the concepts of his time, including religious beliefs. Harvey has written the book <italic>De Motu Cordis</italic> , the oldest scientific paradigm of medicine, whose 400 years of publication is celebrated by world cardiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In 1893, Daniel Hale Williams, an avant-garde Afro-American surgeon, performed the first successful open-chest surgery to repair a pericardial wound.</p>
      <p>Willem Einthoven, bestowed with the Nobel Prize of Medicine 1924, has played a unique role in cardiology, having mandatory presence in the history of that specialty. Rubens Maciel states that Einthoven, when receiving the Nobel Prize of Medicine on December, 8<sup>th</sup>, 1925, in a memorable conference about the string galvanometer and measurement of the cardiac action potential, has highlighted: &#8220;A new chapter has been opened in the study of heart diseases, not by the work of a single investigator, but by that of many talented men, who have not been influenced in their work by political boundaries and, distributed over the whole surface of the Earth, have devoted their powers to an ideal purpose, the advance of knowledge by which, finally, mankind suffering is helped&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The beginning of Brazilian cardiology has been influenced by the physician Pedro Francisco da Costa Alvarenga, from the Brazilian state of Piau&#237;, who, at the end of the 19<sup>th</sup>century, wrote about congenital heart disease and became a celebrity of French cardiology, returning later to Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Medicine practiced from the 19<sup>th</sup>century to the mid-20<sup>th</sup>century is well portrayed in the mural. At that time, little could be done to change the natural course of diseases, leaving only humanism and faith as a relief for the sick.</p>
      <p>The patient-doctor interaction, essential for the practice of medicine, is highlighted in the mural. The semiotic assumptions of the cardiovascular system examination &#8211; pulse and blood pressure measurement and cardiac auscultation &#8211; are represented. The Frenchman Ren&#233; Leannec, by inventing the stethoscope, enabled cardiologists to differentiate from other physicians by interpreting the &#8220;voice of the heart&#8221;. The ability to distinguish heart sounds, clicks, and murmurs, and to correlate them with heart diseases became a desired gift and a requirement for understanding the true symphony of the heart. Cardiac auscultation is originally portrayed in the mural, inspired by the Oswald de Andrade&#8217;s anthropophagic movement: a cardiologist is portrayed auscultating a South American Indian in her native household. The aboriginal symbolism of the image reassures the need for the harmonious coexistence of people from different cultures with the environment.</p>
      <p>The vocation of women for caring has long been recognized. However, in the beginning, their presence in cardiology was limited. Thus, the pioneering effort of the female physicians Rita Lobato Velho Lopes and Anna Turan Machado Falc&#227;o is a way to register the incomparable ability of women for the practice of medicine. Rita Lobato, from the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, was the first Brazilian female physician. She started medical school in Rio de Janeiro and concluded it in Bahia. The other pioneer, the female physician from the state of Par&#225;, Anna Turan Machado Falc&#227;o, also had her remarkable life trajectory portrayed. She graduated in April 1887 in New York with only nine other women in her class. When receiving her diploma, she was awarded the golden medal of Honor to Merit. Although they were not cardiologists, they are portrayed in the mural because they are an inspiration to all Brazilian female physicians.</p>
      <p>Carlos Chagas, considered the first modern cardiologist and the translational science pioneer because of his leadership in Brazilian public health in the 1919 pandemic, is the central character in the mural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the painting, he and his mentors Oswaldo Cruz and Miguel Couto are portrayed having a conversation with Brazilian cardiology pioneers. The endeavor to describe American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, as well as the thorough identification of the environment where the endemic spreads are portrayed in detail. Chagas and Oswaldo Cruz symbolize the urgency of investing in social medicine, directed at primary attention and health promotion. The study of Chagas heart disease brought international attention to Brazilian cardiology, and Anis Rassi represents a model of medical leadership that has contributed to the knowledge of the prognostic factors of that important Latin American endemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the beginning of the 1940s, a period of strong cultural and social effervescence, the SBC was founded. In the mural, the figures of Dante Pazzanese (the first president of the SBC), Jairo Ramos and Genival Londres, founders of the SBC and symbols of a golden era of cardiovascular medicine, emerge. Dante Pazzanese was the catalyst of an extraordinary group of physicians from several Brazilian regions who already stood out in the study of heart diseases, and the creation of the SBC was a natural consequence of those actions. By that time, Dante Pazzanese and Genival Londres had already founded the S&#227;o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro State Institutes of Cardiology, respectively. Genival Londres published the first book about arterial hypertension in Brazil and, by way of illustration, he reported there was no effective treatment for the condition, as highlighted by Rafael Leite Luna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the mural, Jairo Ramos is the symbol of perennial commitment to the advance and publication of research in Brazil. He was the first editor of the cardiology journal <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC) and president of the SBC. Currently, the ABC is the journal with the highest impact factor in the Portuguese language, constituting the live registry of the evolution of Brazilian cardiology and the outreach channel for the Brazilian scientific production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The cardiology of the first half of the 20<sup>th</sup>century was built on clinical acuity supported by electrocardiography, chest radiography and phonomechanocardiography. At that time, the French, English, and later Mexican masters were the great references for the formation of our cardiologists. The brilliant professor Ign&#225;cio Chaves, by founding the <italic>Instituto de Cardiolog&#237;a de M&#233;xico</italic> , has created a unique environment of teaching, researching and healthcare, forming and influencing generations of Brazilians.</p>
      <p>The Santa Casa philanthropic hospitals were initially the place to treat poor people with heart disease, but little by little they were turned into cardiovascular research and teaching centers. Professor Nelson Botelho Reis has introduced the clinical-hemodynamic reasoning at bedside on the 6<sup>th</sup>Ward of the Santa Casa from Rio de Janeiro. On the 29<sup>th</sup>Ward of the Santa Casa from Porto Alegre, the great educator and leader Rubens Maciel has promoted a new vision of healthcare and created the medical postgraduation program.</p>
      <p>The cardiology of the mid-20<sup>th</sup>century was still very impacted by rheumatic disease affecting children and young adults, which was associated with the then precarious sanitary conditions of Brazil. The book by Luiz Venere D&#233;court about rheumatic disease, issued in 1965, represents a landmark of the medical publications in our country. Luiz Venere D&#233;court has been an icon of cardiology, synthesizing the science and humanism necessary to the practice of medicine. He opened the doors for Brazilian modern cardiology. His unique trajectory has been immortalized with the creation of InCor, which inaugurated a new perspective for Brazilian cardiology. D&#233;court and Zerbini were the authors of InCor, a public hospital directed at healthcare provision, teaching and research, which, under the leadership of Fulvio Pileggi and Adib Jatene, has definitely consolidated the insertion of Brazilian cardiology among the most respected ones worldwide.</p>
      <p>Since cardiovascular surgery has been essential for the development of Brazilian cardiology, its remarkable advance is portrayed in the mural. Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini and Adib Jatene, two icons and personalities who have crossed the frontiers of cardiology, were the leading figures. Zerbini, an emblematic person who praised hard-working, performed the first heart transplantation in Latin America, right after Christiaan Barnard, inaugurating a golden era in Brazilian cardiac surgery. His effort payed off. Currently Brazil has the largest public program of heart transplantation in the world. Adib Jatene, considered the most prominent physician of his generation, has been Brazil Minister of Health twice and is portrayed in the mural according to his most human quality: returning joy to mothers of children with congenital heart diseases. The challenge of performing the anatomical correction of the transposition of the great arteries has been overcome by Jatene&#8217;s technical skill, a great leap for pediatric cardiovascular surgery.</p>
      <p>Cardiology, by uniting the art of medicine and technology, has incorporated the progress of science to the needs of healthcare provision, the electrocardiogram being the most eloquent expression of that binomial. Jo&#227;o Tranchesi, another character portrayed in the mural, symbolizes the diffusion of modern electrocardiography in Brazil. With incomparable didacticism, he has popularized the learning of that technique. As a tribute, his disciples hold annually the Jo&#227;o Tranchesi Session at the Brazilian Congress of Cardiology, where state-of-the-art electrocardiography is discussed in his honor. The contemporaneity of the technique is indisputable, and its digital version is an important Telemedicine tool, reaching remote regions and speeding up the treatment of myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>The change in the illness profile of Brazilians, partially due to demographic transition, with high incidence and prevalence of coronary disease, is represented in the mural. The clenched fist held over the chest, the Levine&#8217;s sign,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a registered mark of the patient with angina, represents the suffering of hundreds of thousands of Brazilians who die from that condition. Cardiac catheterization, which plays an important role in the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy of those patients, has Eduardo Sousa, a pioneer of coronary cineangiography and interventional cardiology in Brazil, as its most remarkable precursor. Eduardo Sousa and Adib Jatene, lifelong partners, have been responsible for the consolidation of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC) as an important research, teaching and healthcare center in Brazil. The first studies in the world on the use of drug-eluting stents in human beings have been conducted at the IDPC. When addressing the evolution of the therapy for coronary artery disease, Ren&#233; Favaloro, responsible for the great boost on coronary artery bypass grafting, should be revered. Those are the contributions of physicians from the southern hemisphere.</p>
      <p>At the, the emblematic figure of Professor Eugene Braunwald from Harvard University, a living legend of cardiology and perhaps the most expressive name of modern cardiology, emerges. Even nonagenarian, he continues to influence the specialty worldwide because of his knowledge and experience. His presence in the mural symbolizes the need for permanent scientific exchange with other centers around the world for the development of cardiology in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the bottom of the mural, several emblematic figures of Brazilian cardiology are portrayed, all of them taking care of bedridden patients. The scene reminds us of Rembrandt&#8217;s &#8220;The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp&#8221;. In addition, the cardiologists Adriano Pond&#233;, Rafael Leite Luna, Rachel Snitcovsky, Betina Ferro, Edgard Magalh&#227;es Gomes, Fulvio Pileggi, Jos&#233; Krieger, Ivo Nersralla, Siguemituzo Arie, Arnaldo Elian and &#202;nio Cantarelli are portrayed. All these remarkable physicians have had a significant role in the development of cardiology in Brazil and some have even been presidents of the SBC.</p>
      <p>The characters are displayed according to a fictional timeline, in which those responsible for the first discoveries are on the left-hand side and the most recent ones, on the right-hand side. The proportion of the characters and their sizes have no relation to their hypothetical historical importance but comprise a set that interacts with artistic perspective. According to the painter Fl&#225;vio Tavares, it is not possible to portray in a painting all the personalities of Brazilian cardiology, and much effort was put into the construction of a plot capable of expressing that history, a stimulating challenge.</p>
      <p>Artistic figurative expression has been first registered in rupestrian art, which might have been the first artistic manifestation of mankind. The human need for registering medical knowledge is visceral, and some individuals have even put their own lives at risk for that, such as anatomists Andreas Vesalius and Leonardo Da Vinci, who have desecrated corpse driven by a curiosity prohibited at their times. Thus, the combination of art and medicine has accounted for the advance and spread of medical knowledge. The mural &#8216;Heart of the Tropics&#8217; perpetuates in a few meters and in an allegorical way our cardiology. This mural required careful research, whose result underwent several adjustments to harmonize the history of Brazilian cardiology from an artistic perspective capable of mixing real characters with imaginary and sick people, providing a dive into over a century of the development of Brazilian cardiology. A universe of colors, lights and shade has been combined to incorporate the characters into the dreamlike scenario of painting. According to Emilia Viotti da Costa, a nation without history is a nation without memory.</p>
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