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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K7gqcbpb97RMXgh6bwLb39N</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020001400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201250</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201250</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflama&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio: &#8220;M&#233;dico ou Monstro&#8221;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0570-4368</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neuenschwander</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Orizonti</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Orizonti &#8211; Departamento de Cardiologia,Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Wang &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Rua Santo Amaro, 213. CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rwang@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>2</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Linf&#243;citos Tipo B</kwd>
        <kwd>Citocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasoplegia</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Assim como no conto &#8220;Estranho Caso de Dr. Jekyll e Mr. Hyde&#8221;, a inflama&#231;&#227;o tem seu lado bom, que &#233; a prote&#231;&#227;o contra pat&#243;genos, e ajuda no processo de repara&#231;&#227;o celular e tecidual ap&#243;s uma inj&#250;ria; por outro lado, ela tamb&#233;m pode perpetuar e amplificar a inj&#250;ria e, no caso do infarto do agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), pode ser o gatilho da oclus&#227;o coronariana. Na fase aguda do IAM, h&#225; ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico, no processo de repara&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, na qual o tecido necrosado &#233; substitu&#237;do pelo tecido cicatricial (fibrose). Sabemos, atrav&#233;s dos estudos anatomopatol&#243;gicos, que j&#225; nas primeiras horas p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o coronariana, h&#225; recrutamento principalmente de neutr&#243;filos para o local da inj&#250;ria. A popula&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos local tem pico por volta do terceiro dia e em seguida observa-se um decl&#237;nio progressivo. Eles s&#227;o substitu&#237;dos a partir do quinto dia por macr&#243;fagos, e ambos s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo processo de depura&#231;&#227;o de mi&#243;citos n&#227;o vi&#225;veis. Os macr&#243;fagos, al&#233;m deste papel, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis, juntamente com as c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, pela angiog&#234;nese e produ&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno. O processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o come&#231;a na periferia da &#225;rea infartada e se estende para o n&#250;cleo, e este mecanismo de repara&#231;&#227;o se completa em torno de 4&#8211;8 semanas, dependendo do tamanho do infarto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Se sabemos como ocorre o processo inflamat&#243;rio a n&#237;vel celular no p&#243;s-IAM, qual o motivo de continuarmos estudando a inflama&#231;&#227;o? E por que concentrar os esfor&#231;os nos estudos sobre a express&#227;o de citocinas? Se, por um lado, o processo inflamat&#243;rio &#233; necess&#225;rio para o processo de repara&#231;&#227;o, no contexto do IAM a inflama&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m tem papel importante nas complica&#231;&#245;es. Tal efeito &#233; observado no choque cardiog&#234;nico (provocando vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, vasoplegia e piora do choque),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas (ruptura de m&#250;sculo papilar e da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo, e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular), no remodelamento ventricular (expans&#227;o e substitui&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica da parede acometida) e, a longo prazo, tem sido relacionado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de novos eventos cardiovasculares. As citocinas s&#227;o mol&#233;culas que mediam rea&#231;&#245;es imunes e inflamat&#243;rias e s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias inapropriadas ou respostas exageradas (hipersensibilidade).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Portanto, o entendimento de sua cin&#233;tica pode ajudar a esclarecer as vias que est&#227;o associadas com desfechos favor&#225;veis e as vias que, quando ativadas, podem levar a aumento de eventos desfavor&#225;veis e t&#234;m potencial para serem alvos de futuras abordagens terap&#234;uticas.</p>
    <p>Na elegante suban&#225;lise do estudo BATTLE-AMI (Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos Linf&#243;citos Tipos B e T no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio), conduzido por Maria Coste e colaboradores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o objetivo principal foi estudar o comportamento do sistema imune durante a fase precoce e tardia do IAM tentando correlacionar com a &#225;rea sob risco no IAM. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 138 pacientes (dentre os 300 participantes da amostra original do estudo), e foram dosadas citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias IL-1&#946; (IL &#8211; Interleucina), IL-4, IL-6 e IL-18, e anti-inflamat&#243;ria IL-10. Como era de se esperar, nos primeiros dias prevaleceram as citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias (IL-1&#946; e IL18), e ap&#243;s quatro semanas observaram-se quedas das citocinas pr&#243; e aumento daquelas associadas a um perfil anti-inflamat&#243;rio (IL-10). Mas os n&#237;veis de IL-4 e IL-6 se mantiveram elevados. Suban&#225;lises devem ser analisadas com cuidado e, devido ao risco do erro tipo I, elas t&#234;m primordialmente um papel gerador de hip&#243;teses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, menos da metade dos pacientes da amostra original foi analisada, e observamos uma m&#233;dia de idade mais baixa que a da literatura, e, desta forma, a resposta imunol&#243;gica observada poderia ser diferente com a amplia&#231;&#227;o da amostra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa possibilidade &#233; ainda mais poss&#237;vel se considerarmos a significativa variabilidade nos valores medidos das citocinas.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises m&#250;ltiplas tamb&#233;m devem ser olhadas com muito cuidado, principalmente quando se tem uma amostra limitada. No presente subestudo, foram correlacionados os n&#237;veis das citocinas com tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis da resson&#226;ncia mioc&#225;rdica, o que aumenta a possibilidade de o achado ter sido ao acaso. Isso poderia explicar, por exemplo, a correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a IL6 e a medida de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, contudo sem associa&#231;&#227;o com a massa do VE acometida no IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Como a &#225;rea de necrose era de moderado tamanho (em torno de 10% no realce tardio), provavelmente poucos pacientes apresentaram choque cardiog&#234;nico e/ou remodelamento com expans&#227;o ventricular. Seria interessante avaliar, adicionalmente, o comportamento dessas citocinas nessas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Os dados, entretanto, acrescentam-se &#224; literatura at&#233; ent&#227;o dispon&#237;vel, e a sua grande contribui&#231;&#227;o &#233; tentar correlacionar as principais citocinas &#8211; j&#225; amplamente estudadas na fase aguda do IAM &#8211; com dados da resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>O estudo da inflama&#231;&#227;o tecidual tem chamado aten&#231;&#227;o principalmente ap&#243;s o estudo CANTOS ( <italic>Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study</italic> ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> no qual o bloqueio da IL-1&#946; esteve associado com redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares ( <italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0,83; IC 95%, 0,73&#8211;0,95; p=0,005) em pacientes p&#243;s-IAM. Recentemente, o estudo COLCOT ( <italic>Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial</italic> ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> demonstrou que a cochicina (bloqueio inespec&#237;fico e difuso da inflama&#231;&#227;o) reduziu o desfecho prim&#225;rio composto (morte, IAM, parada card&#237;aca, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia) ( <italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0,77; IC 95%, 0,61&#8211;0,96; p=0,02). Neste caminho, a IL-6 tem recebido especial interesse,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> pois seus n&#237;veis elevados est&#227;o associados com ativa&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos, libera&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na C reativa, ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e a&#231;&#227;o no metabolismo dos l&#237;pides &#8211; processos classicamente associados aos eventos coronarianos agudos. Dados indiretos, principalmente advindos de pacientes portadores de artrite reumatoide, sugerem que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da IL-6 poderia ser o elo entre esta doen&#231;a e eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s demonstrada, a partir destes estudos, a rela&#231;&#227;o da IL-6 com eventos cardiovasculares, o pr&#243;ximo passo &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos espec&#237;ficos. A tolicizumabe &#233; um anticorpo monoclonal que bloqueia especificamente a IL-6,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e tem se mostrada ben&#233;fica em pacientes portadores de artrite reumatoide, mas, por outro lado, foi ineficaz na fase aguda da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus respons&#225;vel pela SARS-COV-19 (durante a chamada &#8220;tempestade de citocinas&#8221;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ainda n&#227;o sabemos quais seriam as consequ&#234;ncias de seu bloqueio no sistema cardiovascular. Apesar de estar muito associada com efeitos pr&#243; inflamat&#243;rios, a IL-6 tamb&#233;m pode ter efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Como no conto de Stevenson, para acabar com o monstro, o m&#233;dico Jerkill matou o hospedeiro. Temos que ter cuidado ao manipular o sistema imunol&#243;gico, buscando efeitos ben&#233;ficos como um melhor remodelamento ventricular e preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos pois, sem o conhecimento de todas as consequ&#234;ncias e na aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas robustas, poderemos matar mais do que salvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Altera&#231;&#245;es Precoces nas Interleucinas Circulantes e no Risco Inflamat&#243;rio Residual ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</p>
      </fn>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflammation Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction: &#8220;Doctor or Monster&#8221;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0570-4368</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neuenschwander</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Orizonti &#8211; Departamento de Cardiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Wang &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 110. Postal Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rwang@terra.com.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>B-Lymphocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>Cytokines</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasoplegia</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Cardiogenic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As in the short story &#8220;The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde &#8221;, inflammation has a good side, which is the protection against pathogens, and helps in the process of cellular and tissue repair after an injury; on the other hand, it may also perpetuate and worsen the injury and, in the case of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), it may be the trigger of coronary occlusion. In the acute phase of AMI, the immune system is activated in the process of myocardial repair, in which the necrotic tissue is replaced by the scar tissue (fibrosis). From anatomopathological studies, we know that in the first hours after coronary occlusion, neutrophils are mainly recruited to the injury site. The local neutrophil population peaks around the third day, then a progressive decline is observed. From the fifth day, they are replaced by macrophages and both are responsible for clearing non-viable myocytes. In addition to this role, together with smooth muscle cells macrophages are responsible for angiogenesis and collagen production. The scarring process begins at the periphery of the infarcted area and extends to the nucleus, and this repair mechanism is completed in about 4&#8211;8 weeks, depending on the infarction size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>If we know how the inflammatory process occurs at the cellular level post-AMI, why do we continue to study inflammation? And why concentrating efforts on studies on cytokine expression? Whereas, on the one hand, the inflammatory process is necessary for the repair process, in the context of AMI, inflammation also plays an important role in complications. Such effect is observed in cardiogenic shock (causing vasodilation, vasoplegia and worsening shock),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mechanical complications (papillary muscle rupture and ventricular free wall, and interventricular communication), in ventricular remodeling (fibrotic expansion and replacement of the affected wall) and, in the long run, it has been related to new cardiovascular events. Cytokines are molecules that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for activating inappropriate pathways or exaggerated responses (hypersensitivity).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, understanding its kinetics can help to clarify the pathways associated with favorable outcomes and the pathways that, when activated, may lead to an increase in unfavorable events and have the potential to be the target of future therapeutic approaches.</p>
      <p>In the elegant subanalysis of the BATTLE-AMI study (B and T Types of Lymphocytes Evaluation in Acute Myocardial Infarction), conducted by Maria Coste et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the main objective was to study the behavior of the immune system during the early and late phase of AMI trying to correlate it with the area at risk in AMI. For this, blood samples were collected from 138 patients (from among the 300 participants from the original study sample), and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1&#946; (IL &#8211; Interleukin), IL-4, IL-6 and IL-18, and anti-inflammatory IL-10 were dosed. As expected, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1&#946; and IL18) prevailed in the first days and, after four weeks, pro-cytokine declines were observed and an increase in those associated with an anti-inflammatory profile (IL-10). But the levels of IL-4 and IL-6 remained high. Subanalyses should be analyzed carefully and, due to the risk of type I error, they have a primary role in generating hypotheses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In this study, less than half of the patients in the original sample were analyzed, and we observed a lower average age than that found in the literature, and, thus, the immune response observed could be different with the expansion of the sample.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This possibility is even more possible if we consider the significant variability in the measured values of cytokines.</p>
      <p>Multiple analyses should also be looked at very carefully, especially when you have a limited sample. In the present sub-study, cytokine levels were correlated with three myocardial resonance variables, which increases the possibility that the finding had been by chance. This could explain, for example, the negative correlation between IL6 and the left ventricular ejection fraction, but without an association with the LV mass affected in AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As the area of necrosis was of moderate size (around 10% in late enhancement), probably few patients had cardiogenic shock and/or remodeling with ventricular expansion. It would be interesting to further evaluate the behavior of cytokines in these clinical situations. The data, however, add to the literature hitherto available, and their major contribution is to try to correlate the main cytokines &#8212; already widely studied in the acute phase of AMI &#8212; with cardiac resonance data.</p>
      <p>The study of tissue inflammation has drawn attention mainly after the CANTOS study (Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> in which IL-1 block was associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73&#8211;0.95; p=0.005) in post-AMI patients.&#946; Recently, the COLCOT study (Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> demonstrated that colchicine (non-specific and diffuse inflammation block) reduced the primary composite outcome (death, AMI, cardiac arrest, stroke and emergency hospitalization) (hazard ratio 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61&#8211;0.96; p=0.02). IL-6 has thus received special interest,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> because its high levels are associated with activation of macrophages, release of C-reactive protein, activation of smooth muscle cells and action on lipid metabolism &#8212; processes classically associated with acute coronary events. Indirect data, mainly from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, suggest that the increase of IL-6 could be the link between this disease and cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>As these studies demonstrated the relationship of IL-6 with cardiovascular events, the next step is to carry out specific clinical trials. Tolicizumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically blocks IL-6,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and has been shown to be beneficial for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but, on the other hand, it was ineffective in the acute phase of infection by the SARS-COV-19 virus (during the so-called &#8220;cytokine storm&#8221;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> We do not yet know what the consequences of its blockage on the cardiovascular system would be. Although it is highly associated with pro-inflammatory effects, IL-6 can also have anti-inflammatory effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As in Stevenson&#8217;s tale, to get rid of the monster, doctor Jerkill killed the host. We have to be careful with the immune system, looking for beneficial effects such as better ventricular remodeling and secondary prevention of events because, without knowing all the consequences and in the absence of robust clinical evidence, we might kill more than save.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Early Changes in Circulating Interleukins and Residual Inflammatory Risk After Acute Myocardial Infarction</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
