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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gsVzYwyqNZZfkXqppMXS5Zz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300967</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190823</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190823</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Cardiodepressor do Acetato de Eugenil em Cora&#231;&#227;o de Roedor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9347-6259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Leisiane Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beserra</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2093-8480</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gondim</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Nei Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado da Bahia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Biof&#237;sica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Biof&#237;sica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Nei Santana Gondim</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Estado da Bahia - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o Av. Universit&#225;ria Vanessa Cardoso e Cardoso, s/n. CEP <postal-code>46430-000</postal-code>, Guanambi, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>agondim@uneb.br</email>, <email>agondim@unebb.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marques LP, Gondim ANS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marques LP, Beserra SS, Gondim ANS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Marques LP, Roman-Campos D, Gondim ANS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Roman-Campos D; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Roman-Campos D, Gondim ANS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>967</fpage>
      <lpage>970</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>No presente trabalho investigou-se o efeito inotr&#243;pico do acetato de eugenil (AE), bem como sua a&#231;&#227;o sobre a corrente de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>). Os experimentos de contratilidade foram realizados em &#225;trio esquerdo isolado de cobaia exposto &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes da droga (1 a 5.000<italic>&#956;</italic>M). O AE reduziu a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (IC<sub>50</sub>=558&#177;24,06<italic>&#956;</italic>M) de modo dependente de concentra&#231;&#227;o. O efeito do AE sobre a I<sub>Ca,L</sub> tamb&#233;m foi avaliado em cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares isolados de camundongos, utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica de &#8220;<italic>patch-clamp</italic>&#8221;. O AE apresentou um efeito inibit&#243;rio (IC<sub>50</sub>=1.337&#177;221<italic>&#956;</italic>M) sobre os canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> sens&#237;veis &#224; voltagem (Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2). Em conclus&#227;o, o AE apesenta efeito cardiodepressor que se deve, pelo menos em parte, &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da entrada de Ca<sup>2+</sup> nos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Acetato de Eugenil</kwd>
        <kwd>Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Syzygium Aromaticum, Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/09861-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e est&#227;o entre as principais causas de &#243;bitos no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Nessa perspectiva, &#233; crescente o interesse pela busca de novas subst&#226;ncias com propriedades farmacol&#243;gicas sobre o sistema cardiovascular, principalmente as de origem natural.</p>
      <p>A planta <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (L.) Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry, popularmente conhecida como cravo-da-&#237;ndia, &#233; constitu&#237;da por diversos compostos qu&#237;micos que apresentam uma ampla gama de efeitos farmacol&#243;gicos. O eugenol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>) &#233; o mais abundante composto bioativo encontrado no &#243;leo essencial do cravo-da-&#237;ndia, seguido pelo acetato de eugenil (AE) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Efeito do acetato de eugenil (AE) sobre a contratilidade do mioc&#225;rdio atrial. A) Estrutura do eugenol. B) Estrutura do AE. C) Tra&#231;ados representativos da contratilidade atrial na situa&#231;&#227;o controle, na presen&#231;a de 700 <italic>&#956;</italic>M de AE, e ap&#243;s 10 minutos do washout. D) Curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo do AE (n=4).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0967-90823-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Estudos demonstraram que o eugenol apresenta atividade cardiodepressora em ratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e cobaias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> provavelmente devido &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da corrente de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>). Al&#233;m disso, o eugenol atua como cardioprotetor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Apesar de diversos estudos abordarem as propriedades farmacol&#243;gicas do eugenol sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o, at&#233; o momento n&#227;o existem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a a&#231;&#227;o do AE no mioc&#225;rdio. Dessa forma, o presente estudo descreve, pela primeira vez, os efeitos do AE sobre a contratilidade card&#237;aca e sua a&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria sobre a I<sub>Ca,L</sub>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Para os experimentos de contratilidade foram utilizadas cobaias machos e f&#234;meas (<italic>Cavia porcellus</italic>, 400-600g). Para os estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos foram utilizados camundongos machos adultos C57Bl/6J. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para Uso de Animais (CEUA) da Universidade do Estado da Bahia (licen&#231;a: 03/2017).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolos Experimentais</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Efeito Inotr&#243;pico do AE</title>
          <p>O &#225;trio esquerdo foi mantido em solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode modificada (10 mL, 36,5&#177;0,5&#176;C) com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o (em mM): 140 NaCl; 5,4 KCl; 0,5 MgCl<sub>2</sub>; 0,33 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 11 glicose; 5 HEPES e 1,8 CaCl<sub>2</sub> (pH =7,4), aerado com oxig&#234;nio (99,9%), estirado para uma tens&#227;o de 1gF e estimulado eletricamente (2Hz, 100V, 15ms). A for&#231;a contr&#225;til foi captada por um transdutor isom&#233;trico, sendo os sinais digitalizados (512Hz) e armazenados em um computador. Os &#225;trios esquerdos foram submetidos &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes de AE (1-5.000<italic>&#956;</italic>M, 3 a 5 minutos).</p>
          <p>Para fazer a solu&#231;&#227;o-estoque de AE (obtido da Sigma-Aldrich) foi usado dimetil sulf&#243;xido (DMSO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Efeito do AE Sobre a Corrente de C&#225;lcio Tipo L</title>
          <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares de camundongos C57Bl/6J foram enzimaticamente isolados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Para medir a corrente de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>) foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica de <italic>patch-clamp</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> no modo <italic>whole-cell voltage-clamp</italic>. A composi&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o interna (em mM) foi: 120 CsCl, 10 HEPES, 5 EGTA, 20 TEA-Cl e 5 NaCl (pH=7,2; CsOH). O Tyrode foi usado como solu&#231;&#227;o externa. As c&#233;lulas foram mantidas em um potencial de membrara de &#8722;80 mV, e depois foram submetidas a um pr&#233;-pulso que despolarizou a membrana para &#8722;40mV (50ms). Em seguida a membrana foi despolarizada para 0 mV (300ms, 0.1Hz). A amplitude da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> foi medida pela diferen&#231;a entre o final do pulso teste (0mV) e o pico. As c&#233;lulas foram expostas ao AE (10-3.000<italic>&#956;</italic>M, 2-3minutos). Os sinais foram digitalizados (5kHz) e armazenados em computador.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os resultados s&#227;o expressos com m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia e foram analisados estatisticamente empregando-se o teste &#8220;t&#8221; pareado na sua forma bicaudal (n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia: p&lt;0,05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito do AE Sobre a For&#231;a de Contra&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>Os tra&#231;ados da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref> mostram que o AE (700 <italic>&#956;</italic>M) reduziu em aproximadamente 60% a amplitude da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial quando comparado com o controle. Tal efeito foi parcialmente revertido (aproximadamente 75%) ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o da droga, quando comparado com o controle. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D</xref> &#233; poss&#237;vel observar a curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito do AE sobre a contratilidade (n=4), o qual apresentou uma IC<sub>50</sub> (concentra&#231;&#227;o que induz metade do efeito m&#225;ximo) de 558&#177;24,06<italic>&#956;</italic>M e efeito m&#225;ximo=100%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito do AE Sobre a I<sub>Ca,L</sub> em Cardiomi&#243;citos Isolados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref> mostra o tra&#231;ado representativo da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> medida experimentalmente. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2B</xref> pode ser observado o curso temporal do efeito do AE sobre a amplitude da I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref> &#233; poss&#237;vel visualizar tra&#231;ados representativos da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> na situa&#231;&#227;o controle (aus&#234;ncia da droga) e na presen&#231;a de 10, 700 e 3.000<italic>&#956;</italic>M de AE. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2D</xref> percebe-se que a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao AE reduziu a amplitude da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> de modo dependente de concentra&#231;&#227;o (IC<sub>50=</sub>1.337&#177;221<italic>&#956;</italic>M).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito do AE sobre a I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. A) Corrente i&#244;nica obtida experimentalmente. B) Curso temporal do efeito do AE sobre a I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. C) Tra&#231;ados representativos da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> no controle e na presen&#231;a de diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de AE. A linha tracejada indica zero de corrente D) Curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito do AE sobre a I<sub>Ca,L</sub> em cardiomi&#243;citos (n = 4).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0967-90823-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram que o AE reduz a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo atrial de cobaia de modo dependente de concentra&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m foi observado que o AE inibe os canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L (Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2) em cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
      <p>O AE apresentou um efeito cardiodepressor sobre o inotropismo atrial. Apesar de n&#227;o existir dados na literatura que demonstrem o efeito cardiodepressor do AE, dados de seus an&#225;logos, como o eugenol, est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. O eugenol, de modo semelhante &#224; droga aqui investigada reduz a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular de cobaia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> e rato,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> corroborando os dados aqui achados.</p>
      <p>A for&#231;a da contra&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio correlaciona-se com altera&#231;&#245;es da amplitude do transiente de Ca<sup>2+</sup> que &#233; determinada pelo influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s dos canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> presentes no sarcolema, bem como pela quantidade de Ca<sup>2+</sup> liberada pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (RS) no processo denominado de acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o. A despolariza&#231;&#227;o sarcolemal leva a abertura dos canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L durante a fase do plat&#244; do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o, o que leva a uma corrente de entrada de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Esse influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> estimula a libera&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2+</sup> armazenado no RS, processo conhecido como libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> induzida por Ca<sup>2+</sup>, que induz na contratilidade card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Dessa forma, mecanismos que alteram o manejo intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> est&#227;o envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Para tentar explicar o inotropismo negativo do AE sobre o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco foi verificado sua a&#231;&#227;o sobre a amplitude da I<sub>Ca,L</sub> em cardiomi&#243;citos isolados. Os achados indicam que o AE reduz a amplitude da I<sub>Ca,L,</sub> efeito que pode estar associado &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores que modulam a I<sub>Ca,L</sub> e/ou ao bloqueio direto desses canais. Este mecanismo pode ser o respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a induzida pelo AE, uma vez que leva a redu&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> pelo RS.</p>
      <p>Sensch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> ao estudar as propriedades farmacol&#243;gicas do eugenol, quimicamente semelhante ao AE, demonstraram que essa subst&#226;ncia deprime a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial por reduzir o influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> nos cardiomi&#243;citos. Nesses experimentos, foi observado que o eugenol apresenta uma IC<sub>50</sub> de 127<italic>&#956;</italic>M, valor menor do que a IC<sub>50</sub> do AE (1.337<italic>&#956;</italic>M). Esses dados sugerem que o eugenol &#233; mais potente em bloquear a corrente de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do que o AE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O AE apresenta efeito cardiodepressor que pode ser explicado, pelo menos em parte, pela inibi&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa Interno de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da UNEB (PICIN/UNEB) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo de Pesquisa de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>FAPESP 2014/09861-1 and PICIN/UNEB.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Naghavi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Barber</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
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              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiodepressive Effect of Eugenyl Acetate in Rodent Heart</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9347-6259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Leisiane Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beserra</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2093-8480</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gondim</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Nei Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Biof&#237;sica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Nei Santana Gondim</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Estado da Bahia - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o - Av. Universit&#225;ria Vanessa Cardoso e Cardoso, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>46430-000</postal-code>, Guanambi, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>agondim@uneb.br</email>, <email>agondim@unebb.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Marques LP, Gondim ANS; Acquisition of data: Marques LP, Beserra SS, Gondim ANS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Marques LP, Roman-Campos D, Gondim ANS; Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Roman-Campos D; Writing of the manuscript: Roman-Campos D, Gondim ANS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acectato Eugenil</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
        <kwd>Syzygium Aromaticum, Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/09861-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are a public health problem being among the leading causes of death worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In this perspective, there is a growing interest in the search for new substances with pharmacological actions on the cardiovascular system, including drugs of natural origin.</p>
        <p>The <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (L.) Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry, popularly known as clove, produces several chemical compounds that have a wide range of biological effects. Eugenol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1A</xref>) is the most abundant bioactive compound found in clove essential oil, followed by eugenyl acetate (EA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1B</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of EA on left atrial contractility. A) Structure of eugenol. B) Structure of Eugenyl acetate (EA). C) Representative traces of left atrial contractility in the control situation (upper trace), in the presence of EA 700 <italic>&#956;</italic>M (middle trace), and 10 minutes after the washout (lower trace). D) Concentration-negative inotropic effect curve of the EA (n = 4).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0967-90823-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Studies have shown that eugenol has cardiodepressor activity in rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and guinea pigs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> probably due to the inhibition of the L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> current (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>). In addition, eugenol acts as cardioprotector.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Although several studies have adressed the pharmacological properties of eugenol on mammalian heart, so far there is no information on the action of EA on the cardiomyocytes. Thus, this study describes the effects of EA on atrial contractility and its inhibitory action on I<sub>Ca,L</sub>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>For contractility experiments guinea pigs (<italic>Cavia porcellus</italic>, both sexes, 400-600g) were used. For electrophysiological studies, adult male C57Bl/6J mice were used. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals (CEUA) of the University of the State of Bahia (license: 03/2017).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental Protocols</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Evaluation of EA Inotropic Effect</title>
            <p>The left atrium from guinea pig was maintained in a modified Tyrode's solution (10 mL, 36.5&#177;0.5&#176;C) with the following composition (in mM): 140 NaCl; 5.4 KCl; 0.5 MgCl<sub>2</sub>; 0.33 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; Glucose; 5 HEPES and 1.8 CaCl<sub>2</sub> (pH=7.4), aerated with oxygen (99.9%). The atrium was stretched to attain a resting tension of 1gF and it was electrically stimulated (2Hz, 100V, 15ms). The contractile force was captured by an isometric transducer. Signals were digitized (512Hz) and stored on a computer. The left atria were subjected to increasing concentrations of EA (1-5,000<italic>&#956;</italic>M, 3 to 5 minutes for each tested concentration).</p>
            <p>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used to make the stock solution of EA (obtained from Sigma-Aldrich).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Investigation of EA Effect on the L-type Calcium Current.</title>
            <p>Ventricular cardiomyocytes from C57Bl/6J mice were isolated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The composition of the internal solution (in mM) was: 120 CsCl, 10 HEPES, 5 EGTA, 20 TEA-Cl, and 5 NaCl (pH=7.2; CsOH). Modified Tyrode was used as external solution. To measure L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> current (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>) patch-clamp technique in whole-cell voltage-clamp mode was used.<sup>7,8</sup> Cells were maintained at a resting membrane potential of &#8722;80mV, then the sarcolemma was subjected to a pre-pulse to &#8722;40mV (50ms) followed by a pulse to 0 mV (300ms, 0.1Hz). The I<sub>Ca,L</sub> amplitude was measured by the difference between the current at the end of the test pulse (0mV) and the peak current. The cells were exposed to EA (10-3,000 <italic>&#956;</italic>M, 2-3 minutes for each concentration). The signals were digitized (5kHz) and stored on the computer.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The results are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean and were statistically analyzed using the two-tailed &#8220;t&#8221; test (significance level: p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>EA Effect on the Left Atrial Contractility</title>
          <p>Representative traces in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1C</xref> show that EA (700 <italic>&#956;</italic>M) reduced the amplitude of atrial contraction by approximately 60% when compared to the control. This effect was partially reversed (approximately 75%) after removing the drug (washout). In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1D</xref>, it is possible to observe the EA concentration-effect curve on contractility (n = 4). EA presented an IC<sub>50</sub> (concentration that induces half of the maximum effect) of 558&#177;24.06<italic>&#956;</italic>M and a maximum effect = 100%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>EA Action on I<sub>Ca,L</sub></title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2A</xref> depicts a representative trace of the I<sub>Ca,L</sub> measured in healthy isolated cardiomyocytes. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2B</xref> shows the time course of the EA effect on the I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2C</xref>, it is possible to see representative traces of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> in the control (absence of the drug), and in the presence of 10, 700, and 3,000 <italic>&#956;</italic>M of EA. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2D</xref> demonstrates that exposure to EA reduced the amplitude of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> in a concentration-dependent manner (IC<sub>50</sub>=1,337&#177;221<italic>&#956;</italic>M).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of Eugenyl acetate (EA) on I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. A) Representative Ca<sup>2+</sup> current obtained in healthy isolated cardiomyocytes. B) Time course of the EA effect on peak I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. C) Representative traces of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> in the control and in presence of EA (10, 700, 3,000 uM). Dashed line indicates zero current. D) EA concentration-effect curve on peak I<sub>Ca,L</sub> in cardiomyocytes (n = 4).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0967-90823-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In our study we show that EA reduces the contraction force of guinea pig left atrial myocardium in a concentration-dependent manner. It was also observed that EA inhibits L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels (Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2) in isolated cardiomyocytes from mice.</p>
        <p>The EA showed a cardiodepressor effect on atrial inotropism. Although there are no data in the literature that demonstrate the negative inotropic effect of AE, information from its analogues, such as eugenol, is found. Similarly to the drug investigated here, Eugenol reduced the contraction force of ventricular cardiomyocyte from guinea pig<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> and rat,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> corroborating the data in our present study.</p>
        <p>The cardiomyocyte contraction correlates with the increase in cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration which is determined by the Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels present in the sarcolemma, as well by the amount of Ca<sup>2+</sup> released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the process called excitation-contraction coupling. The membrane depolarization leads to the opening of the L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels mainly during the plateau phase of action potential leading to an inward Ca<sup>2+</sup> current. This Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry stimulates the release of Ca<sup>2+</sup> stored in SR, a process known as Ca<sup>2+</sup>-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> release, which contributes to cardiac contractility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Thus, the mechanisms that alter the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling are involved in the control of cardiac contractility.</p>
        <p>In order to explain the negative inotropic effect of EA on the cardiac muscle, the drug effect on the I<sub>Ca,L</sub> amplitude was investigated in isolated cardiomyocytes. The findings described here show that EA reduces the peak of I<sub>Ca,L</sub>. This effect may be associated with the activation of receptors that modulate I<sub>Ca,L</sub>, and/or direct action of EA on Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2. The reduction of I<sub>Ca,L</sub> is able to explain the decrease of contractility induced by EA, since it would lead to a reduction in the release of Ca<sup>2+</sup> from SR. Although additional mechanism may also be involved.</p>
        <p>Sensch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> studying the pharmacological properties of EA analogue eugenol, demonstrated that this substance depresses the force of atrial contraction by reduction Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx in cardiomyocytes. In these experiments, it was observed that eugenol has an IC<sub>50</sub> of 127<italic>&#956;</italic>M, a value lower than the IC<sub>50</sub> observed for AE (1,337<italic>&#956;</italic>M). These data suggest that blocking effect of eugenol on Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels is more potent than EA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Eugenyl acetate has a cardiodepressor effect that can be explained, at least in part, by the inhibition of Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by Programa Interno de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da UNEB (PICIN/UNEB) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo de Pesquisa de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>FAPESP 2014/09861-1 and PICIN/UNEB.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
