<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Mb7YHCjkK88xdfFYVzcNv3x</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300973</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200881</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200881</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Imagem Cardiovascular em Pacientes com COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6485-4900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grossman</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Blacher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo de Souza Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Cardionuclear</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardionuclear, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiologia Nuclear e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ergometria</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ergometria, Exerc&#237;cio, Cardiologia Nuclear e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (DERC/SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Laborat&#243;rio Diagn&#243;stico das Am&#233;ricas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio Diagn&#243;stico das Am&#233;ricas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Fonte Imagem</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Fonte Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular - Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC/SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SOCERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriel Blacher Grossman</bold> &#8226; Hospital Moinhos de Vento - Medicina Nuclear - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910, sala 201 CEP <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>gabriel.grossman@hmv.org.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>973</fpage>
      <lpage>974</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Nuclear</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Caro Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No &#250;ltimo n&#250;mero dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Costa et al. revisou o papel da imagem cardiovascular e dos procedimentos intervencionistas em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo novo coronav&#237;rus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Embora seja pouco prov&#225;vel que os procedimentos de medicina nuclear desempenhem um papel no diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de COVID-19 e provavelmente por este motivo n&#227;o foram mencionados na revis&#227;o, a doen&#231;a pode ser detectada incidentalmente em pacientes infectados mas assintom&#225;ticos que s&#227;o submetidos a exames para outras indica&#231;&#245;es tendo implica&#231;&#245;es potencialmente relevantes para o manejo adicional destes pacientes. A pneumonia associada &#224; COVID-19 &#233; &#225;vida por 18F-FDG e pode ser detectada como um achado incidental em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos que s&#227;o submetidos &#224; tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada (PET/TC) para indica&#231;&#245;es oncol&#243;gicas em regi&#245;es com alta preval&#234;ncia de COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Da mesma maneira, achados incidentais podem ser detectados na TC usada para corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o em estudos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. As imagens de TC adquiridas para corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o devem ser interpretadas no contexto de poss&#237;veis achados pulmonares de COVID-19.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a capta&#231;&#227;o extra-card&#237;aca difusa de Tc-99m sestamibi observada nos pulm&#245;es de pacientes com COVID-19 que s&#227;o submetidos &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) pode ser explicada pelo aumento da permeabilidade vascular em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, bem como pela capta&#231;&#227;o celular em macr&#243;fagos ativados e fibroblastos ricos em mitoc&#244;ndrias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>A distin&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes de alto e baixo risco em termos de suspeita de COVID-19 serve para reduzir as chances de dissemina&#231;&#227;o intra-institucional da doen&#231;a, bem como para facilitar ou simplificar o rastreamento do contato. Tamb&#233;m &#233; imperativo considerar as indica&#231;&#245;es e a urg&#234;ncia da CPM durante esta pandemia. Os m&#233;dicos solicitantes devem discutir e justificar a urg&#234;ncia do procedimento com um cardiologista ou m&#233;dico nuclear se a CPM for solicitada para um paciente com COVID-19 confirmado ou suspeito, a fim de reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria dos profissionais de sa&#250;de a riscos de infec&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Neste cen&#225;rio, &#233; importante optar pelo protocolo de menor dura&#231;&#227;o e considerar um protocolo de imagem de estresse primeiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o para a CPM tem sido identificado como um procedimento de alto risco em termos de produ&#231;&#227;o de got&#237;culas. Consequentemente, o estresse farmacol&#243;gico tem sido recomendado em vez do estresse por exerc&#237;cio em esteira, e a equipe m&#233;dica e de enfermagem que atende pacientes com suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o deve usar m&#225;scaras N95 com equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>A embolia pulmonar (EP) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o importante associada &#224; doen&#231;a COVID-19, bem como um potencial diagn&#243;stico diferencial no desconforto respirat&#243;rio s&#250;bito. Em pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para meios de contraste iodados, a tomografia por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) de perfus&#227;o pulmonar, usando albumina macroagregada marcada com [99mTc], &#233; uma alternativa potencial. Devido ao alto risco de produ&#231;&#227;o de aerossol associado &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o (aerossol marcado com [99mTc]), a Sociedade de Medicina Nuclear e Imagem Molecular da Am&#233;rica do Norte, em uma primeira comunica&#231;&#227;o de Zuckier et al., desencorajou o uso da combina&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de imagem de ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o em pacientes com COVID-19,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> sendo esta contra-indica&#231;&#227;o flexibilizada recentemente pela mesma Sociedade. A varredura de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deve ser realizada em qualquer paciente com infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 conhecida ou suspeita; consequentemente, tem sido proposto um algoritmo baseado em radiografia de t&#243;rax e exames de SPECT apenas de perfus&#227;o em pacientes sem opacidades pulmonares. Isto exclui todos os pacientes com infiltrados pulmonares e, portanto, a maioria dos pacientes com doen&#231;a cr&#237;tica associada &#224; COVID-19.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, a medicina nuclear &#233; fundamental para o manejo de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> na cardiologia cl&#237;nica de rotina, mas n&#227;o &#233; a primeira linha de abordagem para pacientes com COVID-19. Apesar disso, seus procedimentos podem eventualmente ajudar no manejo desses pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, os exames de perfus&#227;o pulmonar podem ser uma alternativa quando h&#225; suspeita de EP. &#201; importante ressaltar que cardiologistas nucleares e m&#233;dicos nucleares devem estar cientes dos achados incidentais em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com COVID-19 e devem otimizar os protocolos de CPM, quando o procedimento for necess&#225;rio.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barberato</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M Queiroga</surname>
              <given-names>Lopes</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Imaging and Interventional Procedures in Patients with Novel Coronavirus Infection</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>126</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Costa I, Rochitte C, Campos C, Barberato S, de Oliveira G, M Queiroga Lopes et al. Cardiovascular Imaging and Interventional Procedures in Patients with Novel Coronavirus Infection. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):111-26.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Albano</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertagna</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertoli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucchini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motta</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidental Findings Suggestive of COVID-19 in Asymptomatic Patients Undergoing Nuclear Medicine Procedures in a High-Prevalence Region</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <fpage>632</fpage>
          <lpage>636</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Albano D, Bertagna F, Bertoli M, Bosio G, Lucchini S, Motta F et al. Incidental Findings Suggestive of COVID-19 in Asymptomatic Patients Undergoing Nuclear Medicine Procedures in a High-Prevalence Region. J Nucl Med.2020;61:632-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Delabie</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hyafil</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased lung signal as a hint of COVID-19 infection on Tc-99m-sestamibi myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <comment>(ahead of print)</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Delabie P, Hyafil F. Increased lung signal as a hint of COVID-19 infection on Tc-99m-sestamibi myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. J Nucl Cardiol 2020, 20 1-2. (ahead of print)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loke</surname>
              <given-names>KSH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tham</surname>
              <given-names>WY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bharadwaj</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keng</surname>
              <given-names>FYJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Idu</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adapting to a novel disruptive threat: Nuclear Cardiology Service in the time of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak 2020 (SARS REBOOT)</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol 2020</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1005</fpage>
          <lpage>1009</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Loke KSH, Tham WY, Bharadwaj P, Keng FYJ, Huang Z, Idu MB, et al. Adapting to a novel disruptive threat: Nuclear Cardiology Service in the time of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak 2020 (SARS REBOOT). J Nucl Cardiol 2020 2020;27(3):1005-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skali</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murthy</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Mallah</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bateman</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beanlands</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Better</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidance and best practices for nuclear cardiology laboratories during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: An Information Statement from ASNC and SNMMI</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1022</fpage>
          <lpage>1029</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Skali H, Murthy VL, Al-Mallah MH, Bateman TM, Beanlands R, Better N, et al. Guidance and best practices for nuclear cardiology laboratories during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: An Information Statement from ASNC and SNMMI.J Nucl Cardiol. 2020;27(3):1022-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zuckier</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moadel</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haramati</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic evaluation of pulmonary embolism during the COVID-19 pandemic</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2967/jnumed.120.245571</pub-id>
          <comment>(ahead of print)</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Zuckier LS, Moadel RM, Haramati LB, Freeman L. Diagnostic evaluation of pulmonary embolism during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nucl Med. 2020. 10.2967/jnumed.120.245571.(ahead of print)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ker</surname>
              <given-names>WDS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>THP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nacif</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Practical Implications of Myocardial Viability Studies</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>278</fpage>
          <lpage>288</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Ker WDS, Nunes THP, Nacif MS, Mesquita CT. Practical Implications of Myocardial Viability Studies. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;110(3):278-88.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dippe</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>CLPD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerci</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stier</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>V&#237;tola</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Study of Myocardial Perfusion in Obese Individuals without Known Ischemic Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>121</fpage>
          <lpage>128</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Dippe T Jr, Cunha CLPD, Cerci RJ, Stier AL Jr, V&#237;tola JV. Study of Myocardial Perfusion in Obese Individuals without Known Ischemic Heart Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;112(2):121-8</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peclat</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartholo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pavanelo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>RSL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Prognostic Value and Clinical Use of Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy in Asymptomatic Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>784</fpage>
          <lpage>793</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Andrade LF, Souza AC, Peclat T, Bartholo C, Pavanelo T, Lima RSL. The Prognostic Value and Clinical Use of Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy in Asymptomatic Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(6):784-93.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mastrocola</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amorim</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitola</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>SCS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>RSL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Nuclear Cardiology - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>325</fpage>
          <lpage>429</lpage>
          <comment>1</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Mastrocola LE, Amorim BJ, Vitola JV, Brand&#227;o SCS, Grossman GB, Lima RSL, et al. Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Nuclear Cardiology - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(2):325-429. 1</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gossman</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Asymptomatic Patients: Useful or Futile</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>794</fpage>
          <lpage>795</lpage>
          <comment>Betacoronavirus, Pneumonia, Tomografaia Computadorizada por Raios X</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Gossman GB. Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Asymptomatic Patients: Useful or Futile? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(6):794-5. Betacoronavirus, Pneumonia, Tomografaia Computadorizada por Raios X</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Imaging in Patients with COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6485-4900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grossman</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Blacher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo de Souza Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardionuclear, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ergometria, Exerc&#237;cio, Cardiologia Nuclear e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (DERC/SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio Diagn&#243;stico das Am&#233;ricas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Fonte Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular - Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC/SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SOCERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriel Blacher Grossman</bold> &#8226; Hospital Moinhos de Vento - Medicina Nuclear - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910, sala 201. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>gabriel.grossman@hmv.org.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronavirus, Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Image Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Nuclear Medicine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Dear Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the latest issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Costa et al. reviewed the role of cardiovascular imaging and interventional procedures in patients with novel coronavirus infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Although nuclear medicine procedures are unlikely to play a role in the primary diagnosis of COVID-19, which is probably the reason that they were not mentioned in this review, the disease may be detected incidentally in asymptomatic infected patients who are undergoing scans for other indications, and it has potentially relevant implications for further management. COVID-19-associated pneumonia is 18F-FDG-avid, and it may be detected as an incidental finding in asymptomatic patients who are undergoing positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for oncologic indications in regions with a high COVID-19 prevalence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Similarly, incidental findings may be detected in CT used for attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion studies. CT images acquired for attenuation correction should be interpreted in the context of possible COVID-19 pulmonary findings.</p>
      <p>Also, the diffuse extra-cardiac Tc-99m sestamibi signal observed in the lungs of COVID-19 patients who are submitted to myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) scan might be explained by increased vascular permeability in relation to lung inflammation, as well as by the cellular uptake in activated macrophages and fibroblasts rich in mitochondria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Distinguishing high-risk and low-risk patients in terms of suspicion of COVID-19 serves to reduce the chance of intra-institutional spread of the disease, as well as to facilitate or simplify contact tracing. It is also imperative to consider the indications and urgency of MPI during this pandemic. Referring physicians should discuss and justify the urgency of the procedure with a nuclear cardiologist or physician if an MPI is ordered for patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, in order to reduce unnecessary exposure of healthcare workers to risks of infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In this scenario, it is important to select the protocol with the shortest duration and to consider a stress first imaging protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Exercise stress testing for MPI has been identified as a high-risk procedure in terms of droplet production. Consequently, pharmacological stress has been recommended over treadmill exercise stress, and medical and nursing staff who attend patients with suspected infection are required to wear N95 masks with appropriate personal protective equipment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an important complication associated with COVID-19 disease, as well as a potential differential diagnosis in sudden respiratory distress. In patients with contraindications for iodinated contrast media, perfusion single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) using [99mTc]-labeled macroaggregated albumin is a potential alternative. Due to the high risk of aerosol production associated with ventilation ([99mTc]-labeled aerosol) scans, the North American Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, in a recent communication by Zuckier et al., has discouraged use of the classic imaging combination of ventilation-perfusion in patients with COVID-19,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> this contraindication being recently relaxed by the same Society. Ventilation scans should be omitted in any patient with known or suspected COVID-19 infection; a chest X-ray based algorithm has consequently been proposed, with perfusion only SPECT scans in patients without pulmonary opacities. This excludes all patients with pulmonary infiltrates and, therefore, the majority of patients with critical illness associated with COVID-19.</p>
      <p>In summary, nuclear medicine is pivotal for managing cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> in routine clinical cardiology, but it is not the first line approach for patients with COVID-19. Nevertheless, these procedures may eventually help in the management of these patients. Moreover, lung perfusion scans can be an alternative when PE is suspected. Importantly, nuclear cardiologists and nuclear medicine physicians must be aware of incidental findings in asymptomatic patients with COVID-19, and they should optimize MPI protocols, when the procedure is necessary.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
