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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LVSYykYGsz3K6n5BFpwBt9c</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001301006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretriz</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-oncologia &#8211; 2020</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0065-2194</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hoff</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Marcelo Gehm</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3176-9747</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diz</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Del Pilar Estevez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moulin Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3339-8866</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittar</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Salvadori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6306-2522</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rehder</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Harumi Higuchi dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rizk</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Itala</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Homem de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montera</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Westerlund</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Marinho Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5173-3499</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fukushima</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia Tizue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ver&#244;nica C&#226;mara dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Liguori Feliciano da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5704-7967</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel Maria Ramos</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Veronica Cristina Quiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Feres de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Barbosa Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Maria Pinto Domingues Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2462-2010</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sbano</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1963-2203</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pavanello</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dracoulakis</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Deway Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoff</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assun&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Morhy Borges Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novis</surname>
            <given-names>Yana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6080-7429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Testa</surname>
            <given-names>Laura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Arist&#243;teles Comte de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia Beatriz Bittencourt Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7131-6614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Higa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-911X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcatti</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Tavares Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wiermann</surname>
            <given-names>Evanius Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Val</surname>
            <given-names>Renata do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Helano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Anelisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Maria de Cerqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Meton de Alencar Camara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sasse</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Deeke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Vanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6296-605X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-3672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do C&#226;ncer Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do C&#226;ncer Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D'or Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D'or Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Pedi&#225;trica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Pedi&#225;trica (SOBOPE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas e Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas e Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica (DCC/CP) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio &#8211; HCor</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio &#8211; HCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Bahia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>20</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>21</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>22</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>23</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Oncologia do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Oncologia do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>24</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">A.C. Camargo Cancer Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>25</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alian&#231;a</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>26</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">NOB/Oncocl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">NOB/Oncocl&#237;nicas, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>27</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Cl&#237;nica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>28</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Americas Oncologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo Americas Oncologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>29</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo SOnhe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo SOnhe, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>30</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1006</fpage>
      <lpage>1043</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="34"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="129"/>
        <page-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t1a">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup width="50%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-oncologia &#8211; 2020</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento desta diretriz, 2020.</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Especialista</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ana Oliveira Hoff</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Bayer: c&#226;ncer de tireoide<break/> - Exelixis: c&#226;ncer de tireoide<break/> - Eli Lilly: c&#226;ncer de tireoide<break/> - United<break/> B - FINANCIAMENTO DE PESQUISAS SOB SUA RESPONSABILIDADE DIRETA/PESSOAL (DIRECIONADO AO DEPARTAMENTO OU INSTITUI&#199;&#195;O) PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Exelixis: c&#226;ncer de tireoide<break/> - Eli Lilly: c&#226;ncer de tireoide</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Andr&#233; Deeke Sasse</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Astellas: oncologia<break/> - Bayer: oncologia<break/> - Janssen: oncologia<break/> - Merck Serono<break/> - MSD<break/> - Novartis<break/> - Roche<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - MSD: oncologia<break/> - Janssen: oncologia<break/> - Novartis: oncologia</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Anelisa Coutinho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Bayer: oncologia<break/> - Amgen: oncologia<break/> - Roche: oncologia<break/> - Merck group<break/> - MSD <break/> - Lilly<break/> - Servier<break/> B - FINANCIAMENTO DE PESQUISAS SOB SUA RESPONSABILIDADE DIRETA/PESSOAL (DIRECIONADO AO DEPARTAMENTO OU INSTITUI&#199;&#195;O) PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Bristol: oncologia<break/> - Servier: oncologia<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Roche: oncologia<break/> - Servier: oncologia<break/> - Bayer: oncologia<break/> - Merck group <break/> - Amgen<break/> - Sanofi</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ant&#244;nio Felipe Sim&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - AstraZeneca: cardiologia<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - AstraZeneca <break/> - Bayer</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Bayer: anticoagulantes<break/> - Pfizer: anticoagulantes<break/> - Daichii Sankyo: anticoagulantes<break/> - AstraZeneca: anticoagulantes<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Bayer: anticoagulantes<break/> - Pfizer: anticoagulantes<break/> - Zodiac: quimioter&#225;picos<break/> - Ferring</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Arist&#243;teles Comte de Alencar Filho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Novartis: Entresto<break/> - Sandoz: Pidezot</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Bruna Morhy Borges Leal Assun&#231;&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Augusto Homem de Magalh&#227;es Campos</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carolina Maria Pinto Domingues Carvalho Silva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Cecilia Beatriz Bittencourt Viana Cruz</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Cesar Higa Nomura</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Clarissa Maria de Cerqueira Mathias</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Cristina Salvadori Bittar</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Diego Ribeiro Garcia</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Dirceu Rodrigues Almeida</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Evanius Garcia Wiermann</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Sanofi: Xarelto<break/> - Novartis: Alpelisib<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Janssen: Abiraterona<break/> - Bayer: Xofigo<break/> - Libbs: Zedora</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernando Meton de Alencar Camara Vieira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - BMS: c&#226;ncer colorretal (pesquisa cl&#237;nica)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Gustavo dos Santos Fernandes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Roche: Bevacizumab e Trastuzumab<break/> - MSD: imunoterapia<break/> - BMS: imunoterapia<break/> - Bayer<break/> - Sanofi<break/> - Novartis<break/> B - FINANCIAMENTO DE PESQUISAS SOB SUA RESPONSABILIDADE DIRETA/PESSOAL (DIRECIONADO AO DEPARTAMENTO OU INSTITUI&#199;&#195;O) PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - BMS: imunoterapia<break/> - MSD: imunoterapia<break/> - Roche: imunoterapia</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Helano Freitas</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ibraim Masciarelli F. Pinto</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - GE Healthcare: tomografia<break/> - Novo Nordisk: farma</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva da Costa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Cesar Nunes Sbano</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">J&#250;lia Tizue Fukushima</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Juliana Barbosa Sobral Alves</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Janssen: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<break/> - Bayer: hipertens&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Juliana Pereira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Laura Testa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Libbs: oncologia<break/> - Novartis: oncologia<break/> - Roche: oncologia<break/> - Pfizer: oncologia<break/> B - FINANCIAMENTO DE PESQUISAS SOB SUA RESPONSABILIDADE DIRETA/PESSOAL (DIRECIONADO AO DEPARTAMENTO OU INSTITUI&#199;&#195;O) PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Roche: oncologia - financiamento institucional<break/> - Lilly: oncologia - financiamento institucional<break/> - Novartis: oncologia - financiamento institucional<break/> - MSD: oncologia - financiamento institucional<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Pfizer: oncologia<break/> - Libbs: oncologia<break/> - United Medical: oncologia</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Novartis: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> - Merck: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> B - FINANCIAMENTO DE PESQUISAS SOB SUA RESPONSABILIDADE DIRETA/PESSOAL (DIRECIONADO AO DEPARTAMENTO OU INSTITUI&#199;&#195;O) PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - AMGEN: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> - Novartis: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Manuel Maria Ramos Valente Neto</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Westerlund Montera</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcus Vinicius Bolivar Malachias</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Abbott: cardiologia<break/> - Libbs: cardiologia<break/> - Bayewr: cardiologia<break/> - Novo Nordisk: cardiologia<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - AstraZeneca <break/> - Bayer<break/> PARTICIPA&#199;&#195;O SOCIET&#193;RIA DE QUALQUER NATUREZA E QUALQUER VALOR ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEL DE EMPRESAS NA &#193;REA DE SA&#218;DE, DE ENSINO OU EM EMPRESAS CONCORRENTES OU FORNECEDORAS DA SBC:<break/> - Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o de Minas Gerais, Cardio Check Up</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Carolina Feres de Almeida Soeiro</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira Moreira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Del Pilar Estevez Diz</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Ver&#244;nica C&#226;mara dos Santos</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marianna Deway Andrade Dracoulakis</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Pfizer: cardiologia<break/> - Bayer: Xarelto<break/> - Daichii: Lixiana<break/> - Servier: cardiologia<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Pfizer: Eliquis</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Mar&#237;lia Harumi Higuchi dos Santos Rehder</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Eli Lilly do Brasil<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> V&#205;NCULO EMPREGAT&#205;CIO COM A IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES,<break/> EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS, ASSIM COMO SE TEM<break/> RELA&#199;&#195;O V&#205;NCULO EMPREGAT&#205;CIO COM OPERADORAS DE PLANOS DE SA&#218;DE OU EM<break/> AUDITORIAS M&#201;DICAS (INCLUINDO MEIO PER&#205;ODO) DURANTE O ANO PARA O QUAL VOC&#202; EST&#193; DECLARANDO:<break/> - Gerente m&#233;dico farmacovigil&#226;ncia</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Patricia Tavares Felipe Marcatti</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Paulo Marcelo Gehm Hoff</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Exelixis: oncologia<break/> - Bayer: oncologia<break/> - Lilly: oncologia<break/> - United<break/> B - FINANCIAMENTO DE PESQUISAS SOB SUA RESPONSABILIDADE DIRETA/PESSOAL (DIRECIONADO AO DEPARTAMENTO OU INSTITUI&#199;&#195;O) PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Exelixis: oncologia<break/> - Bayer: oncologia<break/> - AstraZeneca: oncologia<break/> - United<break/> - Lilly <break/> - Pfizer <break/> - Sanofi<break/> - Roche<break/> - BMS<break/> - MSD<break/> - Merck<break/> - Novartis<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> PARTICIPA&#199;&#195;O EM COMIT&#202;S DE COMPRAS DE MATERIAIS OU F&#193;RMACOS EM INSTITUI&#199;&#213;ES DE SA&#218;DE OU FUN&#199;&#213;ES ASSEMELHADAS:<break/> - Comit&#234; de farm&#225;cia - ICESP</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Renata do Val</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ricardo Pavanello</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Bayer: Programa de Educa&#231;&#227;o Continuada a Dist&#226;ncia</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Roberto Kalil Filho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#237;lvia Marinho Martins Alves</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">DECLARA&#199;&#195;O FINANCEIRA<break/> A - PAGAMENTO DE QUALQUER ESP&#201;CIE E DESDE QUE ECONOMICAMENTE APRECI&#193;VEIS, FEITOS A (i) VOC&#202;, (ii) AO SEU C&#212;NJUGE/COMPANHEIRO OU A QUALQUER OUTRO MEMBRO QUE RESIDA COM VOC&#202;, (iii) A QUALQUER PESSOA JUR&#205;DICA EM QUE QUALQUER DESTES SEJA CONTROLADOR, S&#211;CIO, ACIONISTA OU PARTICIPANTE, DE FORMA DIRETA OU INDIRETA, RECEBIMENTO POR PALESTRAS, AULAS, ATUA&#199;&#195;O COMO PROCTOR DE TREINAMENTOS, REMUNERA&#199;&#213;ES, HONOR&#193;RIOS PAGOS POR PARTICIPA&#199;&#213;ES EM CONSELHOS CONSULTIVOS, DE INVESTIGADORES, OU OUTROS COMIT&#202;S, ETC. PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Abbott: MitraClip<break/> OUTROS RELACIONAMENTOS<break/> FINANCIAMENTO DE ATIVIDADES DE EDUCA&#199;&#195;O M&#201;DICA CONTINUADA, INCLUINDO VIAGENS, HOSPEDAGENS E INSCRI&#199;&#213;ES PARA CONGRESSOS E CURSOS, PROVENIENTES DA IND&#218;STRIA FARMAC&#202;UTICA, DE &#211;RTESES, PR&#211;TESES, EQUIPAMENTOS E IMPLANTES, BRASILEIRAS OU ESTRANGEIRAS:<break/> - Abbott: assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Silvia Moulin Ribeiro Fonseca</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Stephanie Itala Rizk</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Thiago Liguori Feliciano da Silva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Vanderson Rocha</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Veronica Cristina Quiroga Fonseca</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Wilson Mathias Junior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Yana Novis</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atualmente, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e c&#226;ncer s&#227;o as principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo e no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> As transi&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;fica e epidemiol&#243;gica ocorridas recentemente no nosso pa&#237;s resultaram no aumento da expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o, hoje em torno de 76 anos, e na modifica&#231;&#227;o no perfil de sa&#250;de, em que doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e suas complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o prevalentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Esses fatores ocasionam importantes desafios e a necessidade de uma agenda para as pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de que possam lidar com as v&#225;rias transi&#231;&#245;es em curso. A escalada tecnol&#243;gica, a escassez de an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade e a pouca valoriza&#231;&#227;o na educa&#231;&#227;o quanto aos aspectos referentes ao acesso &#224; sa&#250;de e &#224; promo&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de imp&#245;em a necessidade da implementa&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes e consensos para auxiliar na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos sistematizados, com o objetivo de adequar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica independentemente da localiza&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica da institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e da heterogeneidade de recursos.</p>
      <p>Avan&#231;os recentes na detec&#231;&#227;o e no tratamento do c&#226;ncer tiveram como consequ&#234;ncia o aumento exponencial no n&#250;mero de sobreviventes em todo o mundo. Em recente proje&#231;&#227;o, estima-se para 2026, nos Estados Unidos, uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 20 milh&#245;es de sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer, 50% dos quais ter&#227;o mais de 70 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa com hist&#243;ria de c&#226;ncer e de DCV associada ao potencial de toxicidade cardiovascular do tratamento oncol&#243;gico imp&#245;e a necessidade de especialistas com conhecimento a respeito da intera&#231;&#227;o c&#226;ncer e DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em 1967, foi feita a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o de toxicidade card&#237;aca associada a antraciclina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Em 1971, descreveu-se que a cardiotoxicidade por antraciclina seria dose-dependente e o dano card&#237;aco possivelmente irrevers&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Alguns anos depois, foram identificados fatores de risco para disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada &#224; quimioterapia, tendo-se relacionado biomarcadores, como troponina e BNP, &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Esses foram os primeiros achados que nortearam a cardio-oncologia.</p>
      <p>Cardio-oncologia &#233; o campo da ci&#234;ncia voltado para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e o manejo adequado da DCV em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico atual ou pregresso de c&#226;ncer. A cardio-oncologia ocupa-se ainda da an&#225;lise do risco cardiovascular frente ao diagn&#243;stico oncol&#243;gico, al&#233;m das necessidades do paciente antes, durante e ap&#243;s o tratamento. O time de especialistas em cardio-oncologia deve seguir o paciente desde o diagn&#243;stico, passando por todas as fases do tratamento, e acompanh&#225;-lo mesmo ap&#243;s sua cura, quando &#233; denominado sobrevivente do c&#226;ncer. A necessidade crescente da expans&#227;o da cardio-oncologia guarda rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a epidemiologia do c&#226;ncer e das DCV, os seus fatores de risco em comum e a multiplicidade de tratamentos com distintas toxicidades ao sistema cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>As fronteiras da cardio-oncologia da atualidade.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Em 2011, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e a Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Cl&#237;nica (SBOC) foram pioneiras ao publicarem em conjunto a I Diretriz de Cardio-Oncologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Em 9 anos, pudemos observar o crescimento significativo da disciplina de cardio-oncologia. Isso ocorreu devido a alguns fatores: a) avan&#231;os consider&#225;veis no tratamento do c&#226;ncer; b) entendimento da multidisciplinaridade e da integra&#231;&#227;o entre cardiologia, oncologia e hematologia como essenciais ao cuidado do paciente com c&#226;ncer; c) implementa&#231;&#227;o de programas de <italic>fellowship</italic> em todo o mundo e inser&#231;&#227;o da cardio-oncologia na matriz curricular da resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia em algumas institui&#231;&#245;es; d) crescimento da pesquisa na &#225;rea tanto b&#225;sica quanto cl&#237;nica; e e) cria&#231;&#227;o de importantes peri&#243;dicos dedicados ao tema, como <italic>JACC CardioOncology</italic> e <italic>Cardio-Oncology</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Destaca-se o fato de, em 2019, o Brasil ter sido a sede do <italic>V Global Cardio-Oncology Summit</italic>, que contou com a participa&#231;&#227;o de especialistas de diversos pa&#237;ses e de aproximadamente 600 profissionais (cardiologistas, oncologistas, hematologistas, enfermeiros, fisioterapeutas, farmac&#234;uticos, educadores f&#237;sicos). Foram publicados 89 resumos no jornal <italic>Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine</italic>, tendo o peri&#243;dico <italic>JACC CardioOncology</italic> publicado <italic>&#8220;Proceedings From the Global Cardio-Oncology Summit - The Top 10 Priorities to Actualize for CardioOncology</italic>&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A SBC e a SBOC, com o objetivo de renovar o conhecimento e promover a implementa&#231;&#227;o da abordagem racional e sistem&#225;tica das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares no paciente oncol&#243;gico, reuniram um grupo de especialistas para abordar novas estrat&#233;gias, propor recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias e desenvolver o cuidado multidisciplinar, que permitir&#227;o o manejo adequado dessa categoria crescente de pacientes.</p>
      <p>A <italic>Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-Oncologia - 2020</italic> tem como metas: 1) desmistificar a vis&#227;o da DCV como uma barreira ao tratamento efetivo do paciente com c&#226;ncer; 2) prevenir e reduzir os riscos da cardiotoxicidade do tratamento; 3) promover a intera&#231;&#227;o das especialidades (cardiologia, hematologia e oncologia) para obter a melhor estrat&#233;gia de cuidado para o paciente, considerando os riscos e os benef&#237;cios do tratamento; 4) propor a unifica&#231;&#227;o de terminologias e defini&#231;&#245;es das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares no paciente com c&#226;ncer, com o objetivo de homogeneizar a assist&#234;ncia e a pesquisa; 5) divulgar as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o ao manejo das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares no paciente oncol&#243;gico, buscando diagn&#243;stico precoce por meio da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular antes, durante e ap&#243;s o tratamento do paciente; 6) promover tratamento adequado em conjunto com a oncologia e a hematologia com base em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, em an&#225;lise de risco e na personaliza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o as prefer&#234;ncias do paciente; e 7) estimular a pesquisa e a dissemina&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento na &#225;rea de cardio-oncologia.</p>
      <p>A <italic>Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-Oncologia - 2020</italic> re&#250;ne a evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel at&#233; 2020 no que se refere &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>2. M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A <italic>Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-Oncologia &#8211; 2020</italic> foi realizada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es vigentes. Um grupo de especialistas dos campos da cardiologia, oncologia e hematologia formou o comit&#234; respons&#225;vel pelo manuscrito. Os participantes foram escolhidos por seu destaque na &#225;rea, sua participa&#231;&#227;o na <italic>International Cardio-Oncology Society</italic> (ICOS), na SBC e na SBOC, al&#233;m de sua produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>Foi realizada pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica no PubMed no per&#237;odo de 1975 a julho de 2020 com as seguintes palavras-chave: <italic>cardiotoxicity, cancer, immunotherapy, cardiooncology, cardiovascular complications, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, vascular toxicity, heart failure, ventricular dysfunction, pericardial disease, coronary disease, thromboembolism, arrhythmias, hypertension, individual drug names</italic>. O manuscrito foi enviado eletronicamente para todos os participantes e, ap&#243;s a concord&#226;ncia de todos com o conte&#250;do, foi formatado e encaminhado para publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Seguem as classes de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia utilizados por esta diretriz.</p>
      <p>Classes (graus) de recomenda&#231;&#227;o:</p>
      <p>Classe I &#8211; Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conclusivas, ou, na sua falta, consenso geral de que o procedimento &#233; seguro e &#250;til/eficaz.</p>
      <p>Classe II &#8211; Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conflitantes e/ou diverg&#234;ncia de opini&#227;o sobre seguran&#231;a e utilidade/efic&#225;cia do procedimento.</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Classe IIa &#8211; Peso ou evid&#234;ncia/opini&#227;o a favor do procedimento. A maioria aprova.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Classe IIb &#8211; Seguran&#231;a e utilidade/efic&#225;cia menos bem estabelecida, n&#227;o havendo predom&#237;nio de opini&#245;es a favor.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Classe III &#8211; Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias e/ou consenso de que o procedimento n&#227;o &#233; &#250;til/eficaz e, em alguns casos, pode ser prejudicial N&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>N&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia:</p>
      <p>N&#237;vel A &#8211; Dados obtidos a partir de m&#250;ltiplos estudos randomizados de bom porte, concordantes e/ou de metan&#225;lise robusta de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
      <p>N&#237;vel B &#8211; Dados obtidos a partir de metan&#225;lise menos robusta, a partir de um &#250;nico estudo randomizado ou de estudos n&#227;o randomizados (observacionais).</p>
      <p>N&#237;vel C &#8211; Dados obtidos de opini&#245;es consensuais de especialistas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Diagn&#243;stico e Manejo de Complica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares no Paciente com C&#226;ncer</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiol&#243;gica Inicial do Paciente</title>
        <p>O tratamento do c&#226;ncer, em suas diversas modalidades (quimioterapia, imunoterapia, radioterapia, dentre outras), pode resultar em dano ao sistema cardiovascular. Pacientes com DCV pr&#233;via ou fatores de risco cardiovasculares representam o grupo com maior possibilidade para complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do tratamento. Portanto, recomenda-se o tratamento e o controle dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com c&#226;ncer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A consulta com o cardiologista deve abordar controle dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, medidas de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o, ades&#227;o ao tratamento e estrat&#233;gia para permitir o diagn&#243;stico precoce de dano card&#237;aco (I, B).</p>
        <p>Pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovasculares ou DCV j&#225; estabelecida e que ser&#227;o submetidos a tratamento com potencial de cardiotoxicidade [antraciclinas, agentes anti-HER2 (receptor tipo 2 do fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico humano), agentes alquilantes, inibidores de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o VEGF (fator de crescimento endotelial vascular), inibidores de proteassoma e inibidores de <italic>checkpoint</italic> imunol&#243;gicos (ICIs)] devem ser avaliados pelo cardiologista no in&#237;cio da terapia e acompanhados de acordo com protocolos de seguimento espec&#237;ficos (I,B). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os tratamentos antineopl&#225;sicos mais comumente associados a toxicidade cardiovascular e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>, os fatores associados a maior risco de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapias antineopl&#225;sicas associadas &#224; toxicidade cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Classes de medica&#231;&#245;es antineopl&#225;sicas</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Toxicidade cardiovascular</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Radioterapia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Isquemia e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<break/> Doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica<break/> Doen&#231;a valvar<break/> Miocardite <break/> Arritmia card&#237;aca</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antraciclinas<break/> (doxorrubicina, epirrubicina, daunorrubicina, idarrubicina, mitoxantrona)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica<break/> Miocardite<break/> Pericardite<break/> Arritmias atriais e ventriculares</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Agentes alquilantes<break/> (ciclofosfamida, ifosfamida, melfalan)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Arritmias<break/> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<break/> Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Platina<break/> (cisplatina, carboplatina, oxaliplatina)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Trombose coron&#225;ria<break/> Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<break/> Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antimetab&#243;litos<break/> (5-fluorouracil, capecitabina)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<break/> Vasoespasmo coron&#225;rio<break/> Arritmias atriais e ventriculares</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Terapias-alvo anti-HER2<break/> (trastuzumabe, pertuzumabe, T-DM1, lapatinibe, neratinibe)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica<break/> Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidores de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o VEGF: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Inibidores de tirosina quinase (sunitinibe, pazopanibe, sorafenibe, axitinibe, tivozanibe, cabozantinibe, regorafenibe, lenvatinibe, vandetinibe)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Anticorpos monoclonais (bevacizumabe, ramucirumabe)</p></list-item></list> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o arterial<break/> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica<break/> Isquemia e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<break/> Prolongamento do QTc</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Inibidores de tirosina quinase multi-alvo:</p>
                      <p>Inibidores de tirosina quinase de segunda e terceira gera&#231;&#227;o BCR-ABL (ponatinibe, nilotinibe, dasatinibe, bosutinibe)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Trombose arterial<break/> (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica<break/> oclusiva<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>)<break/> Tromboembolismo venoso<break/> Hipertens&#227;o arterial<break/> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica<break/> Aterosclerose<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref> <break/> Prolongamento do QTc<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref> <break/> Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">***</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Outros inibidores de tirosina quinase multi-alvo: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Inibidores de ALK (crizotinibe, ceritinibe)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Inibidores de PI3-AKT-mTor (everolimus, sirolimus)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Inibidores de tirosina quinase de Bruton (ibrutinibe)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Inibidor de tirosina quinase EGFR (osimertinibe)</p></list-item></list> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Bradicardia, prolongamento do QTc</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Hiperglicemia, dislipidemia</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, prolongamento do QTc</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Terapia do mieloma m&#250;ltiplo: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Inibidores de proteassoma (carfilzomibe, bortezomibe, ixazomibe)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Imunomoduladores (lenalidomide, talidomida, pomalidomide)</p></list-item></list> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">****</xref> <break/> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">****</xref> <break/> Isquemia e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<break/> Arritmias atriais e ventriculares<break/> Tromboembolismo venoso<break/> Trombose arterial<break/> Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidores BRAF e MEK:<break/> (dabrafenibe + trametinibe, vemurafenibe + cobimetinibe, encorafenibe + binimetinibe)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica<break/> Hipertens&#227;o arterial<break/> Prolongamento QTc<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*****</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Terapias antiandrog&#234;nicas: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Agonistas GnRH (goserelina, leuprolide)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Antagonistas GnRH (degarelix)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Antiandrog&#234;nicos (abiraterone)</p></list-item></list> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aterosclerose<break/> Isquemia e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<break/> Diabetes mellitus<break/> Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidores de <italic>checkpoint</italic> imunol&#243;gicos:<break/> (nivolumabe, ipilimumabe, durvalumabe, pembrolizumabe, atezolizumabe, avelumabe)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Miocardite<break/> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<break/> Arritmias atriais e ventriculares<break/> Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Associado com ponatinibe</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Associado com ponatinibe e nilotinibe</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Associado com dasatinibe</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>****</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Associado com carfilzomibe</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*****</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Associado com vemurafenibe e cobimetinibe. EGFR: receptor do fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico; GnRH: horm&#244;nio liberador de gonadotrofina; HER2: receptor tipo 2 do fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico humano; QTc: QT corrigido; T-DM1: ado-trastuzumabe entansina; VEGF: fator de crescimento endotelial vascular.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco presentes no paciente com c&#226;ncer que predisp&#245;em a cardiotoxicidade. Adaptado de Zamorano et al.22 BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A equipe multidisciplinar, ao avaliar o paciente, deve analisar os riscos e os supostos benef&#237;cios da terapia e implementar estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o de dano cardiovascular (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>Mensura&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e sua abordagem de acordo com consensos e diretrizes s&#227;o recomendados (I, A).</p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do cardiologista, recomenda-se realizar anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma (ECG), radiografia de t&#243;rax, hemograma completo, dosagem de eletr&#243;litos e biomarcadores [fragmento N-terminal do BNP (NT-proBNP) e troponina I ou T ultrassens&#237;vel], &#225;cido f&#243;lico, vitaminas D e B12, al&#233;m de verificar glicemia, perfil lip&#237;dico e fun&#231;&#245;es renal, hep&#225;tica e tireoidiana (I,A) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do cardiologista. *Idealmente com avalia&#231;&#227;o tridimensional da FEVE e strain mioc&#225;rdico pela t&#233;cnica speckle tracking. CaI: c&#225;lcio i&#244;nico s&#233;rico; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ECO: ecocardiograma; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; K: pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico; Mg: magn&#233;sio s&#233;rico; Na: s&#243;dio s&#233;rico; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; RX: radiografia; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Recomenda-se ainda realizar, na avalia&#231;&#227;o basal e seriada de acordo com o regime de tratamento, um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com <italic>Doppler</italic> colorido, idealmente tridimensional, com an&#225;lise da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com mensura&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> pela t&#233;cnica <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (I, A).</p>
        <p>Colabora&#231;&#227;o entre cardiologistas, oncologistas e hematologistas &#233; recomendada para assegurar tratamento adequado e ben&#233;fico aos pacientes com c&#226;ncer (IIa, A).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Diagn&#243;stico de Cardiotoxicidade nos Pacientes com C&#226;ncer</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de cardiotoxicidade pode ser realizado pela confirma&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular nova durante ou ap&#243;s o tratamento, seja de natureza cl&#237;nica e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o em biomarcadores e/ou em exame de imagem cardiovascular, tendo sido exclu&#237;das outras etiologias (I, B).</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo de escolha para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relacionada ao tratamento do c&#226;ncer. A ecocardiografia tridimensional &#233; o melhor m&#233;todo ecocardiogr&#225;fico para medir a FEVE no paciente com c&#226;ncer. Quando indispon&#237;vel ou na presen&#231;a de limita&#231;&#227;o, o m&#233;todo bidimensional de Simpson &#233; recomendado (I, A).</p>
        <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular relacionada &#224; terapia do c&#226;ncer &#233; definida como uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 10% na FEVE para um valor abaixo do limite inferior da normalidade (FEVE &lt; 50%). Recomenda-se repetir a imagem cardiovascular em 2 a 3 semanas (I, B).</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE deve ocorrer durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o, sendo classificada como sintom&#225;tica ou assintom&#225;tica e revers&#237;vel ou irrevers&#237;vel (I, B).</p>
        <p>O <italic>strain longitudinal global</italic> (SLG) &#233; ferramenta que prediz com alta sensibilidade a posterior redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE. Redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 15% no SLG em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal &#233; considerada anormal, sendo um marcador precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (I, B).</p>
        <p>Recomenda-se realizar a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos pacientes oncol&#243;gicos, tanto antes do in&#237;cio da terapia quanto no seguimento (IIa,C). Por&#233;m, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que o tratamento deva ser interrompido com base na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>A ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica n&#227;o &#233; recomendada de rotina no paciente com c&#226;ncer, em virtude da necessidade de radia&#231;&#227;o, devendo ser reservada para situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, nas quais outras metodologias n&#227;o estejam dispon&#237;veis (IIB, C).</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para verifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, capaz de avaliar estrutura e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual, sendo recomendada em casos com limita&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia, em situa&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;as infiltrativas, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio e mioc&#225;rdio e na detec&#231;&#227;o de massas e tumores (IIa, B). A RMC tamb&#233;m pode ter valor progn&#243;stico, por meio da an&#225;lise de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>O uso dos biomarcadores de rotina durante tratamento com potencial de cardiotoxicidade n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade por meio da dosagem de biomarcadores pode ser considerada para a detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica precoce em pacientes de alto risco, devido a fatores pr&#233;vios, ou expostos a f&#225;rmacos como antraciclinas e trastuzumabe (IIa, B). N&#227;o se sabe ainda o melhor momento, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; quimioterapia, para a dosagem dos biomarcadores (durante a quimioterapia, 24h ap&#243;s, 48h ap&#243;s ou mais tardio) nem qual a conduta a ser tomada frente &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados. Al&#233;m disso, sugere-se que sejam utilizados os mesmos <italic>kits</italic> de an&#225;lise, por exemplo, de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel e NT-proBNP durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o do tratamento (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis elevados de biomarcadores (NT-proBNP e troponina) &#233; indicativa de risco aumentado de cardiotoxicidade (I, A).</p>
        <p>O ECG deve ser realizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e durante o tratamento. Deve-se calcular o QTc pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett QT / (RR)<sup>1/2</sup> ou Fridericia QT / (RR)<sup>1/3</sup> e utilizar o mesmo m&#233;todo durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o seriada do paciente. Nos pacientes com c&#226;ncer, a f&#243;rmula de Fridericia &#233; prefer&#237;vel, pois sofre menos altera&#231;&#245;es na presen&#231;a de taquicardia ou bradicardia (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, est&#227;o descritos os m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico cardiovascular, suas principais vantagens, aplica&#231;&#245;es e limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico cardiovascular, suas principais vantagens, aplica&#231;&#245;es e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gt01.tif"/></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</title>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais graves do tratamento do c&#226;ncer, caracterizando-se por altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Pode surgir durante a terapia ou mesmo anos ap&#243;s seu t&#233;rmino e ainda assim ser decorrente da toxicidade medicamentosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> O modelo cl&#225;ssico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular como forma de cardiotoxicidade &#233; secund&#225;rio ao uso das antraciclinas, quimioter&#225;picos amplamente utilizados no tratamento do sarcoma, linfoma, leucemia e c&#226;ncer de mama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Os diferentes quimioter&#225;picos e imunoter&#225;picos associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular resultam em fen&#243;tipos distintos nos pacientes, desde disfun&#231;&#227;o leve assintom&#225;tica e revers&#237;vel at&#233; casos graves de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca clinicamente manifesta e irrevers&#237;vel. Sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer pedi&#225;tricos t&#234;m at&#233; 15 vezes mais chance de desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que controles pareados para outros fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A predi&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade &#233; desafiadora, dada a multiplicidade de f&#225;rmacos aos quais o paciente &#233; exposto ao longo de sua vida, al&#233;m dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares muitas vezes presentes. Chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o as m&#250;ltiplas intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas das diversas modalidades terap&#234;uticas, como os regimes de antraciclinas com ciclofosfamida e antraciclinas com trastuzumabe.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de novas drogas quimioter&#225;picas e o advento da imunoterapia, al&#233;m da introdu&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de detec&#231;&#227;o precoce, houve aumento crescente no diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, observam-se os f&#225;rmacos antineopl&#225;sicos mais associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Agentes quimioter&#225;picos associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Agentes quimioter&#225;picos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Incid&#234;ncia (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Antraciclinas (dose-dependente)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doxorrubicina (Adriamicina)<break/> 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup><break/> 550 mg/m<sup>2</sup><break/> 700 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"><break/> 3-5<break/> 7-26<break/> 18-48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idarrubicina &gt; 90 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5-18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Epirrubicina &gt; 900 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,9-11,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitoxantrona &gt; 120 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doxorrubicina lipossomal &gt;900 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Agentes alquilantes</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ciclofosfamida</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7-28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ifosfamida<break/> &lt; 10 g/m<sup>2</sup><break/> 12,5-16 g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5<break/> 17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Antimetab&#243;litos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Clofarabina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Agentes antimicrot&#250;bulos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Docetaxel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,3-13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Paclitaxel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Terapias-alvo anti-HER2</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Trastuzumabe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,7-20,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pertuzumabe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,7-1,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Anticorpo monoclonal</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bevacizumabe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6-4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Inibidores de tirosina quinase</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sunitinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,7-19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pazopanibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7-11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sorafenibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4-8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dasatinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2-4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Imatinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2-2,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lapatinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2-1,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nilotinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Inibidores de proteassoma</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carfilzomibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11-25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bortezomibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2-5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>HER2: receptor tipo 2 do fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico humano. Adaptado de Zamorano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Antraciclinas</title>
        <p>As antraciclinas constituem um grupo de antineopl&#225;sicos reconhecidamente eficazes no tratamento de linfomas, leucemias, sarcomas e c&#226;ncer de mama. Seu uso cl&#237;nico &#233; limitado por cardiotoxicidade caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo essa a principal causa de mortalidade nos sobreviventes do c&#226;ncer.</p>
        <p>A toxicidade por antraciclinas &#233; bastante vari&#225;vel, podendo ocorrer em at&#233; 50% dos pacientes, a depender de fatores de risco do paciente e relacionados &#224;s propriedades farmacol&#243;gicas dos quimioter&#225;picos, como dose cumulativa. Por exemplo, a doxorrubicina &#233; associada a uma incid&#234;ncia de 5% de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com dose cumulativa de at&#233; 400 mg/m2, mas essa incid&#234;ncia pode chegar a 50% se a dose cumulativa de doxorrubicina ultrapassar 700 mg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Estudo recente com 2.625 pacientes em seguimento de 5 anos demonstrou incid&#234;ncia geral de cardiotoxicidade por antraciclinas em torno de 9%, sendo que 98% dos casos ocorreram no primeiro ano e foram assintom&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A cardiotoxicidade pode ser aguda, precoce ou tardia, revers&#237;vel ou irrevers&#237;vel. A toxicidade aguda &#233; caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de arritmia supraventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, que surgem logo ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o da antraciclina em at&#233; 1% dos pacientes, sendo em geral revers&#237;vel. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular aguda pode ser um preditor de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que poder&#225; ocorrer de forma subaguda ou cr&#244;nica. A cardiotoxicidade precoce surge no primeiro ano do tratamento, enquanto a tardia, anos ap&#243;s o tratamento (em m&#233;dia, 7 anos ap&#243;s t&#233;rmino do tratamento).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; preditores capazes de identificar se a toxicidade das antraciclinas ser&#225; revers&#237;vel ou irrevers&#237;vel. A eleva&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores e sua persist&#234;ncia podem identificar pacientes de alto risco para irreversibilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A propens&#227;o para cardiotoxicidade varia com os diferentes regimes de tratamento, sendo a doxorrubicina a antraciclina mais comumente associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A cardiotoxicidade &#233; dose-dependente, sendo a redu&#231;&#227;o da dose cumulativa uma maneira de minimiz&#225;-la. Modifica&#231;&#245;es na infus&#227;o, como prolongar sua dura&#231;&#227;o, fracionar a dose e utilizar formula&#231;&#245;es lipossomais, t&#234;m potencial de prevenir cardiotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Recente estudo experimental sugeriu que o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico possa ser eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Estudos mecan&#237;sticos demonstram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular relacionada &#224;s antraciclinas est&#225; associada a: 1) les&#227;o do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico e das mitoc&#244;ndrias; 2) modifica&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional de miofibrilas; 3) perda total ou parcial da matriz intercalada com placas de col&#225;geno no interst&#237;cio; 4) modifica&#231;&#227;o do acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o e do fluxo do c&#225;lcio; 5) apoptose; 6) altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do ferro; e 7) perda da capacidade de regenera&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e de c&#233;lulas endoteliais coronarianas. Consequentemente, h&#225; disfun&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos remanescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> O gatilho comum desses eventos parece estar ligado ao estresse oxidativo causado pela produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, al&#233;m da inibi&#231;&#227;o da topoisomerase 2&#946;, resultando em dano &#224;s membranas, prote&#237;nas e DNA. Algumas observa&#231;&#245;es d&#227;o consist&#234;ncia &#224; import&#226;ncia do estresse oxidativo na cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas: a) super express&#227;o da metalotione&#237;na, um antirradical livre, no cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongo transg&#234;nico minimiza a inj&#250;ria induzida pela doxorrubicina; b) a inibi&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de peroxinitrito, um oxidante reativo produzido do &#243;xido n&#237;trico e do super&#243;xido, melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de camundongos expostos a doxorrubicina; c) o probucol, um forte antioxidante, impede a redu&#231;&#227;o em glutationa peroxidase e reduz a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica mioc&#225;rdica associada &#224; doxorrubicina em modelo murino; d) o dexrazoxano &#233; um quelante EDTA-<italic>like</italic> que pode impedir o dano por antraciclinas por meio da liga&#231;&#227;o com ferro, que &#233; o cofator para os radicais livres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por toxicidade cumulativa dose-dependente pode ser observada com dose cumulativa equivalente a 200 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, enquanto disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#233; observada usualmente com doses acima de 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, com variabilidade segundo limiar individual. Entretanto, preju&#237;zo na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi observado com dose cumulativa de apenas 120 mg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Fatores de risco associados com maior chance de toxicidade por antraciclinas est&#227;o apontados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. Dentre eles, destacam-se cardiopatia pr&#233;via, dose cumulativa e velocidade r&#225;pida de infus&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco. Entretanto, na presen&#231;a dos mesmos fatores de risco, nota-se importante variabilidade entre os pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade, possivelmente relacionada a fatores gen&#233;ticos e a intera&#231;&#245;es com outros fatores desconhecidos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco para cardiotoxicidade relacionada &#224;s antraciclinas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gt02.tif"/></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Polimorfismos nos genes transportadores de cassetes de liga&#231;&#227;o de ATP (ABC) s&#227;o associados a cardiomiopatia da antraciclina. Tais transportadores s&#227;o importantes na resist&#234;ncia &#224;s drogas via efluxo celular, incluindo antraciclinas. Atividade reduzida pode levar ao ac&#250;mulo intracelular de antraciclina e toxicidade celular. Variantes nessa fam&#237;lia de genes replicados nas coortes de c&#226;nceres pedi&#225;tricos incluem ABCC5 (A-1629T, rs7627754), associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o substancial na FEVE em sobreviventes homozig&#243;ticos para o alelo T.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, uma variante na metiltransferase de histamina (HNMT, rs17583889) confere risco em pacientes jovens expostos &#224;s antraciclinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>, est&#227;o descritas as variantes farmacogen&#233;ticas que predisp&#245;em &#224; cardiotoxicidade relacionada &#224;s antraciclinas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variantes farmacogen&#233;ticas associadas &#224; cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gt03.tif"/></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Durante o tratamento com antraciclinas, monitoramento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico &#233; recomendado em periodicidade pr&#233;-estabelecida ou fora do protocolo, se surgirem sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Idealmente, o ecocardiograma deve incluir an&#225;lise de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular e avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (I, A) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Monitoramento ecocardiogr&#225;fico e an&#225;lise de biomarcadores em pacientes em uso de antraciclinas. ECO: ecocardiograma; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; QT: quimioterapia; tto: tratamento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Terapias-alvo Anti-HER2</title>
        <p>O trastuzumabe &#233; um anticorpo monoclonal cujo alvo &#233; o receptor 2 do fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico humano (HER2 ou ErbB2). Para os 15-20% de pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama cujos tumores super expressam o HER2, a terapia com trastuzumabe reduz de maneira significativa a mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Seu uso est&#225; associado a um risco consider&#225;vel de cardiotoxicidade, clinicamente manifestada por um decl&#237;nio assintom&#225;tico da FEVE e, mais incomumente, pela ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o do trastuzumabe, tr&#234;s outros agentes anti-HER2 foram desenvolvidos: lapatinibe, um inibidor de tirosina quinase do fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico (EGFR), ERBB1 e HER2; ado-trastuzumabe entansina (T-DM1), um anticorpo conjugado composto por trastuzumabe, um ligante tio&#233;ster e um derivado antimit&#243;tico de maitansina; e pertuzumabe, um anticorpo monoclonal que se liga ao subdom&#237;nio II do dom&#237;nio extracelular HER2 e previne a homo- e a heterodimeriza&#231;&#227;o do HER2 com outros receptores HER. Embora os dados ainda sejam escassos sobre esses novos f&#225;rmacos, a evid&#234;ncia at&#233; o momento &#233; que o T-DM1 e o pertuzumabe sejam menos cardiot&#243;xicos que o trastuzumabe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A taxa de decl&#237;nio da FEVE consequente ao uso do trastuzumabe &#233; vari&#225;vel na literatura. Estudos mais recentes apontam para taxas entre 15% e 40% de ocorr&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 10% na FEVE relacionada ao uso do trastuzumabe e, em 18% dos pacientes, a FEVE cai para menos de 53%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> A ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica &#233; relatada em 0,6% a 8,7% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Uma das caracter&#237;sticas da toxicidade dos agentes anti-HER2 que diferem da cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas &#233; sua reversibilidade na maioria dos casos. Os determinantes da reversibilidade s&#227;o a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular pr&#233;via e a extens&#227;o do decl&#237;nio da FEVE relacionado ao tratamento. Estudo recente demonstrou que todos os decl&#237;nios de FEVE menores de 10% foram revers&#237;veis. Por&#233;m, em casos de quedas da FEVE maiores que 10%, a reversibilidade foi observada em 91% dos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular basal normal e em apenas 71,4% daqueles com FEVE reduzida previamente &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Estudos apontam que, mesmo na presen&#231;a de cardiotoxicidade, 70% a 80% dos pacientes continuam recebendo trastuzumabe e que o subgrupo que apresenta maior chance de toxicidade e mortalidade cardiovascular relacionada ao tratamento &#233; formado por pacientes com FEVE reduzida previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca clinicamente manifesta induzidas pelo trastuzumabe s&#227;o geralmente revers&#237;veis ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o da quimioterapia e/ou ap&#243;s in&#237;cio do tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os mecanismos de cardiotoxicidade induzida pela terapia anti-HER2 incluem altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais nas prote&#237;nas contr&#225;teis e nas mitoc&#244;ndrias, mas raramente levam &#224; morte celular, explicando a potencial reversibilidade. A interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com trastuzumabe est&#225; associada a aumento da recorr&#234;ncia do c&#226;ncer, sendo a cardiotoxicidade a maior respons&#225;vel pela suspens&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>, citam-se os fatores de risco para cardiotoxicidade da terapia anti-HER2.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapia anti-HER2 e fatores de risco de cardiotoxicidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Agentes</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Fatores de risco de cardiotoxicidade</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="middle">Anti-HER2 <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Trastuzumabe</p></list-item><list-item><p>Pertuzumabe</p></list-item><list-item><p>T-DM1</p></list-item></list> <break/> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Tratamento pr&#233;vio ou concomitante com antraciclina</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Idade &gt; 50 anos</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pr&#233;via</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Radioterapia mediastinal pr&#233;via</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>HER2: receptor tipo 2 do fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico humano; T-DM1: ado-trastuzumabe entansina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Durante o tratamento com trastuzumabe, recomenda-se monitoramento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico, respeitando-se a periodicidade ou se surgirem sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (I, A) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Monitoramento ecocardiogr&#225;fico e an&#225;lise de biomarcadores em pacientes em uso de f&#225;rmacos anti-HER2. ECO: ecocardiograma; FR: fatores de risco; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; sem: semanas; tto: tratamento; VE: ventricular esquerda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Inibidores VEGF</title>
        <p>A inibi&#231;&#227;o das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o VEGF beneficia milhares de pacientes com c&#226;ncer, mas alguns dos quimioter&#225;picos dessa classe est&#227;o ligados a risco de cardiotoxicidade, que pode ser revers&#237;vel ou irrevers&#237;vel, particularmente quando associados a tratamento concomitante ou pr&#233;vio com outros quimioter&#225;picos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Os pacientes tratados com bevacizumabe apresentam risco de 4,74 (IC 95%: 1,6-11,18, p = 0,001) de desenvolverem quadros de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva quando comparados ao grupo placebo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> F&#225;rmacos como sunitinibe, pazopanibe e axitinibe tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido relacionados ao desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Uma meta-an&#225;lise incluindo um total de 10.553 pacientes observou uma incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva de 3,2% (IC 95%: 1,8% - 5,8%) com o uso de inibidor de tirosina quinase VEGF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o comum dessa classe de quimioter&#225;picos e estudos sugerem que o tratamento adequado da HAS possa reduzir o risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> O progn&#243;stico de pacientes que desenvolvem cardiotoxicidade associada aos inibidores VEGF &#233; dif&#237;cil de analisar, pois os candidatos a esses f&#225;rmacos geralmente apresentam doen&#231;a metast&#225;tica e expectativa de vida reduzida. A maioria dos casos &#233; revers&#237;vel com o tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os fatores de risco para cardiotoxicidade est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapia com inibidores VEGF e fatores de risco de cardiotoxicidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Inibidores VEGF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anticorpos <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Bevacizumabe</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ramucirumabe</p></list-item></list> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IC pr&#233;-existente, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria,<break/> doen&#231;a valvar, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<break/> Uso pr&#233;vio de antraciclina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidores tirosina quinase <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Sunitinibe</p></list-item><list-item><p>Pazopanibe</p></list-item><list-item><p>Axitinibe</p></list-item><list-item><p>Neratinibe</p></list-item><list-item><p>Afatinibe</p></list-item><list-item><p>Sorafenibe</p></list-item><list-item><p>Desatinibe</p></list-item></list> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o arterial<break/> Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;-existente</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>
                <italic>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3.1. Inibidores Tirosina Quinase BCR-ABL</title>
          <p>F&#225;rmacos como os inibidores de tirosina quinase BCR-ABL modificaram o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com leucemia mieloide cr&#244;nica e tumores estromais gastrointestinais. N&#227;o h&#225; confirma&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade envolvendo imatinibe, por&#233;m nilotinibe e ponatinibe podem estar associados &#224; cardiotoxicidade do tipo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, HAS, arritmias e tromboembolismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.4. Terapias para Mieloma M&#250;ltiplo</title>
        <p>Os inibidores de proteassoma s&#227;o drogas relativamente novas no tratamento do mieloma m&#250;ltiplo. Bortezomibe e carfilzomibe s&#227;o os f&#225;rmacos dessa classe e podem causar disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Os proteassomas s&#227;o complexos proteicos respons&#225;veis por degradar prote&#237;nas disfuncionais e, al&#233;m disso, essenciais para a sobreviv&#234;ncia do cardiomi&#243;cito. A incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com bortezomibe &#233; de 4% e pode ser agravada pelo uso de esteroides.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> Carfilzomibe &#233; um inibidor irrevers&#237;vel e o mais potente dos proteassomas, podendo causar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em at&#233; 25% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.5. Inibidores BRAF e MEK</title>
        <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o da terapia com inibidores BRAF e MEK &#233;, no momento, a primeira escolha no melanoma metast&#225;tico com a muta&#231;&#227;o BRAF, apresentando significativa melhora na sobrevida dos pacientes. Atualmente, 3 inibidores BRAF (dabrafenibe, vemurafenibe e encorafenibe) e 3 inibidores MEK (trametinibe, cobimetinibe e binimetinibe) est&#227;o aprovados para o tratamento do melanoma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"><sup>55</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Efeitos adversos cardiovasculares associados a esses inibidores t&#234;m sido relatados em v&#225;rios estudos, especialmente redu&#231;&#227;o na FEVE (5-11%), HAS (10-15%) e prolongamento do intervalo QT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref> A inibi&#231;&#227;o do BRAF e do MEK interfere com a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular MAPK, resultando em estresse oxidativo, apoptose de mi&#243;cito e inibi&#231;&#227;o de angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Em meta-an&#225;lise recente que inclui 5 estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados e 2.317 pacientes com melanoma em uso dos inibidores BRAF e MEK, demonstrou-se que o tratamento concomitante com esses inibidores est&#225; associado a risco aumentado de embolia pulmonar (4,4x), queda na FEVE (3,72x) e HAS (1,5x). N&#227;o houve aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias, infarto e prolongamento do QT. Maior risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi detectado em pacientes com idade inferior a 55 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58"><sup>58</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.6. Taxanos</title>
        <p>O paclitaxel e o docetaxel s&#227;o usados no tratamento de v&#225;rias neoplasias s&#243;lidas. Cardiotoxicidade &#233; fen&#244;meno pouco frequente nesse grupo, com ocorr&#234;ncia de 12 por 100 (RR: 0,9 [0,53 -1,54]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref> O docetaxel, em particular, parece estar associado a aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Alguns relatos sugerem que os taxanos devem ser evitados em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#233;via, com os mesmos crit&#233;rios de n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antraciclinas. H&#225; relatos de que os taxanos causam bradicardia sinusal, bloqueios atrioventriculares, taquicardia ventricular e extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares. Por&#233;m, como os taxanos s&#227;o usados em combina&#231;&#227;o com antraciclinas, &#233; desafiador afirmar seu potencial de cardiotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.7. Inibidores de <italic>Checkpoint</italic> Imunol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>Os ICIs revolucionaram o tratamento do c&#226;ncer. Esses imunoter&#225;picos atuam modulando o sistema imunol&#243;gico, inibindo a apoptose dos linf&#243;citos T, gerando restaura&#231;&#227;o da resposta celular antitumoral. Sua a&#231;&#227;o anti-apopt&#243;tica d&#225;-se por inibi&#231;&#227;o do CTLA-4 (ipilimumabe), do PD-1 (nivolumabe, pembrolizumabe) e do PDL-1 (atezolizumabe, durvalumabe, avelumabe)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais inibidores de checkpoint imunol&#243;gicos relacionados a toxicidade card&#237;aca e sua abordagem.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A cardiotoxicidade dos ICIs pode ser agrupada em duas categorias: efeitos adversos inflamat&#243;rios (miocardite, pericardite e vasculite) e toxicidade cardiovascular n&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria (s&#237;ndrome Takotsubo-<italic>like</italic>, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica n&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e arritmias). A maioria dos casos relatados &#233; grave, com taxas de mortalidade de 50% na miocardite, 21% na doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica e 6% na vasculite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref> As principais causas de mortalidade da miocardite s&#227;o arritmias e choque cardiog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64"><sup>64</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Os eventos adversos ocorrem normalmente ap&#243;s a primeira ou segunda dose dos ICIs, mas h&#225; relatos espor&#225;dicos de eventos cardiovasculares at&#233; 32 semanas ap&#243;s o tratamento. A preval&#234;ncia de envolvimento cardiovascular &#233; maior em pacientes com terapia combinada, sexo feminino e idade acima de 75 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de miocardite varia entre 0,06% e 0,3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Para pacientes que desenvolvem novos sintomas cardiovasculares durante ou logo ap&#243;s o tratamento com os ICIs ou que apresentam arritmia, anormalidade do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao ecocardiograma, recomenda-se iniciar investiga&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular com dosagem de biomarcadores (troponina, NT-proBNP e prote&#237;na C reativa), ECG, painel viral, ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic> e RMC para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e exclus&#227;o de miocardite viral (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica deve ser considerada quando h&#225; suspei&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica mesmo com investiga&#231;&#227;o inicial negativa (IIa, C).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Radioterapia</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia atual de cardiotoxicidade induzida por radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; dif&#237;cil de ser estimada devido a algumas raz&#245;es, como longo intervalo entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o e a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de cardiotoxicidade, uso de quimioterapia cardiot&#243;xica concomitante e melhoria progressiva nas t&#233;cnicas de radia&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos, com redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o estrutural card&#237;aca. Os estudos apontam risco relativo de eventos cardiovasculares fatais em 2,2% a 12,7% de sobreviventes de linfoma e em 1% a 2,2% de pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref> Entre os sobreviventes expostos a radioterapia, o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular aumenta 4,9 vezes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref> Na neoplasia de mama, &#233; mais frequente cardiotoxicidade relacionada a radioterapia em pacientes com les&#227;o em hemit&#243;rax esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> e naquelas em uso concomitante de antraciclinas. A les&#227;o induzida pela radioterapia pode afetar o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, as v&#225;lvulas, o peric&#225;rdio, as coron&#225;rias e o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68"><sup>68</sup></xref> podendo ser diagnosticada 10 a 15 anos ap&#243;s a radioterapia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Preven&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento da Cardiotoxicidade</title>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade deve ser realizada em todos os pacientes com c&#226;ncer, com o reconhecimento dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares desde a consulta inicial, sendo recomendadas as seguintes medidas: cessa&#231;&#227;o de tabagismo, cessa&#231;&#227;o do alcoolismo, implementa&#231;&#227;o de dieta regular visando &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o do peso adequado (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea entre 18 e 24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos (atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica moderada por 30 minutos por dia por pelo menos 5 vezes na semana), controle da HAS, tratamento do diabetes e da dislipidemia (I, B).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Os f&#225;rmacos de escolha para o tratamento da HAS s&#227;o os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou os antagonistas do receptor da angiotensina (AT1). As estatinas s&#227;o recomendadas no tratamento da dislipidemia, com o objetivo de manter n&#237;veis de LDL abaixo de 100 mg/dl. O tratamento do diabetes tem como f&#225;rmaco de escolha a metformina e, em casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca associada, devem-se utilizar os inibidores do SGLT2 (empaglifozina, dapaglifozina, canaglifozina) e, em casos de doen&#231;a coronariana, dar prefer&#234;ncia aos agonistas do GLP-1 (liraglutida, dulaglutida e semaglutida) (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da proposta terap&#234;utica, devem ser reconhecidos os fatores de risco para cardiotoxicidade e implementadas as medidas espec&#237;ficas de acordo com o regime (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Para pacientes com detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade subcl&#237;nica (eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina ou redu&#231;&#227;o no SLG absoluta &#8805; 5% ou relativa &#8805; 15%):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>o uso de IECA ou de AT1 ou de betabloqueador pode ser considerado com o objetivo de prevenir disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e eventos cardiovasculares (IIa, B);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>repetir ecocardiografia com <italic>strain</italic> a cada 3 meses e dosagem de biomarcadores a cada ciclo, se assintom&#225;tico, ou a qualquer momento, se surgirem sintomas (IIa, C);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>quimioterapia n&#227;o deve ser suspensa com base em altera&#231;&#245;es no <italic>strain</italic> e em biomarcadores (IIa, C);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>considere encaminhar o paciente para o cardio-oncologista (IIa, C);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>considere excluir doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (IIa, C);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>considere iniciar dexrazoxano em pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a doses altas de antraciclinas e com risco elevado de cardiotoxicidade (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em pacientes com FEVE &#8804; 50% e &#8805; 40%, terapia com IECA/AT1 e betabloqueador &#233; recomendada antes do tratamento cardiot&#243;xico (I, A).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes com FEVE &#8804; 40% n&#227;o devem receber terapia com antraciclina a menos que n&#227;o haja op&#231;&#245;es eficazes de tratamento (IIa, A).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes em uso de quimioterapia ou imunoterapia que desenvolvem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e FEVE &lt; 40%, durante o tratamento, devem ter o tratamento antineopl&#225;sico suspenso temporariamente de acordo com discuss&#227;o entre o cardiologista e o oncologista, e terapia para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca deve ser iniciada de acordo com as diretrizes e consensos (I, A).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pacientes em uso de f&#225;rmacos com potencial de cardiotoxicidade que apresentarem sinais ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, devem ser encaminhados ao cardio-oncologista para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma e dosagem de biomarcadores (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">8</xref> apresentam os algoritmos de manejo da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por antraciclinas e anti-HER2 que devem ser considerados (IIa, B).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em pacientes com cardiotoxicidade por trastuzumabe, ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FEVE para acima de 40%, a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o do trastuzumabe deve ser considerada, desde que o paciente esteja sendo acompanhado pelo cardio-oncologista, com avalia&#231;&#227;o seriada por ecocardiografia e biomarcadores (IIa, B).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em pacientes com cardiotoxicidade por trastuzumabe, n&#227;o havendo melhora dos sintomas e persistindo FEVE abaixo de 40%, a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o do trastuzumabe s&#243; deve ser considerada se n&#227;o houver alternativa terap&#234;utica ap&#243;s ampla discuss&#227;o com oncologista (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em pacientes em uso de sunitinibe ou outro f&#225;rmaco anti-VEGF, avalia&#231;&#227;o e controle adequado da HAS s&#227;o recomendados (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em pacientes em uso de terapia com anticorpos monoclonais ou inibidores de tirosina quinase com a&#231;&#227;o anti-VEGF (bevacizumabe, sunitinibe, sorafenibe, axitinibe e pazopanibe), o maior risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ocorre no in&#237;cio da terapia. Na presen&#231;a de sinais e sintomas, deve-se investigar o paciente com ecocardiograma e dosagem de biomarcadores (IIa, B). Recomendam-se consultar o cardio-oncologista, iniciar tratamento para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e suspender o f&#225;rmaco em discuss&#227;o com oncologista (IIa, C). Ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico e da FEVE, considera-se reiniciar a quimioterapia (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tratamento medicamentoso deve ser institu&#237;do de acordo com as diretrizes (I, A).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria e de transplante card&#237;aco segue as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda e Cr&#244;nica, devendo-se discutir com o oncologista, antes da indica&#231;&#227;o, o <italic>status</italic> do paciente e o progn&#243;stico oncol&#243;gico, levando-se sempre em considera&#231;&#227;o as prefer&#234;ncias do paciente.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco para pacientes com c&#226;ncer segue as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda e Cr&#244;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 8</xref>). Por&#233;m, devem ser considerados para transplante apenas os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda ou cr&#244;nica que atendam aos crit&#233;rios de remiss&#227;o ou cura do c&#226;ncer por um per&#237;odo maior que 3 anos (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Havendo suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de miocardite por ICIs, a terapia com ICIs deve ser interrompida e corticosteroide iniciado imediatamente (metilprednisolona, 1g intravenoso por dia, por 3 a 5 dias, seguida de prednisona, 1-2 mg/kg/dia). O corticosteroide deve ser continuado at&#233; a resolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da troponina, da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e das anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o (IIa, C). Em casos de pericardite, recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de corticosteroide oral (IIa, C). Na s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo, pode-se considerar a pulsoterapia (IIa, C) e, na cardiomiopatia dilatada, o tratamento &#233; de suporte (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 9</xref>).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em pacientes com miocardite refrat&#225;ria ou em situa&#231;&#245;es graves com choque cardiog&#234;nico, outras terapias imunossupressoras como globulina antitim&#243;cito, infliximabe (exceto em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), micofenolato mofetil, ciclofosfamida ou abatacepte devem ser considerados (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Para pacientes com taquiarritmia ou bradiarritmia por ICIs, terapia apropriada medicamentosa e marca-passo devem ser considerados de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas (IIa, C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A terapia com ICIs deve ser descontinuada nos casos de miocardite. A decis&#227;o de reiniciar a terapia deve ser individualizada, de acordo com o <italic>status</italic> do c&#226;ncer, resposta ao tratamento, gravidade da cardiotoxicidade, analisando riscos e benef&#237;cios. Se o tratamento com ICIs for reiniciado, recomendam-se monoterapia com uma droga anti-PD1 e vigil&#226;ncia cardiovascular (IIa,C).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Considerar o uso do dexrazoxano em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama metast&#225;tico com dose planejada elevada de antraciclina (doxorrubicina acima de 250 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) (I, A) e em pacientes com sarcoma e pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com linfoma/leucemia (IIa, A).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <fig id="f7">
        <label>Figura 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algoritmo de manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por antraciclinas. ECO: ecocardiograma; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; QT: quimioterapia; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; tto: tratamento.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f8">
        <label>Figura 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algoritmo de manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por terapia anti-HER2. ECO: ecocardiograma; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; QT: quimioterapia; tto: tratamento.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf08.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <label>Tabela 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para transplante card&#237;aco. Comit&#234; Coordenador da Diretriz de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca. Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69"><sup>69</sup></xref> </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Classe</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda e/ou choque cardiog&#234;nico com baixo potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o, sugere-se que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da candidatura ao transplante seja iniciada precocemente e que seja o mais completa poss&#237;vel, incluindo avalia&#231;&#227;o psicossocial, mesmo que com dificuldades inerentes ao quadro agudo.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio e sem recupera&#231;&#227;o adequada da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a defini&#231;&#227;o da candidatura para transplante deve considerar o grau de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#245;es multiorg&#226;nicas, as comorbidades e a experi&#234;ncia do centro. Escores progn&#243;sticos podem auxiliar na estimativa de risco de mortalidade p&#243;s-transplante a curto e longo prazo.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IIa</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t9">
        <label>Tabela 9</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efeitos adversos dos inibidores de <italic>checkpoint i</italic> munol&#243;gicos e estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Potenciais eventos CV relacionados aos inibidores de <italic>checkpoint</italic></th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Potencial abordagem inicial para tratamento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Potencial terapia adicional se est&#225;vel e n&#227;o respondendo &#224; abordagem inicial</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Potencial terapia adicional se inst&#225;vel</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Miocardite</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o invasivo: RMC, troponina, ECG<break/> Invasivo: bi&#243;psia e patologia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Metilprednisolona, 1g/dia por 3-5 dias, seguida de 1,5mg/kg de prednisona com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de troponina.<break/> Terapia padr&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com bloqueador neuro-hormonal, se FEVE reduzida.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Micofenolato, 500-750mg 2x/dia<break/> Plasmaf&#233;rese<break/> Imunoglobulina intravenosa</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Globulina antitim&#243;cito<break/> Abatacepte<break/> Alentuzumabe<break/> Suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pericardite</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o invasivo: ecocardiografia<break/> Invasivo: an&#225;lise de l&#237;quidos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Prednisona, 1,5mg/kg/dia, com redu&#231;&#227;o da dose ambulatorial por 2 meses.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Metilprednisolona, 1g/dia por 3-5 dias<break/> Micofenolato, 500-750mg 2x/dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Drenagem peric&#225;rdica, se presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico volumoso com sinais de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o invasivo:<break/> ecocardiografia, RMC<break/> Invasivo: cineangiocoronariografia e ventriculografia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Terapia-padr&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com bloqueador neuro-hormonal, se FEVE reduzida.<break/> Considerar metilprednisolona, 1g/dia por 3-5 dias, seguida de prednisona oral com redu&#231;&#227;o de dose por 4-6 semanas.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Micofenolato, 500-750mg 2x/dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiomiopatia dilatada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o invasivo: RMC, ecocardiografia, troponina, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico<break/> Invasivo:<break/> cineangiocoronariografia e ventriculografia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Terapia-padr&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com bloqueador neuro-hormonal, se FEVE reduzida.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<break/> Desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p><italic>Esta tabela detalha as toxicidades cardiovasculares associadas com os inibidores de checkpoint e potenciais estrat&#233;gias de manejo. Muitas das estrat&#233;gias listadas para outras toxicidades que n&#227;o miocardite s&#227;o extrapoladas da literatura de miocardite e baseadas em pequenas s&#233;ries de casos ou relatos de casos. CV: cardiovascular; ECG: eletrocardiograma; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Tabela adaptada de Lenihan DJ et al. Proceedings</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Tromboembolismo Arterial e Venoso</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica &#233; afec&#231;&#227;o comum no paciente com c&#226;ncer, sendo considerada a segunda causa de mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1 Trombose Venosa</title>
        <p>O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) inclui a trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e o tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). &#201; uma grave complica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, nos quais &#233; a segunda causa de &#243;bito. As neoplasias s&#227;o associadas ao aumento do risco e da gravidade e &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da trombose, al&#233;m de resultar em taxas maiores de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao tratamento. Ademais, o paciente com neoplasia tem uma chance 2 a 9 vezes maior de recorr&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>O c&#226;ncer induz um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico devido &#224; sua produ&#231;&#227;o de micropart&#237;culas trombog&#234;nicas, &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, &#224;s suas propriedades antifibrinol&#237;ticas e &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de trombina. Al&#233;m disso, a trombog&#234;nese &#233; potencializada por fatores relacionados ao tipo de c&#226;ncer, ao <italic>status</italic> da doen&#231;a, ao uso de drogas concomitantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> como agentes eritroestimulantes, &#224; presen&#231;a de anemia e leucocitose, &#224; obesidade e ao fen&#243;tipo laboratorial trombog&#234;nico, como presen&#231;a de altos n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero D e de fragmento 1+2 da protrombina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos, alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos foram publicados especificamente na popula&#231;&#227;o oncol&#243;gica, permitindo ampliar o arsenal terap&#234;utico desses pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 10</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76"><sup>76</sup></xref> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudos cl&#237;nicos de TEV em pacientes com c&#226;ncer</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Desfechos prim&#225;rios de efic&#225;cia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Desfecho prim&#225;rio de seguran&#231;a</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CASSINI trial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">841 pacientes ambulatoriais com c&#226;ncer e alto risco para TEV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rivaroxabana 10mg vs placebo 6 meses</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">TVP ou EP ou morte relacionada a TEV<break/> HR: 0,66; IC95%: 0,4-1,09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sangramento maior 1,0% vs. 2,0%<break/> HR: 1,96; IC95%: 0,59-6,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AVERT trial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">574 pacientes ambulatoriais com c&#226;ncer e alto risco para TEV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Apixabana 2,5mg 2x/dia vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">TEV documentado 4,2% vs 10,2%.<break/> HR: 0,41; IC95%:0,26-0,65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sangramento maior<break/> 3,5% vs. 1,8%<break/> HR: 2,0; IC95%:1,0-3,95.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Tratamento</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HOKUSAI VTE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1050 pacientes com c&#226;ncer com TEV agudo sintom&#225;tico ou incidental</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HBPM por 5 dias + edoxabana 60mg vs dalteparina Tratamento: 6 meses</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Recorr&#234;ncia de TEV ou sangramento maior<break/> 12,8% vs 13%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sangramento maior<break/> 6,9% vs. 4%<break/> HR: 1,77; IC95%: 1,03-3,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SELECT-D</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">406 pacientes com c&#226;ncer e EP ou TEV sintom&#225;ticos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rivaroxabana vs dalteparina<break/> Tratamento: 6 meses</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Recorr&#234;ncia de TEV: 4% vs 11%<break/> HR: 0,43; IC95%: 0,19-0,99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sangramento maior 6% vs. 4%<break/> HR:1,83<break/> IC 95% 0,68-4,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ADAM-VTE trial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">300 pacientes com TEV associado ao c&#226;ncer</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Apixabana 10mg 2x/dia por 7 dias seguido de 5mg 2x/dia vs dalteparina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Recorr&#234;ncia de TEV<break/> 0,7% vs 6,3%.<break/> HR: 0,099; IC95%: 0,013-0,78</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sangramento maior 0% vs 1,4%<break/> HR: 1,96;<break/> IC95%: 0,59-6,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Caravaggio Study<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1055 pacientes com c&#226;ncer com TEV ou EP sintom&#225;ticos ou incidental</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Apixabana 10mg por 10 dias seguida de 5mg/dia vs dalteparina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Recorr&#234;ncia TEV<break/> 5,6% vs 7,9%<break/> HR: 0,63; IC95%: 0,37-1,07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sangramento maior<break/> 3,8% vs 4%<break/> HR: 0,82; IC95%: 0,4-1,69</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p><italic>Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado; CASSINI = rivaroxabana em pacientes ambulatoriais de alto risco com c&#226;ncer; AVERT = apixabana na preven&#231;&#227;o de TEV em pacientes com c&#226;ncer; HOKUSAI VTE = edoxabana versus dalteparina para tratamento de TEV sintom&#225;tico; SELECT-D = anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em paciente com risco de recorr&#234;ncia de TEV; ADAM VTE = apixabana e dalteparina em TEV associado a neoplasia ativa; Caravaggio Study = apixabana para o tratamento de TEV associado ao c&#226;ncer. EP: embolia pulmonar; HBPM: heparina de baixo peso molecular; HR: raz&#227;o de chance; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; TEV: tromboembolismo venoso; TVP: trombose venosa profunda. Tabela adaptada de: Lenihan DJ et al. Proceedings</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo do TEV no paciente com c&#226;ncer s&#227;o:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>A equipe multidisciplinar que acompanha os pacientes oncol&#243;gicos deve educ&#225;-los quanto ao risco de TEV, particularmente em situa&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, como cirurgias de grande porte e durante o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes hospitalizados devem receber profilaxia farmacol&#243;gica, na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Profilaxia farmacol&#243;gica n&#227;o deve ser feita de rotina em pacientes admitidos para pequenos procedimentos ou para infus&#227;o de quimioterapia ou para transplante (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Para pacientes ambulatoriais de baixo risco, anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de rotina para preven&#231;&#227;o de TEV n&#227;o est&#225; recomendada (III, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Profilaxia farmacol&#243;gica ambulatorial com apixabana, rivaroxabana ou enoxaparina deve ser oferecida a pacientes de alto risco para TEV, mensurado pelo escore de Khorana (&#8805; 2) ou pelo CAT <italic>score</italic> configurando alto risco (mensura&#231;&#227;o de d&#237;mero D e avalia&#231;&#227;o do tipo de c&#226;ncer) (IIa, A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o para profilaxia farmacol&#243;gica ambulatorial, considere o risco de sangramento do paciente (maior nos tumores gastrointestinais) e suas prefer&#234;ncias (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes com mieloma m&#250;ltiplo em uso de talidomida ou lenalidomida ou dexametasona devem ser avaliados para a institui&#231;&#227;o de aspirina ou enoxaparina (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a cirurgia oncol&#243;gica de grande porte devem receber profilaxia farmacol&#243;gica de TEV (enoxaparina ou heparina de baixo peso molecular), que deve ser iniciada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, com exce&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com sangramento ativo ou alto risco de sangramento (I, A). M&#233;todos mec&#226;nicos podem ser associados &#224; profilaxia farmacol&#243;gica, por&#233;m seu uso como monoterapia s&#243; deve ser feito em pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; heparina (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O regime combinado de profilaxia farmacol&#243;gica e mec&#226;nica pode melhorar a efic&#225;cia, especialmente em pacientes de mais alto risco (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A tromboprofilaxia farmacol&#243;gica para pacientes submetidos a cirurgia oncol&#243;gica de grande porte deve se estender por 7 a 10 dias, devendo ser prolongada por 4 semanas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em casos de cirurgia abdominal aberta ou laparosc&#243;pica e em cirurgia p&#233;lvica se o paciente tem mais fatores de risco do tipo obesidade, imobilidade e hist&#243;ria de TEV (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em cirurgias menores ou de pequeno porte, a decis&#227;o do tempo de profilaxia deve ser personalizada (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O tratamento inicial do TEV no paciente oncol&#243;gico pode ser realizado com heparina de baixo peso molecular (enoxaparina), heparina n&#227;o fracionada, fondaparinux, apixabana ou rivaroxabana. Para pacientes iniciando tratamento com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral, a heparina de baixo peso molecular &#233; preferida em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; heparina n&#227;o fracionada nos primeiros dias de tratamento, desde que o paciente n&#227;o tenha disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina deve ser maior que 40 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>) (I, A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo pode ser realizada preferencialmente com heparina de baixo peso molecular, edoxabana, apixabana ou rivaroxabana por pelo menos 6 meses (I, A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A varfarina pode ser utilizada no paciente com c&#226;ncer na indisponibilidade de outras medica&#231;&#245;es ou em situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de contraindica&#231;&#227;o aos outros anticoagulantes, como na insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os anticoagulantes de a&#231;&#227;o direta (DOACs), como rivaroxabana e apixabana, est&#227;o associados a maiores taxas de sangramento, especialmente em neoplasias do trato gastrointestinal e geniturin&#225;rias (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Devem-se analisar caso a caso as intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas dos DOACs no paciente com c&#226;ncer (I,A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o por tempo superior a 6 meses deve ser oferecida a pacientes com c&#226;ncer ativo, como os metast&#225;ticos, ou em quimioterapia, devendo ser analisados risco e benef&#237;cio (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Com base na opini&#227;o de especialistas, na aus&#234;ncia de estudos randomizados, a inser&#231;&#227;o de filtro de veia cava n&#227;o deve ser recomendada a pacientes com trombose cr&#244;nica ou estabelecida (tempo maior que 4 semanas) nem &#224;queles com contraindica&#231;&#245;es tempor&#225;rias &#224; terapia anticoagulante (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A varfarina &#233; a primeira op&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O filtro de veia cava pode ser considerado em pacientes com TEV agudo (nas &#250;ltimas 4 semanas), com contraindica&#231;&#227;o absoluta a anticoagulante e se o TEV for de alto risco (IIa, C)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A TVP e o TEP incidentais devem ser tratados da mesma maneira do TEV sintom&#225;tico, por terem desfechos semelhantes (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O tratamento do TEP subsegmentar ou do trombo venoso visceral ou espl&#226;ncnico deve ser considerado caso a caso, analisando-se potenciais benef&#237;cios e riscos da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes com c&#226;ncer devem ter seu risco de TEV avaliado ambulatorialmente com o escore de Khorana e o CAT <italic>score</italic>, devendo-se analisar os riscos e os benef&#237;cios dessa estrat&#233;gia individualmente, por estar associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos mas n&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em casos de sangramento clinicamente significativo associado &#224; varfarina, o tratamento de escolha &#233; a vitamina K intravenosa (10 mg) e o complexo protromb&#237;nico intravenoso (500 U/kg) (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em casos de sangramento associado a rivaroxabana, edoxabana e apixabana, n&#227;o h&#225; ant&#237;doto espec&#237;fico dispon&#237;vel. Portanto, recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antifibrinol&#237;ticos (&#225;cido tranex&#226;mico, 1g a 2g intravenoso) e complexo protromb&#237;nico (500 U/kg intravenoso). Em casos de refratariedade, recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de plasma (15 ml/kg), crioprecipitado (1 U/kg) e plaquetas (1-2 unidades) por af&#233;rese (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>H&#225; varia&#231;&#227;o substancial do risco de TEV em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Os pacientes com c&#226;ncer devem ter seu risco de TEV analisado na avalia&#231;&#227;o basal e periodicamente a partir de ent&#227;o, em particular no in&#237;cio da terapia antineopl&#225;sica e no momento da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Fatores de risco individuais, incluindo biomarcadores ou s&#237;tio do c&#226;ncer, n&#227;o identificam com alta acur&#225;cia pacientes com c&#226;ncer em risco de TEV. Ambulatorialmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o deve ser feita por meio do escore de Khorana e do CAT <italic>score</italic> (IIa,C) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabelas 11</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">12</xref>, respectivamente).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore de Khorana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77"><sup>77</sup></xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;stica do paciente</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pontos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">S&#237;tio do c&#226;ncer</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Risco muito alto (est&#244;mago e p&#226;ncreas)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Alto risco (pulm&#227;o, linfoma, ginecol&#243;gico, bexiga, testicular, renal)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Contagem de plaquetas pr&#233;-quimioterapia &#8805; 350.000 / &#956;l</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">N&#237;vel de hemoglobina &lt; 10 g/dL e/ou uso de fatores de crescimento de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos pr&#233;-quimioterapia &gt; 11.000 / &#956;l</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &#8805; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Calcular a pontua&#231;&#227;o total, adicionando pontos para cada crit&#233;rio do modelo</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Interpreta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Escore de alto risco &#8805; 3 pontos</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Escore de risco intermedi&#225;rio 1-2 pontos</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Escore de baixo risco - 0 pontos</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nomograma (CAT <italic>score</italic>) para predizer o risco de TEV em 6 meses</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gt04.tif"/></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2. Trombose Arterial</title>
        <p>Em estudo epidemiol&#243;gico com 279.719 participantes e comparando pacientes com neoplasia e controles sem neoplasia, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos arteriais foi de 4,7% nos primeiros e 2,2% nos controles em um per&#237;odo de 6 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79"><sup>79</sup></xref> Geralmente, esses eventos ocorrem em indiv&#237;duos com neoplasias metast&#225;ticas de p&#226;ncreas, mama, colorretal e pulm&#227;o em uso de antraciclinas, taxanos e platina. O estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico pode favorecer eventos emb&#243;licos secund&#225;rios &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Alguns f&#225;rmacos antineopl&#225;sicos, especialmente inibidores VEGF, podem induzir complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas. Em pacientes sob terapia hormonal, maiores taxas de eventos tromb&#243;ticos arteriais s&#227;o observadas mais frequentemente com os inibidores de aromatase do que com o tamoxifeno. Em muitos casos, quinases e suas vias desempenham papel cr&#237;tico na homeostase vascular e metab&#243;lica das c&#233;lulas. A inibi&#231;&#227;o dessas quinases pode causar sequelas cardiovasculares, dependendo do tipo de quinase. As toxicidades vasculares mais preocupantes que podem ocorrer com os novos agentes incluem eventos isqu&#234;micos arteriais, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e isquemia de membro, assim como eventos tromboemb&#243;licos venosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79"><sup>79</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Relatos recentes mostram que a terapia com inibidor de VEGF resulta em eventos vasculares adversos, como dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta, acidente vascular cerebral e trombose arterial e venosa. O bevacizumabe &#233; associado a maior taxa de TEV dentre os inibidores VEGF, aproximadamente 12% comparado a 2% com os outros f&#225;rmacos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80"><sup>80</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica Associada &#224; Terapia de Priva&#231;&#227;o Androg&#234;nica</title>
      <p>O tratamento de neoplasias de pr&#243;stata localmente avan&#231;ada baseia-se no controle hormonal de testosterona. Esse bloqueio pode ser obtido cirurgicamente (orquiectomia) ou pela terapia medicamentosa de priva&#231;&#227;o androg&#234;nica. Os agonistas de GnRH (horm&#244;nio liberador de gonadotrofina: leuprolide, goserelina e triptorelina) e os antagonistas de GnRH (degarelix) causam bloqueio central com redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nio luteinizante, horm&#244;nio fol&#237;culo estimulante e testosterona. Os inibidores de receptor androg&#234;nico adrenal (abiraterona) e os inibidores diretos androg&#234;nicos (enzalutamida) tamb&#233;m agem reduzindo a testosterona. S&#227;o medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas com inten&#231;&#227;o curativa em pacientes de alto risco com doen&#231;a n&#227;o metast&#225;tica e como terapia padr&#227;o na doen&#231;a metast&#225;tica. Entender o impacto dessas medica&#231;&#245;es no risco cardiovascular &#233; importante, pois muitos dos fatores de risco que levam ao c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata tamb&#233;m podem resultar em doen&#231;a cardiovascular, como idade avan&#231;ada, tabagismo, dieta e obesidade. Estudos apontam detec&#231;&#227;o mais prevalente desses fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata.</p>
      <p>A terapia antiandrog&#234;nica reconhecida leva a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas caracterizadas por hiperinsulinemia, hipercolesterolemia e altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, com aumento da gordura predominantemente visceral e redu&#231;&#227;o de massa magra. A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica resultante da terapia antiandrog&#234;nica est&#225; associada a aumento de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Recomenda-se a modifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco com terapia hipolipemiante, tratamento anti-hipertensivo, controle estrito da glicemia e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios (IIa, B).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. Arritmia Card&#237;aca</title>
      <p>Diversos fatores presentes nos pacientes com c&#226;ncer, como infec&#231;&#227;o, dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos, desidrata&#231;&#227;o, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e terapias oncol&#243;gicas e adjuvantes, predisp&#245;em &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81"><sup>81</sup></xref> Essas arritmias s&#227;o complica&#231;&#245;es relativamente frequentes em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e estima-se que ocorram em 16-36% desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82"><sup>82</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Os tipos de arritmias card&#237;acas no paciente oncol&#243;gico incluem amplo espectro: taquicardia sinusal, bradiarritmias, taquiarritmias e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o. Dentre as arritmias supraventriculares, a mais comum &#233; a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Taquicardia ventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o raras, mas podem ocorrer especialmente na presen&#231;a do alargamento do QT e em pacientes com hipocalemia ou hipomagnesemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84"><sup>84</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85"><sup>85</sup></xref> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 13</xref> apresenta os principais f&#225;rmacos e a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t13">
        <label>Tabela 13</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Principais f&#225;rmacos relacionados a arritmias card&#237;acas e suas incid&#234;ncias</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">F&#225;rmaco</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Incid&#234;ncia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Antraciclinas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas: 38,6%<break/> FA: 2-10%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Agentes antimicrot&#250;bulos (Paclitaxel)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bradicardia sinusal: 29%<break/> BAV 1&#176; grau: 25%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Antimetab&#243;litos<break/> (5-Fluorouracil e Capecitabina)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas: 68%<break/> Arritmias (FA, TSV, TV): 5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Platina (Cisplatina)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">TSV: 12-32%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Talidomida</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Bradicardia: 27%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tri&#243;xido ars&#234;nio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Prolongamento QT e arritmias ventriculares: at&#233; 50%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Inibidor Tirosina Quinase</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Crizotinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Alargamento QT e arritmias: 3,5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dasatinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Alargamento QT e arritmias: 0,6-3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sunitinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Alargamento QT e arritmias: 1-4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Vandetinibe</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Alargamento QT e arritmias: 12-15%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>
              <italic>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular; TV: taquicardia ventricular.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>9.1. Prolongamento QT</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico do prolongamento do intervalo QT &#233; eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, devendo-se calcular o QTc pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett QT / (RR)<sup>1/2</sup> ou Fridericia QT / (RR)<sup>1/3</sup>. Consideram-se normais valores de QTc &#8804; 440 ms nos homens e entre 450 e 460 ms nas mulheres. Tanto fatores cong&#234;nitos como adquiridos podem ser respons&#225;veis por prolongamento do QT. Dentre as condi&#231;&#245;es mais citadas est&#227;o: sexo feminino, bradicardia, anormalidades eletrol&#237;ticas, efeitos de drogas, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, miocardites, hipotermia e canalopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86"><sup>86</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>O prolongamento do QT &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, pois tanto o tratamento oncol&#243;gico como os dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos e as medica&#231;&#245;es concomitantes podem contribuir para esse prolongamento e para a predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias complexas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref> A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do QT e a corre&#231;&#227;o de fatores que contribuam para o prolongamento do QT devem ser consideradas em pacientes em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es que aumentem o intervalo QT. A cardiotoxicidade &#233; definida quando h&#225; prolongamento de QTc &gt; 500ms e/ou varia&#231;&#227;o do QT &gt; 60ms do basal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 14</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87"><sup>87</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t14">
          <label>Tabela 14</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para pacientes em uso de f&#225;rmacos com potencial de prolongamento de QT.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Evitar uso de drogas relacionadas ao prolongamento de QTc em pacientes com QTc pr&#233;-tratamento &gt; 470ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Descontinuar drogas relacionadas ao prolongamento de QTc se QTc &gt; 500ms ou &gt; 550ms se QRS alargado basal (&gt;120ms secund&#225;rio a marca-passo ou bloqueio de ramo)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o de dose ou descontinua&#231;&#227;o de drogas se QTc aumentar &gt; 60ms do valor pr&#233;-tratamento</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Manter concentra&#231;&#227;o de eletr&#243;litos (pot&#225;ssio, magn&#233;sio e c&#225;lcio s&#233;ricos) dentro dos valores normais</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Evitar intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Em pacientes com les&#227;o renal aguda ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, ajustar para a fun&#231;&#227;o renal as drogas com elimina&#231;&#227;o renal que prolonguem QTc</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Evitar infus&#227;o intravenosa r&#225;pida de drogas que prolonguem QTc</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Evitar administra&#231;&#227;o em conjunto de mais de 1 droga que prolongue QTc</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Evitar drogas que prolonguem QTc em pacientes com hist&#243;ria de <italic>torsade de points</italic> induzida por drogas ou pacientes ressuscitados de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Evitar uso de drogas que prolonguem QTc em pacientes com doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Realizar ECG com frequ&#234;ncia dependendo da terapia institu&#237;da, dose administrada e concentra&#231;&#227;o das drogas</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>ECG: eletrocardiograma; QTc: intervalo QT corrigido. Fonte: Adaptado de Porta-Sanchez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref> </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O intervalo QT e os fatores de risco associados com prolongamento do QT devem ser avaliados antes e depois do tratamento com as drogas sabidamente relacionadas a arritmias card&#237;acas, como inibidores de tirosina quinase (crizotinibe, dasatinibe, sunitinibe) e tri&#243;xido de ars&#234;nio. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do ECG e dos eletr&#243;litos deve ser feita durante o tratamento nos momentos basal, 7-15 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da terap&#234;utica, ap&#243;s mudan&#231;as em doses nos primeiros 3 meses e a depender da frequ&#234;ncia da terapia. Antes do adiamento da quimioterapia, deve-se considerar a suspens&#227;o de outros medicamentos relacionados ao prolongamento do QT, como antiem&#233;ticos, antidepressivos, antiarr&#237;tmicos, antif&#250;ngicos, antipsic&#243;ticos. A corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbio hidroeletrol&#237;tico tamb&#233;m deve ser realizada. Pacientes em uso de tri&#243;xido de ars&#234;nio devem ser monitorados com ECG semanalmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>O prolongamento do intervalo QT aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares e <italic>torsades de points.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref> As taquicardias ventriculares, em geral, est&#227;o associadas a miocardiopatias estruturais [doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), miocardiopatia dilatada, cardiopatias do ventr&#237;culo direito, anormalidades cong&#234;nitas, miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e canalopatias].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89"><sup>89</sup></xref> O objetivo do tratamento das arritmias ventriculares &#233; diminuir morbidade e eventos de morte s&#250;bita, sendo fundamental avaliar os fatores desencadeantes. Indica-se terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica para casos refrat&#225;rios e/ou sintom&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90"><sup>90</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.2. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais frequente no paciente oncol&#243;gico. Sua ocorr&#234;ncia est&#225; relacionada ao estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio desses pacientes e tamb&#233;m &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria &#224; cirurgia oncol&#243;gica e aos efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos da terapia antineopl&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> A compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos que desencadeiam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e promovem sua manuten&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para que haja preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Diversos mecanismos podem induzir fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tais como altera&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por dist&#250;rbio hidroeletrol&#237;tico, dano lipossomal e mitocondrial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica e aumento do estresse oxidativo induzindo apoptose celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92"><sup>92</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Existe grande dificuldade em se estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o causal dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos com cada quimioter&#225;pico. Primeiramente, em raz&#227;o do pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos publicados e da administra&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de muitas drogas, que tornam dif&#237;cil relacionar droga e efeito. Os quimioter&#225;picos mais associados a arritmias s&#227;o as antraciclinas (doxorrubicina, epirrubicina), os agentes antimicrot&#250;bulos (paclitaxel e docetaxel), os antimetab&#243;litos (5-fluorouracil, capecitabina e gencitabina), os agentes alquilantes (cisplatina e ciclofosfamida), os inibidores da tirosina quinase (ibrutinibe, ponatinibe, sorafenibe e sunitinibe) e os anticorpos monoclonais (trastuzumabe e cetuximabe), al&#233;m dos imunoter&#225;picos.</p>
        <p>O c&#226;ncer &#233; associado a um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, podendo aumentar o risco de eventos emb&#243;licos no paciente com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, que tamb&#233;m apresenta maior ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas decorrentes do tratamento e, portanto, maior morbimortalidade. N&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em consensos e diretrizes sobre o uso dos antitromb&#243;ticos em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85"><sup>85</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93"><sup>93</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A escolha da terapia antritromb&#243;tica no paciente com c&#226;ncer deve ser individualizada, analisando-se os fatores farmacocin&#233;ticos e farmacodin&#226;micos, as intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, o risco de trombose e o risco de sangramento (IIa, B).</p>
        <p>Deve-se evitar a varfarina no paciente oncol&#243;gico com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, pois essa droga &#233; associada a menor efic&#225;cia e a maior risco de sangramento por intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, pela presen&#231;a de maior ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, altera&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas, caquexia e desnutri&#231;&#227;o (IIa, B).</p>
        <p>Os DOACs (dabigatrana, rivaroxabana, apixabana e edoxabana) s&#227;o superiores &#224; varfarina em termos de efic&#225;cia e sangramento na popula&#231;&#227;o geral com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, por&#233;m a evid&#234;ncia para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o no paciente com c&#226;ncer vem de an&#225;lises de subestudos e de dados observacionais (IIa, B).</p>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o haver valida&#231;&#227;o dos escores cl&#225;ssicos na popula&#231;&#227;o com c&#226;ncer, recomenda-se iniciar anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes utilizando-se os mesmos crit&#233;rios adotados na popula&#231;&#227;o sem c&#226;ncer: escores CHADS<sub>2</sub> e CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc acima de 2 indicam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (IIa, C) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 15</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t15">
          <label>Tabela 15</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore de risco de tromboembolismo associado a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pontos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">C</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Idade (&#8805; 75 anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">D</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">AIT ou AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">V</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a vascular (IAM pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica ou placa a&#243;rtica)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Idade (65-74 anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sc</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>
                <italic>AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A terapia antitromb&#243;tica no paciente com c&#226;ncer deve ser personalizada, analisando-se perfil do paciente, tipo de c&#226;ncer, risco de trombose e de sangramento, esse &#250;ltimo por exemplo, por meio do escore de HAS-BLED (IIa, C) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 16</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t16">
          <label>Tabela 16</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore de risco de sangramento associado a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (HAS-BLED). Um ponto para cada crit&#233;rio presente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o arterial (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica anormal (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fun&#231;&#227;o renal anormal (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Acidente vascular cerebral (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Tend&#234;ncia ou predisposi&#231;&#227;o a sangramento (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">INR l&#225;bil em pacientes que tomam varfarina (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Idosos: acima de 60 anos (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Medicamentos: agente(s) antiplaquet&#225;rios concomitantes ou AINES (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Abuso de &#225;lcool (1 ponto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><italic>AINES: anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroidais; INR: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional</italic>.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">0 ponto: 1,02 sangramento por 100 pacientes/ano</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">1 ponto: 1,13 sangramento por 100 pacientes/ano</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">2 pontos: 1,88 sangramento por 100 pacientes/ano</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">3 pontos: 3,74 sangramentos por 100 pacientes/ano</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">4 pontos: 8,70 sangramentos por 100 pacientes/ano</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">5-9 pontos: dados insuficientes (alto risco)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; estudos prospectivos e randomizados sobre DOACs em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. An&#225;lise de subestudos dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados demonstra seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia daquelas drogas nos pacientes com c&#226;ncer. Essa evid&#234;ncia associada ao resultado de estudos em TEV e c&#226;ncer, que confirmam a superioridade dos DOACs quando comparados a heparina de baixo peso molecular, sugere que os DOACs s&#227;o op&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel como terapia antitromb&#243;tica nos pacientes com c&#226;ncer e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>Uso rotineiro de DOACs em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e tumores do trato gastrointestinal e geniturin&#225;rio pode ser considerado, devendo ser analisado risco potencial de sangramento (IIb,B).</p>
        <p>Recomenda-se o envolvimento do cardiologista desde o in&#237;cio no manejo do paciente com c&#226;ncer e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, devido &#224;s maiores taxas de uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e hemorr&#225;gicas (IIa, C).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10. Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</title>
      <p>A DAC e o c&#226;ncer apresentam diversos fatores de risco em comum e frequentemente coexistem no mesmo paciente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 9</xref>). A presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, como idade avan&#231;ada, tabagismo, diabetes, HAS, sedentarismo e dislipidemia, &#233; elevada nos pacientes com c&#226;ncer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> Outros fatores comuns nesses pacientes e que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de DAC s&#227;o disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estresse oxidativo, predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95"><sup>95</sup></xref> </p>
      <fig id="f9">
        <label>Figura 9</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana na cardio-oncologia. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAPT: dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria; VEGF: fator de crescimento endotelial vascular.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf09.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O tratamento oncol&#243;gico tamb&#233;m contribui para a elevada preval&#234;ncia de DAC nos pacientes oncol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> Pacientes com c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o submetidos a tratamento quimioter&#225;pico apresentam aumento de 5,3 vezes (IC 95%: 2,002-14,152) no risco de les&#227;o coronariana importante, o que sugere que esse tratamento possa estar associado com complexidade anat&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96"><sup>96</sup></xref> Os mecanismos principais de acometimento de DAC relacionada a terapia oncol&#243;gica s&#227;o: vasoespasmo, trombose e aterosclerose acelerada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Nos pacientes em uso de cisplatina de modo isolado ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com vincristina ou bleomicina, observou-se trombose coron&#225;ria em angiografia coron&#225;ria sem aterosclerose pr&#233;via. Essas drogas podem induzir disfun&#231;&#227;o/les&#227;o endotelial, que parece ser o mecanismo b&#225;sico da altera&#231;&#227;o vasoativa causada por esses f&#225;rmacos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97"><sup>97</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99"><sup>99</sup></xref> A cisplatina leva &#224; morte de c&#233;lulas endoteliais pela produ&#231;&#227;o de micropart&#237;culas pr&#243;-coagulantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100"><sup>100</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Outra classe de quimioter&#225;pico tipicamente relacionada a DAC nos pacientes com c&#226;ncer s&#227;o os antimetab&#243;litos, especialmente o 5-fluorouracil e a capecitabina. A incid&#234;ncia de angina ou quadros agudos varia de 3,9% a 12,5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"><sup>101</sup></xref> O mecanismo pelo qual esses f&#225;rmacos causam toxicidade n&#227;o est&#225; completamente estabelecido e v&#225;rias hip&#243;teses foram geradas para explicar esses quadros, tais como vasoespasmo agudo, toxicidade direta aos mi&#243;citos, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e estado de hipercoagulabilidade causando trombose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"><sup>101</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102"><sup>102</sup></xref> O vasoespasmo agudo &#233; frequentemente observado e estudos experimentais sugerem que a vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o causada pelo 5-fluorouracil esteja relacionada a prote&#237;na quinase C e endotelina-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103"><sup>103</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104"><sup>104</sup></xref> De modo semelhante ao 5-fluorouracil, os taxanos s&#227;o outra classe de f&#225;rmacos que induzem quadros de angina secund&#225;rios a espasmos coronarianos. A incid&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica relatada em pacientes em uso de paclitaxel &#233; de aproximadamente 0,2-4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105"><sup>105</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106"><sup>106</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Aterosclerose acelerada tem sido observada em pacientes recebendo tratamento com os inibidores de tirosina quinase de segunda e terceira gera&#231;&#245;es. Esses f&#225;rmacos apresentam risco aumentado de oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria quando comparados a imatinibe (OR = 3,45 [IC 95%: 2,30-5,18).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"><sup>107</sup></xref> Dos inibidores de tirosina quinase, o ponatinibe parece ser o mais relacionado a toxicidade vascular. Tromboses arterial e venosa foram descritas em 27% dos pacientes recebendo ponatinibe, independentemente da presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"><sup>107</sup></xref> Os pacientes tratados com bevacizumabe apresentam elevado risco de isquemia coronariana quando comparados a grupo controle (RR: 2,47; IC 95%: 1,4-4,36).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108"><sup>108</sup></xref> Os pacientes em uso de ICIs apresentam uma composi&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias alterada na placa ateroscler&#243;tica (aumento de c&#233;lulas TCD3+ em rela&#231;&#227;o a macr&#243;fagos CD68+), que pode predispor a progress&#227;o de placa e/ou eventos coron&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109"><sup>109</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>O tratamento radioter&#225;pico &#233; classicamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento de DAC, em geral reportado de modo tardio ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. A incid&#234;ncia &#233; vari&#225;vel na literatura, com tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas em virtude de t&#233;cnicas mais modernas que diminuem a radia&#231;&#227;o direta ao cora&#231;&#227;o. A patog&#234;nese da DAC &#233; multifatorial, resultando em les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica direta, altera&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular, ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110"><sup>110</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111"><sup>111</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em virtude da complexidade do paciente com c&#226;ncer e DAC, sua mortalidade &#233; maior do que a de pacientes sem c&#226;ncer a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112"><sup>112</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113"><sup>113</sup></xref> Na abordagem desses pacientes, &#233; importante conhecer o progn&#243;stico oncol&#243;gico, as perspectivas terap&#234;uticas e a programa&#231;&#227;o de cirurgias oncol&#243;gicas. O controle de fatores de risco deve ser refor&#231;ado nos pacientes com DAC evidenciada. O uso de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico deve ser preferido nesses pacientes quando indicada interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114"><sup>114</sup></xref> A terapia com antiplaquet&#225;rios deve ser mantida conforme diretrizes habituais de abordagem de DAC e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, a menos que existam contraindica&#231;&#245;es, como sangramento tumoral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117"><sup>117</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>O controle de fatores de risco (HAS, diabetes, dislipidemias) e da perda ponderal, a cessa&#231;&#227;o de tabagismo e a orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica devem ser feitos em todos os pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a f&#225;rmacos com predisposi&#231;&#227;o a DAC (I, A).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico deve ser preferido nesses pacientes (IIa, B).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o pode ser mantida em pacientes com n&#237;veis de plaquetas &gt; 30 mil, na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#227;o (IIa, B).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A pesquisa de DAC est&#225; indicada em pacientes ap&#243;s 5 anos da exposi&#231;&#227;o mediastinal a dose de 30 gy ou mais (IIa, B).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Nos pacientes que apresentaram s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com 5-fluorouracil, recomenda-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o do cardio-oncologista e deve-se considerar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC (IIa, B).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pode-se considerar a re-exposi&#231;&#227;o em pacientes que apresentaram eventos leves, que estejam assintom&#225;ticos e cujo benef&#237;cio do 5-fluorouracil tenha impacto progn&#243;stico. O uso de nitratos e vasodilatadores pode ser considerado nesse cen&#225;rio (IIb, B).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11. Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS &#233; maior nos pacientes com c&#226;ncer e sobreviventes quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118"><sup>118</sup></xref> A HAS &#233; o principal fator de risco modific&#225;vel de eventos cardiovasculares nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119"><sup>119</sup></xref> A HAS, a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, a doen&#231;a cardiovascular e o c&#226;ncer t&#234;m fatores de risco em comum, como tabagismo, obesidade e diabetes. Muitos tipos de c&#226;ncer e seus tratamentos causam ou agravam a HAS preexistente por efeitos vasculares, endoteliais e renais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Recomenda-se a aferi&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica da press&#227;o arterial no paciente com c&#226;ncer (IIa, C).</p>
      <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o de agentes anti-hipertensivos deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o fatores de risco individuais, efeitos do tratamento antineopl&#225;sico e intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas. Estima-se que 35% dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer desenvolver&#227;o HAS ao longo do tratamento. Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de c&#226;ncer t&#234;m uma preval&#234;ncia maior de HAS que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> Pacientes com c&#226;ncer renal, g&#225;strico e ovariano t&#234;m n&#237;veis tensionais mais elevados que aqueles com outros s&#237;tios tumorais. Exposi&#231;&#227;o a quimioterapia &#233; um fator de risco independente para HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120"><sup>120</sup></xref> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>11.1. HAS e Tratamento Quimioter&#225;pico</title>
        <p>A terapia com inibidores de tirosina quinase anti-VEGF e inibidores de tirosina quinase multi-alvo acentua e induz HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"><sup>121</sup></xref> Os mecanismos s&#227;o redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e de angiog&#234;nese, levando a aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica. A terapia anti-VEGF leva &#224; reten&#231;&#227;o fluida por comprometer a natriurese, al&#233;m de induzir vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o mediada por endotelina-1 e microangiopatia tromb&#243;tica, semelhante &#224; fisiopatologia da eclampsia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"><sup>121</sup></xref> Em recente meta-an&#225;lise publicada, o uso dos inibidores de tirosina quinase anti-VEGF aumentou o risco de cardiotoxicidade, como HAS, sangramento e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A HAS foi a cardiotoxicidade vascular mais comum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122"><sup>122</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Os agentes alquilantes parecem induzir HAS por nefrotoxicidade, por&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; muita evid&#234;ncia de seu real efeito na press&#227;o arterial. A ciclofosfamida tem sido associada a complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares m&#250;ltiplas, como doen&#231;a veno-oclusiva no pulm&#227;o e f&#237;gado, doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A evid&#234;ncia pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica demonstra inj&#250;ria endotelial e anormalidades do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona nos animais tratados com ciclofosfamida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Tanto a ifosfamida quanto a cisplatina aparentemente induzem HAS por causar nefrotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123"><sup>123</sup></xref> Os agentes antimicrot&#250;bulos afetam a mitose, agindo na tubulina para impedir a polimeriza&#231;&#227;o do microt&#250;bulo. Estudos experimentais mostram que a vimblastina atua no endot&#233;lio e na apoptose, por&#233;m seu efeito na HAS &#233; desconhecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124"><sup>124</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125"><sup>125</sup></xref> A gencitabina e os inibidores de proteassoma podem desencadear HAS associada a microangiopatia tromb&#243;tica. As medica&#231;&#245;es adjuvantes utilizadas nos pacientes com c&#226;ncer associadas a HAS s&#227;o: corticosteroides, eritropoietina, inibidores de calcineurina e anti-inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11.2. HAS Induzida pelo C&#226;ncer</title>
        <p>A HAS pode ser uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o paraneopl&#225;sica do carcinoma hepatocelular, c&#226;ncer renal, doen&#231;a carcinoide, entre outras. Ocorre por produ&#231;&#227;o de renina, angiotensinog&#234;nio, angiotensina I ou catecolaminas. Entre indiv&#237;duos com carcinoma de c&#233;lulas renais, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS excede 75% e ocorre pela perda de n&#233;frons relacionada a nefrectomia e particularmente pelo tratamento com inibidores VEGF. Al&#233;m disso, o carcinoma renal pode secretar pept&#237;deos vasoativos, principalmente a endotelina-1. A presen&#231;a de HAS no c&#226;ncer renal pode significar doen&#231;a mais agressiva, com impacto negativo no progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126"><sup>126</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127"><sup>127</sup></xref> O feocromocitoma e o paraganglioma s&#227;o tumores neuroend&#243;crinos das c&#233;lulas cromafins, com incid&#234;ncia anual de 0,8 por 100 mil pessoas. A HAS relacionada a esses tumores &#233; causada por secre&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas (norepinefrina, epinefrina e dopamina) e pode estar associada a sintomas como cefaleia, palpita&#231;&#245;es e sudorese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128"><sup>128</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>O paciente com c&#226;ncer e HAS t&#234;m maior incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncias card&#237;aca e renal. A HAS &#233; fator de risco independente de DAC, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmia, sendo o principal fator de risco modific&#225;vel para evitar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129"><sup>129</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial deve ser aferida de maneira adequada e peri&#243;dica no paciente com c&#226;ncer (I, A).</p>
        <p>Pacientes em uso de inibidores de tirosina quinase anti-VEGF, inibidores de tirosina quinase multi-alvo, agentes alquilantes ou esteroides em altas doses devem ser submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o mais frequente da press&#227;o arterial (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>A meta da press&#227;o arterial no paciente com c&#226;ncer segue as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do paciente sem c&#226;ncer: &lt; 130 x 80 mmHg (IIa, B).</p>
        <p>O tratamento medicamentoso deve ser personalizado, por&#233;m a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de protein&#250;ria ou de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular determina a indica&#231;&#227;o de IECA ou AT1 (IIa, B).</p>
        <p>No caso de n&#227;o haver protein&#250;ria ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio do tipo diidropiridina (amlodipina) pode ser iniciado (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>Diur&#233;ticos devem ser utilizados com crit&#233;rio bem definido e vigil&#226;ncia pelo risco de hipovolemia e dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nico (verapamil e diltiazem) em pacientes com c&#226;ncer (III, B). Esses medicamentos, por serem metabolizados no CYP3A4, podem alterar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos quimioter&#225;picos.</p>
        <p>Sugere-se buscar causas secund&#225;rias de HAS, como hipovolemia e dor (IIa, C).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho, Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Correa Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p><bold>Coordenador de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estas diretrizes se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Guidelines</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Cardio-oncology Guideline &#8211; 2020</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0065-2194</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hoff</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Marcelo Gehm</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3176-9747</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diz</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Del Pilar Estevez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moulin Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3339-8866</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittar</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Salvadori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6306-2522</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rehder</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Harumi Higuchi dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rizk</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Itala</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Homem de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montera</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Westerlund</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Marinho Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5173-3499</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fukushima</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia Tizue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ver&#244;nica C&#226;mara dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Liguori Feliciano da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5704-7967</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel Maria Ramos</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Veronica Cristina Quiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Feres de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Barbosa Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Maria Pinto Domingues Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2462-2010</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sbano</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1963-2203</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pavanello</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dracoulakis</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna Deway Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoff</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assun&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Morhy Borges Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novis</surname>
            <given-names>Yana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6080-7429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Testa</surname>
            <given-names>Laura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Arist&#243;teles Comte de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia Beatriz Bittencourt Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7131-6614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Higa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-911X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcatti</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Tavares Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wiermann</surname>
            <given-names>Evanius Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Val</surname>
            <given-names>Renata do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Helano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff54">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Anelisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff55">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Maria de Cerqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff57">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Meton de Alencar Camara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff58">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sasse</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Deeke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff59">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff60">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Vanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6296-605X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-3672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do C&#226;ncer Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff33">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff34">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D'or Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff35">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff36">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff37">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff38">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff39">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff40">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff41">
          <label>11</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Pedi&#225;trica (SOBOPE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff42">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas e Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica (DCC/CP) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff43">
          <label>13</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff44">
          <label>14</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff45">
          <label>15</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio &#8211; HCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff46">
          <label>16</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff47">
          <label>17</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff48">
          <label>18</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff49">
          <label>19</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff50">
          <label>20</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff51">
          <label>21</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff52">
          <label>22</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff53">
          <label>23</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Oncologia do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff54">
          <label>24</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff55">
          <label>25</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff56">
          <label>26</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">NOB/Oncocl&#237;nicas, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff57">
          <label>27</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Cl&#237;nica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff58">
          <label>28</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo Americas Oncologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff59">
          <label>29</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo SOnhe, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff60">
          <label>30</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondence:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Postal Code: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t1b">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Brazilian Cardio-oncology Guideline &#8211; 2020</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these update, 2020.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Expert</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Type of relationship with industry</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ana Oliveira Hoff</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/> A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Bayer: thyroid cancer<break/>- Exelixis: thyroid cancer<break/>- Eli Lilly: thyroid cancer<break/>- United<break/>B - RESEARCH FUNDING UNDER YOUR DIRECT/PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY (DIRECTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OR INSTITUTION) FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Exelixis: thyroid cancer<break/>- Eli Lilly: thyroid cancer</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Andr&#233; Deeke Sasse</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Astellas: oncology<break/>- Bayer: oncology<break/>- Janssen: oncology<break/>- Merck Serono<break/>- MSD<break/>- Novartis<break/>- Roche<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- MSD: oncology<break/>- Janssen: oncology<break/>- Novartis: oncology</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anelisa Coutinho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Bayer: oncology<break/>- Amgen: oncology<break/>- Roche: oncology<break/>- Merck group<break/>- MSD <break/>- Lilly<break/>- Servier<break/>B - RESEARCH FUNDING UNDER YOUR DIRECT/PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY (DIRECTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OR INSTITUTION) FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Bristol: oncology<break/>- Servier: oncology<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Roche: oncology<break/>- Servier: oncology<break/>- Bayer: oncology<break/>- Merck group <break/>- Amgen<break/>- Sanofi</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ant&#244;nio Felipe Sim&#227;o</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- AstraZeneca: cardiology<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- AstraZeneca <break/>- Bayer</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Bayer: anticoagulants<break/>- Pfizer: anticoagulants<break/>- Daichii Sankyo: anticoagulants<break/>- AstraZeneca: anticoagulants<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Bayer: anticoagulants<break/>- Pfizer: anticoagulants<break/>- Zodiac: chemotherapy<break/>- Ferring</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Arist&#243;teles Comte de Alencar Filho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Novartis: Entresto<break/>- Sandoz: Pidezot</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bruna Morhy Borges Leal Assun&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Augusto Homem de Magalh&#227;es Campos</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carolina Maria Pinto Domingues Carvalho Silva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cecilia Beatriz Bittencourt Viana Cruz</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cesar Higa Nomura</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Clarissa Maria de Cerqueira Mathias</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cristina Salvadori Bittar</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diego Ribeiro Garcia</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dirceu Rodrigues Almeida</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Evanius Garcia Wiermann</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Sanofi: Xarelto<break/>- Novartis: Alpelisib<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Janssen: Abiraterona<break/>- Bayer: Xofigo<break/>- Libbs: Zedora</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernando Meton de Alencar Camara Vieira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- BMS: colorectal cancer (clinical research)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Gustavo dos Santos Fernandes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Roche: Bevacizumab e Trastuzumab<break/>- MSD: immunotherapy<break/>- BMS: immunotherapy<break/>- Bayer<break/>- Sanofi<break/>- Novartis<break/>B - RESEARCH FUNDING UNDER YOUR DIRECT/PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY (DIRECTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OR INSTITUTION) FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- BMS: immunotherapy<break/>- MSD: immunotherapy<break/>- Roche: immunotherapy</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Helano Freitas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ibraim Masciarelli F. Pinto</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- GE Healthcare: tomography<break/>- Novo Nordisk: farma</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva da Costa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jo&#227;o Cesar Nunes Sbano</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">J&#250;lia Tizue Fukushima</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Juliana Barbosa Sobral Alves</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Janssen: pulmonary hypertension<break/>- Bayer: hypertension</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Juliana Pereira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Laura Testa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Libbs: oncology<break/>- Novartis: oncology<break/>- Roche: oncology<break/>- Pfizer: oncology<break/>B - RESEARCH FUNDING UNDER YOUR DIRECT/PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY (DIRECTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OR INSTITUTION) FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Roche: oncologia - institutional financing<break/>- Lilly: oncologia - institutional financing<break/> - Novartis: oncologia - institutional financing<break/>- MSD: oncologia - institutional financing<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Pfizer: oncology<break/>- Libbs: oncology<break/>- United Medical: oncology</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Novartis: heart failure<break/>- Merck: heart failure<break/>B - RESEARCH FUNDING UNDER YOUR DIRECT/PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY (DIRECTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OR INSTITUTION) FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- AMGEN: heart failure<break/>- Novartis: heart failure</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Manuel Maria Ramos Valente Neto</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcelo Westerlund Montera</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcus Vinicius Bolivar Malachias</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Abbott: cardiology<break/>- Libbs: cardiology<break/>- Bayewr: cardiology<break/>- Novo Nordisk: cardiology<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- AstraZeneca <break/>- Bayer<break/>ANY ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT EQUITY INTEREST IN COMPANIES IN THE HEALTHCARE OR EDUCATION INDUSTRY OR IN ANY COMPANIES COMPETING WITH OR SUPPLYING TO SBC:<break/>- Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o de Minas Gerais, Cardio Check Up</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Carolina Feres de Almeida Soeiro</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira Moreira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Del Pilar Estevez Diz</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Ver&#244;nica C&#226;mara dos Santos</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marianna Deway Andrade Dracoulakis</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Pfizer: cardiology<break/>- Bayer: Xarelto<break/>- Daichii: Lixiana<break/>- Servier: cardiology<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Pfizer: Eliquis</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mar&#237;lia Harumi Higuchi dos Santos Rehder</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Eli Lilly from Brazil<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY, AS WELL AS ANY EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP WITH HEALTH INSURANCE COMPANIES OR MEDICAL AUDIT COMPANIES (INCLUDING PART-TIME JOBS) IN THE YEAR TO WHICH YOUR DECLARATION REFERS:<break/>- Pharmacovigilance Medical Manager</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Patricia Tavares Felipe Marcatti</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Paulo Marcelo Gehm Hoff</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Exelixis: oncology<break/>- Bayer: oncology<break/>- Lilly: oncology<break/>- United<break/>B - RESEARCH FUNDING UNDER YOUR DIRECT/PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY (DIRECTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OR INSTITUTION) FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Exelixis: oncology<break/>- Bayer: oncology<break/>- AstraZeneca: oncology<break/>- United<break/>- Lilly <break/>- Pfizer <break/>- Sanofi<break/>- Roche<break/>- BMS<break/>- MSD<break/>- Merck<break/>- Novartis<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>PARTICIPATION IN PROCUREMENT COMMITTEES FOR SUPPLIES OR DRUGS IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS OR ANY SIMILAR ROLES TAKEN:<break/>- Pharmacy Committee - ICESP</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Renata do Val</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ricardo Pavanello</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Bayer: Continuing Distance Education Program</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Roberto Kalil Filho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#237;lvia Marinho Martins Alves</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FINANCIAL DECLARATION<break/>A - ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PAYMENTS OF ANY KIND MADE TO (i) YOU, (ii) YOUR SPOUSE/PARTNER OR ANY OTHER PERSON LIVING WITH YOU, (iii) ANY LEGAL PERSON IN WHICH ANY OF THESE IS EITHER A DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROLLING OWNER, BUSINESS PARTNER, SHAREHOLDER OR PARTICIPANT; ANY PAYMENTS RECEIVED FOR LECTURES, LESSONS, TRAINING INSTRUCTION, COMPENSATION, FEES PAID FOR PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY BOARDS, INVESTIGATIVE BOARDS OR OTHER COMMITTEES, ETC. FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY: <break/>- Abbott: MitraClip<break/>OTHER RELATIONSHIPS<break/>FUNDING OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATION AND REGISTRATION IN CONFERENCES AND COURSES, FROM THE BRAZILIAN OR INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL, ORTHOSIS, PROSTHESIS, EQUIPMENT AND IMPLANTS INDUSTRY:<break/>- Abbott: mechanical circulatory assistance</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Silvia Moulin Ribeiro Fonseca</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Stephanie Itala Rizk</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Thiago Liguori Feliciano da Silva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Vanderson Rocha</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Veronica Cristina Quiroga Fonseca</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Wilson Mathias Junior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Yana Novis</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are currently the leading causes of mortality worldwide and in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The recent demographic and epidemiological transitions in Brazil have determined an increase in the population's life expectancy, today around 76 years, and a change in the health profile, in which chronic diseases and their complications prevail.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>These factors pose important challenges and require the development of a health policy agenda for the management of the ongoing transitions. The technological advances, the shortage of cost-effectiveness analyses and, in higher education settings, the little value attributed to health access and promotion, as well as to disease prevention, require the implementation of guidelines and consensus statements. These guidelines and consensus statements are aimed at helping the use of systematized protocols to adapt the clinical practice regardless of the geographic location of the health facilities and the heterogeneity of their resources.</p>
        <p>Recent advances in cancer detection and treatment have resulted in an exponential increase in the number of cancer survivors around the world. According to a recent estimate, by 2026, the United States will have 20 million cancer survivors, 50% of whom will be older than 70 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The care of an older population with history of cancer and CVD, compounded by the potential cardiovascular toxicity of the oncological treatment, requires specialists in the &#8216;cancer-CVD' interaction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In 1967, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity was first described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> In 1971, a study reported that anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity was dose-dependent and that the cardiac damage might be irreversible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Some years later, risk factors for chemotherapy-related ventricular dysfunction were identified, and biomarkers, such as troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), were related to the prediction of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Those findings were the cornerstone of cardio-oncology.</p>
        <p>Cardio-oncology is the field of science devoted to the early diagnosis and proper management of CVD in patients with the current or previous diagnosis of cancer. Furthermore, cardio-oncology comprises the analysis of not only the cardiovascular risks related to the oncological diagnosis, but also the patient's needs before, during and after the treatment. Cardio-oncology specialists should follow patients up since their diagnosis, through all treatment phases, and even after their cure, when the patients are called cancer survivors. The need for expansion of cardio-oncology relates directly to the epidemiology of cancer and CVD, the risk factors they share, and the multiplicity of treatments with distinct toxicities to the cardiovascular system (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The current frontiers of cardio-oncology</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In 2011, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology (SBOC) pioneered in joining forces to publish the I Guideline on Cardio-Oncology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> In 9 years, cardio-oncology has significantly grown as a discipline because of the following factors: a) remarkable advances in cancer treatment; b) understanding of multidisciplinarity and integration of cardiology, oncology and hematology as essentials for the care of cancer patients; c) implementation of fellowship programs across the world and insertion of &#8216;cardio-oncology' in the curriculum of some cardiology residency training programs; d) growth of research in basic and clinical areas; and e) creation of important journals dedicated to the subject, such as <italic>JACC CardioOncology</italic> and <italic>Cardio-Oncology</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>It is worth noting that, in 2019, Brazil hosted the <italic>V Global Cardio-Oncology Summit</italic>, to which specialists from several countries and approximately 600 professionals (cardiologists, oncologists, hematologists, nurses, physical therapists, pharmacists, physical educators) attended. The journal <italic>Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine</italic> published 89 abstracts, and the <italic>JACC CardioOncology</italic> published <italic>&#8220;Proceedings From the Global Cardio-Oncology Summit - The Top 10 Priorities to Actualize for CardioOncology</italic>&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The SBC and the SBOC, aiming at knowledge updating and promotion of a rational and systematic approach to cardiovascular complications in oncology patients, have gathered a team of experts to create new strategies, issue evidence-based recommendations, and develop multiprofessional healthcare, which will provide the proper management of that increasing category of patients.</p>
        <p>The goals of the <italic>Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020</italic> are as follows: 1) to demystify the belief of CVD as a barrier to the effective treatment of cancer patients; 2) to prevent and reduce the risks of treatment-related cardiotoxicity; 3) to promote the interaction among medical specialties (cardiology, hematology and oncology) to agree the best strategy for patient's care, weighing the risks and benefits of the treatment; 4) to propose the unification of terminologies and definitions of the cardiovascular complications of cancer patients, aiming at homogenizing care and research; 5) to disclose the evidence available on the management of cardiovascular complications in oncology patients, aiming at their early diagnosis by use of cardiovascular function monitoring before, during and after the treatment; 6) to promote proper treatment, with the participation of oncologists and hematologists, based on scientific evidence, risk analysis and care personalization, considering the patient's preferences; and 7) to boost research and knowledge spread in cardio-oncology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>The <italic>Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020</italic> gathers evidence on the cardiovascular complications of cancer patients available up to 2020.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>2. Methods</title>
        <p>The <italic>Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020</italic> abided by the ongoing recommendations. A team of experts in cardiology, hematology and oncology formed a committee to elaborate this manuscript. Participants were chosen based on their prominence in their fields, their participation in the International Cardio-Oncology Society (ICOS), SBC and SBOC, in addition to their scientific production.</p>
        <p>A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed in the period from 1975 to July 2020 with the following keywords: <italic>cardiotoxicity, cancer, immunotherapy, cardiooncology, cardiovascular complications, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, vascular toxicity, heart failure, ventricular dysfunction, pericardial disease, coronary disease, thromboembolism, arrhythmias, hypertension, individual drug names</italic>. The manuscript was sent electronically to all participants, and, after they all agreed on its content, it was formatted and sent to publication.</p>
        <p>The classes of recommendation and levels of evidence used in this guideline were as follows:</p>
        <p>Classes of recommendations:</p>
        <p>Grade I &#8211; there is conclusive evidence, or, failing that, a consensus that the procedure is safe and useful/effective.</p>
        <p>Grade II &#8211; there is conflicting evidence and/or divergent opinions on the safety and utility/effectiveness of the procedure:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Grade IIA: weight of the evidence/opinion is in favor of the procedure. Most experts approve;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Grade IIB: safety and utility/effectiveness are less well established, with no predominance of opinions in favor.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Grade III &#8211; there is evidence and/or expert consensus that the procedure is not useful/effective and, in some cases, can even be harmful.</p>
        <p>Levels of Evidence:</p>
        <p>Level A &#8211; data obtained from multiple, large, concordant randomized studies and/or robust meta-analyses of randomized clinical studies.</p>
        <p>Level B &#8211; data obtained from a less robust metaanalysis, based on a single randomized trial or on non-randomized (observational) studies.</p>
        <p>Level C &#8211; data obtained from consensus expert opinions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Complications in Cancer Patients</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Initial Cardiological Assessment</title>
          <p>The different types of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy, can result in damage to the cardiovascular system. Patients with previous CVD or cardiovascular risk factors have the highest likelihood of complications from cancer treatment. Thus, the treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in cancer patients are recommended.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The consultation of cancer patients with a cardiologist should comprise the control of cardiovascular risk factors, cardioprotective measures, adhesion to treatment, and a strategy to enable the early diagnosis of cardiac damage (I, B).</p>
          <p>Patients with cardiovascular risk factors or already established CVD and who will undergo a potentially cardiotoxic treatment [anthracyclines, anti-HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) agents, alkylating agents, inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, proteasome inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)] should be assessed by a cardiologist at the beginning of therapy and followed up according to specific protocols (I, B). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Table 1</xref> shows the antineoplastic treatments most associated with cardiovascular toxicity. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 2</xref> shows the factors associated with a higher risk for cardiotoxicity.</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Predisposing factors for the development of cardiotoxicity in cancer patients. Adapted from Zamorano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t17">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Antineoplastic therapies associated with cardiovascular toxicity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Classes of antineoplastic drugs</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Cardiovascular toxicity</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Radiotherapy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Myocardial ischemia and infarction<break/> Pericardial disease<break/> Heart valve disease<break/> Myocarditis <break/> Cardiac arrhythmia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Anthracyclines<break/> (doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Heart failure<break/> Asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction <break/> Myocarditis<break/> Pericarditis<break/> Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Alkylating agents <break/> (cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arrhythmias<break/> Ventricular dysfunction<break/> Coronary artery disease</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Platinum drugs (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Coronary thrombosis<break/> Myocardial ischemia<break/> Arterial hypertension</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Antimetabolite drugs<break/> (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Myocardial ischemia<break/> Coronary vasospasm<break/> Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">HER2-targeted therapies<break/> (trastuzumab, pertuzumab, T-DM1, lapatinib, neratinib)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Heart failure<break/> Asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction <break/> Arterial hypertension</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Inhibitors of VEGF signaling: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sunitinib, pazopanib, sorafenib, axitinib, tivozanib, cabozantinib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, vandetinib)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab, ramucirumab)</p></list-item></list> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arterial hypertension<break/> Heart failure<break/> Asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction <break/> Myocardial ischemia and infarction<break/> QTc prolongation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors:</p>
                        <p>Second- and third-generation BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ponatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arterial thrombosis<break/> (myocardial infarction, stroke and occlusive peripheral vascular disease<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>)<break/> Venous thromboembolism<break/> Arterial hypertension<break/> Heart failure<break/> Asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction <break/> Atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref> <break/> QTc prolongation<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref> <break/> Pulmonary hypertension<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">***</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Other multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>ALK inhibitors (crizotinib, ceritinib)</p></list-item><list-item><p>PI3-AKT-mTOR inhibitors (everolimus, sirolimus)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ibrutinib)</p></list-item><list-item><p>EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (osimertinib)</p></list-item></list> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Bradycardia, QTc prolongation<break/> Hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia<break/> Atrial fibrillation<break/> Heart failure, atrial fibrillation, QTc prolongation<break/> Atrial fibrillation, heart failure</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Therapy of multiple myeloma:<break/> Proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib, bortezomib, ixazomib)<break/> Immune modulators (lenalidomide, thalidomide, pomalidomide)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Heart failure<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">****</xref> <break/> Asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">****</xref> <break/> Myocardial ischemia and infarction<break/> Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias Venous thromboembolism<break/> Arterial thrombosis<break/> Arterial hypertension</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BRAF and MEK inhibitors:<break/> (dabrafenib + trametinib, <break/> vemurafenib + cobimetinib, encorafenib + binimetinib)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Heart failure<break/> Asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction <break/> Arterial hypertension <break/> QTc prolongation<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*****</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Antiandrogen therapies: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>GnRH agonists (goserelin, leuprolide)</p></list-item><list-item><p>GnRH antagonists (degarelix)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Antiandrogens (abiraterone)</p></list-item></list> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Atherosclerosis <break/> Myocardial ischemia and infarction<break/> Diabetes mellitus<break/> Arterial hypertension</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Immune checkpoint inhibitors:<break/> (nivolumab, ipilimumab, durvalumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Myocarditis<break/> Heart failure<break/> Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias Myocardial ischemia</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Associated with ponatinib</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Associated with ponatinib and nilotinib</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>Associated with dasatinib</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>****</label>
                <p>Associated with carfilzomib</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>*****</label>
                <p><italic>Associated with vemurafenib and cobimetinib. EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; QTc: corrected QT; T-DM1: ado-trastuzumab emtansine; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor</italic>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The multiprofessional team assessing the cancer patient should weigh the risks and supposed benefits of the therapy and implement strategies to prevent cardiovascular damage (IIa, C).</p>
          <p>Measuring and approaching the cardiovascular risk factors according to consensus and guidelines are recommended (I, A).</p>
          <p>In the initial cardiological assessment, the following are recommended: anamnesis, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, complete blood count, measurement of electrolytes and biomarkers [N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) and troponin I or high-sensitivity troponin T], folic acid, vitamins D and B12, glycemia, lipid profile, as well as kidney, liver and thyroid function (I, A) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Initial cardiologist assessment. *Ideally combined with LVEF three-dimensional assessment and myocardial strain quantification by speckle tracking. CMRI: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; CVD: cardiovascular disease; ECG: electrocardiogram; echo: echocardiography; HF: heart failure; Ica: serum ionic calcium; K: serum potassium; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; Mg: serum magnesium; Na: serum sodium; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; X-ray: radiography</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>In addition, in baseline and serial assessment according to the treatment regimen, transthoracic echocardiography with color Doppler, ideally three-dimensional, is recommended, with analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), diastolic function, and myocardial deformation with strain quantification by use of the speckle tracking technique (I, A).</p>
          <p>Collaboration between cardiologists, oncologists and hematologists is recommended to ensure the proper and beneficial treatment to cancer patients (IIa, A).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Diagnosis of Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Patients</title>
          <p>Cardiotoxicity can be diagnosed by confirming the presence of a new cardiovascular alteration (clinical and/or in biomarkers and/or in imaging) during or after treatment, once other etiologies have been excluded (I, B).</p>
          <p>Echocardiography is the method of choice to detect myocardial dysfunction related to the oncological treatment. Three-dimensional echocardiography is the best echocardiographic method to measure LVEF in cancer patients. When not available or in the presence of limitations, biplane Simpson method is recommended (I, A).</p>
          <p>Ventricular dysfunction related to cancer therapy is defined as a reduction &#8805; 10% in LVEF to a value below the lower limit of the normal range (LVEF &lt; 50%). A new cardiovascular imaging test should be performed in 2 to 3 weeks (I, B).</p>
          <p>That LVEF reduction occurs in the course of treatment, and can be classified as symptomatic or asymptomatic and reversible or irreversible (I, B).</p>
          <p>Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a highly sensitive tool to predict later LVEF reduction. A GLS reduction &#8805; 15% in regard to baseline is considered abnormal and an early marker of ventricular dysfunction (I, B).</p>
          <p>Diastolic function analysis is recommended in oncological patients, both before therapy starts and during follow-up (IIa, C). However, there is no evidence that the treatment should be interrupted based on diastolic function.</p>
          <p>Radionuclide ventriculography is not recommended for ventricular function assessment in cancer patients (III, B).</p>
          <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is the gold-standard method to assess cardiac function. It enables structural assessment and tissue characterization, being recommended when echocardiography cannot be performed, in the presence of infiltrative diseases, for pericardial and myocardial evaluation, and for the detection of masses and tumors (IIa, B). In addition, CMRI can assess prognosis by analyzing myocardial fibrosis.</p>
          <p>The routine use of biomarkers during a potentially cardiotoxic treatment has not been well established. Monitoring cardiotoxicity by measuring biomarkers can be considered for the early detection of myocardial damage in patients at high risk due to previous factors or those exposed to drugs, such as anthracyclines and trastuzumab (IIa, B). Neither the best time for measuring biomarkers regarding chemotherapy (during chemotherapy, 24 hours after, 48 hours after or later) nor the best management when high levels of biomarkers are detected are known. In addition, in the course of treatment, the same analysis kits of biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity troponin and NT-proBNP assays, should be used (IIa, C).</p>
          <p>High levels of biomarkers (NT-proBNP and troponin) indicate increased risk for cardiotoxicity (I, A).</p>
          <p>On initial assessment and throughout treatment, ECG should be performed. The QTc should be calculated by using Bazett's [QT / (RR)<sup>1/2</sup>] or Fridericia's [QT / (RR)<sup>1/3</sup>] formula, and the same method should be used for the patient's serial assessment. In cancer patients, the Fridericia's formula is preferred, because it undergoes less change in the presence of tachycardia or bradycardia (IIa, C).</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Table 2</xref> describes the cardiovascular diagnostic methods and their major advantages, uses, and limitations.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t18">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiovascular diagnostic methods and their major advantages, uses, and limitations</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gt01-en.tif"/></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Ventricular Dysfunction</title>
        <p>Ventricular dysfunction is one of the most severe complications from cancer treatment, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. It may appear during therapy or years after completion of therapy and even so be consequent to drug toxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> The classic model of ventricular dysfunction as a form of cardiotoxicity is secondary to the use of anthracyclines, which are widely used to treat sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, and breast cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The different chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs associated with ventricular dysfunction result in different phenotypes in patients, ranging from asymptomatic mild and reversible dysfunction to severe, clinically manifest and irreversible heart failure (HF). Pediatric cancer survivors are up to 15 times more likely to develop HF than controls matched for other risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Predicting cardiotoxicity is a challenge, because of the multiplicity of drugs to which patients are exposed throughout life, in addition to the often-present cardiovascular risk factors. It is worth noting the multiple drug interactions of the different therapeutic regimens, such as those of anthracyclines with cyclophosphamide and anthracyclines with trastuzumab.</p>
        <p>In recent years, with the introduction of new chemotherapy drugs and the advent of immunotherapy, in addition to the introduction of protocols for early detection of cardiotoxicity, ventricular dysfunction has been increasingly diagnosed. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Table 3</xref> shows the antineoplastic drugs more often associated with ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t19">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chemotherapy drugs associated with ventricular dysfunction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Chemotherapy drugs</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Incidence (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Anthracyclines (dose-dependent)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)<break/> 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup><break/> 550 mg/m<sup>2</sup><break/> 700 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3-5<break/> 7-26<break/> 18-48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idarubicin &gt; 90 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5-18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Epirubicin &gt; 900 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.9-11.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitoxantrone &gt; 120 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Liposomal doxorubicin &gt;900 mg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cyclophosphamide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7-28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ifosfamide<break/> &lt; 10 g/m<sup>2</sup><break/> 12.5-16 g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5<break/> 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Antimetabolites</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Clofarabine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Antimicrotubule agents</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Docetaxel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.3-13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Paclitaxel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>HER2 targeted therapies</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Trastuzumab</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.7-20.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pertuzumab</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.7-1.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Monoclonal antibodies</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bevacizumab</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.6-4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Tyrosine kinase inhibitors</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sunitinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.7-19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pazopanib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7-11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sorafenib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4-8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dasatinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2-4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Imatinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2-2.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lapatinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2-1.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nilotinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Proteasome inhibitors</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Carfilzomib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11-25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bortezomib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2-5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>
                <italic>HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Adapted from Zamorano et al.22</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Anthracyclines</title>
          <p>Anthracyclines consist in a group of antineoplastic drugs known to be effective in treating sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, and breast cancer. Their clinical use is limited by cardiotoxicity characterized by ventricular dysfunction and HF, which are the main causes of mortality in cancer survivors.</p>
          <p>The toxicity of anthracyclines is highly variable and can occur in up to 50% of the patients, depending on the patient's risk factors and the pharmacological properties of the chemotherapy drugs, such as cumulative dose. For example, doxorubicin is associated with a 5% incidence of HF at the cumulative dose of up to 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, and that incidence can reach 50% if the dose exceeds 700 mg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> A recent study with 2625 patients in a 5-year follow-up has shown a 9% overall incidence of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, and 98% of the cases were asymptomatic and occurred in the first year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Cardiotoxicity can be acute, early or late, reversible or irreversible. Acute toxicity is characterized by the presence of supraventricular arrhythmia, left ventricular dysfunction and electrocardiographic changes, which appear right after anthracycline infusion in up to 1% of the patients, being usually reversible. Acute ventricular dysfunction can be a predictor of HF, which can be subacute or chronic. Early cardiotoxicity appears in the first year of treatment, while late cardiotoxicity appears years after treatment, on average, 7 years after completion of treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>There is no predictor of the reversibility/irreversibility of the anthracycline-induced toxicity. However, the elevation in the levels of biomarkers and its persistence can identify patients at high risk for irreversibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The tendency towards cardiotoxicity varies with the different treatment regimens, and doxorubicin is the anthracycline most associated with ventricular dysfunction. Cardiotoxicity is dose-dependent, and reducing the cumulative dose is a way to minimize it. Changes in infusion, such as prolonging its duration, splitting the dose and using liposomal formulations, can prevent cardiotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> A recent experimental study has suggested that ischemic preconditioning might prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Mechanistic studies have shown that anthracycline-induced ventricular dysfunction is associated with: 1) damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; 2) changes in myofibrillar structure and function; 3) total or partial loss of matrix interspersed with collagen plaques in the interstitium; 4) change in the excitation-contraction coupling and calcium flow; 5) apoptosis; 6) changes in iron metabolism; and 7) loss of the regeneration capacity of the cardiac muscle and coronary endothelial cells. The consequence is dysfunction and hypertrophy of the remaining myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> The common trigger for those events seems to be related to the oxidative stress caused by the production of reactive oxygen species, in addition to the inhibition of topoisomerase 2&#946;, resulting in damage to membranes, proteins and DNA. The following observations support the importance of oxidative stress in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: a) over-expression of metallothionein, a free radical scavenger, in the heart of transgenic mice minimizes the doxorubicin-induced injury; b) inhibition of the formation of peroxynitrite, a reactive oxidant produced from nitric oxide and superoxide, improves the cardiac function of mice exposed to doxorubicin; c) probucol, a strong antioxidant, prevents glutathione peroxidase reduction and reduces doxorubicin-related myocardial lipid peroxidation in a murine model; d) dexrazoxane is a chelating agent like EDTA that can prevent anthracycline damage via iron binding, which acts as a cofactor for free radicals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Diastolic dysfunction due to cumulative dose-dependent toxicity can be observed with a cumulative dose of 200 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, while systolic dysfunction is usually observed with doses over 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, with variability according to an individual threshold. However, impaired diastolic function has been observed with the cumulative dose of only 120 mg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">Table 4</xref> shows the risk factors associated with a higher likelihood of anthracycline-induced toxicity, of which previous heart disease, cumulative dose and fast drug infusion stand out. However, in the presence of the same risk factors, there is an important variability in the occurrence of cardiotoxicity among patients, which might be related to genetic factors and interactions with unknown factors.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t20">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk factors for anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gt02-en.tif"/></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Polymorphisms in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes are associated with anthracycline cardiomyopathy. Those transporters play an important role in drug resistance via cellular efflux of drugs, including anthracyclines. Reduced activity can lead to intracellular accumulation of anthracycline and cellular toxicity. Variants in that family of genes replicated in cohorts of childhood cancer patients include <italic>ABCC5</italic> (A-1629T, rs7627754), associated with a significant LVEF reduction in T-allele homozygous survivors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> In addition, a variant in histamine methyltransferase <italic>HNMT</italic> (rs17583889) confers risk in young patients exposed to anthracyclines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Table 5</xref> shows the pharmacogenetic variants that predispose to anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t21">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Variantes farmacogen&#233;ticas associadas &#224; cardiotoxicidade das antraciclinas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gt03-en.tif"/></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>During treatment with anthracyclines, clinical and echocardiographic monitoring is recommended at a pre-established frequency or out of protocol in the presence of HF signs and symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Ideally, the echocardiographic assessment should comprise biventricular systolic and diastolic function analysis (I, A) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic monitoring and analysis of biomarkers in patients using anthracyclines. Echo: echocardiogram; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; QT: chemotherapy</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2. HER2-targeted Therapies</title>
          <p>Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeted at the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2 or ErbB2). For 15-20% of the patients with breast cancer whose tumors over express HER2, therapy with trastuzumab significantly reduces mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Its use is associated with a considerable risk of cardiotoxicity, clinically manifested by an asymptomatic decline in LVEF and, less commonly, by symptomatic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> After the introduction of trastuzumab, three other anti-HER2 agents were developed: lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor (EGFR), ERBB1 and HER2; ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), a conjugated antibody composed by trastuzumab, a thioester linker and an antimitotic maytansine derivative; and pertuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the subdomain II of the HER2 extracellular domain and prevents HER2 homo- and heterodimerization with other HER receptors. Although data on those new drugs are scarce, there is evidence that T-DM1 and pertuzumab are less cardiotoxic than trastuzumab.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The LVEF decline rate consequent to trastuzumab use varies in the literature. Recent studies have reported, in 15% to 40% of the patients on trastuzumab, a LVEF reduction of at least 10%, and, in 18% of the patients, a LVEF drop to less than 53%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> Symptomatic HF has been reported in 0.6% to 8.7% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>One difference between the toxicity of anti-HER2 agents and that of anthracyclines is the reversibility of the former in most cases. The determinants of reversibility are previous cardiovascular function and the extent of LVEF decline related to treatment. A recent study has shown that all LVEF declines smaller than 10% were reversible. However, for LVEF declines greater than 10%, reversibility was observed in 91% of the patients with normal baseline cardiovascular function as compared to only 71.4% of those with reduced LVEF prior to exposure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Some studies have reported that, even in the presence of cardiotoxicity, 70% to 80% of patients continue receiving trastuzumab and that the highest likelihood of cardiovascular toxicity and mortality related to treatment is observed in patients with previously reduced LVEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Trastuzumab-induced ventricular dysfunction and clinically manifest HF are usually reversible after chemotherapy interruption and/or after beginning HF treatment. The mechanisms of the anti-HER2 therapy-induced cardiotoxicity include structural and functional changes in contractile proteins and mitochondria, but rarely lead to cellular death, explaining the potential reversibility. The interruption of trastuzumab treatment is associated with an increase in cancer recurrence, and cardiotoxicity is the major responsible for drug suspension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">Table 6</xref> shows the risk factors for cardiotoxicity induced by anti-HER2 therapy.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t22">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Anti-HER2 therapy and risk factors for cardiotoxicity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Agents</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Risk factors for cardiotoxicity</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="middle">Anti-HER2 <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Trastuzumab</p></list-item><list-item><p>Pertuzumab</p></list-item><list-item><p>T-DM1</p></list-item></list> <break/> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Previous or concomitant treatment with anthracycline</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Age &gt; 50 years</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Body mass index &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Previous left ventricular dysfunction</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Arterial hypertension</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Previous mediastinal radiotherapy</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <p><italic>HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; T-DM1: ado-trastuzumab emtansine</italic>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>During treatment with trastuzumab, clinical and echocardiographic monitoring is recommended according to protocol or in the presence of HF signs and symptoms (I, A) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic monitoring and analysis of biomarkers in patients using anti-HER2 drugs. Echo, echocardiogram; RF, risk factors; HF, heart failure; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3. VEGF Inhibitors</title>
          <p>The inhibition of VEGF signaling pathways benefits thousands of cancer patients, but some chemotherapy drugs of that class are associated with the risk of cardiotoxicity, which can be reversible or irreversible, particularly in the presence of concomitant or previous use of other chemotherapy drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The relative risk of congestive HF in bevacizumab-treated patients was 4.74 (95% CI: 1.6-11.18; p = 0.001) compared to that of the placebo group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> In addition, other drugs, such as sunitinib, pazopanib and axitinib, have been associated with the development of ventricular dysfunction. A meta-analysis including 10 553 patients has reported congestive HF incidence of 3.2% (95% CI: 1.8% - 5.8%) with the use of VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a common complication of that class of chemotherapy drugs, and some studies have suggested that the proper treatment of SAH might reduce the risk of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> The prognosis of patients who develop cardiotoxicity associated with VEGF inhibitors is hard to assess, because candidates for treatment with such drugs usually have metastatic disease and reduced life expectancy. Most cases reverse with the treatment of ventricular dysfunction. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Table 7</xref> shows the risk factors for cardiotoxicity.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t23">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Therapy with VEGF inhibitors and risk factors for cardiotoxicity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">VEGF Inhibitors</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Antibodies <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Bevacizumab</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ramucirumab</p></list-item></list> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Pre-existing HF, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, ischemic heart disease<break/> Previous use of anthracycline</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Tyrosine kinase inhibitors <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Sunitinib</p></list-item><list-item><p>Pazopanib</p></list-item><list-item><p>Axitinib</p></list-item><list-item><p>Neratinib</p></list-item><list-item><p>Afatinib</p></list-item><list-item><p>Sorafenib</p></list-item><list-item><p>Desatinib</p></list-item></list> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arterial hypertension<break/> Pre-existing heart disease</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p><italic>HF: heart failure</italic>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>4.3.1. BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors</title>
            <p>The BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors have changed the prognosis of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. The cardiotoxicity of imatinib has not been confirmed; however, nilotinib and ponatinib may be associated with cardiotoxicity involving HF, SAH, arrhythmias and thromboembolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4. Therapies for Multiple Myeloma</title>
          <p>Proteasome inhibitors are relatively new drugs to treat multiple myeloma. Bortezomib and carfilzomib belong to this class of drugs and can cause cardiovascular dysfunction. Proteasomes are protein complexes responsible for degrading dysfunctional proteins, being essential for the cardiomyocyte survival. The incidence of bortezomib-related HF is 4% and it can be compounded by the use of steroids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> In addition to being irreversible, carfilzomib is the most potent proteasome inhibitor and can cause HF in up to 25% of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5. BRAF and MEK Inhibitors</title>
          <p>The combined BRAF-MEK inhibitor therapy is currently the first choice for metastatic BRAF<italic>-</italic>mutant melanoma, because it significantly improves patients' survival. So far, three BRAF inhibitors (dabrafenib, vemurafenib and encorafenib) and three MEK inhibitors (trametinib, cobimetinib and binimetinib) have been approved for the treatment of melanoma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"><sup>55</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Several studies have reported cardiovascular adverse effects associated with those inhibitors, mainly LVEF reduction (5-11%), SAH (10-15%), and QT interval prolongation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref> The inhibition of BRAF and MEK interferes with cardiovascular MAPK signaling, resulting in oxidative stress, cardiac myocyte apoptosis, and angiogenesis inhibition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>A recent meta-analysis, including five randomized clinical trials and 2317 patients with melanoma and receiving BRAF and MEK inhibitors, has shown that the concomitant treatment with those inhibitors is associated with an increased risk for pulmonary embolism (4.4x), LVEF reduction (3.72x), and SAH (1.5x). There was no increase in the occurrence of arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and QT prolongation. A higher risk for HF was detected in patients under the age of 55 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58"><sup>58</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.6. Taxanes</title>
          <p>Paclitaxel and docetaxel are used to treat several solid neoplasms. Cardiotoxicity is not frequent with this group of drugs, occurring in 12 out of 100 (RR: 0.9 [0.53 -1.54]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref> Docetaxel, in particular, seems to be associated with an increase in the occurrence of ventricular dysfunction. Some reports have suggested that taxanes should be avoided in patients with previous ventricular dysfunction, and the same non-use criteria of anthracyclines apply. Taxanes have been reported to cause sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular blocks, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular extrasystoles. However, because taxanes are used in combination with anthracyclines, determining their cardiotoxicity potential is challenging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.7. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors</title>
          <p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer treatment. The ICIs modulate the immune system, inhibiting the apoptosis of T lymphocytes, restoring the antitumor cell response. Their anti-apoptotic action comprises the inhibition of CTLA-4 (ipilimumab), PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab), and PDL-1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figure 6</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref> </p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Major immune checkpoint inhibitors related to cardiotoxicity and its management</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The cardiotoxicity of ICIs can be divided into two categories: inflammatory adverse effects (myocarditis, pericarditis, and vasculitis) and non-inflammatory cardiovascular toxicity (Takotsubo-like syndrome, asymptomatic non-inflammatory ventricular dysfunction, and arrhythmias). Most cases reported are severe, with mortality rates of 50% in myocarditis, 21% in pericardial disease, and 6% in vasculitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref> The major causes of mortality from myocarditis are arrhythmias and cardiogenic shock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64"><sup>64</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The adverse events usually occur after the first or second dose of ICIs, but sporadic cardiovascular events have been reported up to 32 weeks after treatment. The prevalence of cardiovascular involvement is higher in patients on combined therapy, of the female sex, and older than 75 years. The prevalence of myocarditis varies from 0.06% to 0.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>For patients who develop new cardiovascular symptoms during or right after treatment with ICIs or who have arrhythmia, conduction system abnormality or ventricular dysfunction on the echocardiogram, initiating cardiovascular investigation with measurement of biomarkers (troponin, NT-proBNP and C-reactive protein), ECG, viral panel test, strain echocardiography and CMRI is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and exclude viral myocarditis (IIa, C).</p>
          <p>Endomyocardial biopsy should be considered in case of diagnostic suspicion even when the initial investigation is negative (IIa, C).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Radiotherapy</title>
        <p>The current incidence of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity is hard to estimate, among other reasons, because of the long interval between exposure and the clinical manifestation of cardiotoxicity, the concomitant use of cardiotoxic chemotherapy, and the progressive improvement in radiation techniques in recent years with the consequent reduction in the incidence of cardiac structural damage. Some studies have reported relative risk of fatal cardiovascular events varying from 2.2% to 12.7% in lymphoma survivors and from 1% to 2.2% in breast cancer patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref> Among survivors exposed to radiotherapy, the risk of ventricular dysfunction increases 4.9 times.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref> Radiation-related cardiotoxicity is more frequent in patients with left-sided breast cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> and in those on the concomitant use of anthracyclines. The radiation-induced injury can affect the cardiac muscle, valves, pericardium, coronary arteries and conduction system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68"><sup>68</sup></xref> and can be diagnosed 10 to 15 years after radiotherapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Cardiotoxicity Prevention and Treatment</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Cardiotoxicity should be prevented in all cancer patients and the cardiovascular risk factors should be recognized since the initial consultation. The following measures are recommended: smoking and alcoholism cessation, implementation of a regular diet aimed at maintaining a proper weight (body mass index between 18 and 24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), physical exercise practice (moderate aerobic activity for 30 minutes per day at least 5 times per week), SAH control, treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia (I, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are the drugs of choice to treat SAH. Statins are recommended to treat dyslipidemia, aiming at maintaining LDL levels below 100 mg/dL. Metformin is the drug of choice to treat diabetes and, when HF is associated, SGLT2 inhibitors (empaglifozin, dapaglifozin, canaglifozin) should be used. In the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), GLP-1 agonists (liraglutide, dulaglutide and semaglutide) should be preferred (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>When assessing the therapeutic proposal, the risk factors for cardiotoxicity should be identified and specific measures implemented according to the regimen (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with subclinical cardiotoxicity [troponin elevation or SLG reduction (absolute &#8805; 5% or relative &#8805; 15%)]:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>the use of ACEI or ARB or beta-blocker can be considered, aiming at preventing ventricular dysfunction and cardiovascular events (IIa, B);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>repeat strain echocardiography every 3 months and measurement of biomarkers every cycle, if asymptomatic, or at any time, if symptoms appear (IIa, C);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>chemotherapy should not be suspended based on alterations in strain and biomarkers (IIa, C);</p>
                <p>consider referring the patient to the cardio-oncologist (IIa, C);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>consider ruling ischemic heart disease out (IIa, C);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>consider initiating dexrazoxane in patients who will undergo high doses of anthracyclines and at high risk for cardiotoxicity (IIa, B).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with LVEF &#8804; 50% and &#8805; 40%, therapy with ACEI/ARB and beta-blocker is recommended before initiating a cardiotoxic treatment (I, A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients with LVEF &#8804; 40% should not receive therapy with anthracycline unless there is no effective treatment option (IIa, A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients on chemotherapy or immunotherapy, who develop HF and LVEF &lt; 40% during treatment, should have their antineoplastic treatment suspended temporarily based on the discussion with the cardiologist and the oncologist, and therapy for HF should begin based on guidelines and consensus statements (I, A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients on potentially cardiotoxic drugs, who develop HF signs or symptoms, should be referred to the cardio-oncologist for clinical assessment, echocardiography, and measurement of biomarkers (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figures 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">8</xref> show the algorithms that should be considered for the management of ventricular dysfunction induced by anthracyclines and anti-HER2 (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity, after symptom stabilization and LVEF recovery to &gt; 40%, trastuzumab reintroduction should be considered, provided that the patient is followed up by a cardio-oncologist, with serial assessment by use of echocardiography and biomarkers (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity, if symptoms do not improve and LVEF persists below 40%, trastuzumab should only be reintroduced if there is no therapeutic alternative and after thorough discussion with the oncologist (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients on sunitinib or other anti-VEGF drug, SAH assessment and proper control are recommended (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients on monoclonal antibodies or anti-VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors (bevacizumab, sunitinib, sorafenib, axitinib and pazopanib), the highest risk for HF occurs at the beginning of therapy. In the presence of signs and symptoms, the patient should be assessed with echocardiography and measurement of biomarkers (IIa, B). Cardio-oncologist consultation, HF treatment initiation, and discussion of drug suspension with the oncologist are recommended (IIa, C). After clinical and LVEF recovery, consider resuming chemotherapy (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with HF or ventricular dysfunction, drug treatment should be instituted according to guidelines (I, A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The indication for circulatory assistance device or heart transplantation follows the Brazilian Guideline on Acute and Chronic Heart Failure recommendations. Before the indication, the patient's <italic>status</italic> and oncological prognosis should be discussed with the oncologist, always considering the patient's preferences.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The indication for heart transplantation of cancer patients follows the Brazilian Guideline on Acute and Chronic Heart Failure recommendations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t24">Table 8</xref>). However, patients with acute or chronic HF should only be considered for transplantation when meeting criteria of cancer remission or cure for more than 3 years (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>If myocarditis due to ICIs is suspected or confirmed, the therapy with ICIs should be interrupted and corticosteroid initiated immediately (intravenous methylprednisolone, 1g per day, for 3 to 5 days, followed by prednisone, 1-2 mg/kg/day). Corticosteroid should be kept until resolution of the symptoms and normalization of troponin, systolic function and conduction abnormalities (IIa, C). In cases of pericarditis, oral corticosteroid is recommended (IIa, C). For Takotsubo syndrome, pulse therapy can be considered (IIa, C), and, for dilated cardiomyopathy, support treatment is recommended (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">Table 9</xref>).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with refractory myocarditis or in severe situations with cardiogenic shock, other immunosuppressant therapies, such as antithymocyte globulin, infliximab (except for patients with HF), mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide or abatacept, should be considered (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients with tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia induced by ICIs, proper drug therapy and pacemaker should be considered according to the clinical characteristics (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Therapy with ICIs should be discontinued in cases of myocarditis. The decision on resuming therapy should be individualized according to cancer <italic>status</italic>, response to treatment and cardiotoxicity severity, and analyzing the risks and benefits. If ICIs are resumed, monotherapy with one anti-PD1 drug and cardiovascular surveillance are recommended (IIa, C).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Consider the use of dexrazoxane for patients with metastatic breast cancer and a planned high dose of anthracycline (doxorubicin &gt; 250 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) (I, A), for patients with sarcoma and for pediatric patients with lymphoma/leukemia (IIa, A).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Algorithm for the management of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction induced by anthracyclines. chemo: chemotherapy; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Algorithm for the management of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction induced by anti-HER2 therapy. chemo: chemotherapy; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t24">
          <label>Table 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for heart transplantation. Coordinating Committee of the Brazilian Guideline on Acute and Chronic Heart Failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69"><sup>69</sup></xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Recommendation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Class</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Level of evidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">For patients with acute heart failure and/or cardiogenic shock with low recovery potential, assessment of heart transplant candidacy should begin early and be as thorough as possible, including psychosocial assessment, even in the presence of difficulties inherent in acute findings.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">For patients with refractory cardiogenic shock and no proper myocardial function recovery, heart transplant candidacy should consider the hemodynamic instability grade, presence of multiorgan dysfunctions, comorbidities, and the transplant center experience. Prognostic scores might help estimate the post-transplant mortality risk in the short and long run.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IIa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t25">
          <label>Table 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adverse effects of the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and therapeutic strategies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Potential CV events related to ICIs</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Diagnostic methods</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Potential initial approach for treatment</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Potential additional therapy if stable and not responding to initial approach</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Potential additional therapy if unstable</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Myocarditis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Non-invasive: CMRI, troponin, ECG<break/> Invasive: biopsy and pathology</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Methylprednisolone, 1g/day for 3-5 days, followed by prednisone, 1.5mg/kg, with ambulatory troponin monitoring.<break/> Standard therapy for HF with neuro-hormonal blocker, if LVEF is reduced.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mycophenolate, 500-750mg 2x/day<break/> Plasmapheresis<break/> Intravenous immunoglobulin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Antithymocyte<break/> globulin<break/> Abatacept<break/> Alemtuzumab<break/> Mechanical circulatory support</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pericarditis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Non-invasive: echocardiography<break/> Invasive: fluid analysis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prednisone, 1.5mg/kg/day, with ambulatory dose reduction for 2 months.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Methylprednisolone, 1g/day for 3-5 days<break/> Mycophenolate, 500-750mg 2x/day</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pericardial drainage if huge pericardial effusion with signs of hemodynamic instability is present</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Takotsubo syndrome</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Non-invasive:<break/> echocardiography, CMRI<break/> Invasive: coronary cineangiography and ventriculography</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Standard therapy for HF with neuro-hormonal blocker, if LVEF is reduced.<break/> Consider methylprednisolone, 1g/day for 3-5 days, followed by oral prednisone with dose reduction for 4-6 weeks.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mycophenolate, 500-750mg 2x/day</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mechanical circulatory support</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Non-invasive: CMRI, echocardiography, troponin, natriuretic peptide<break/> Invasive: coronary cineangiography and ventriculography</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Standard therapy for HF with neuro-hormonal blocker, if LVEF is reduced.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cardiac resynchronization therapy<break/> Implantable cardioverter defibrillator</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p><italic>This table details the CV toxicities associated with ICIs and potential management strategies. Many strategies listed for toxicities other than myocarditis have been extrapolated from the literature on myocarditis and based on small case series or case reports. CMRI: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; CV: cardiovascular; ECG: electrocardiogram; HF: heart failure; ICIs: immune checkpoint inhibitors; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. Table adapted from: Lenihan DJ et al. Proceedings</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Arterial and Venous Thromboembolism</title>
        <p>Thromboembolic disease is common in cancer patients, being considered the second cause of mortality in that population.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Venous Thromboembolism</title>
          <p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) comprises deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). It is a severe complication in cancer patients, being their second cause of death. Neoplasms are associated not only with an increase in the risk for VTE and in its severity, but also with thrombosis recurrence, which result in higher rates of treatment-related complications. Moreover, cancer patients have a 2- to 9-times higher chance of recurrence of thromboembolic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Cancer induces a pro-thrombotic state because of the following: production of thrombogenic microparticles; platelet activation; its antifibrinolytic properties; and thrombin production. In addition, thrombogenesis is intensified by factors related to cancer type, disease <italic>status</italic>, concomitant use of drugs,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> such as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, presence of anemia and leukocytosis, obesity and thrombogenic laboratory phenotype, such as high levels of D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1+2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>In the past 5 years, some clinical trials on the cancer population were published, allowing the expansion of the therapeutic arsenal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t26">Table 10</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76"><sup>76</sup></xref> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t26">
            <label>Table 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical studies on venous thromboembolism in cancer patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Study</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Population</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Intervention</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Primary efficacy outcomes</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Primary safety outcome</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Primary prevention</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CASSINI trial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">841 ambulatory cancer patients at high risk for VTE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rivaroxaban 10mg vs placebo 6 months</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">DVT or PE or VTE-related death<break/> HR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.4-1.09</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Major bleeding<break/> 1.0% vs 2.0%<break/> HR: 1.96; 95%CI: 0.59-6.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AVERT trial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">574 ambulatory cancer patients at high risk for VTE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Apixaban 2.5mg 2x/day vs placebo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Documented VTE 4.2% vs 10.2%<break/> HR: 0.41; 95%CI: 0.26-0.65</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Major bleeding<break/> 3.5% vs 1.8%<break/> HR: 2.0; 95%CI: 1.0-3.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">Treatment</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">HOKUSAI VTE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1050 cancer patients with acute symptomatic or incidental VTE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">LMWH for 5 days + edoxaban 60mg vs dalteparin Treatment: 6 months</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">VTE recurrence or major bleeding<break/> 12.8% vs 13%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Major bleeding<break/> 6.9% vs 4%<break/> HR: 1.77; 95%CI: 1.03-3.0<sup>4</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SELECT-D</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">406 cancer patients with symptomatic PE or VTE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rivaroxaban vs dalteparin<break/> Treatment: 6 months</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">VTE recurrence: 4% vs 11%<break/> HR: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.19-0.99</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Major bleeding<break/> 6% vs 4%<break/> HR:1.83; 95%CI: 0.68-4.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ADAM-VTE trial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">300 patients with VTE associated with cancer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Apixaban 10mg 2x/day for 7 days followed by 5mg 2x/day vs dalteparin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">VTE recurrence: 0.7% vs 6.3%<break/> HR: 0.099; 95%CI: 0.013-0.78</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Major bleeding<break/> 0% vs 1.4%<break/> HR: 1.96; 95%CI: 0.59-6.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Caravaggio Study<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1055 cancer patients with symptomatic or incidental VTE or PE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Apixaban 10mg for 10 days followed by 5mg/day vs dalteparin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">VTE recurrence: 5.6% vs 7.9%<break/> HR: 0.63; 95%CI: 0.37-1.07</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Major bleeding<break/> 3.8% vs 4%<break/> HR: 0.82; 95%CI: 0.4-1.69</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Randomized clinical trial; CASSINI = rivaroxaban in ambulatory cancer patients at high risk for VTE; AVERT = apixaban for VTE prevention in cancer patients; HOKUSAI VTE = edoxaban <italic>versus</italic> dalteparin to treat symptomatic VTE; SELECT-D = anticoagulation in patients at high risk for VTE recurrence; ADAM VTE = apixaban and dalteparin in VTE associated with active neoplasm; Caravaggio Study = apixaban to treat VTE associated with cancer. CI: confidence interval; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; HR: hazard ratio; LMWH: low-molecular-weight heparin; PE: pulmonary embolism; VTE: venous thromboembolism; Table adapted from: Lenihan DJ <italic>et al</italic>. Proceedings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The recommendations for VTE management in cancer patients are:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>The multiprofessional team caring for oncological patients should instruct them on the risk for VTE, particularly in high-risk situations, such as large surgeries and during chemotherapy (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In-patients should receive pharmacological prophylaxis, in the absence of contraindications (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pharmacological prophylaxis should not be routinely performed for patients admitted for small procedures or chemotherapy infusion or transplantation (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>For low-risk outpatients, routine anticoagulation to prevent VTE is not recommended (III, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Outpatient pharmacological prophylaxis with apixaban, rivaroxaban or enoxaparin should be provided to those at high risk for VTE, assessed with the Khorana score (&#8805; 2) or the CAT score (D-dimer level and cancer type) (IIa, A).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>For outpatient pharmacological prophylaxis assessment, consider the patients' risk for bleeding (higher in gastrointestinal tumors) and their preferences (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients with multiple myeloma on thalidomide or lenalidomide or dexamethasone should be assessed for the use of aspirin or enoxaparin (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients undergoing large oncological surgeries should receive pharmacological prophylaxis against VTE (enoxaparin or low-molecular-weight heparin), starting in the preoperative period, except for those with active bleeding or at high risk for bleeding (I, A). Mechanical methods can be added to pharmacological prophylaxis; however, they should only be used as monotherapy for patients with contraindication for heparin (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The combined regimen of pharmacological and mechanical prophylaxis can improve efficacy, especially in patients at higher risk (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The pharmacological prophylaxis against thrombus for patients undergoing large oncological surgery should be extended for 7 to 10 days, and be prolonged for 4 weeks in the postoperative period in cases of open abdominal or laparoscopic surgery and of pelvic surgery in the presence of other risk factors, such as obesity, immobility, and history of VTE (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>For smaller surgeries, the duration of prophylaxis should be decided on a personalized basis (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In the oncology patient, VTE can be initially treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin), unfractionated heparin, fondaparinux, apixaban or rivaroxaban. For patients starting treatment with parenteral anticoagulation, low-molecular-weight heparin, rather than unfractionated heparin, is preferred in the first days of treatment, provided the patient has no kidney dysfunction (creatinine clearance should be &gt; 40 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>) (I, A).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Long-term anticoagulation can be performed preferably with low-molecular-weight heparin, edoxaban, apixaban or rivaroxaban for at least 6 months (I, A).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Warfarin can be used in cancer patients when other drugs are not available or when other anticoagulants are contraindicated, such as for chronic kidney failure requiring dialysis (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), such as rivaroxaban and apixaban, are associated with higher bleeding rates, especially in gastrointestinal and genitourinary neoplasms (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In cancer patients, drug interactions with DOACs should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis (I, A).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Anticoagulation for more than 6 months should be offered to patients with active cancer, such as metastatic ones, or on chemotherapy, provided the risks and benefits are analyzed (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Based on expert opinions, in the absence of randomized studies, vena cava filters should not be inserted in patients with chronic or established (for more than 4 weeks) thrombosis or temporary contraindications for anticoagulant therapy (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Warfarin is the first option for anticoagulation in patients with chronic kidney failure requiring dialysis (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Vena cava filters can be considered for patients with high-risk acute VTE (in the past 4 weeks) and absolute contraindication for anticoagulation (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Incidental PTE and DVT should be treated the same way symptomatic VTE is, because they have similar outcomes (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The treatment of subsegmental PTE or of visceral or splanchnic venous thrombosis should be considered on a case-by-case basis, analyzing the potential benefits and risks of anticoagulation (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cancer patients should have their risk for VTE assessed on an outpatient basis with the Khorana or the CAT score, and the benefits and risks of that strategy should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis, because they are associated with a reduction in thromboembolic events but not in mortality (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>For clinically significant bleeding associated with warfarin, the treatment of choice is intravenous vitamin K (10 mg) and intravenous prothrombin complex (500 U/kg) (IIa, B).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>For bleeding associated with rivaroxaban, edoxaban and apixaban, no specific antidote is available. Thus, the use of antifibrinolytics (intravenous tranexamic acid, 1g to 2g) and prothrombin complex (500 U/kg, intravenous) is recommended. For refractory cases, plasma (15 mL/kg), cryoprecipitate (1 U/kg) and platelet (1-2 units), by use of apheresis, are recommended (IIa, C).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>There is a substantial variation in the risk for VTE in cancer patients and different clinical situations. Cancer patients should have their risk for VTE analyzed in the baseline assessment and then periodically, particularly at the beginning of antineoplastic therapy and on hospital admission. Individual risk factors, including biomarkers or cancer site, do not accurately identify cancer patients at risk for VTE. On an outpatient basis, the assessment should include the Khorana and the CAT scores (IIa, C) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t27">Tables 11</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">12</xref>, respectively).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t27">
            <label>Table 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Khorana score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77"><sup>77</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Patient's characteristic</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Points</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Site of cancer</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Very high risk (stomach and pancreas)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">High risk (lung, lymphoma, gynecological, urinary bladder, testicles, kidney)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Pre-chemotherapy platelet count &#8805; 350 000 / &#956;L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hemoglobin &lt; 10 g/dL and/or use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Pre-chemotherapy leukocyte count &gt; 11 000 / &#956;L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Body mass index &#8805; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Calculate the total score by adding the points for each criterion of the model</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Score interpretation:</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">High risk: &#8805; 3 points</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intermediate risk: 1-2 points</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Low risk: 0 point</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t28">
            <label>Table 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Nomogram (CAT score) to predict risk for venous thromboembolism in 6 months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78"><sup>78</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gt04-en.tif"/></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2. Arterial Thrombosis</title>
          <p>In an epidemiological study with 279 719 participants and comparing patients with neoplasm and controls without neoplasm, the incidence of arterial events was 4.7% in the former and 2.2% in the latter in 6 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79"><sup>79</sup></xref> Usually, these events occur in individuals with metastatic pancreas, breast, colorectal and lung neoplasms, who are on anthracyclines, taxanes and platins. The pro-thrombotic state may favor the occurrence of embolic events secondary to atrial fibrillation. Some antineoplastic drugs, especially VEGF inhibitors, may induce thromboembolic complications. In patients on hormone therapy, higher rates of arterial thrombotic events are more often observed with aromatase inhibitors than with tamoxifen. In several cases, kinases and their pathways play a critical role in vascular and metabolic cell homeostasis. The inhibition of these kinases can cause cardiovascular sequelae, depending on the kinase type. The most worrisome vascular toxicities that might occur with the new agents include arterial ischemic events, such as acute myocardial infarction, stroke and ischemia of a limb, as well as venous thromboembolic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79"><sup>79</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Recent reports have shown that the VEGF-inhibitor therapy results in adverse vascular events, such as aortic dissection, stroke, and arterial and venous thrombosis. Of the VEGF inhibitors, bevacizumab is associated with the highest VTE rate, around 12%, as compared to 2% with the other drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80"><sup>80</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Androgen Deprivation Therapy</title>
        <p>The treatment of locally advanced prostate neoplasms is based on the hormonal control of testosterone. This blockade can be obtained surgically (orchiectomy) or through androgen deprivation therapy. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (leuprolide, goserelin and triptorelin) and antagonists (degarelix) cause central blockade with a reduction in the levels of luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones and testosterone. In addition, adrenal androgen receptor inhibitors (abiraterone) and direct androgen inhibitors (enzalutamide) reduce testosterone. These drugs are used with curative intention in high-risk patients with non-metastatic disease and as standard therapy for metastatic disease. Understanding the impact of these drugs on cardiovascular risk is important because many risk factors that lead to prostate cancer can result in cardiovascular disease, such as advanced age, smoking, diet, and obesity. Some studies have reported a higher prevalence of those risk factors among prostate cancer patients.</p>
        <p>The recognized antiandrogen therapy leads to metabolic changes characterized by hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, and body composition changes, with an increase in predominantly visceral fat and a reduction in lean mass. The metabolic syndrome resulting from the antiandrogen therapy is associated with an increase in cardiovascular complications. Modification of risk factors is recommended with lipid-lowering therapy, anti-hypertensive treatment, strict control of glycemia, and use of antiplatelet drugs (IIa, B).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Cardiac Arrhythmia</title>
        <p>Several factors present in cancer patients, such as infection, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, surgical procedures, and oncological and adjuvant therapies, predispose to the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81"><sup>81</sup></xref> These arrhythmias are relatively frequent complications in cancer patients, estimated to occur in 16-36% of those patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82"><sup>82</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The types of cardiac arrhythmias in oncology patients comprise a wide range: sinus tachycardia, bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and conduction disorders. Of the supraventricular arrhythmias, the most common is atrial fibrillation. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation are rare, but can occur especially in the presence of QT prolongation and in patients with hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84"><sup>84</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85"><sup>85</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="table" rid="t29">Table 13</xref> lists the major drugs related to cardiac arrhythmias and their incidences.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t29">
          <label>Table 13</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Major drugs related to cardiac arrhythmias and their incidences</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Drug</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Incidence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anthracyclines</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECG changes: 38.6%<break/> AF: 2-10%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antimicrotubule agents (Paclitaxel)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sinus bradycardia: 29%<break/> 1<sup>st</sup> degree AVB: 25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antimetabolites<break/> (5-Fluorouracil and Capecitabine)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ECG changes: 68%<break/> Arrhythmias (AF, SVT, VT): 5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Platins (Cisplatin)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SVT: 12-32%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Thalidomide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Bradycardia: 27%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arsenic trioxide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias: up to 50%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Tyrosine kinase inhibitor</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Crizotinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">QT prolongation and arrhythmias: 3.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dasatinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">QT prolongation and arrhythmias: 0.6-3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sunitinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">QT prolongation and arrhythmias: 1-4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vandetinib</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">QT prolongation and arrhythmias: 12-15%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <p><italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; AVB: atrioventricular block; ECG: electrocardiographic; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; VT: ventricular tachycardia</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1. QT Prolongation</title>
          <p>The diagnosis of QT prolongation is electrocardiographic, and QTc should be calculated by use of the Bazett's formula [QT / (RR)<sup>1/2</sup>] or Fridericia's formula [QT / (RR)<sup>1/3</sup>]. Normal QTc values are as follows: &#8804; 440 ms in men; between 450 and 460 in women. Both congenital and acquired factors can be responsible for QT prolongation, and the most cited conditions are as follows: female sex, bradycardia, electrolyte abnormalities, drug effects, myocardial ischemia, HF, myocarditis, hypothermia, and channelopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86"><sup>86</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The QT prolongation is a concern in cancer patients, because the oncological treatment, electrolyte disorders and concomitant medications can contribute to that prolongation and predispose to complex arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref> Monitoring the QT interval and correcting the factors that contribute to QT prolongation should be considered in patients on medications that prolong the QT interval. Cardiotoxicity is defined in the presence of QTc prolongation &gt; 500 ms and/or QT variation &gt; 60ms from baseline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t30">Table 14</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87"><sup>87</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t30">
            <label>Table 14</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for patients on drugs that can prolong the QT interval</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Avoid using drugs related to QTc prolongation for patients with pre-treatment QTc &gt; 470ms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Discontinue drugs related to QTc prolongation if QTc &gt; 500ms, or, if QTc &gt; 550ms when baseline QRS duration is prolonged (&gt; 120ms secondary to pacemaker or bundle-branch block)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Reduce dose or discontinue drug if QTc increases more than 60ms from pre-treatment value</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Maintain serum electrolyte (potassium, magnesium, and calcium) concentrations within the normal range</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Prevent drug interactions</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">In patients with acute renal injury or chronic renal disease, adjust the drugs with renal clearance that prolong QTc to kidney function</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Avoid rapid intravenous infusion of drugs that prolong QTc</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Avoid the concomitant administration of more than one drug that prolongs QTc</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Avoid drugs that prolong QTc for patients with history of drug-induced <italic>torsade de points</italic> or patients resuscitated from cardiac sudden death</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Avoid drugs that prolong QTc for patients with congenital diseases</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Perform ECG at a frequency depending on the therapy, dose administered, and concentration of drugs</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <p><italic>ECG: electrocardiogram; QTc: corrected QT interval. Source: Adapted from Porta-Sanchez et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The QT interval and the risk factors associated with QT prolongation should be assessed before and after treatment with drugs known to be related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (crizotinib, dasatinib, sunitinib) and arsenic trioxide. Electrolyte and ECG assessments should be performed during treatment at baseline, 7-15 days after the beginning of therapy, after changes in doses in the first 3 months, and depending on the therapy frequency. Before postponing chemotherapy, the suspension of other medications related to QT prolongation, such as antiemetics, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, antifungal drugs, antipsychotics, should be considered. In addition, correction of electrolyte disorders should be performed. Patients on arsenic trioxide should be monitored with ECG every week.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The QT prolongation increases the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and <italic>torsades de points.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref> Ventricular tachycardias are usually associated with structural cardiomyopathies [CAD, dilated cardiomyopathy, right ventricular heart diseases, congenital abnormalities, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and channelopathies].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89"><sup>89</sup></xref> The objective of the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias is to reduce morbidity and sudden death events, and the assessment of triggering factors is paramount. Pharmacological therapy is indicated for refractory and/or symptomatic cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90"><sup>90</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.2. Atrial Fibrillation</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia of the oncology patient. Its occurrence is related to the pro-inflammatory state of these patients, the inflammatory response to oncological surgery, and the cardiotoxic effects of antineoplastic therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> Understanding the mechanisms that trigger and sustain atrial fibrillation is important for prevention.</p>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation can be induced by several mechanisms, such as myocardial change due to electrolyte disorder, liposomal and mitochondrial injury, inflammation, pericardial disease, and increased oxidative stress inducing cell apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92"><sup>92</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>There is great difficulty in establishing the causal relationship between arrhythmic events and each chemotherapy drug. The small number of studies published and the simultaneous administration of many drugs make it difficult to relate drug and effect. The chemotherapy drugs most commonly associated with arrhythmias are anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin), antimicrotubule agents (paclitaxel and docetaxel), antimetabolites (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine and gemcitabine), alkylating agents (cisplatin and cyclophosphamide), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ibrutinib, ponatinib, sorafenib and sunitinib), and monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab and cetuximab), in addition to immunotherapy drugs.</p>
          <p>Cancer is associated with a pro-thrombotic state and can increase the risk for embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation, who also have more bleeding complications due to treatment, and, therefore, higher morbidity and mortality. There is no consensus/guideline-based recommendation on the use of antithrombotic drugs for patients with atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85"><sup>85</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93"><sup>93</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The choice of antithrombotic therapy for cancer patients should be individualized, analyzing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors, drug interactions, and risks for thrombosis and bleeding (IIa, B).</p>
          <p>Warfarin should be avoided in the oncology patient with atrial fibrillation, because that drug is associated with lower efficacy and higher risk of bleeding due to drug interactions, higher occurrence of liver dysfunction, dietary changes, cachexia, and malnutrition (IIa, B).</p>
          <p>The DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban) are superior to warfarin in terms of efficacy and bleeding in the general population with atrial fibrillation; however, the evidence for their use in cancer patients derives from analyses of substudies and observational data (IIa, B).</p>
          <p>Although there is no validation of the classic scores for the cancer population, anticoagulation should be initiated in those patients according to the same criteria adopted for the population without cancer: CHADS<sub>2</sub> and CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores above 2 indicate anticoagulation (IIa, C) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t31">Table 15</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t31">
            <label>Table 15</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk score of thromboembolism associated with atrial fibrillation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" valign="middle">CHA<sup>2</sup>DS<sup>2</sup>-VASc</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Description</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Points</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">C</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Age (&#8805; 75 years)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">D</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">S<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Previous TIA or stroke</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">V</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Vascular disease (prior AMI, peripheral artery disease or aortic plaque)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Age (65-74 years)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sc</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Female sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <p><italic>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; TIA: transient ischemic attack</italic>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Antithrombotic therapy in cancer patients should be personalized, analyzing the patient's profile, cancer type, and risk for thrombosis and bleeding, the last, for example, by use of the HAS-BLED score (IIa, C) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t32">Table 16</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t32">
            <label>Table 16</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk score of bleeding associated with anticoagulation (HAS-BLED). Score 1 for each item</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Arterial hypertension (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Abnormal liver function (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Abnormal kidney function (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Bleeding tendency or predisposition (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Labile INRs in patients on warfarin (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Elderly: age &gt; 60 years (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Drugs: concomitant antiplatelet agent(s) or NSAIDs (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#9633;</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Alcohol abuse (1 point)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><italic>INR: international normalized ratio; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</italic>.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">0 point: 1.02 bleeding per 100 patients/year</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">1 point: 1.13 bleeding per 100 patients/year</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">2 points: 1.88 bleeding per 100 patients/year</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">3 points: 3.74 bleedings per 100 patients/year</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">4 points: 8.70 bleedings per 100 patients/year</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">points: insufficient data (high risk)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>There is no prospective randomized study on DOACs in cancer patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis of substudies from randomized clinical trials have shown those drugs to be safe and effective in cancer patients. This evidence and the results from studies on VTE and cancer, which confirm the superiority of DOACs as compared to low-molecular-weight heparin, suggest that DOACs are a feasible option of antithrombotic therapy in cancer patients with atrial fibrillation (IIa, C).</p>
          <p>The routine use of DOACs can be considered for patients with atrial fibrillation and gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract tumors, and the potential risk for bleeding should be analyzed (IIb, B).</p>
          <p>The management of cancer patients with atrial fibrillation should include a cardiologist since the beginning, because of the higher rates of anticoagulation use and lower incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic complications (IIa, C).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Coronary Artery Disease</title>
        <p>Cancer and CAD have several risk factors in common and often coexist in the same patient (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figure 9</xref>). The presence of risk factors, such as advanced age, smoking, diabetes, SAH, sedentary lifestyle and dyslipidemia, is elevated in cancer patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> Other common factors in those patients that contribute to the development of CAD are endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, genetic predisposition and chronic inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95"><sup>95</sup></xref> </p>
        <fig id="f18">
          <label>Figure 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coronary artery disease in cardio-oncology. CAD: coronary artery disease; DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-1006-01006-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In addition, the oncological treatment contributes to the high prevalence of CAD in cancer patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> Patients with lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy have a 5.3-time (95% CI: 2.002-14.152) increase in the risk of important coronary injury, which suggests that the treatment may be associated with anatomic complexity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96"><sup>96</sup></xref> The major mechanisms of CAD related to oncological therapy are: vasospasm, thrombosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In patients on cisplatin isolated or associated with vincristine or bleomycin, coronary thrombosis has been observed in coronary angiography without previous atherosclerosis. These drugs can induce endothelial dysfunction/lesion, which seems to be the basic mechanism of the vasoactive alteration caused by these drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97"><sup>97</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99"><sup>99</sup></xref> Cisplatin leads to the death of endothelial cells via the production of procoagulant microparticles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100"><sup>100</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Another class of chemotherapy drugs typically related to CAD in cancer patients are the antimetabolites, especially 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine. The incidence of angina or acute findings ranges from 3.9% to 12.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"><sup>101</sup></xref> The mechanism through which these drugs cause toxicity has not been completely established and several hypotheses have been raised to explain those findings, such as acute vasospasm, direct toxicity to myocytes, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulable state causing thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"><sup>101</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102"><sup>102</sup></xref> Acute vasospasm is often observed and experimental studies have suggested that vasoconstriction caused by 5-fluorouracil is related to protein kinase C and endothelin-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103"><sup>103</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104"><sup>104</sup></xref> Similarly to 5-fluorouracil, taxanes are another class of drugs that induce angina secondary to coronary spasms. The incidence of chest pain reported by patients on paclitaxel is approximately 0.2-4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105"><sup>105</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106"><sup>106</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Accelerated atherosclerosis has been observed in patients being treated with second- and third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These drugs have an increased risk of coronary occlusion as compared to imatinib (OR = 3.45; 95% CI: 2.30-5.18).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"><sup>107</sup></xref> Of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ponatinib seems to be the one most often related to vascular toxicity. Arterial and venous thromboses have been reported in 27% of the patients on ponatinib, regardless of the presence of cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"><sup>107</sup></xref> Patients treated with bevacizumab have high risk for coronary ischemia as compared to a control group (RR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.4-4.36).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108"><sup>108</sup></xref> Patients on ICIs have an altered inflammatory cell composition of the atherosclerotic plaque (increased ratio of CD3+ T cells to CD68+ macrophages), which may predispose to plaque progression and/or clinical coronary events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109"><sup>109</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Radiotherapy is classically related to the development of CAD, usually reported later after exposure to radiation. The incidence varies in the literature, with a decreasing tendency in recent decades because of the most modern techniques that reduce direct radiation emission to the heart. The pathogenesis of CAD is multifactorial, resulting in direct myocardial injury, vascular tonus alteration, inflammatory activation, and oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110"><sup>110</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111"><sup>111</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Because of the complexity of cancer patients with CAD, their mortality is higher than that of patients without cancer in the long run.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112"><sup>112</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113"><sup>113</sup></xref> When approaching those patients, it is important to know the oncological prognosis, the therapeutic perspectives and the program of oncological surgeries. The control of risk factors should be reinforced in patients with evidenced CAD. The use of drug-eluted stent should be preferred in those patients when the therapeutic intervention is indicated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114"><sup>114</sup></xref> Therapy with antiplatelet agents should be maintained according to the guidelines on CAD and acute coronary syndrome management, unless contraindicated, such as in the presence of tumor bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117"><sup>117</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Recommendations:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>The control of risk factors (SAH, diabetes, dyslipidemias) and of body weight loss, smoking cessation and dietary guidance should be provided to all patients who will receive drugs that predispose to CAD (I, A).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Drug-eluted stent should be preferred in these patients (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy can be maintained in patients with platelet count &gt; 30 000, in the absence of contraindication (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The investigation of CAD is indicated in patients 5 years after mediastinal exposure to a dose of at least 30 gy (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>For patients who developed acute coronary syndrome with 5-fluorouracil, assessment of the coronary anatomy and by the cardio-oncology team should be considered (IIa, B).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Re-exposure can be considered for patients with mild events, who are asymptomatic and whose benefit with 5-fluorouracil impacts the prognosis. The use of nitrates and vasodilators can be considered in this scenario (IIb, B).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11. Arterial Hypertension</title>
        <p>The prevalence of SAH is higher in cancer patients and survivors as compared to that of the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118"><sup>118</sup></xref> In these patients, SAH is the major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119"><sup>119</sup></xref> Chronic kidney disease, SAH, cardiovascular disease, and cancer have risk factors in common, such as smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Many types of cancer and their treatments cause or aggravate preexisting SAH, because of vascular, endothelial and renal effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Periodical blood pressure measurement is recommended in cancer patients (IIa, C).</p>
        <p>The selection of anti-hypertensive agents should consider individual risk factors, effects of the antineoplastic treatment and drug interactions. It is estimated that 35% of cancer patients will develop SAH during the treatment. Patients with history of cancer have a higher prevalence of SAH than that of the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> Patients with renal, gastric and ovarian cancer have higher blood pressure levels than those with other tumor sites. Exposure to chemotherapy is an independent risk factor for SAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120"><sup>120</sup></xref> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>11.1. SAH and Chemotherapy</title>
          <p>Therapy with anti-VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors and multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors aggravates and induces SAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"><sup>121</sup></xref> The mechanisms are a reduction in the production of nitric oxide and in angiogenesis, leading to an increase in systemic vascular resistance. Anti-VEGF therapy leads to fluid retention because of natriuresis impairment, in addition to inducing endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction and thrombotic microangiopathy, similarly to the pathophysiology of eclampsia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"><sup>121</sup></xref> In a recent meta-analysis, the use of anti-VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors increased the risk for cardiotoxicity, such as SAH, bleeding and ventricular dysfunction. The most common vascular cardiotoxicity was SAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122"><sup>122</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The alkylating agents seem to induce SAH through nephrotoxicity, but there is not much evidence of their real effect on blood pressure. Cyclophosphamide has been associated with multiple vascular complications, such as pulmonary and hepatic veno-occlusive disease, thromboembolic disease, and myocardial ischemia. Pre-clinical evidence has shown endothelial injury and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system abnormalities in animals treated with cyclophosphamide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Both ifosfamide and cisplatin apparently induce SAH by causing nephrotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123"><sup>123</sup></xref> The antimicrotubule agents affect mitosis, acting on tubulin to prevent microtubule polymerization. Experimental studies have shown that vinblastine acts on the endothelium and apoptosis, but its effect in SAH is unkonwn.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124"><sup>124</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125"><sup>125</sup></xref> Gemcitabine and proteasome inhibitors can trigger SAH associated with thrombotic microangiopathy. Adjuvant medications associated with SAH used for cancer patients are: corticosteroids, erythropoietin, calcineurin inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>11.2 Cancer-Induced SAH</title>
          <p>Systemic arterial hypertension can be a paraneoplastic manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cancer, and carcinoid disease. It results from the production of renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I or catecholamines. Among individuals with renal cell carcinoma, the SAH prevalence exceeds 75%, and SAH is due to the nephrectomy-related loss of nephrons and particularly to the treatment with VEGF inhibitors. In addition, renal cell carcinoma can secrete vasoactive peptides, mainly endothelin-1. The presence of SAH in renal cell carcinoma may indicate more aggressive disease, with a negative impact on prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126"><sup>126</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127"><sup>127</sup></xref> Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma are neuroendocrine tumors of the chromaffin cells, with an annual incidence of 0.8 per 100 000 individuals. The SAH related to those tumors is caused by secretion of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine) and can be associated with symptoms, such as headache, palpitations, and sweating.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128"><sup>128</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Patients with cancer and SAH have a higher incidence of heart and kidney failures, and SAH is an independent risk factor for CAD, HF, and arrhythmia, being the major modifiable risk factor to prevent HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129"><sup>129</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Blood pressure should be properly and regularly measured in cancer patients (I, A).</p>
          <p>Patients on anti-VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alkylating agents or high doses of steroids should undergo more frequent blood pressure monitoring (IIa, C).</p>
          <p>The blood pressure goal in cancer patients follows the recommendations for patients without cancer: &lt; 130 x 80 mm Hg (IIa, B).</p>
          <p>The drug treatment should be personalized, but the presence of proteinuria or ventricular dysfunction determines the indication of ACEI or ARB (IIa, B).</p>
          <p>If there is neither proteinuria nor ventricular dysfunction, a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker (amlodipine) can be initiated (IIa, C).</p>
          <p>Diuretics should be used following a well-defined criterion and considering the risk for hypovolemia as well as for fluid and electrolyte imbalance (IIa, C).</p>
          <p>Non-dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers (verapamil and diltiazem) in cancer patients (III, B). Because these drugs are metabolized via CYP3A4, they can alter the serum levels of antineoplastic drugs.</p>
          <p>Secondary causes of SAH, such as hypovolemia and pain, should be investigated (IIa, C).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p><bold>Development:</bold> Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; SBC)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Council:</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho, Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Correa Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Coordinator:</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These statements are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
