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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6QZzK8cPxy74yMgGqQvmS5s</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300914</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular como Ferramenta de Monitoramento da Atividade El&#233;trica Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-629X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Alberto Pastore</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, AB. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>914</fpage>
      <lpage>915</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Intervalo QT</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O centen&#225;rio ECG ainda &#233; uma excelente ferramenta para avaliar a atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca. Ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o ECG tem sido renovado para acompanhar a evolu&#231;&#227;o em outras &#225;reas do conhecimento, como gen&#233;tica, biologia molecular e eletrofisiologia.</p>
    <p>Nossa experi&#234;ncia tem demonstrado que, entre o grande arsenal diagn&#243;stico dispon&#237;vel para investiga&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias, o eletrocardiograma, ferramenta simples, pr&#225;tica, remota e r&#225;pida, &#233; capaz de monitorar com precis&#227;o a extens&#227;o e a gravidade do acometimento card&#237;aco em diversos cen&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>O intervalo QT e suas varia&#231;&#245;es, muitas d&#233;cadas ap&#243;s ter sido descrito pela primeira vez, ainda mant&#234;m par&#226;metros relevantes para indicar se um paciente tem risco de apresentar eventos cardiol&#243;gicos graves e &#224;s vezes fatais.</p>
    <p>Em 1856, o primeiro paciente com a s&#237;ndrome do QT longo foi descrito por Meissner. Embora sua origem gen&#233;tica tenha sido estabelecida em 1901, foi somente em 1991 que Keating demonstrou pela primeira vez a associa&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do QT longo e a muta&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o curto do cromossomo 11. Bazzet, em 1920, descreveu sua f&#243;rmula para a corre&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do intervalo QT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>O surgimento da pandemia da COVID-19 em mar&#231;o de 2020 mostrou uma doen&#231;a inicialmente com sintomas respirat&#243;rios, mas com poss&#237;vel envolvimento de v&#225;rios outros &#243;rg&#227;os devido &#224; sua resposta inflamat&#243;ria bastante agressiva.</p>
    <p>Aproveitando a experi&#234;ncia no tratamento das repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas da COVID-19, os especialistas analisaram os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos durante o per&#237;odo da infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No estudo feito por.. et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, os autores examinaram as altera&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos QT, QTc e Tpe (Tpico-Tfinal), e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc, todos par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>O grupo de estudo de 120 pacientes, 90 dos quais infectados com COVID-19 e 30 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo, foi dividido em quatro grupos: I &#8212; controles saud&#225;veis e pacientes com COVID-19: II &#8212; sem pneumonia, III &#8212; com pneumonia leve e IV &#8212; com pneumonia grave. Os resultados mostraram que um em cada cinco pacientes com COVID-19 apresentou les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>O estudo mostrou que nos casos de pneumonia grave existem claras altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Apesar de valores de QT praticamente normais, a an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros estudados demonstrou aumento da dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o transmural, que &#233; a etiologia usual das arritmias graves.</p>
    <p>As causas mais frequentes de mortalidade card&#237;aca em pacientes com COVID-19 foram eventos arr&#237;tmicos. Os tipos de arritmia foram diversos, com muitos aspectos relevantes. O mecanismo das arritmias n&#227;o p&#244;de ser caracterizado, mas a literatura relata a presen&#231;a de fen&#244;menos arr&#237;tmicos em 27,8% e de taquicardia ventricular/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (TV/FV) em 5,9% dos 187 pacientes estudados por Guo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>O mecanismo mais importante das arritmias ventriculares relatado em pacientes com COVID-19 &#233; semelhante ao das arritmias encontradas em pacientes com miocardite aguda. A an&#225;lise das repercuss&#245;es da miocardite aguda em outros estudos mostrou aumento dos intervalos QT, QTc e Tpe e das raz&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc.</p>
    <p>No estudo discutido aqui, todas essas medidas aumentaram claramente com a gravidade da doen&#231;a, como visto nos pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia grave.</p>
    <p>Confirmando relatos de maior frequ&#234;ncia de arritmias em pacientes com n&#237;veis aumentados de troponina, o aumento nos n&#237;veis de troponina I de alta sensibilidade mostrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva e efetiva com as medidas dos par&#226;metros QT.</p>
    <p>Em um relat&#243;rio recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>, os autores mencionam um estudo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> que categorizou as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas da COVID-19 em cinco tipos:</p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>Dano card&#237;aco (isquemia ou miocardite)</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Arritmias</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Novo in&#237;cio ou agravamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preexistente</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas induzidas por tratamento m&#233;dico</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Os autores afirmam que &#8220;o envolvimento card&#237;aco em pacientes com COVID-19 se reflete em altera&#231;&#245;es de ECG como altera&#231;&#245;es de ST-T, prolongamento de QT, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e arritmias ventriculares&#8221;. Assim, &#8220;os pacientes com sintomas card&#237;acos e anormalidades no ECG devem ser avaliados cuidadosamente para diagnosticar a COVID-19 &#8212; complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas relacionadas, como miocardite, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou arritmias graves&#8221;. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Nesta pandemia, devemos manter essas suspeitas cl&#237;nicas mesmo para pacientes que apresentam sintomas ou sinais discretos. N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida de que a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares piora o progn&#243;stico do processo. O v&#237;rus n&#227;o pode ser considerado a causa de todas as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, mas pode piorar ou revelar condi&#231;&#245;es subjacentes prec&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>No artigo aqui discutido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, as altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o observadas, embora n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas, requerem investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais para excluir complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de arritmias gerais (16,7%) e malignas (11,5%) tamb&#233;m suscitou maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o em casos com comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico mais grave do que leve.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Haseeb et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> e o desta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> nos leva a concluir que as altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas detectadas no ECG podem ser relevantes para a tomada de decis&#227;o sobre diagn&#243;stico e conduta.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas, prolongamento do intervalo QT, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e arritmias no ECG podem ser um grande sinal de alerta para orientar a conduta em caso de comprometimento cardiol&#243;gico.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Gravidade da Doen&#231;a Afeta os Par&#226;metros de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Pacientes com COVID-19</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ventricular Repolarization as a Tool to Monitor Electrical Activity of the Heart</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-629X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Alberto Pastore</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, AB. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolism and Thrombosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The centennial ECG is still an excellent tool to assess electrical activity of the heart. ECG has been renovated over the last decades to keep pace with evolution in other areas of knowledge, such as genetics, molecular biology and electrophysiology.</p>
      <p>Our experience has demonstrated that, among the large diagnostic arsenal available to investigate heart diseases, the electrocardiogram, this simple, practical, remote and quick tool, is capable of accurately monitoring the extent and severity of cardiac involvement in various scenarios.</p>
      <p>QT interval and its variations, many decades after being first reported, still holds relevant parameters to indicate whether a patient is at risk for severe and sometimes fatal cardiological events.</p>
      <p>In 1856, the first patient with long QT syndrome was reported by Meissner. Although its genetic origin was established in 1901, it was only in 1991 that Keating first demonstrated the association of patients with long QT syndrome and short arm mutation of chromosome 11. Bazzet, in 1920, reported his formula for heart rate correction of the QT interval.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 showed a disease initially with respiratory symptoms, but with the possible involvement of several other organs due to its very aggressive inflammatory response.</p>
      <p>Taking advantage of their experience with treating the COVID-19 cardiac repercussions, experts analyzed electrocardiographic findings during the period of infection.</p>
      <p>In the study by Koc et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> published in this edition of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, the authors examined the alterations of QT, QTc and Tpe (Ppeak-Tend) intervals, and the Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios, all of which are parameters of ventricular repolarization.</p>
      <p>The study group of 120 patients, 90 of whom infected with COVID-19, and 30 age-and-sex-matched healthy controls, was divided into four groups: I &#8212; healthy controls and COVID-19 patients: II &#8212; without pneumonia, III &#8212; with mild pneumonia, and IV &#8212; with severe pneumonia. Results showed that one out of five patients with COVID-19 had myocardial damage.</p>
      <p>The study showed that in cases with severe pneumonia there are clear ventricular repolarization alterations. In spite of practically normal QT values, analysis of the parameters studied demonstrated increased dispersion of transmural repolarization, which is the usual etiology of severe arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>The most frequent causes of cardiac mortality in patients with COVID-19 were arrhythmic events. The types of arrhythmia were diverse, with many relevant aspects. The mechanism of arrhythmias could not be characterized, but the literature reports the presence of arrhythmic phenomena in 27.8%, and of ventricular tachycardia /ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) in 5.9% among the 187 patients studied by Guo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>The most important mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias reported in patients with COVID-19 is similar to that of arrhythmias found in patients with acute myocarditis. The analysis of acute myocarditis repercussions in other studies showed increased QT, QTc and Tpe intervals, and Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios.</p>
      <p>In the study discussed here, all these measures clearly increased with disease severity, as seen in the COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia.</p>
      <p>Confirming reports of higher frequency of arrhythmias in patients with increased troponin levels, increase in high-sensitivity troponin I levels showed a positive and effective relationship with the measures of QT parameters.</p>
      <p>In a recent report,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> the authors mention a study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> that categorized the cardiac complications of COVID-19 into five types:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Cardiac damage (ischemia or myocarditis)</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Arrhythmias</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>New-onset or worsening of preexisting heart failure</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Thromboembolic disease</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Cardiac abnormalities induced by medical treatment</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>The authors state that &#8220;cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients is reflected in ECG alterations as ST-T alterations, QT prolongation, conduction disorders and ventricular arrhythmias.&#8221; Thus, &#8220;patients with cardiac symptoms and ECG abnormalities must be carefully assessed in order to diagnose COVID-19-related cardiac complications, such as myocarditis, myocardial ischemia or severe arrhythmias.&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>In this pandemic, we must maintain these clinical suspicions even for patients who present with discrete symptoms or signs. There is no doubt that the presence of cardiovascular disease worsens the prognosis of the process. The virus cannot be considered as the cause of all cardiovascular complications, but it can worsen or reveal precarious underlying conditions.</p>
      <p>In the article discussed here,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> the alterations of repolarization observed, although not specific, call for further investigation to exclude disease-related complications.</p>
      <p>The presence of general (16.7%) and malignant (11.5%) arrhythmias also raised greater concern in conditions with a more severe myocardial involvement than with mild involvement.</p>
      <p>Comparison of the study by Haseeb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> and the one in this edition of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> leads us to conclude that electrical alterations detected in the ECG can be relevant to make a decision about diagnosis and management.</p>
      <p>The presence of ischemic alterations, QT prolongation, electrical conduction disorders and arrhythmias in the ECG can be a big warning sign to guide management in case of cardiological involvement.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Disease Severity Affects Ventricular Repolarization Parameters in Patients With COVID-19</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
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