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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FB5bmygYM9f6GqqV9pFBxHy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300896</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190364</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190364</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo da Reatividade Microvascular em Pacientes Hipertensos com Adiposidade Corporal Elevada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d'El-Rei</surname>
            <given-names>Jenifer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Rabello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Samanta de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Prangiel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rica Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0797-572X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mario Fritsch Neves</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Av. 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP <postal-code>20551-030</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mariofneves@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: d'El-Rei J, Oigman W, Neves MF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: d'El-Rei J, Cunha MR, Mattos SS, Marques BC, Menezes VP, Cunha AR, Fran&#231;a EM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: d'El-Rei J, Cunha MR, Mattos SS, Marques BC, Menezes VP, Cunha AR, Fran&#231;a EM, Oigman W, Neves MF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: d'El-Rei J, Cunha MR, Neves MF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Neves MF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: d'El-Rei J, Cunha MR, Mattos SS, Marques BC, Menezes VP, Cunha AR, Oigman W, Neves MF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>896</fpage>
      <lpage>904</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Diversos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos t&#234;m sido propostos para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de peso e fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre adiposidade corporal e reatividade microvascular em pacientes hipertensos sob terapia anti-hipertensiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes hipertensos tratados de 40 a 70 anos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos: conicidade (IC), adiposidade corporal (IAC), adiposidade visceral (IAV) e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCE). Os participantes foram divididos pelos tercis de percentual de gordura (%G) obtido pela bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIA) e submetidos a teste de reatividade microvascular (<italic>laser speckle contrast image</italic>), medida da velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP). O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea sob a curva (ASC) da perfus&#227;o cut&#226;nea foi inferior no tercil superior (97 &#177; 57% <italic>vs.</italic> 67 &#177; 36%; p = 0,027). O %G apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com RCE (r = 0,77; p &lt; 0,001), IAV (r = 0,41; p = 0,018), IC (r = 0,60; p &lt; 0,001) e IAC (r = 0,65; p &lt; 0,001) nos homens e somente com RCE (r = 0,55; p &lt; 0,001) e IAC (r = 0,60; p &lt; 0,001) nas mulheres. Na regress&#227;o linear, a ASC mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o independente com o %G (&#946; =&#8211;3,15; p = 0,04) nas mulheres e com a glicemia (&#946; = &#8211;1,15; p = 0,02) nos homens. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas medidas de VOP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade foram mais associados ao %G nos homens. A maior adiposidade corporal foi relacionada com menor reatividade microvascular, o que foi mais evidente nas mulheres. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na rigidez arterial, o que pode ter sido influenciado pelo tratamento anti-hipertensivo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/efeitos do tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Permeabilidade Capilar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) aponta a obesidade como um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no mundo e, no Brasil, ela vem crescendo cada vez mais. Evid&#234;ncias apontam que mais de 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o apresentam-se na faixa de sobrepeso e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico correto de obesidade ou sobrepeso requer algumas formas de quantifica&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. As t&#233;cnicas de imagem s&#227;o alternativas que oferecem maior precis&#227;o; no entanto, a simplicidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o destaca os m&#233;todos antropom&#233;tricos como bons instrumentos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal. Diante disso, diversos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos t&#234;m sido propostos para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de peso e fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#233; o que tem maior divulga&#231;&#227;o em estudos, mas n&#227;o se correlaciona &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal. Assim, as medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e a raz&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) s&#227;o os indicadores mais utilizados na aferi&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o central do tecido adiposo. Outros que v&#234;m demonstrando forte liga&#231;&#227;o com os fatores de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o: o conicidade (IC), a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCE) e, mais recentemente, a adiposidade corporal (IAC) e o adiposidade visceral (IAV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Na obesidade, o tecido adiposo perivascular torna-se altamente inflamado e induz disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular por secre&#231;&#227;o aumentada de fatores de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, como os principais componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina e adipocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, os quais s&#227;o importantes contribuintes para ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, &#233; essencial a identifica&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros que possam refletir, de maneira mais precisa e vi&#225;vel, a distribui&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo (visceral ou subcut&#226;neo) e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e inflamat&#243;rias que levam ao preju&#237;zo da sa&#250;de vascular e, consequentemente, aumentam o risco cardiovascular. Desse modo, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre adiposidade corporal e reatividade microvascular em pacientes hipertensos sob terapia anti-hipertensiva, al&#233;m de correlacionar o percentual de gordura corporal e a influ&#234;ncia do sexo aos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos de adiposidade e risco cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Pacientes hipertensos com idade entre 40 e 70 anos, de ambos os sexos, em uso de anti-hipertensivo por pelo menos quatro semanas, foram selecionados e admitidos em um estudo transversal. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram IMC &#8805; 40 kg/m&#178;, diabetes melito, terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal e uso de betabloqueador ou estatina. Para an&#225;lise dos resultados, os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o tercil do %G, diferenciado pelo sexo. Nas mulheres, o ponto de corte dos tercis foi de 36,49 e 39,87%, enquanto nos homens, foi de 25,27 e 28,95%. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local (50751314.9.0000.5259), e todos os participantes leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido em conformidade com o descrito na resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional</title>
        <p>Seguindo as t&#233;cnicas preconizadas pela OMS, o peso corporal foi aferido em balan&#231;a digital da marca Filizola<sup>&#174;</sup> com capacidade m&#225;xima de 180 kg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Na mesma balan&#231;a foi verificada a estatura, a partir do antrop&#244;metro. O IMC foi calculado dividindo-se o peso corporal (em quilograma) pelo quadrado da altura (Alt; em metro). Os pontos de corte adotados para a classifica&#231;&#227;o nutricional foram baseados nos crit&#233;rios propostos pela OMS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>As circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura e do quadril foram obtidas com aux&#237;lio de fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel. A CC foi determinada no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (CQ) foi realizada no maior di&#226;metro da regi&#227;o gl&#250;tea. A partir dessas medidas, foi calculada a RCQ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo da RCE foi feito conforme f&#243;rmula RCE = CC/Alt, e o c&#225;lculo do IC foi realizado utilizando a f&#243;rmula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> IC = CC/0,109 x &#8730; Peso/Alt.</p>
        <p>O IAC foi calculado a partir da medida da CQ e da estatura:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> IAC (%G) = CQ/(Alt x &#8730;Alt) &#8211; 18.</p>
        <p>O IAV foi calculado levando em considera&#231;&#227;o as varia&#231;&#245;es por g&#234;nero:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Homens: IAV = (CC/39,68 + 1,88 x IMC) x (TG/1,03) x (1,31/HDL)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mulheres: IAV = (CC/39,68 + 1,89 x IMC) x (TG/0,81) x (1,52/HDL).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Em que TG = triglicer&#237;deo (mmol/l); HDL = lipoproteina de alta densidade (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>high density lipoprotein</italic>) (mmol/l).</p>
        <p>A BIA foi realizada com o aparelho tetrapolar Biodynamics<sup>&#174;</sup> modelo 310e, utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do %G, seguindo recomenda&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de 8 horas. Glicose s&#233;rica, creatinina, colesterol total, HDL e TG foram medidos com uma t&#233;cnica de autoan&#225;lise (Technicon DAX96, Miles Inc). A prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) foi aferida pelo m&#233;todo de turbidimetria. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi realizada utilizando a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG), estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration</italic> (CKD-EPI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A insulina foi medida por radioimunoensaio, e o &#237;ndice de <italic>homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance</italic> (HOMA-IR) = [glicemia de jejum (mmol/l) x insulina de jejum (mUI/ml)/22,5] foi usado para estimar a sensibilidade &#224; insulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial e idades vascular e cardiometab&#243;lica</title>
        <p>As medidas da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram obtidas com aparelho digital calibrado (modelo HEM-705CP, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Illinois), realizadas com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso. O c&#225;lculo de idade vascular foi baseado no <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A idade cardiometab&#243;lica foi obtida pelo endere&#231;o eletr&#244;nico <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://myhealthcheckup.com">https://myhealthcheckup.com</ext-link>, acessando o item <italic>Cardiometabolic Age</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi definida de acordo com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento sobre Colesterol (NCEP ATP III).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reatividade microvascular</title>
        <p>A reatividade microvascular foi avaliada utilizando o m&#233;todo <italic>laser speckle contrast image</italic> (LSCI) (Pericam PSI System, Perimed, Su&#233;cia), em combina&#231;&#227;o com a hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o (HRPO) para an&#225;lise cont&#237;nua das altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o cut&#226;nea microvasculares dependentes de endot&#233;lio expressas em unidades de perfus&#227;o arbitr&#225;rias (UPA). Com essas an&#225;lises, foram obtidos a m&#233;dia do per&#237;odo basal, a ASC do per&#237;odo basal de um minuto, a m&#233;dia do pico de HRPO e a ASC do per&#237;odo de um minuto ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o. A condut&#226;ncia vascular cut&#226;nea (CVC) foi obtida pela f&#243;rmula: CVC = perfus&#227;o basal (ou HRPO)/press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da onda de pulso da art&#233;ria radial foi feita utilizando um dispositivo de tonometria dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (SphygmoCor; AtCor Medical, Sydney, Austr&#225;lia). O aumento de press&#227;o (AP) &#233; a diferen&#231;a entre a segunda e a primeira press&#227;o de pico sist&#243;lico, e o <italic>augmentation index</italic> (Aix) &#233; definido como a raz&#227;o entre o AP e a press&#227;o de pulso a&#243;rtica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Velocidade da onda de pulso</title>
        <p>As ondas de pulso foram obtidas transcutaneamente pelo aparelho COMPLIOR-SP (Alam Medical, France), por meio de transdutores colocados sobre a car&#243;tida direita e, ao mesmo tempo, sobre a art&#233;ria femoral direita. A dist&#226;ncia entre os pulsos carot&#237;deo e femoral foi medida diretamente com o aux&#237;lio de uma fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel, sendo o valor multiplicado por 0,8 para fins de c&#225;lculo da VOP. Essa medida foi corrigida calculando a VOP normalizada (VOP-CF-N), com a seguinte f&#243;rmula: VOP-CF-N = (VOP&#8211;CF/PAM) x 100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Para determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra para este estudo, foi considerada a equival&#234;ncia da varia&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) observada em obesos. Desse modo, para uma diferen&#231;a de 3,0% na DMF, desvio-padr&#227;o de 4,0%, com 80% de poder de estudo e signific&#226;ncia em 5%, um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 22 participantes em cada grupo seria necess&#225;rio. Considerando uma perda estimada de 10% da amostra, a quantidade m&#237;nima foi definido em 72 participantes. O teste de <italic>Shapiro-Wilk</italic> foi utilizado para avaliar distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os tercis do %G foram comparados pelo teste <italic>One-Way ANOVA</italic>, seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste de <italic>Tukey</italic>. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncia e percentual e comparadas pelo teste do Qui-quadrado. O coeficiente de <italic>Pearson</italic> foi obtido em cada teste de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Foi considerado um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, sendo estatisticamente significativo quando p &lt; 0,05. A regress&#227;o linear foi realizada respeitando os pressupostos necess&#225;rios, incluindo a aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade, considerando a ASC como vari&#225;vel dependente, ajustada por idade e por PAS, e realizada separadamente nos grupos de homens e mulheres. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas pelo programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 20.0 para <italic>Windows</italic> (SPSS, Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os resultados apresentados a seguir referem-se aos 81 pacientes que foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, com m&#233;dia de idade de 58 &#177; 6 anos, sendo 59% do sexo feminino (n = 48). A m&#233;dia do risco cardiovascular foi de 16,8 &#177; 11,2%, e a da press&#227;o arterial, 138 &#177; 11/83 &#177; 9 mmHg. Os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos da popula&#231;&#227;o dividida por tercis s&#227;o encontrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na m&#233;dia de idade e risco cardiovascular entre os grupos. As idades vascular e cardiometab&#243;lica foram significativamente maiores no &#250;ltimo tercil quando comparado ao primeiro.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos divididos pelos tercis do percentual de gordura</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Par&#226;metros</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">Percentual de gordura</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">1&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">2&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">3&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">58 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RCV (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,6 &#177; 10,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,2 &#177; 9,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,8 &#177; 12,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,079</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade vascular (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70 &#177;11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade CM (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">136 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">135 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,173</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,137</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o de pulso (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,608</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>Estilo de vida, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Etilismo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (41)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (48)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,861</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentarismo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (82)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (70)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (82)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,526</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>Uso de anti-hipertensivo, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diur&#233;tico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (93)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,769</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ISRA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (85)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (93)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (89)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,687</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ACC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (30)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,526</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Monoterapia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,493</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Com dois f&#225;rmacos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (59)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (82)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (67)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Com tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Dwwados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou em propor&#231;&#245;es, quando indicado. Valor de p corresponde ao Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e One-Way Anova para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas com p&#243;s-teste de Tukey, sendo</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. 1&#186; tercil,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,01 vs. 2&#186; tercil. RCV: risco cardiovascular; CM: cardiometab&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; ISRA: inibidor do sistema renina-angiotensina; ACC: antagonista do canal de c&#225;lcio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O IMC foi bem maior no terceiro tercil, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro e segundo. A CC foi maior no segundo e terceiro tercis, comparada &#224; do primeiro, no sexo masculino, e no terceiro em rela&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro no sexo feminino. A RCQ foi significativamente maior nas mulheres do terceiro tercil em rela&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro, n&#227;o sendo encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os homens. A RCE foi maior no &#250;ltimo tercil quando comparado aos demais, tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres.</p>
      <p>O IC foi maior no &#250;ltimo tercil no sexo masculino, quando comparado ao primeiro, e no &#250;ltimo no sexo feminino quando comparado ao segundo e primeiro tercis. O IAC foi significativamente maior no terceiro tercil quando comparado aos outros dois. J&#225; o IAV foi maior no terceiro tercil quando comparado ao segundo. O n&#250;mero de crit&#233;rios para classifica&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi significativamente maior no &#250;ltimo tercil em rela&#231;&#227;o ao segundo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros de adiposidade corporal divididos pelo tercil do percentual de gordura</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Par&#226;metros</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">Percentual de gordura</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">1&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">2&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">3&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m<sup>2)</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,1 &#177; 3,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,9 &#177; 3,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,4 &#177; 2,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>Per&#237;metro cintura (cm)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9794;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88,9 &#177; 11,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98,8 &#177; 6,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">106,3 &#177; 8,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">***</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#9792;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86,5 &#177; 8,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,5 &#177; 6,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,7 &#177; 8,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">***</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>RCQ</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9794;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,88 &#177; 0,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,93 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95 &#177; 0,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,053</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#9792;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,82 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,86 &#177; 0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">RCE</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9794;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,53 &#177; 0,07</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,56 &#177; 0,03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,62 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#9792;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,54 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,57 &#177; 0,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,63 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>Gordura corporal (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9794;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,0 &#177; 4,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,7 &#177; 1,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">***</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,8 &#177; 2,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#9792;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,0 &#177; 4,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,5 &#177; 1,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,6 &#177; 8,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>&#205;ndice de conicidade</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9794;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,25 &#177; 0,87</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,30 &#177; 0,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,33 &#177; 0,62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#9792;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,21 &#177; 0,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,21 &#177; 0,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,28 &#177; 0,80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>&#205;ndice de adiposidade corporal</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9794;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,4 &#177; 1,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,9 &#177; 3,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#9792;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34,3 &#177; 3,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36,4 &#177; 3,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40,9 &#177; 4,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de adiposidade visceral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,88 &#177; 1,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,51 &#177; 1,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,55 &#177; 1,98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Crit&#233;rios SM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,3 &#177; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,1 &#177; 0,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,9 &#177; 0,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,018</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Valor de p corresponde ao Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e One-Way Anova para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas com p&#243;s-teste de Tukey, sendo</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,01;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,001 vs. 1&#186; tercil;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,01 vs. 2&#186; tercil.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; RCQ: raz&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>&#9794;</label>
            <p>sexo masculino;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>&#9792;</label>
            <p>sexo feminino.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os dados laboratoriais sem diferen&#231;a significativa em creatinina, perfis lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico, PCR e TFG entre os grupos. O &#225;cido &#250;rico e a rela&#231;&#227;o TG/HDL foram significativamente maiores no &#250;ltimo tercil.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais divididos pelo tercil do percentual de gordura</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metros</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">Percentual de gordura</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">1&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">2&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">3&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,88 &#177; 0,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89 &#177; 0,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,92 &#177; 0,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,851</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,29 &#177; 1,60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,52 &#177; 1,49</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,40 &#177; 1,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">209 &#177; 47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">203 &#177; 28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">216 &#177; 36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,485</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,164</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">126 &#177;38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">123 &#177; 43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">129 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,822</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TG (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">131 &#177; 49</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111 &#177; 47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">130 &#177; 58</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,061</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TG/HDL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,60 &#177; 1,43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,28 &#177; 1,92</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,59 &#177; 2,85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,670</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Insulina (mcU/ml)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,4 &#177; 7,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,8 &#177; 4,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16,5 &#177; 7,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,317</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,38 &#177; 1,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,20 &#177; 1,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,91 &#177; 1,89</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,270</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PCR-us (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,71 &#177; 0,50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,73 &#177; 0,49</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,83 &#177; 0,59</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,655</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TFG (ml/min/1,73 m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,544</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Valor de P corresponde ao Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e One-Way Anova para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas com p&#243;s-teste de Tukey, sendo</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. 1&#186; tercil;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. 2&#186; tercil.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG, triglicer&#237;deo; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; PCR-us, prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; TFG, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> encontram-se os dados dos testes vasculares. Nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. A VOP-CF e a VOP-CF-N n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os tercis. Os dados obtidos pelo LSCI n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em perfus&#227;o, ASC e CVC basal e na HRPO. A varia&#231;&#227;o da ASC foi significativamente menor no terceiro tercil quando comparado ao primeiro.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros vasculares divididos pelo tercil do percentual de gordura</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Par&#226;metros</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">Percentual de gordura</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">1&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">2&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">3&#186; tercil (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica central Tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS a&#243;rtica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">131 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">130 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">132 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,855</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PP a&#243;rtica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,941</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,746</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aix (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32&#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,945</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aix @ FC 75 (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,997</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DE (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,723</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SEVR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">167 &#177; 37</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">156 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">155 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,272</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>VOP</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">VOP-CF (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,0 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,7 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,7 &#177; 2,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,803</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">VOP-CF-N (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,8 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,4 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,468</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>LSCI</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Perfus&#227;o basal (UAP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,4 &#177; 11,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,2 &#177; 10,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,9 &#177; 9,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,410</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Basal CVC (UPA/mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,28 &#177; 0,11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,33 &#177; 0,12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,30 &#177; 0,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,303</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Perfus&#227;o HRPO (UPA)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84,2 &#177; 26,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87,2 &#177; 22,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90,6 &#177; 21,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,601</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HRPO CVC (UPA/mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,84 &#177; 0,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89 &#177; 0,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,87 &#177; 0,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,743</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ASC basal (UPA)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1800 &#177; 679</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2001 &#177; 663</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1996 &#177; 579</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,334</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ASC HRPO (UPA)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3360 &#177; 1190</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3257 &#177; 856</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3261 &#177; 882</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,978</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Varia&#231;&#227;o de ASC (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97 &#177; 57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70 &#177; 35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67 &#177; 36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,027</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Varia&#231;&#227;o de CVC (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">218 &#177; 105</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">185 &#177; 73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">211 &#177; 90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,366</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN17">
            <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Valor de p corresponde ao Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e One-Way Anova para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas com p&#243;s-teste de Tukey, sendo</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN18">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. 1&#186; tercil.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN19">
            <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; AP: aumento de press&#227;o; Aix: augmentation index; DE: dura&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; SEVR: raz&#227;o de viabilidade subendoc&#225;rdica; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; CF: car&#243;tida femoral; CF-N: car&#243;tida femoral normalizada; LSIC: laser speckle de imagem contrastada; UPA: unidade de perfus&#227;o arbitr&#225;ria; CVC: condut&#226;ncia vascular cut&#226;nea; HRPO: hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o; ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O %G exibiu correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e significativas com IMC, CC, RCE e &#237;ndice de adiposidade, tanto nas mulheres quanto nos homens. Al&#233;m desses resultados, entre os homens, a RCQ, o IC, o IAV e o n&#250;mero de crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica tamb&#233;m apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com o %G corporal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). A varia&#231;&#227;o da ASC apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa e significativa com o %G corporal nas mulheres e com a glicemia entre os homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Na regress&#227;o linear, essas associa&#231;&#245;es permaneceram independentes, mesmo ap&#243;s ajustes para idade e PAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson dos &#237;ndices de adiposidade e de risco cardiovascular com o percentual de gordura, por sexo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Mulheres (n = 48)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Homens (n = 33)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente r</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente r</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,556</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,738</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,476</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,767</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RCQ</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,215</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,152</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,505</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RCE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,550</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,767</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de adiposidade corporal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,599</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,653</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de conicidade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,264</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,076</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,597</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de adiposidade visceral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,037</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,809</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,410</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IV Framingham (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,062</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,682</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,005</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,976</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade CM (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,242</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,109</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,044</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,810</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Crit&#233;rios SM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,066</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,662</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,464</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN20">
            <p>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCQ: raz&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-estatura; IV: idade vascular; CM: cardiometab&#243;lica; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea sob a curva da perfus&#227;o cut&#226;nea pelo m&#233;todo laser speckle contrast image com gordura corporal em mulheres e com glicemia em homens.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0896-90364-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Tabela 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o linear da vari&#225;vel dependente da varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea sob a curva da perfus&#227;o cut&#226;nea pelo m&#233;todo laser speckle contrast image com gordura corporal no sexo feminino e com glicemia no sexo masculino, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis dependentes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente n&#227;o padronizado B</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente padronizado Beta</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ASC (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#9792;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Gordura corporal (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;3,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;6,29-0,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,049</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#9794;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Glicemia (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;1,35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;2,47-0,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0,43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,020</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN21">
            <p>ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN22">
            <label>&#9794;</label>
            <p>sexo masculino;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN23">
            <label>&#9792;</label>
            <p>sexo feminino.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade corporal com a reatividade microvascular e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com diferentes &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e metab&#243;licos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos sob terapia medicamentosa. No que diz respeito aos par&#226;metros press&#243;ricos, tanto perif&#233;ricos quanto centrais, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, o que mostra que, do ponto de vista hemodin&#226;mico, eles estavam bem equilibrados.</p>
      <p>As idades vascular e cardiometab&#243;lica foram maiores no tercil superior de %G, evid&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre ac&#250;mulo de gordura corporal e danos vasculares e metab&#243;licos. Considerando que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no c&#225;lculo do risco cardiovascular, esse achado refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da estimativa desses par&#226;metros.</p>
      <p>Valores superiores de &#225;cido &#250;rico e da rela&#231;&#227;o TG/HDL foram encontrados no tercil de maior %G, quando comparado com os tercis inferiores. A eleva&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido &#250;rico tem sido associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Estudos experimentais sugeriram que o &#225;cido &#250;rico pode penetrar nas fibras musculares lisas e vasculares, culminando no aumento da express&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios. As consequ&#234;ncias s&#227;o eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e hipertrofia de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Um estudo publicado recentemente, realizado na &#205;ndia com indiv&#237;duos adultos, demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico com par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade, como IMC, RCQ e RCE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o TG/HDL tem sido proposta como um simples marcador de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, funcionando como um biomarcador para identificar perfis de risco cardiometab&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Pantoja-Torres et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> demonstraram, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta eutr&#243;fica, associa&#231;&#227;o positiva da rela&#231;&#227;o TG/HDL com resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi estudada por Baez-Duarte et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> mas em uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta com IMC m&#233;dio de 27,8 Kg/m&#178;, na qual foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a rela&#231;&#227;o TG/HDL e a menor sensibilidade &#224; insulina e a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>Uma vez que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; considerada um marcador do processo ateroscler&#243;tico, &#233; crucial avaliar suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais precoces em micro e macrocircula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pela reatividade microvascular, por meio do m&#233;todo LSCI, n&#227;o vem sendo utilizada nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos com popula&#231;&#227;o obesa.</p>
      <p>A reatividade microvascular na amostra estudada foi associada de modo negativo ao ac&#250;mulo de tecido adiposo, e a varia&#231;&#227;o da ASC foi 30% inferior no terceiro tercil, quando comparada &#224; do primeiro. Suboc et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> demonstraram que a obesidade foi relacionada com pior fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em adultos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Esses achados s&#243; se tornaram significativos quando os grupos foram divididos por sexo. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, avaliada neste estudo pela varia&#231;&#227;o da ASC, correlacionou-se &#224; glicemia no sexo masculino, sugerindo uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o importante entre fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e sensibilidade &#224; insulina nos homens. J&#225; nas mulheres, essa correla&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se mais evidente com o %G corporal, indicando uma prov&#225;vel rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre tecido adiposo e fun&#231;&#227;o vascular no sexo feminino. Essas correla&#231;&#245;es se mantiveram ap&#243;s ajustes para a idade e para PAS, importantes fatores na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos estudados. Desamericq et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> n&#227;o encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e aumento de rigidez arterial em uma amostra de adultos com fatores de risco cardiovascular associados, como diabetes tipo 2. Menezes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica com altera&#231;&#227;o vascular, tanto na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial quanto na rigidez arterial. No estudo, a liga&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade com a rigidez arterial pode ter sido atenuada pela administra&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos vasoprotetores no esquema terap&#234;utico dos pacientes, como os inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina (ISRA).</p>
      <p>O %G obtido pela BIA no sexo masculino mostrou uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o com todos os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de adiposidade corporal e com o n&#250;mero de crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Nas mulheres, tal correla&#231;&#227;o permaneceu somente para IMC, CC, RCE e IAC. Em 2007, um estudo realizado no Brasil, com o objetivo de determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os diversos indicadores de obesidade e o risco coronariano, mostrou que os indicadores apresentaram forte associa&#231;&#227;o com RCE, destacando-se entre os homens o RCQ e o IC, enquanto para as mulheres entre 50 e 74 anos o IC foi o melhor marcador. Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada pela menopausa, fase em que ocorre perda da prote&#231;&#227;o fornecida pelo horm&#244;nio estrog&#234;nio, levando ao maior ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal, que contribui para a ocorr&#234;ncia de problemas cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es foram identificadas no estudo. A aus&#234;ncia de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e adipocinas prejudicou a an&#225;lise da inflama&#231;&#227;o como mecanismo da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial associada &#224; adiposidade corporal aumentada. A PCR foi o &#250;nico marcador avaliado e n&#227;o se mostrou diferente entre os grupos estudados. Os efeitos de alguns anti-hipertensivos podem ter influenciado esse resultado. Nenhum m&#233;todo de imagem foi utilizado para quantificar o tecido adiposo visceral. Entretanto, o objetivo principal do trabalho foi utilizar m&#233;todos mais simples de avalia&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade corporal e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares que podem caracterizar maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na amostra apresentada de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento, os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade foram mais associados ao %G corporal entre os homens. O maior risco cardiovascular entre aqueles com maior adiposidade corporal foi mais evidenciado pelas maiores idades vascular e cardiometab&#243;lica nesse grupo de pacientes. A maior adiposidade corporal foi relacionada com menor reatividade microvascular, o que foi mais evidente entre as mulheres. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; rigidez arterial, o que pode ser atribu&#237;do ao uso das medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas que mantiveram n&#237;veis semelhantes de press&#227;o arterial nos grupos estudados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jenifer d'El-Rei pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mario Fritsch Neves</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica Av. 28 de Setembro, 77. Postal Code <postal-code>20551-030</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>mariofneves@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: d'El-Rei J, Oigman W, Neves MF; Acquisition of data: d'El-Rei J, Cunha MR, Mattos SS, Marques BC, Menezes VP, Cunha AR, Fran&#231;a EM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: d'El-Rei J, Cunha MR, Mattos SS, Marques BC, Menezes VP, Cunha AR, Fran&#231;a EM, Oigman W, Neves MF; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: d'El-Rei J, Cunha MR, Neves MF; Obtaining financing: Neves MF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: d'El-Rei J, Cunha MR, Mattos SS, Marques BC, Menezes VP, Cunha AR, Oigman W, Neves MF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Several anthropometric indexes have been proposed to determine the association between overweight and cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the relationship between body adiposity and microvascular reactivity in hypertensive patients under antihypertensive therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Treated hypertensive patients aged 40 to 70 were submitted to evaluation of anthropometric indexes: conicity (CI), body adiposity (BAI), visceral adiposity (VAI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Participants were divided by the terciles of fat percentage (%F) obtained by bioelectrical impedance. The patients underwent microvascular reactivity test (Laser Speckle Contrast Image) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement. The p value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The variation of the area under the curve (AUC) of the skin perfusion was lower in the upper tercile (97&#177;57% vs. 67&#177;36%; p=0.027). %F showed significant correlation with WHtR (r=0.77; p&lt;0.001), VAI (r=0.41; p=0.018), CI (r=0.60; p&lt;0.001), BAI (r=0.65; p&lt;0.001) in men and only with WHtR (r=0.55; p&lt;0.001) and BAI (r=0.60; p&lt;0.001) in women. In linear regression, AUC was independently associated with %F (&#946;=&#8722;3.15; p=0.04) in women and with blood glucose (&#946;=&#8722;1.15; p=0.02) in men. There was no difference in PWV measurements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Anthropometric indices were more associated with %F in men. Higher body adiposity was associated with lower microvascular reactivity, which was more evident in women. There was no difference in arterial stiffness, which may have been influenced by antihypertensive treatment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension/drug effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Capillary Permeability</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) considers obesity a major public health problem worldwide. In Brazil, obesity is growing increasingly, and epidemiological evidence shows that more than 50% of the population is overweight and obese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Correct diagnosis of obesity or overweight requires some ways of quantifying body composition. Imaging techniques are alternatives that offer greater precision in the assessment of fat accumulation, but the simplicity of use emphasizes anthropometric methods as good tools for body fat assessment. Several anthropometric indices have been proposed to determine the association between overweight and cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Body mass index (BMI) is the most widely reported indicator in studies, but it does not correlate with body fat distribution. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) measurements are the most commonly used markers for central distribution of adipose tissue. Other indicators that have been showing strong correlation with cardiovascular risk factors are: conicity index (CI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and, more recently, body adiposity (BAI) and visceral (VAI) indices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In obesity, perivascular adipose tissue promotes inflammation and induces vascular dysfunction through increased secretion of vasoconstriction factors, such as the main components of the renin-angiotensin system and proinflammatory adipokines, which are important contributors to endothelial activation and vascular inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In clinical practice, it is essential to identify parameters that may reflect the distribution of adipose tissue (visceral or subcutaneous) more accurately and feasibly, and its relationship with metabolic and inflammatory changes that lead to impaired vascular health and, consequently, increase cardiovascular risk. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between body adiposity and microvascular reactivity in hypertensive patients under antihypertensive therapy, and to correlate body fat percentage and sex influence on anthropometric indices of adiposity and cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>Hypertensive patients aged 40 to 70, of both sexes, using antihypertensive drugs for at least four weeks, were selected from our outpatient clinic and admitted to a cross-sectional study. Exclusion criteria were BMI &#8805;40 kg/m&#178;, diabetes mellitus, hormone replacement therapy, and betablocker or statin use. For analysis of the results, the patients were divided according to terciles of body fat percentage, differentiated by gender. In females, the terciles cutoff points were 36.49 and 39.87%, while in males they were 25.27 and 28.95%. The protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee (50751314.9.0000.5259), and all participants read and signed the informed consent in accordance with Declaration 466/2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nutritional Assessment</title>
          <p>Body weight was measured on a Filizola<sup>@</sup> digital scale with maximum capacity of 180 Kg, following the techniques recommended by the WHO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In the same scale, height was verified by the anthropometer. BMI was calculated by dividing body weight (in kilograms) by the square of height (Ht; in meters). The cutoff points adopted for the nutritional classification were based on the criteria proposed by the WHO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Waist and hip circumferences were obtained with the aid of an inextensible tape measure. Waist circumference was determined at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest. Hip circumference (HC) assessment was performed on the largest diameter of the gluteal region. After obtaining these measurements, the WHR was calculated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The WHtR was calculated according to the following formula: <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm1"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>WHtR</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>WC</mml:mtext><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mtext>Ht</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> </p>
          <p>The CI calculation was performed using the following formula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
          <disp-formula id="eq1">
            <mml:math display="block" id="eqm2">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mtext>Cl</mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mtext>WC</mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                <mml:mn>0.109</mml:mn>
                <mml:mo> </mml:mo>
                <mml:mtext>x</mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>&#8730;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mtext>Weight</mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                <mml:mtext>Ht</mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>The BAI was calculated from the measurement of hip circumference and height:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm3"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>BAI</mml:mtext><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>%</mml:mi><mml:mtext>fat</mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>HC</mml:mtext><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mtext>(Ht</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8730;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>Ht</mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>18</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> </p>
          <p>The VAI was calculated considering the variations by gender:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
          <disp-formula id="eq2">
            <mml:math display="block" id="eqm4">
              <mml:mtable columnalign="left">
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mtable columnalign="left">
                      <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mtext>Men: VAI</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mtext>WC</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>39.68</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1.88</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mtext>BMI</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mtext>TG</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1.03</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:mtd>
                      </mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1.31</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mtext>HDL</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:mtd>
                      </mml:mtr>
                    </mml:mtable>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mtable columnalign="left">
                      <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mtext>Women: VAI</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mtext>WC</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>39.68</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1.89</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mtext>BMI</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mtext>TG</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>0.81</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:mtd>
                      </mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1.52</mml:mn>
                            <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mtext>HDL</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:mtd>
                      </mml:mtr>
                    </mml:mtable>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
              </mml:mtable>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Where: TG = Triglyceride (mmol/l); HDL = High-density lipoprotein (mmol/l).</p>
          <p>Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed with the Biodynamics model 310e tetrapolar device and was used to evaluate body fat percentage, following previous recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory tests</title>
          <p>Venous blood samples were collected after an 8-hour fast. Serum glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL and TG were measured with a self-analysis technique (Technicon DAX96, Miles Inc). C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured by the turbidimetry method. Renal function was assessed using glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay, and the Homeostatic Model Assessment Index &#8212; Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) = [fasting glucose (mmol/L) x fasting insulin (mUI/mL)/22.5] was used to estimate insulin sensitivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure assessment, vascular and cardiometabolic ages</title>
          <p>Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure measurements were obtained with a calibrated digital device (model HEM-705CP, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Illinois), performed with the patient in a sitting position and after five minutes of rest. Vascular age was based on the Framingham Heart Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Cardiometabolic age was obtained from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://myhealthcheckup.com">https://myhealthcheckup.com</ext-link>, accessing Cardiometabolic Age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria established by the National Cholesterol Education and Treatment Program (NCEP ATP III).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Microvascular Reactivity</title>
          <p>Microvascular reactivity was assessed using the Laser Speckle Contrast Image (LSCI) method (Pericam PSI System, Perimed, Sweden) in combination with Post Occlusive Reactive Hyperemia (PORH) for continuous analysis of expressed endothelium-dependent microvascular skin perfusion changes in arbitrary perfusion units (APU). Through these analyzes, we obtained the mean perfusion and area under the curve (AUC) at 1-min baseline period, PORH peak mean, and the area under the curve at 1-min after occlusion. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was obtained by dividing baseline perfusion (or PORH) by mean arterial pressure (MAP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Central Hemodynamic Parameters</title>
          <p>Radial artery pulse wave analysis was performed using a commercially available tonometry device (SphygmoCor; AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia). Augmentation pressure (AP) is the difference between the second and first systolic peak pressure, and augmentation index (Aix) is defined as the ratio between AP and aortic pulse pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV)</title>
          <p>Pulse waves were obtained transcutaneously by the Complior Analyses device (Alam Medical, France) using transducers placed over the right carotid artery and the right femoral artery at the same time. The distance between the carotid and femoral pulses was measured directly with an inextensible tape measure, which was multiplied by 0.8 to calculate the carotid-femoral PWV. This measurement was corrected by calculating normalized carotid-femoral PWV (PWV-N) using the following formula: PWV-N=(PWV/MAP) x 100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Results were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. To determine the sample size of this study, we considered the equivalence of the change in Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD) observed in obese subjects. Thus, for a difference of 3.0 (%) in FMD, a standard deviation of 4.0 (%), with 80% study power and 5% significance, a minimum of 22 participants in each group would be required. Considering an estimated loss of 10% of the sample, the minimum number was set at 72 participants. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate normal distribution. The terciles of fat percentage were compared by One-Way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey post-test. Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage, and compared using the chi-square test. Pearson's coefficient was obtained in each correlation test between continuous variables. A confidence interval of 95% was considered, being statistically significant when p&lt;0.05. Linear regression was performed respecting the necessary assumptions, including the absence of multicollinearity, considering the UAC as a dependent variable, adjusted for age and SBP, and performed separately in the groups of men and women. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The results presented below are related to 81 patients included in this study, with a mean age of 58&#177;6 years, 59% female (n=48). The average cardiovascular risk (CVR) was 16.8&#177;11.2% and mean blood pressure was 138&#177;11/83&#177;9 mmHg. Clinical parameters of the groups divided by terciles are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>. There was no significant difference in mean age and CVR among the groups. Vascular and cardiometabolic ages were significantly higher in the last tercile compared to the first.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical parameters in the groups divided by terciles of fat percentage</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">Fat percentage</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1<sup>st</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2<sup>nd</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3<sup>rd</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FRS (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.6 &#177; 10.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.2 &#177; 9.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.8 &#177; 12.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vascular age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 &#177;11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CM age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">136 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">135 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.137</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulse pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.608</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Lifestyle, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Alcohol use <break/>No physical activity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (41) <break/>22 (82)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (44) <break/>19 (70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (48) <break/>22 (82)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.861 <break/>0.526</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Antihypertensive use, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (93)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.769</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RASI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (93)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (89)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.687</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.526</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Monotherapy</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">With 2 drugs</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (59)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (82)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (67)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">With 3 drugs</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or in proportions where indicated. P value corresponds to chi-square for categorical variables and One-Way Anova for numeric variables with Tukey's post-test,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.05 vs. 1<sup>st</sup> tercile,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.01 vs. 2<sup>nd</sup> tercile.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <p>FRS: Framingham risk score; CM: cardiometabolic; BP: blood pressure; RASI: renin-angiotensin system inhibitor; CCA,: calcium channel antagonist.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The BMI was significantly higher in the third tercile compared to the first and second. WC was significantly higher in the second and third terciles compared to the first in males, and in the third compared to the first in females. The WHR was significantly higher in the third tercile than in the first in women, and no differences were found between men. The WHtR was significantly higher in the last tercile compared to the others in both men and women.</p>
        <p>The CI was higher in the last when compared to the first tercile in males, and in the last compared to the second and first terciles in females. The BAI was significantly higher in the third tercile compared to the other two groups.</p>
        <p>The VAI was significantly higher in the third compared to the second tercile. The number of criteria for metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the last compared to the second tercile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body adiposity indexes divided by fat percentage terciles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">Fat percentage</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1<sup>st</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2<sup>nd</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3<sup>rd</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.1 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.9 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.4 &#177; 2.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Waist circumference (cm):</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#9794;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88.9 &#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98.8 &#177; 6.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">106.3 &#177; 8.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">***</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#9792;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86.5 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.5 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.7 &#177; 8.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">***</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>WHR:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#9794;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.88 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.93 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#9792;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.82 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.86 &#177; 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>WHtR:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#9794;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.53 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.56 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.62 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#9792;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.54 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.57 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.63 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Body fat (%):</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#9794;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.0 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.7 &#177; 1.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">***</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.8 &#177; 2.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#9792;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.0 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.5 &#177; 1.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">**</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.6 &#177; 8.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Conicity index:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#9794;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.25 &#177; 0.87</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.30 &#177; 0.57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.33 &#177; 0.62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#9792;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.21 &#177; 0.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.21 &#177; 0.53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.28 &#177; 0.80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Body adiposity index:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">&#9794;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.4 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.9 &#177; 3.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">&#9792;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34.3 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36.4 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40.9 &#177; 4.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">***</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Visceral adiposity index</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.88 &#177; 1.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.51 &#177; 1.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.55 &#177; 1.98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MS criteria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.3 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.1 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.9 &#177; 0.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.018</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <p>Note: Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. P value corresponds to chi-square for categorical variables and One-Way Anova for numeric variables with Tukey's post-test, where</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.01,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.001 vs. 1<sup>st</sup> tercile;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN33">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.01 vs. 2<sup>nd</sup> tercile.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN34">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist to hip ratio; WHtR: waist to height ratio; MS: metabolic syndrome.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN35">
              <label>&#9794;</label>
              <p>male;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN36">
              <label>&#9792;</label>
              <p>female.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 3</xref> presents the laboratory data with no significant difference in creatinine, lipid and glycemic profile, CRP and GFR among the groups. Uric acid and TG/HDL ratio were significantly higher in the last tercile group.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Biochemical parameters divided by fat percentage terciles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">Fat percentage</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1<sup>st</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2<sup>nd</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3<sup>rd</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.88 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.92 &#177; 0.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Uric acid (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.29 &#177; 1.60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.52 &#177; 1.49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.40 &#177; 1.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">209 &#177; 47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">203 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">216 &#177; 36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.485</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.164</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">126 &#177;38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">123 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">129 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.822</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TG (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131 &#177; 49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111 &#177; 47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">130 &#177; 58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TG/HDL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.60 &#177; 1.43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.28 &#177; 1.92</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.59 &#177; 2.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN39">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.670</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Insulin (mcU/ml)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.4 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.8 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16.5 &#177; 7.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.38 &#177; 1.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.20 &#177; 1.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.91 &#177; 1.89</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">us-CRP (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.71 &#177; 0.50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.73 &#177; 0.49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.83 &#177; 0.59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.655</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.544</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN37">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. P value corresponds to chi-square for categorical variables and One-Way Anova for numeric variables with Tukey's post-test, where</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN38">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0.05 vs. 1<sup>st</sup> tercile;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN39">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p&lt;0.05 vs. 2<sup>nd</sup> tercile.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN40">
              <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TG: triglyceride; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment &#8212; Insulin Resistance; us-CRP: ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref> shows the vascular test results. Concerning the central hemodynamic parameters, no significant differences were found between the groups. PWV and PWV-N showed no statistical differences among the groups of terciles. Data obtained by LSCI showed no difference among the groups in baseline and PORH perfusion AUC and CVC. The variation in AUC was significantly lower in the third compared to the first tercile.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vascular parameters divided by fat percentage terciles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">Fat percentage</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1<sup>st</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2<sup>nd</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3<sup>rd</sup> Tercile (n=27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Central hemodynamics Applanation tonometry</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic SP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">130 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">132 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,855</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic PP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,941</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,746</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aix (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32&#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,945</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aix @ HR75 (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,997</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ED (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,723</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SEVR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">167 &#177; 37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">156 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">155 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,272</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>VOP</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PWV (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10,0 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,7 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,7 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,803</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PWV-N (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,8 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,4 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,468</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LSCI</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Baseline perfusion (APU)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28,4 &#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32,2 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30,9 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Baseline CVC (APU/mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,28 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,33 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,30 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,303</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PORH perfusion (APU)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84,2 &#177; 26,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87,2 &#177; 22,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90,6 &#177; 21,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,601</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PORH CVC (APU/mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,84 &#177; 0,28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,87 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Baseline AUC (APU)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1800 &#177; 679</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2001 &#177; 663</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1996 &#177; 579</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PORH AUC (APU)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3360 &#177; 1190</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3257 &#177; 856</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3261 &#177; 882</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,978</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AUC variation (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 &#177; 57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67 &#177; 36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CVC variation (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">218 &#177; 105</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">185 &#177; 73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">211 &#177; 90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,366</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN41">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. P value corresponds to One-Way Anova with Tukey's post-test, where</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN42">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.05 vs. 1st tercile.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN43">
              <p>SP: systolic pressure; PP: pulse pressure; AP: augmentation pressure; Aix: augmentation index; ED: ejection duration; SEVR: subendocardial viability ratio; PWV: pulse wave velocity; PWV-N: normalized pulse wave velocity; LSCI: laser speckle contrast image; APU: arbitrary perfusion unit; CVC: cutaneous vascular conductance; PORH: post-occlusive reactive hyperemia; AUC: area under the curve.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Fat percentage showed positive and significant correlations with BMI, WC, WHtR and adiposity index in both women and men. In addition to these results, WHR, CI, VAI, and the number of criteria for metabolic syndrome also showed a positive and significant correlation with body fat percentage in men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>). The variation in AUC showed a significant inverse correlation with the percentage of body fat in women and with glycemia in men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Linear regression analysis showed that these associations remained independent even after adjustments for age and SBP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pearson's correlation (r) of adiposity indexes and cardiovascular risk with fat percentage by sex</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Women (n=48)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Men (n=33)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Body mass index (kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.556</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.738</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.476</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.767</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Waist-to-hip ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.215</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.152</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.505</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Waist-to-height ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.550</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.767</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Body adiposity index</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.599</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.653</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Conicity index</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.264</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.076</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.597</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Visceral adiposity index</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.037</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.809</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.410</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vascular age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.062</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.682</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.005</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.976</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiometabolic age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.242</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.109</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.044</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Metabolic syndrome criteria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.066</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.662</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.464</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation of the change in the area under the curve of skin perfusion by the laser speckle contrast imaging method with body fat in women and with glycemia in</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0896-90364-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Linear regression of the change in the area under the curve (dependent variable) of skin perfusion by the laser speckle contrast imaging method with body fat in females and with plasma glucose in males after adjustment for age and systolic blood pressure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dependent variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Independent variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Non-standard coefficient B</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CI 95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Standardized coefficient Beta</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AUC (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN46">&#9792;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Body fat (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;3.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;6.29-0.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN45">&#9794;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Glycemia (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;1.35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;2.47-0.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8722;0.43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.020</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN44">
              <p>AUC: area under the curve;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN45">
              <label>&#9794;</label>
              <p>male;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN46">
              <label>&#9792;</label>
              <p>female.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study evaluated the relationship between body adiposity and microvascular reactivity and their associations with different anthropometric and metabolic indexes in a population of treated hypertensive patients. No differences were found between the groups in peripheral and central pressure parameters, showing that the groups were hemodynamically well balanced.</p>
        <p>Vascular and cardiometabolic ages were higher in the upper tercile fat percentage group, showing a positive association between body fat accumulation and vascular and metabolic damage. Considering that there was no significant difference in estimated cardiovascular risk, this finding reinforces the importance of assessing these parameters.</p>
        <p>Higher values of uric acid and TG/HDL ratio were found in the tercile of higher fat percentage compared with the lower terciles. Elevated uric acid has been associated with metabolic syndrome. Experimental studies have suggested that uric acid can penetrate the smooth muscle and vascular fibers, culminating in increased expression of inflammatory mediators. The consequences are raised blood pressure and vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> A recently published study conducted with adults in India demonstrated an association of uric acid levels with anthropometric obesity parameters such as BMI, WHR and WHtR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The TG/HDL ratio has been proposed as a simple marker of insulin resistance, acting as a biomarker to identify cardiometabolic risk profiles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Pantoja-Torres et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> demonstrated a positive association of TG/HDL ratio with insulin resistance in a eutrophic adult population. This association was also studied by Baez-Duarte et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> who found an association between the TG/HDL ratio with lower insulin sensitivity and the presence of metabolic syndrome in an adult population with an average BMI of 27.8 kg/m&#178;.</p>
        <p>Since endothelial dysfunction is considered a marker of the atherosclerotic process, it is crucial to evaluate its earliest manifestations in micro and macrocirculation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> The evaluation of endothelial function by microvascular reactivity through the LSCI method has not been used in clinical trials with an obese population.</p>
        <p>In this study, microvascular reactivity was negatively associated with the accumulation of adipose tissue. Suboc et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> demonstrated that obesity was associated with worse endothelial function in non-diabetic adults. These findings only became significant when the groups were divided by gender.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Endothelial function, assessed in the present study by the variation in AUC, correlated with plasma glucose in males, suggesting a possible important association between endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in men. In women, this correlation was more evident with body fat percentage, indicating a probable direct relationship between adipose tissue and vascular function in females. These correlations remained significant after adjusting for age and SBP, important factors in the regulation of endothelial function.</p>
        <p>Regarding arterial stiffness parameters, no differences were found between the groups in the present study. Desamericq et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> did not find an association between obesity and increased arterial stiffness in adult subjects with associated CVR factors, such as diabetes mellitus. Menezes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> did not find any association between obesity and insulin resistance with vascular alteration, in either endothelial function or arterial stiffness. In this study, the association of adiposity with arterial stiffness may have been attenuated by the effects of vasoprotective drugs, such as renin angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI).</p>
        <p>The fat percentage obtained by BIA in males showed a good correlation with all anthropometric indices of body adiposity assessment, as well as the number of criteria for metabolic syndrome. In women, this correlation remained only for BMI, WC, WHtR and BAI. In 2007, a study conducted in Brazil, aimed at determining the association between the various obesity and coronary risk indicators, showed that the indicators were strongly associated with WHtR, with emphasis on WHR and CI among men, while CI was the best marker for women aged 50 to 74. This difference can be explained by the menopause, in which the loss of protection provided by estrogen occurs, leading to a higher accumulation of abdominal fat, which contributes to cardiovascular complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Some limitations were identified in this study. The absence of inflammatory markers and adipokines impaired the analysis of inflammation as a mechanism of endothelial dysfunction associated with increased body adiposity. CRP was the only inflammatory marker evaluated and was not different among the study groups. The effects of some antihypertensive drugs may have influenced this result. No imaging method was used to quantify visceral adipose tissue. However, the main objective of the study was to use simpler methods to assess body adiposity and their association with vascular changes that may characterize a higher cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, in this sample of treated hypertensive patients, anthropometric obesity indexes were more associated with body fat percentage among men. The highest cardiovascular risk among those with higher body adiposity was more evidenced by the higher vascular and cardiometabolic ages in this group of patients. Higher body adiposity was associated with lower microvascular reactivity, which was more evident among women. There was no difference in arterial stiffness, which can be attributed to the use of antihypertensive medications that maintained similar blood pressure levels in the study groups.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq and FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Jenifer d'El-Rei, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
