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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kWTwSfMyLBLYkPsm3sTgPNx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300907</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200482</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200482</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Gravidade da Doen&#231;a Afeta os Par&#226;metros de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Pacientes com COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3000-4200</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Mevlut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sumbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hilmi Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gulumsek</surname>
            <given-names>Erdinc</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koca</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bulut</surname>
            <given-names>Yurdaer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakoc</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turunc</surname>
            <given-names>Tuba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bayrak</surname>
            <given-names>Edip</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Huseyin Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aslan</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammed Zubeyir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demirtas</surname>
            <given-names>Abdullah Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Icen</surname>
            <given-names>Yahya Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Adana Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Cardiology, Adana - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Adana Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Internal Medicine, Adana - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cukurova University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cukurova University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Internal Medicine, Adana - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Adana Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Infectious Disease</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Infectious Disease, Adana - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mevlut Koc</bold> &#8226; University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Cardiology - Adana City Hospital Deparment of cardio Adana Adana <postal-code>01100</postal-code> - Turquia. E-mail: <email>drmevlutkoc@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sumbul HE, Koca H; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gulumsek E, Koca H, Turunc T, Bayrak E, Ozturk HA, Demirtas AO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Koc M, Bulut Y, Bayrak E, Aslan MZ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Koc M, Icen YK; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Koc M, Sumbul HE, Turunc T; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Koc M, Karakoc E, Ozturk HA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>907</fpage>
      <lpage>913</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; estudos avaliando o intervalo T<sub>pico</sub>-T<sub>fim</sub> (Tpe), a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc para avaliar arritmias card&#237;acas em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Visamos investigar se h&#225; altera&#231;&#245;es nos intervalos QT, QTc e Tpe e nas rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 90 pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 e 30 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por sexo e idade. Foram aferidos os intervalos QT, QTc e Tpe e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc. Os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram divididos nos seguintes 4 grupos: controles saud&#225;veis (grupo I), pacientes com COVID-19 sem pneumonia (grupo II), pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia leve (grupo III) e pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia grave (grupo IV). Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida por valor p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Verificou-se que a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal, a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, a contagem de leuc&#243;citos, o nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue, a creatinina, o pot&#225;ssio, o aspartato aminotransferase, a alanina aminotransferase, o NT-proBNP, a prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade, o d&#237;mero-D, a TncI-as, o intervalo Tpe, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc aumentaram do grupo I para o grupo IV e foram significativamente mais altos em todos os pacientes do grupo IV (p &lt; 0,05). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, a hemoglobina e os n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio eram menores no grupo IV e significativamente menores em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais grupos (&lt; 0,05). Os intervalos QT e QTc eram semelhantes entre grupos. Determinou-se que os n&#237;veis elevados de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, c&#225;lcio, d&#237;mero-D, NT-proBNP e PCR-as eram significativamente relacionados a Tpe, Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia grave, o intervalo Tpe, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc, que est&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, foram aumentados, sem prolonga&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos QT e QTc. A partir deste estudo, n&#227;o podemos definitivamente concluir que as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas observadas est&#227;o diretamente relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 ou &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, mas sim associadas a cen&#225;rios graves de COVID-19, que podem envolver outras causas de inflama&#231;&#227;o e comorbidades.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Melitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Comparativo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Durante os &#250;ltimos meses de 2019, surgiu uma nova pandemia causada pela s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave coronav&#237;rus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), e seus efeitos ainda est&#227;o em andamento. Essa doen&#231;a, denominada doen&#231;a coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), afeta principalmente o trato respirat&#243;rio, mas tem uma taxa significativa (12% a 28%) de envolvimento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> N&#237;veis aumentados de troponina T card&#237;aca (TnTc), troponina card&#237;aca I (TncI), e de TncI e TnTc de alta sensibilidade (TncI-as e TnTc-as)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> e NT-proBNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> foram encontrados em pacientes com envolvimento card&#237;aco. A mortalidade aumenta nos pacientes com envolvimento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> O envolvimento card&#237;aco &#233; multifatorial em pacientes com COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Uma vez que o envolvimento card&#237;aco est&#225; associado &#224; mortalidade, &#233; poss&#237;vel predizer um aumento da mortalidade devido &#224; arritmia nestes pacientes. De fato, os pacientes com COVID-19 apresentaram arritmias fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Apesar disso, nenhum par&#226;metro ou classifica&#231;&#227;o clara foi relatada para fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a frequ&#234;ncia das arritmias ou para prediz&#234;-las nesses pacientes. S&#243; foi recomendado medir o QT e o QT corrigido (QTc) com anteced&#234;ncia, a fim de reduzir eventos arr&#237;tmicos fatais antes de iniciar a hidroxicloroquina e a azitromicina que t&#234;m sido usadas na profilaxia e tratamento de COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular prolongada ou comprometida est&#225; associada a arritmias potencialmente fatais, como a taquicardia ventricular (TV) e a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV). Existem muitos par&#226;metros de eletrocardiograma (ECG) relacionados &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os par&#226;metros utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica s&#227;o os intervalos QT e QTc, a dispers&#227;o de QT e de QTc e o intervalo T<sub>pico</sub>-T<sub>fim</sub> (Tpe). As rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc obtidas a partir destes par&#226;metros est&#227;o associadas &#224; dispers&#227;o transmural ventricular durante a repolariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> O intervalo Tpe elevado indica dissemina&#231;&#227;o anormal na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e est&#225; associado ao risco aumentado de arritmia ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos sobre o QT, o QTc, o intervalo Tpe, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc com respeito ao efeito do COVID-19 nos par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Portanto, o objetivo do nosso estudo foi o de investigar se existem altera&#231;&#245;es no QT, no QTc, no intervalo Tpe, na rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e na rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram examinados retrospectivamente 120 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19, internados em terapia intensiva, servi&#231;o de interna&#231;&#227;o ou cl&#237;nicas de pandemia COVID-19, entre 15 de mar&#231;o e 20 de abril de 2020 e submetidos ao ECG de admiss&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, o estudo incluiu 30 pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia grave (grupo IV, 20 homens e 10 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia 61,2 &#177; 10,1 anos), 30 pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia leve (grupo III, 18 homens e 12 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia 64,8 &#177; 12,3 anos), 30 pacientes com COVID-19 sem pneumonia (grupo II, 19 homens e 11 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia 65,2 &#177; 14,2 anos) e 30 controles saud&#225;veis (17 homens e 13 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia 63,5 &#177; 13,5 anos). Para os pacientes com COVID-19 examinados neste estudo, foram considerados como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o os seguintes fatores: grupo de idade pedi&#225;trica (&lt; 18 anos); aus&#234;ncia de medi&#231;&#227;o de Tpe e QTc; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda conhecidas; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar leve a avan&#231;ada; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica; qualquer tratamento m&#233;dico conhecido por prolongar ou encurtar os intervalos QT ou QTc e hist&#243;rico pessoal ou familiar de s&#237;ncope ou parada s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos e o ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de todos os pacientes foram obtidos de seus prontu&#225;rios. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos de todos os pacientes como sexo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) basal, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), foram obtidos dos arquivos. Usando par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos de rotina, contagem de leuc&#243;citos, hemograma, n&#237;vel sangu&#237;neo de glicose, testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de c&#225;lcio, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as), d&#237;mero-D, N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral tipo B (NT-pro-BNP) e TncI-as foram registrados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es de Eletrocardiograma de 12 Deriva&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, realizados usando uma m&#225;quina de ECG MAC 2000 (GE medical systems information technologies, Inc., WI, EUA), em ritmo sinusal, com velocidade de 25 mm/seg e calibra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o de 1 mv/10 mm, foram obtidos dos arquivos para todos os indiv&#237;duos. Para o intervalo QT, foi calculado o tempo do come&#231;o da onda QRS at&#233; o ponto onde a onda T se fundia com a linha isoel&#233;trica. <italic>QTc</italic> foi calculado utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Bazett (<italic>QTc</italic> = <italic>QTc</italic> / &#8730;<italic>R</italic> - <italic>R</italic>). O limite superior do normal para QTc foi aceito como 450 e 460 ms para homens e mulheres, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> O intervalo Tpe foi definido como o tempo do pico da onda T at&#233; o ponto onde a onda T se junta e termina com a linha isoel&#233;trica. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas principalmente a partir de V5. Nos casos em que V5 n&#227;o era adequado para medi&#231;&#227;o (amplitude &lt; 1,5 mm), as medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas de V4 ou V6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> As rela&#231;&#245;es <italic>Tpe/QT</italic> e <italic>Tpe/QTc</italic> foram calculadas de acordo com essas medi&#231;&#245;es. Todos os exames de ECG em ritmo sinusal foram avaliados por dois cardiologistas com pelo menos 5 anos de experi&#234;ncia em eletrofisiologia, que avaliam &#8805; 2.000 pacientes com arritmias anualmente e que n&#227;o conheciam o paciente ou a cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas dos dados dos grupos foram indicadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram especificadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste ANOVA unidirecional, enquanto o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para comparar amostras sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os testes de Scheffe e Games-Howell foram usados para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de grupos, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias. Para dados n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;dos, o teste U Mann-Whitney ajustado de Bonferroni foi usado para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas entre grupos. Foi usado o teste de qui-quadrado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e Spearman foram realizadas para determinar os par&#226;metros relacionados ao intervalo Tpe e as rela&#231;&#245;es de Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear para os par&#226;metros que estavam mais relacionados ao intervalo Tpe e &#224;s rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc na an&#225;lise univariada. Para evitar problemas de multicolinearidade, cada par&#226;metro de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi analisado separadamente em modelos diferentes. Todos os modelos foram ajustados por sexo, idade e fatores de risco cardiovascular. O coeficiente kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a variabilidade interobservador e intraobservador de todas as medidas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Conforme previamente descrito, os dados do estudo foram divididos em 4 grupos e comparados. As medidas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas com sucesso em todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os valores do kappa de Cohen que avaliam a variabilidade interobservador e intraobservador foram superiores a 90% para todos os crit&#233;rios do ECG.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados Demogr&#225;ficos e Cl&#237;nicos dos Grupos do Estudo</title>
        <p>Quando os dados demogr&#225;ficos foram comparados de acordo com os grupos do estudo, a distribui&#231;&#227;o de idade e sexo foi semelhante entre os grupos. A frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mellitus era mais alta no grupo IV. Entre os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, foi demonstrado que os valores de PAS e PAD foram os mais baixos nos pacientes do grupo IV e eram significativamente menores em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que o valor basal da FC aumentou do grupo I para o grupo IV e os valores foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes do grupo IV em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A PAS, a PAD, e os valores basais de FC dos grupos I, II, e III eram semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados cl&#237;nicos demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais de acordo com grupo do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo I n=30</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo II n=30</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo III n=30</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo IV n=30</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63,5 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65,2 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64,8 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61,2 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,627</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo (masculino/feminino)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17/13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19/11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18/12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20/10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,506</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(38%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12(40%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">125 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">130 &#177; 10,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">136 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">108 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76,9 &#177; 4,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79,9 &#177; 7,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80,2 &#177; 7,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62,3 &#177; 23,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67 &#177; 8,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 &#177; 9,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75,6 &#177; 12,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89,6 &#177; 19,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (uL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9039 &#177; 1188&#945;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1097 &#177; 1516&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#916;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1277 &#177; 1484<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1906 &#177; 2698</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina (gr/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,3 &#177; 1,05&#945;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,4 &#177; 1,58&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#916;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,7 &#177; 0,81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10,6 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">105 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">138 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">141 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">138 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25,3 &#177; 6,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28,1 &#177; 8,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37,2 &#177; 25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66,9 &#177; 80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60 &#177; 0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,62 &#177; 0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67 &#177; 0,18&#8273;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,08 &#177; 0,80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,986</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,31 &#177; 0,33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,34 &#177; 0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,30 &#177; 0,68&#8273;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,74 &#177; 0,58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,45 &#177; 0,50&#945;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,47 &#177; 0,56&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#916;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,38 &#177; 0,82&#8273;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,99 &#177; 1,20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AST (u/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (26&#8211;29)&#945;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (28&#8211;29)&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#916;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (43&#8211;49)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (44&#8211;56)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT (u/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (23&#8211;27)&#945;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (23&#8211;27)&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#916;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (33&#8211;27)&#8273;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (36&#8211;40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">117 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">117 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">113 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,911</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,2 (1,0&#8211;1,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,2 (1,0&#8211;1,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,1 (1,5&#8211;3,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (11&#8211;22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">D&#237;mero-D (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3&#8211;36)&#945;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#165;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (4&#8211;35)&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#916;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">499 (34&#8211;725)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">750 (499&#8211;1550)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (10&#8211;33)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (11&#8211;34)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100 (41&#8211;111)&#8273;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (110&#8211;567)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TncI-as (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (3&#8211;13)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (3&#8211;14)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (14&#8211;30)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (14&#8211;156)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e intervalo interquartil ou n (%). ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; NT-proBNP: N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral tipo B; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; TncI-as: troponina card&#237;aca I de alta sensibilidade. Grupo I: controles saud&#225;veis, grupo II: pacientes com COVID-19 sem pneumonia, grupo III: pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia leve, grupo IV: pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia grave.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>&#945;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo I e grupo IV (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo I e grupo III (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#9654;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo I e grupo II (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>&#946;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo II e grupo IV (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#916;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo II e grupo III (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8273;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo III e grupo IV (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados Laboratoriais dos Grupos do Estudo</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais, como a contagem de leuc&#243;citos, o nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue, creatinina, pot&#225;ssio, AST, ALT, PCR-as, d&#237;mero-D, NT-proBNP e TncI-as aumentaram do grupo I para o grupo IV e foram significativamente mais altos nos pacientes do grupo IV em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a contagem de leuc&#243;citos, os n&#237;veis de AST, ALT e d&#237;mero-D foram significativamente maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo I e o grupo II. Foi determinado que os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina e de c&#225;lcio diminu&#237;ram do grupo I para o grupo IV e foram significativamente menores nos pacientes do grupo IV em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais grupos. Tamb&#233;m foram menores no grupo III do que nos grupos I e II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos dos Grupos do Estudo</title>
        <p>Quando os dados de ECG foram comparados de acordo com os grupos do estudo, os intervalos QT e QTc foram semelhantes em todos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Apenas 1 paciente apresentou QTc &gt; 500 ms e 1 paciente apresentou QTc &gt; 460 ms. Os valores de QTc de todos os outros pacientes eram normais. O intervalo Tpe e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc aumentaram do grupo I para o grupo IV e foram significativamente maiores em todos os pacientes do grupo IV em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de achados de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventriculares de acordo com grupo do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo I n=30</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo II n=30</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo III n=30</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo IV n=30</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intervalo QT, tempo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">367 &#177; 49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">380 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">381 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">382 &#177; 51</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,338</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intervalo QTc, tempo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">405 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">406 &#177; 34 &#946;, <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#916;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">406 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">407 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,989</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intervalo Tpe, tempo (ms)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70,3 &#177; 7,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72,7 &#177; 7,7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74,1 &#177; 8,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90,1 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,186 &#177; 0,021 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,191 &#177; 0,023 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,203 &#177; 0,051<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,235 &#177; 0,034</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,188 &#177; 0,022 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#945;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,186 &#177; 0,024 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#946;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,200 &#177; 0,018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,216 &#177; 0,029</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Grupo I: controles saud&#225;veis, grupo II: pacientes com COVID-19 sem pneumonia, grupo III: pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia leve, grupo IV: pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia grave.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#945;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo I e grupo IV (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo I e grupo III (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#9654;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo I e grupo II p&lt;0.05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#946;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo II e grupo IV (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#916;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo II e grupo III (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>&#8273;</label>
              <p>= diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupo III e grupo IV p&lt;0.05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A Determina&#231;&#227;o dos Par&#226;metros Relacionados ao Intervalo Tpe, &#224; Rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e &#224; Rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc</title>
        <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o para determinar os par&#226;metros relacionados ao intervalo Tpe, &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> resume os par&#226;metros relacionados ao intervalo Tpe, &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear para determinar os par&#226;metros significativamente relacionados ao intervalo Tpe, &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Como resultado desta an&#225;lise, foi verificado que os n&#237;veis basais de FC, d&#237;mero-D e TncI-as eram positiva e significativamente associados ao intervalo Tpe, &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc. O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de c&#225;lcio foi negativa e significativamente correlacionado com o intervalo Tpe e com a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc. Concomitantemente, o NT-proBNP e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc foram positiva e significativamente relacionados. Estatisticamente, a rela&#231;&#227;o mais significativa foi encontrada entre a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc e o d&#237;mero-D (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o para par&#226;metros associados a intervalo Tpe, rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Intervalo Tpe</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe/QT</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe/QTc</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,296</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,175</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,056</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,149</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,218</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,017</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,187</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,040</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,183</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,298</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,309</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,125</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,424</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,279</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,223</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,247</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,274</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,299</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,120</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,461</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,241</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,287</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,245</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,208</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,219</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">D&#237;mero-D (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,431</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,298</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,569</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,192</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,035</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,190</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,045</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,351</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TncI-as (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,185</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,042</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,210</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,255</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>NT-proBNP: N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral tipo B; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; TncI-as: troponina card&#237;aca I de alta sensibilidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear para par&#226;metros significativamente associados a intervalo Tpe, rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Intervalo Tpe</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe/QT</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe/QTc</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,092</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,236</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,056</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,530</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,013</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,865</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,017</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,827</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,057</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,536</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,698</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,487</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,286</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,205</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,143</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,054</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,153</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,074</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,054</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,499</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,105</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,168</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,175</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,158</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,158</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#225;lcio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,298</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,103</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,263</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,241</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,078</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,306</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,113</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,188</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,021</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,773</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">D&#237;mero-D (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,342</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,493</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,114</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,125</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,055</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,526</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,233</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TncI-as (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,235</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,205</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,198</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,012</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>NT-proBNP: N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral tipo B; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; TncI-as: troponina card&#237;aca I de alta sensibilidade. R<sub>ajustado</sub><sup>2</sup> para intervalo Tpe, Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc como 0,426, 0,446 e 0,487, respectivamente.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O achado principal do nosso estudo &#233; que, em pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia grave, o intervalo Tpe e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc s&#227;o elevados, sem prolonga&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos QT e QTc. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo na literatura a demonstrar aumento do intervalo Tpe e das rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc, que est&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 envolve principalmente as vias a&#233;reas, mas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares significativas tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> N&#227;o seria correto explicar o envolvimento card&#237;aco ou as complica&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem nesta doen&#231;a como um mecanismo &#250;nico; a les&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; considerada multifatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Os poss&#237;veis mecanismos para o envolvimento card&#237;aco podem ser resumidos da maneira seguinte: i) miocardite viral direta como o mecanismo mais comumente considerado;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> ii) hipotens&#227;o e FC elevada;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> iii) hip&#243;xia;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> iv) inflama&#231;&#227;o elevada e libera&#231;&#227;o de citocina;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> v) regula&#231;&#227;o negativa dos receptores ECA-2;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> vi) toxicidade de medicamentos (cloroquina, hidroxicloroquina, eritromicina, etc.)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> e vii) aumento da libera&#231;&#227;o end&#243;gena de catecolaminas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Embora todos estes par&#226;metros n&#227;o tenham sido observados no nosso estudo, foram verificados aumentos dos n&#237;veis de TncI-as e NT-proBNP, que sugere envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico; aumento na contagem de leuc&#243;citos e PCR-as, evidenciando o processo de inflama&#231;&#227;o; aumento da FC com diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAS e da PAD, evidenciando o estado hemodin&#226;mico, evoluindo do grupo controle para o grupo com pneumonia grave, em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura. Al&#233;m disso, no nosso estudo, foi verificado um aumento no n&#237;vel do d&#237;mero-D em pacientes com maior gravidade da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>A mortalidade &#233; paralela ao aumento do envolvimento card&#237;aco em pacientes com COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Assim como nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a causa mais comum de mortalidade card&#237;aca em pacientes com COVID-19 s&#227;o os eventos arr&#237;tmicos. Em muitos estudos, foi relatado que os pacientes com COVID-19 e envolvimento card&#237;aco t&#234;m diferentes frequ&#234;ncias e tipos de arritmias card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Ainda n&#227;o existe um mecanismo e uma classifica&#231;&#227;o clara das arritmias para essa doen&#231;a. Num estudo com 187 pacientes, Guo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> relataram uma taxa de envolvimento card&#237;aco de 27,8%, TV ou FV sendo presente em 5,9% destes pacientes. Zhou et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> relataram que a taxa de envolvimento card&#237;aco foi de 17% em 191 pacientes, e 1% desses pacientes apresentou FC &gt; 125 bpm. Shi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> relataram que a taxa de envolvimento card&#237;aco foi de 19,7% em 416 pacientes, a depress&#227;o do segmento ST sendo encontrada em 0,7% desses pacientes. Wang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> relataram uma frequ&#234;ncia de 16,7% de eventos arr&#237;tmicos, em 118 pacientes.</p>
      <p>O mecanismo mais importante da fisiopatologia da arritmia ventricular em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 &#233; semelhante ao das arritmias em pacientes com miocardite aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Assim como na miocardite aguda, os motivos mais importantes das arritmias s&#227;o o aumento da TncI-as e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, devido ao aumento do dano mioc&#225;rdico durante o per&#237;odo agudo, bem como a fibrose atrial e ventricular ocorrendo no per&#237;odo tardio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Em estudos realizados em pacientes com miocardite aguda em anos pr&#233;vios, foram verificados aumentos dos intervalos QT, QTc e Tpe e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tpe/QT e Tpe/QTc durante o per&#237;odo agudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o existem estudos que pesquisem QT, QTc, o intervalo Tpe, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc em casos de miocardite ou envolvimento card&#237;aco em pacientes com COVID-19. Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de TncI-as eram significativamente mais altos nos pacientes com COVID-19 e pneumonia grave. No nosso estudo, n&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lise e classifica&#231;&#227;o das arritmias por&#233;m, os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular dos pacientes, que podem predizer eventos arr&#237;tmicos com anteced&#234;ncia, foram avaliados na admiss&#227;o. Foi verificado que o intervalo Tpe, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc, que est&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, aumentaram com a atividade e gravidade da doen&#231;a, sendo bem maiores em pacientes com pneumonia grave. Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre TncI-as e o intervalo Tpe, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc, o que corrobora estudos que mostram que a frequ&#234;ncia de arritmias aumentou em pacientes com TnTc-as elevada.</p>
      <p>H&#225; muitos par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; atividade da doen&#231;a e ao seu progn&#243;stico em pacientes com COVID-19. A maioria dos par&#226;metros associados &#224; atividade e ao progn&#243;stico tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associados com o envolvimento card&#237;aco. No nosso estudo, a atividade da doen&#231;a foi associada &#224; presen&#231;a e gravidade da pneumonia. Al&#233;m disso, os par&#226;metros comprometidos de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram positiva e significativamente relacionados ao aumento de FC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> NT-proBNP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> d&#237;mero-D<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> e TncI-as,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> que s&#227;o intimamente relacionados &#224; atividade da COVID-19 na literatura. Portanto, hipotetizamos que o prolongamento elevado da repolariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com COVID-19 pode ser afetado pela atividade da doen&#231;a e que os eventos arr&#237;tmicos nesses pacientes pudessem ser previstos com anteced&#234;ncia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>H&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes no nosso estudo, incluindo o desenho retrospectivo do estudo e o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m disso, os eventos arr&#237;tmicos e os par&#226;metros de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico n&#227;o foram avaliados, devido ao n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes e &#224; falta de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico. Estudos prospectivos com mais pacientes podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es mais significativas. No nosso estudo, os medicamentos e os tratamentos m&#233;dicos que prolongam o QT foram considerados como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, mas n&#227;o foi realizada nenhuma avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica para QT longo ou curto. Esta canalopatia heredit&#225;ria pode n&#227;o ser muito significativa, devido &#224; sua raridade. N&#227;o foi realizada resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica para o envolvimento card&#237;aco ou a miocardite devido &#224; COVID-19. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante do nosso estudo foi a impossibilidade de avaliar os efeitos de drogas, como a hidroxicloroquina e a azitromicina, que s&#227;o frequentemente utilizadas para tratar COVID-19, na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora o problema principal relacionado &#224; mortalidade e &#224; morbidade em pacientes com COVID-19 seja a doen&#231;a pulmonar aguda, as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis indicam que um em cada cinco pacientes com COVID-19 apresenta dano mioc&#225;rdico. O nosso estudo demonstrou que, em adi&#231;&#227;o aos estudos pr&#233;vios sobre COVID-19 na literatura, o dist&#250;rbio da repolariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ocorreu em adi&#231;&#227;o ao aumento do dano mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com pneumonia grave. Em pacientes com COVID-19, foi verificado que o intervalo Tpe, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tpe/QTc, que est&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de dispers&#227;o transmural de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, eram elevados, sem prolonga&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos QT e QTc. Isso foi mais pronunciado em pacientes com COVID-19 grave e pneumonia grave e pode estar associado ao aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o e ao dano mioc&#225;rdico. Para pacientes com COVID-19, principalmente aqueles com pneumonia grave, deve-se ter em mente que pode ocorrer prolongamento na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Neste estudo, n&#227;o podemos definitivamente concluir que as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas observadas est&#227;o diretamente relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 ou &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, mas sim associadas a cen&#225;rios graves de COVID-19, que podem envolver outras causas de inflama&#231;&#227;o e comorbidades.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Internal Medicine, Adana - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cukurova University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Internal Medicine, Adana - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Infectious Disease, Adana - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mevlut Koc</bold> &#8226; University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center - Department of Cardiology - Adana City Hospital Deparment of cardio Adana Adana <postal-code>01100</postal-code> - Turkey. E-mail: <email>drmevlutkoc@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sumbul HE, Koca H; Acquisition of data: Gulumsek E, Koca H, Turunc T, Bayrak E, Ozturk HA, Demirtas AO; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Koc M, Bulut Y, Bayrak E, Aslan MZ; Statistical analysis: Koc M, Icen YK; Writing of the manuscript: Koc M, Sumbul HE, Turunc T; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Koc M, Karakoc E, Ozturk HA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>There is no study evaluating the T<sub>peak</sub>-T<sub>end</sub> (Tpe) interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio to assess cardiac arrhythmias in patients with COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to examine whether there is a change in QT, QTc, Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio in patients with COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study included 90 patients with COVID-19 infection and 30 age-and-sex-matched healthy controls. QT, QTc, Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio were measured. The participants included in the study were divided into the following 4 groups: healthy controls (group I), patients with COVID-19 without pneumonia (group II), patients with COVID-19 and mild pneumonia (group III), and patients with COVID-19 and severe pneumonia (group IV). Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>It was found that baseline heart rate, presence of hypertension and diabetes, white blood cell count, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, NT-proBNP, high sensitive C reactive protein, D-dimer, hs-cTnI, Tpe, Tpe/QT, and Tpe/QTc increased from group I to group IV, and they were significantly higher in all patients in group IV (p &lt; 0.05). Systolic-diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, and calcium levels were found to be lowest in group IV and significantly lower than in other groups (&lt; 0.05). QT and QTc intervals were similar between groups. It was determined that increased heart rate, calcium, D-dimer, NT-proBNP and hs-CRP levels were significantly related to Tpe, Tpe/QT, and Tpe/QTc.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In patients with COVID-19 and severe pneumonia, Tpe, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio, which are among ventricular repolarization parameters, were found to be increased, without prolonged QT and QTc intervals. In this study, we cannot definitively conclude that the ECG changes observed are directly related to COVID-19 infection or inflammation, but rather associated with severe COVID-19 scenarios, which might involve other causes of inflammation and comorbidities. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(5):907-913)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus, Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In the last months of 2019, a new pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared worldwide, and its effects are still ongoing. This disease, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), mainly affects the respiratory tract, but it has a significant rate (12% to 28%) of cardiac involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Increased levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), high sensitivity cTnI and cTnT (hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> and NT-proBNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> have been found in patients with cardiac involvement. Mortality increases in patients with cardiac involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Cardiac involvement is multifactorial in patients with COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Since cardiac involvement is associated with mortality, an increase in mortality due to arrhythmia can be predicted in these patients. Patients with COVID-19 have been shown to have fatal arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> However, no parameter or clear classification has been reported to provide information regarding the frequency of arrhythmia or to predict it these patients. It has only been recommended to measure QT and corrected QT (QTc) in advance, in order to reduce fatal arrhythmic events before starting hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin which have been used in COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Prolonged or impaired ventricular repolarization is associated with life-threatening arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). There are many electrocardiography (ECG) parameters related to impaired ventricular depolarization and repolarization. The parameters used in clinical practice are the QT and QTc intervals, QT and QTc dispersion, and the T<sub>peak</sub>-T<sub>end</sub> (Tpe) interval. The Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios obtained from these parameters are associated with ventricular transmural dispersion during repolarization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Increased Tpe interval indicates abnormal spread in ventricular repolarization, and it is associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> To the best of our knowledge, there is no study on QT, QTc, Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio regarding the effect of COVID-19 on ventricular repolarization parameters. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether there is a change in QT, QTc, Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio in patients with COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <p>A total of 120 patients diagnosed with COVID-19, who were admitted to intensive care, inpatient service, and COVID-19 pandemic clinics between March 15 and April 20, 2020 and who underwent admission ECG, were scanned retrospectively. After exclusion criteria were applied, the study included 30 patients with COVID-19 and severe pneumonia (group IV, 20 men and 10 women, mean age 61.2 &#177; 10.1 years), 30 patients with COVID-19 and mild pneumonia (group III, 18 men and 12 women, mean age 64.8 &#177; 12.3 years), 30 patients with COVID-19 without pneumonia (group II, 19 men and 11 women, mean age 65.2 &#177; 14.2 years), and 30 healthy controls (17 men and 13 women, mean age 63.5 &#177; 13.5 years), who were admitted to the outpatient clinics. In patients with COVID-19 who were scanned in this study, the following factors were considered as exclusion criteria: pediatric age group (&lt; 18 years), failure to perform Tpe and QTc measurements, known coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndrome, mild to advanced valvular heart disease, systolic heart failure, any medical treatment known to prolong or shorten the QT and QTc intervals, and personal or family history of syncope or sudden cardiac arrest. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and it received approved from the local ethics committee.</p>
        <p>Demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters and 12-lead ECG of all patients were obtained from their files. Demographic data of all patients, sex, baseline heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded from archived files. Using routine biochemistry parameters, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemogram, blood glucose level, kidney function tests, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum calcium level, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP), D-dimer, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and hs-cTnI values were recorded.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Twelve Lead Electrocardiographic Evaluation</title>
          <p>Twelve-lead ECG, carried out by MAC 2000 ECG Machine (GE medical systems information technologies, Inc., WI, USA) in sinus rhythm, 25 mm/sec speed and 1 mv/10 mm standard calibration, was obtained from files for all individuals. For the QT interval, the time from where QRS started to the point where the T wave merges with the isoelectric line was calculated. <italic>QT c</italic> was calculated using the Bazett Formula (<italic>QT c</italic> = <italic>QT</italic> / &#8730;<italic>R</italic> - <italic>R</italic>). Upper limit of normal for QTc was accepted as 450 and 460 ms for men and women, respectively.20 Tpe interval was defined as the time from the peak of the T wave to the point where the T wave joins and ends with the isoelectric line. Measurements were made primarily from V5. In cases where V5 was not suitable for measurement (amplitude &lt; 1.5 mm), measurements were made from V4 or V6.21 <italic>Tpe/QT</italic> and <italic>Tpe/QTc</italic> ratios were calculated according to these measurements. All ECG examinations in sinus rhythm were evaluated by two cardiologists with at least 5 years of electrophysiology experience, who evaluates &#8805; 2000 arrhythmia patients annually and who were not aware of the patient or clinic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normal distribution of continuous variables. Continuous variables in group data were indicated with mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were specified as numbers and percentages. Continuous variables that showed normal distribution were compared using the one-way ANOVA test, whereas the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare non-normally distributed samples. For normally distributed data, Scheffe and Games-Howell tests were used for multiple comparisons of groups with respect to homogeneity of variances. For non-normally distributed data, Bonferroni adjusted Mann-Whitney U test was used for multiple comparisons of groups. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation analyses were performed to determine parameters related to Tpe interval and Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios. Linear regression analysis was performed for parameters that were more closely to the Tpe interval and Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios in univariate analysis. In order to avoid multicollinearity problems, each ventricular repolarization parameter was analyzed separately in different models. All models were adjusted by sex, age, and cardiovascular risk factors. The kappa coefficient was used to evaluate interobserver and intraobserver variability of the all ECG measurements. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) statistical software package.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>As previously stated, the study data were divided into 4 groups and compared. ECG measurements were successfully obtained from all patients included in the study. Cohen kappa values that evaluate interobserver and intraobserver variability were greater than 90% for all ECG criteria.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic and Clinical Data of the Study Groups</title>
          <p>When demographic data were compared according to study groups, age and sex distribution were similar between groups. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were more frequent in group IV. Among clinical parameters, it was demonstrated that the SBP and DBP values were lowest in group IV patients, and they were significantly lower than all other groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>). It was also demonstrated that the baseline HR value increased from group I to group IV, and they were significantly higher in patients in group IV than in all other groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>). SBP, DBP, and baseline HR values of groups I, II, and III were similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical, demographic, and laboratory findings according to study group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Group I n=30</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Group II n=30</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Group III n=30</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Group IV n=30</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63.5 &#177; 13.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">65.2 &#177; 14.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">64.8 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">61.2 &#177; 10.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.627</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex (male/female)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17/13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19/11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18/12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">20/10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.506</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11(38%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Current smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12(40%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.425</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">125 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">130 &#177; 10.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">136 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">108 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76.9 &#177; 4.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">79.9 &#177; 7.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">80.2 &#177; 7.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62.3 &#177; 23.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulse (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">67 &#177; 8.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68 &#177; 9.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75.6 &#177; 12.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">89.6 &#177; 19.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">White blood cell (uL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9039 &#177; 1188&#945;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1097 &#177; 1516&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#916;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1277 &#177; 1484<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1906 &#177; 2698</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin (gr/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13.3 &#177; 1.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13.4 &#177; 1.58&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#916;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12.7 &#177; 0.81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10.6 &#177; 0.74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">105 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">138 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">141 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">138 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.172</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25.3 &#177; 6.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28.1 &#177; 8.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37.2 &#177; 25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">66.9 &#177; 80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60 &#177; 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.62 &#177; 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67 &#177; 0.18&#8273;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.08 &#177; 0.80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 4.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.986</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.31 &#177; 0.33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.34 &#177; 0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.30 &#177; 0.68&#8273;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.74 &#177; 0.58</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.45 &#177; 0.50<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.47 &#177; 0.56&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#916;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.38 &#177; 0.82&#8273;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7.99 &#177; 1.20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AST (u/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (26&#8211;29)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (28&#8211;29)&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#916;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (43&#8211;49)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (44&#8211;56)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT (u/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (23&#8211;27)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (23&#8211;27)&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#916;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (33&#8211;27)&#8273;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (36&#8211;40)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">117 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">115 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">117 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">113 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.911</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.2 (1.0&#8211;1.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.2 (1.0&#8211;1.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.1 (1.5&#8211;3.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (11&#8211;22)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">D-dimer (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (3&#8211;36)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (4&#8211;35)&#946;,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#916;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">499 (34&#8211;725)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">750 (499&#8211;1550)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (10&#8211;33)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (11&#8211;34)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100 (41&#8211;111)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (110&#8211;567)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-cTnI (ng/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (3&#8211;13)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (3&#8211;14)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (14&#8211;30)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (14&#8211;156)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>Values are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation, median and interquartile range, or n (%). ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; hs-CRP: high sensitive C reactive protein; hs-cTnI: high sensitive cardiac troponin I; LDL: low density lipoprotein; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; SBP: systolic blood pressure. Group I: Healthy controls, group II: patients with COVID-19 without pneumonia, group III: patients with COVID-19 and mild pneumonia, group IV: patients with COVID-19 and severe pneumonia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>&#945;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group I and group IV (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>&#165;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group I and group III (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <label>&#9654;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group I and group II (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>&#946;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group II and group IV (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>&#916;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group II and group III (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <label>&#8273;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group III and group IV (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory Data of the Study Groups</title>
          <p>Laboratory parameters such as WBC, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, AST, ALT, hs-CRP, D-dimer, NT-proBNP, and hs-cTnI levels increased from group I to group IV, and they were significantly higher in patients in group IV than in all groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>). In addition, WBC, AST, ALT and D-dimer levels were significantly higher than group I and group II. It was determined that hemoglobin and calcium levels decreased from group I to group IV, and they were significantly lower in patients in group IV than in all other groups. They were also lower in group III than in groups I and II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic Data of Study Groups</title>
          <p>When ECG data were compared according to study groups, the QT and QTc intervals were found to be similar across all groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>). Only 1 patient had QTc &gt; 500 ms, and 1 patient had QTc &gt; 460 ms. The QTc values of all other patients were normal. The Tpe interval and the Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios increased from group I to group IV, and they were significantly higher in all patients in group IV than in those in all other groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of ventricular depolarization and repolarization findings according to study groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">group I n=30</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">group II n=30</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">group III n=30</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">group IV n=30</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">QT interval, time (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">367 &#177; 49</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">380 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">381 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">382 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">QTc interval, time (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">405 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">406 &#177; 34 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#946;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#916;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">406 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">407 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.989</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Tpe interval, time (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70.3 &#177; 7.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72.7 &#177; 7.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">74.1 &#177; 8.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">90.1 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Tpe/QT ratio</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.186 &#177; 0.021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.191 &#177; 0.023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.203 &#177; 0.051<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.235 &#177; 0.034</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Tpe/QTc ratio</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.188 &#177; 0.022<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#945;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.186 &#177; 0.024<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#946;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.200 &#177; 0.018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#8273;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.216 &#177; 0.029</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <p>Values are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation or n (%). Group I: Healthy controls, group II: patients with COVID-19 without pneumonia, group III: patients with COVID-19 and mild pneumonia, group IV: patients with COVID-19 and severe pneumonia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <label>&#945;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group I and group IV (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN27">
                <label>&#165;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group I and group III (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN28">
                <label>&#9654;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group I and group II p&lt;0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN29">
                <label>&#946;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group II and group IV (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN30">
                <label>&#916;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group II and group III (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN31">
                <label>&#8273;</label>
                <p>= significant difference between group III and group IV p&lt;0.05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of Parameters Related to Tpe Interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio</title>
          <p>Correlation analysis was performed to determine parameters related to Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> summarizes parameters related to Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio in correlation analysis. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the parameters significantly related to Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio in correlation analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>). As a result of this analysis, baseline HR, D-dimer, and hs-cTnI levels were found to be positively and significantly associated with Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio. Serum calcium level was negatively and significantly correlated with Tpe interval and Tpe/QTc ratio. Concomitantly, NT-proBNP and Tpe/QTc ratio were positively and significantly related. Statistically, the most significant relationship was found between Tpe/QTc and D-dimer (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation analyses for parameters associated with Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe interval</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe/QT</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe/QTc</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.296</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.175</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.056</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.149</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.218</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.017</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.187</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.040</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.183</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulse (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.298</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.309</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.125</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.424</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.279</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.223</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.014</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.247</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.274</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.299</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.120</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.405</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.461</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.241</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.287</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.245</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.208</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.219</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">D-dimer (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.431</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.298</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.569</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.192</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.035</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.190</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.045</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.351</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-cTnI (ng/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.185</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.042</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.210</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.019</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.255</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN32">
                <p>hs-CRP: High sensitive C reactive protein; hs-cTnI: high sensitive cardiac troponin I; NT-proBNP: N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Linear regression analysis for parameters significantly associated with Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe interval</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe/QT</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tpe/QTc</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.092</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.236</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.056</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.530</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.013</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.865</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.017</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.827</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.057</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.536</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.698</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.487</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulse (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.271</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.286</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.205</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.143</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.054</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.153</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.074</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.054</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.499</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.105</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.168</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.175</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.158</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.158</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.168</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.298</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.103</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.263</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.241</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.078</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.306</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.113</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.188</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.773</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">D-dimer (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.342</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.271</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.493</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.114</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.125</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.055</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.526</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.233</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">hs-cTnI (ng/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.235</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.205</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.198</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.012</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN33">
                <p>hs-CRP: High sensitive C reactive protein; hs-cTnI: high sensitive cardiac troponin I; NT-proBNP: N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide. R<sub>adjusted</sub><sup>2</sup> for Tpe interval, Tpe/QT, and Tpe/QTc as 0.426, 0.446, and 0.487, respectively.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of our study is that, in patients with COVID-19 and severe pneumonia, Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio are increased, without prolonged QT and QTc intervals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature to show increased Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio, which are among ventricular repolarization parameters, in patients with COVID-19.</p>
        <p>COVID-19 infection mainly involves the airways, but significant cardiovascular complications can also occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> It is not correct to explain the cardiac involvement or complications occurring in this disease as a single mechanism, and cardiac injury is considered to be multifactorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Possible mechanisms for cardiac involvement can be summarized as follows: i) direct viral myocarditis as the most commonly considered mechanism,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> ii) hypotension and increased HR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> iii) hypoxia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> iv) increased inflammation and cytokine release,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> v) down regulation of ACE-2 receptors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> vi) drug toxicity (chloroqiune, hydroxychloroqiune, erythromicin, etc.),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> and vii) increased endogenous catecholamine release.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Although all these parameters were not observed in our study, there were shown to be increases in hs-cTnI and NT-proBNP levels, which suggests myocardial involvement; increases in WBC and hs-CRP, showing the inflammation process; an increase in HR with a decrease in SBP and DBP, showing hemodynamic status, progressing from the control group to the group with severe pneumonia, in accordance with the literature. In addition, in our study, an increase in D-dimer level was found in patients with increased disease severity.</p>
        <p>Mortality increases with increased cardiac involvement in patients with COVID-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> As with cardiovascular diseases, the most common cause of cardiac mortality in COVID-19 patients is arrhythmic events. In many studies, it has been reported that patients with COVID-19 and cardiac involvement have different frequencies and types of cardiac arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> There is still no clear arrhythmia mechanism and classification for this disease. Guo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> reported that the rate of cardiac involvement in 187 patients was 27.8% and VT or VF were present in 5.9% of these patients. Zhou et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> reported that the rate of cardiac involvement was 17% in 191 patients, and 1% of these patients had HR &gt; 125 bpm. Shi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> reported that the rate of cardiac involvement was 19.7% in 416 patients, and ST depression was found in 0.7% of these patients. Wang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> reported a 16.7% frequency of arrhythmic events in 118 patients.</p>
        <p>The most important mechanism in the physiopathology of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with COVID-19 infection is similar to that of arrhythmias in patients with acute myocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> As in acute myocarditis, the most important reasons of arrhythmias are increased hs-cTnI and decreased left ventricular functions, due to increased myocardial damage in the acute period, as well as atrial and ventricular fibrosis occurring in the late period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> In studies conducted in patients with acute myocarditis in previous years, QT, QTc, Tpe intervals, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio were found to be increased in the acute period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> To the best of our knowledge, there is no study researching QT, QTc, Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio in cases of myocarditis or cardiac involvement in patients with COVID-19. In our study, hs-cTnI levels were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 with severe pneumonia. In our study, analysis and classification of arrhythmias were not performed. However, ventricular repolarization parameters of patients, which can predict arrhythmic events in advance, were evaluated at admission. It was determined that Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio, which are among ventricular repolarization parameters, increased with the activity and severity of the disease, and they were much higher in patients with severe pneumonia. In addition, it was determined that there was a positive and significant relationship between hs-cTnI and Tpe, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio, which supports studies showing that the frequency of arrhythmias increased in patients with high hs-cTnT.</p>
        <p>There are many parameters related to disease activity and prognosis in patients with COVID-19. The majority of parameters associated with disease activity and prognosis are also associated with cardiac involvement. In our study, disease activity was associated with the presence and severity of pneumonia. In addition, impaired ventricular repolarization parameters in our study were positively and significantly related to increased HR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> NT-proBNP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> D-dimer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> and hs-cTnI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> which are closely related to the disease activity of COVID-19 in the literature. Therefore, we hypothesized that increased myocardial repolarization prolongation in patients with COVID-19 might be affected by disease activity and that arrhythmic events in these patients could be predicted in advance.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>There are some important limitations to our study, including the retrospective design of the study and the number of patients enrolled. In addition, arrhythmic events and clinical follow-up parameters were not evaluated, due to the small number of patients and lack of clinical follow-up. Prospective studies with more patients can provide more meaningful information. In our study, medications and medical treatments that prolong QT were taken as exclusion criteria, but no genetic evaluation was performed for long or short QT. This hereditary channelopathy may not be very meaningful due to its rarity. Magnetic resonance imaging was not performed for cardiac involvement or myocarditis due to COVID-19. Another important limitation to our study is the inability to evaluate the effects of drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, which are frequently used to treat COVID-19, on ventricular repolarization.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although the main issue related to mortality and morbidity in patients with COVID-19 is acute lung disease, the available evidence indicates that one out of every five COVID-19 patients has myocardial damage. Our study showed that, in addition to previous COVID-19 studies in the literature, myocardial repolarization disorder occurred in addition to increased myocardial damage in patients with severe pneumonia. In patients with COVID-19, Tpe interval, Tpe/QT ratio, and Tpe/QTc ratio, which are among the dispersion of transmural ventricular repolarization parameters, were found to be increased, without prolonged QT and QTc intervals. This was more pronounced in patients with severe COVID-19 and severe pneumonia, and it may be associated with increased inflammation and myocardial damage. For patients with COVID-19, especially those with severe pneumonia, it should be kept in mind that prolongation may occur in ventricular repolarization. In this study, we cannot definitively conclude that the ECG changes observed are directly related to COVID-19 infection or inflammation, but rather associated with severe COVID-19 scenarios, which might involve other causes of inflammation and comorbidities.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
