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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yqx5DpN6DvSfGNqzj7kxZxL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300971</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200309</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tecido Adiposo Epic&#225;rdico: Um Novo Par&#226;metro de Imagem Cardiovascular Profundamente Relacionado &#224;s Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia</bold> &#8226; Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>971</fpage>
      <lpage>972</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Peric&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecido Adiposo</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="3"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Prezado Editor,</p>
    <p>Lemos com grande interesse o artigo intitulado &#8220;A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina em crian&#231;as obesas&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Nesse artigo, os autores realizaram ecocardiografia doppler tecidual para avaliar a espessura do tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico (TAE), retardo eletromec&#226;nico (REM) e outras medi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o em 94 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Pacientes com Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Modelo Homeost&#225;tico para Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina (HOMA-IR) maior que o percentil 90 em uma curva de percentil espec&#237;fica para idade e sexo foram rotulados como tendo resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O estudo apontou que o grupo com RI tinha espessura significativamente maior de TAE do que os pacientes inclu&#237;dos sem RI (7,15 vs. 5,5 mm, p&lt;0,004, respectivamente) e REM inter e intra-atrial prolongado no grupo IR em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo n&#227;o IR (p&lt;0,010; p=0,032, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, os autores verificaram que um valor de corte para TAE de &gt;3,85 mm poderia predizer RI com 92,5% de especificidade e 68,5% de sensibilidade (p=0,002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O estudo concluiu que o TAE poderia ser usado para identificar RI em crian&#231;as, pois afirma-se que o TAE &#233; par&#226;metro barato e acess&#237;vel que pode ser facilmente medido com ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao REM, associado ao desenvolvimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> seria interessante realizar uma an&#225;lise multivariada para determinar se a espessura do TAE est&#225; independentemente associada ao REM. O TAE &#233; um dep&#243;sito de gordura visceral localizado ao redor do mioc&#225;rdio e do peric&#225;rdio, secretando diversas quimiocinas e citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, coletivamente denominadas de adipocinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Devido &#224; proximidade do TAE com o mioc&#225;rdio, a gordura epic&#225;rdica pode promover efeitos locais inflamat&#243;rios e mec&#226;nicos no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e nos vasos coronarianos. O TAE tamb&#233;m exerce um papel cardioprotetor no cora&#231;&#227;o, prevenindo os efeitos t&#243;xicos dos &#225;cidos graxos livres de alta circula&#231;&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio e nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, reduzindo a tens&#227;o vascular e prevenindo a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m observaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre TAE e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares como a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Uma metan&#225;lise de Gaeta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre TAE e FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Portanto, o TAE poderia ter um papel na g&#234;nese da arritmia, pois poderia ser um modulador, substrato ou gatilho no desenvolvimento de FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e seria interessante investigar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o REM.</p>
    <p>No entanto, embora os achados desse estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> tenham sido interessantes, devemos levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a sensibilidade consideravelmente baixa da mensura&#231;&#227;o do TAE para identificar RI em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos obesos (68,5%). Os testes de triagem devem ter alta sensibilidade para minimizar os riscos de falsos negativos. Al&#233;m disso, embora a ecocardiografia possa ser mais barata do que certos exames laboratoriais em alguns pa&#237;ses, como o Brasil, a ecocardiografia &#233; mais cara na maioria dos pa&#237;ses por ter alto custo de m&#227;o de obra humana associado. Al&#233;m disso, o TAE n&#227;o costuma ser medido em laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia, nem a ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o ouro para medir o TAE, conforme citado pelos autores.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Epicardial Adipose Tissue: A New Cardiovascular Imaging Parameter Deeply Connected with Cardiovascular Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia</bold> &#8226; Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pericardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipose Tissue</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Dear Editor,</p>
      <p>We read with great interest the article entitled &#8220;The Relationship Between Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Obese Children&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In that paper, the authors performed tissue doppler echocardiography to evaluate epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness, electromechanical delay (EMD) and other standard measurements in 94 obese pediatric patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Patients with Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) greater than the 90<sup>th</sup> percentile in an age and sex-specific percentile curve were labeled as having insulin resistance (IR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> This study found that the group with IR had significant higher thickness of EAT than patients included without IR (7.15 vs. 5.5 mm, p&lt;0.004, respectively) and inter and intra-atrial EMD was prolonged in the IR group compared to the non-IR group (p&lt;0.010; p=0.032, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Moreover, the authors found that a cut-off value for EAT of &gt;3.85 mm could predict IR with 92.5% specificity and 68.5% sensitivity (p=0.002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The study then concluded that EAT could be used to identify IR among children, as it is stated that EAT is a cheap and accessible parameter that could be easily measured with echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Regarding EMD, which is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) development,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> it would be interesting to perform a multivariate analysis to determine whether EAT thickness is independently associated with EMD. EAT is a visceral fat store located around the myocardium and pericardium that secretes several proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, collectively called adipokines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Due to the proximity of EAT with the myocardium, epicardial fat may promote local inflammatory and mechanical effects on the cardiac muscle and coronary vessels. EAT also has a cardioprotective role on the heart by preventing the toxic effects of high-circulating free fatty acids on the myocardium and coronary arteries, lowering vascular tension and preventing vascular remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Previous studies have also observed an independent association between EAT and several cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure and AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A meta-analysis by Gaeta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> showed an association between EAT and AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Therefore, EAT could have a role in arrhythmia genesis as it could be a modulator, substrate or trigger in AF development<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and it would be interesting to investigate its association with EMD.</p>
      <p>However, although the findings of this study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> were interesting, we should take into account the considerably low sensitivity of measuring EAT to identify IR in obese pediatric patients (68.5%). Screening tests should have high sensitivity to minimize the risks of false negatives. Moreover, although echocardiography might be less expensive than certain laboratory tests in some countries, such as Brazil, echocardiography is more costly in the majority of countries as it has a high human labor cost associated. In addition to that, EAT is not usually measured in echocardiography laboratories, neither echocardiography is the gold standard method to measure EAT, as mentioned by the authors.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
