<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fYmQZ6kkfD88P4Tkcgkb9Vf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300894</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200551</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200551</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Metan&#225;lise Pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica: Outro Tijolo na Parede</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzesi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Monti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4412-1990</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Alberto Rupp</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2875-9532</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha Furlan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221; Faculdade de Medicina - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221; Faculdade de Medicina - Campus de Botucatu - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bertha Furlan Polegato</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu Rua Prof. Rubens Montenegro. CEP <postal-code>18618-970</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>bertha.polegato@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>894</fpage>
      <lpage>895</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Publica&#231;&#245;es Cient&#237;ficas</kwd>
        <kwd>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica de Dados</kwd>
        <kwd>Heterogeneidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Atualmente, a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e a metan&#225;lise s&#227;o consideradas o n&#237;vel 1 de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica, sendo amplamente utilizadas em epidemiologia e na medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias. O termo metan&#225;lise vem do grego e significa &#8220;avalia&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises&#8221;, referindo-se a sua defini&#231;&#227;o como &#8220;an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de uma grande cole&#231;&#227;o de resultados de an&#225;lises de estudos individuais com o objetivo de integrar os achados&#8221; proposta pelo estat&#237;stico Gene V. Glass em 1976.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Apesar das semelhan&#231;as, &#233; importante notar que metan&#225;lise e a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica n&#227;o s&#227;o sin&#244;nimos. A metan&#225;lise &#233; frequentemente, mas nem sempre, precedida por uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, que visa reunir estudos semelhantes que atendam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade de abordagem r&#237;gida para responder a uma quest&#227;o de pesquisa espec&#237;fica, enquanto a metan&#225;lise integra os resultados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos atrav&#233;s de t&#233;cnicas estat&#237;sticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Basicamente, quando conduzida de forma adequada, a grande vantagem de uma meta-an&#225;lise &#233; o poder estat&#237;stico substancialmente aumentado, que fornece uma estimativa precisa do tamanho do efeito de um conjunto de estudos, sendo considerada a melhor evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, ela pode ser aplic&#225;vel a amplo espectro de t&#243;picos, incluindo biomarcadores, fatores gen&#233;ticos, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, as principais cr&#237;ticas &#224;s metan&#225;lises dizem respeito &#224; heterogeneidade entre os estudos e ao vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, ambos comprometendo a robustez e a valida&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> &#201; inevit&#225;vel que haja diversidade de desenhos, interven&#231;&#245;es, exposi&#231;&#245;es e resultados em uma cole&#231;&#227;o de estudos; no entanto, &#233; essencial quantificar a extens&#227;o da heterogeneidade realizando abordagens estat&#237;sticas, como an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, subgrupo ou regress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, o &#8220;<italic>file drawer problem</italic>&#8221; (ou o &#8220;problema da gaveta de arquivo&#8221;) ou seja, estudos menores ou com resultados negativos ou n&#227;o significativos tendem a permanecer n&#227;o publicados, e isso pode superestimar o grau do efeito real levando ao vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Podemos avaliar o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o em metan&#225;lise utilizando m&#233;todo de amostra denominado gr&#225;fico de funil (<italic>funnel plot</italic>) ou outro m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico, como o teste de regress&#227;o de Egger m&#233;todo <italic>Trim-and-Fill</italic>, a depender do caso, tamb&#233;m dispon&#237;vel para este prop&#243;sito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Tradicionalmente, as meta-an&#225;lises s&#227;o realizadas com dados de estudos em humanos. Entretanto, nos &#250;ltimos anos, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de metan&#225;lises de estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos tem se tornado mais frequente. V&#225;rias raz&#245;es est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; falta de estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre um assunto espec&#237;fico, especialmente quando se trata de t&#243;picos que n&#227;o s&#227;o poss&#237;veis de serem investigados em humanos, enquanto alguns modelos animais j&#225; s&#227;o bem padronizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Neste sentido, edi&#231;&#227;o recente dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia publicou interessante metan&#225;lise sobre o efeito do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico na preven&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em murinos expostos &#224; doxorrubicina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Novos conhecimentos nessa &#225;rea s&#227;o sempre bem-vindos, uma vez que a cardiotoxicidade induzida pela doxorrubicina &#233; uma das principais consequ&#234;ncias graves de seu uso e, atualmente, as terapias para prevenir ou atenuar a cardiotoxicidade s&#227;o escassas e ineficazes.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, os autores demonstraram que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos contribuiu para melhorar a press&#227;o desenvolvida e a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em murinos com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca causada pelo tratamento com doxorrubicina. Certamente, &#233; uma conclus&#227;o muito importante, pois o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico pode ser uma boa estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para prevenir, atenuar ou tratar a cardiotoxicidade, uma vez que n&#227;o tem (ou tem m&#237;nimos) efeitos colaterais, al&#233;m de poder trazer benef&#237;cios adicionais para a sa&#250;de humana.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que os estudos em animais s&#227;o frequentemente pequenos e inerentemente heterog&#234;neos e, portanto, s&#227;o obrigados a seguir abordagem metodol&#243;gica r&#237;gida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A presente metan&#225;lise foi bem conduzida e seguiu todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para a sua prepara&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, ela traz alguns pontos que devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o para aumentar a qualidade dos resultados e sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>T&#243;pico importante a ser destacado &#233; que os estudos que comp&#245;em esta metan&#225;lise mostraram grandes diferen&#231;as na dose de doxorrubicina, no momento em que o exerc&#237;cio foi implementado (pr&#233; ou p&#243;s-exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; doxorrubicina), na modalidade de exerc&#237;cio e intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, fatores esses que conferem uma grande heterogeneidade entre os estudos (I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> = 87 e 94%). Esse &#233; um problema frequente em metan&#225;lises realizadas com estudos experimentais. &#201; poss&#237;vel minimizar a heterogeneidade incluindo algumas an&#225;lises de subgrupos ou aspectos limitantes do desenho do estudo durante a estrat&#233;gia de busca. Al&#233;m disso, como descrito anteriormente, &#233; muito dif&#237;cil publicar resultados negativos, principalmente em pesquisas experimentais, o que poderia atribuir vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o a este estudo.</p>
    <p>Em nossa opini&#227;o, a principal vantagem de qualquer metan&#225;lise &#233; o fornecimento de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas robustas para o desenvolvimento de diretrizes que apoiem os profissionais de sa&#250;de a tomarem uma decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica ideal. Obviamente, produzir evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas para diretrizes cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o deve ser o objetivo de metan&#225;lises conduzidas com estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos. Elas s&#227;o classicamente explorat&#243;rias e nos permitem gerar hip&#243;teses que podem ser utilizadas para projetar e conduzir futuros ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Elas oferecem a possibilidade de incluir mais um tijolo no muro do conhecimento cient&#237;fico.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Exerc&#237;cio Aer&#243;bio e Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca de Murinos Expostos &#224; Doxorrubicina: uma Metan&#225;lise</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glass</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research</article-title>
          <source>Educ Res</source>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Glass GV. Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educ Res. Nov1976; 5:3-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manchikanti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sukdeb</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsch</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence-Based Medicine, Systematic Reviews, and Guidelines in Interventional Pain Management: Part 6. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies</article-title>
          <source>Pain Physician</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>Pt 6</issue>
          <fpage>819</fpage>
          <lpage>850</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Manchikanti L, Sukdeb D, Smith HS, Hirsch, JA. Evidence-Based Medicine, Systematic Reviews, and Guidelines in Interventional Pain Management: Part 6. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies. Pain Physician. 2009; 12(Pt 6):819-50.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crowther</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crowther</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systematic review and meta-analysis methodology</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>3140</fpage>
          <lpage>3146</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Crowther M, Lim W, Crowther MA. Systematic review and meta-analysis methodology. Blood. 2010; 116(17):3140-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An overview of meta-analysis for clinicians</article-title>
          <source>Korean J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>283</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Lee YH. An overview of meta-analysis for clinicians. Korean J Intern Med. 2018; 33(2):277-83.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Impellizzeri</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bizzini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systematic review and meta-analysis: a primer</article-title>
          <source>Int J Sports Phys Ther</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>493</fpage>
          <lpage>503</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Impellizzeri FM, Bizzini M. Systematic review and meta-analysis: a primer. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7(5):493-503.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devane</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Begley</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Res Methodol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <month>02</month>
          <volume>1111</volume>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Smith V, Devane D, Begley CM, Clarke M. Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011 Feb; 1111:15.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manchikanti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benyamin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helm II</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsch</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence-Based Medicine, Systematic Reviews and Guidelines in Interventional Pain Management: Part 3: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Trials</article-title>
          <source>Pain Physician</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>Pt 3</issue>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Manchikanti L, Benyamin R, Helm II S, Hirsch JA. Evidence-Based Medicine, Systematic Reviews and Guidelines in Interventional Pain Management: Part 3: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Trials. Pain Physician. 2009; 12(Pt 3):35-72.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manchikanti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsch</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence-Based Medicine, Systematic Reviews, and Guidelines in Interventional Pain Management: Part 4: Observational Studies</article-title>
          <source>Pain Physician</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>Pt 4</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Evidence-Based Medicine, Systematic Reviews, and Guidelines in Interventional Pain Management: Part 4: Observational Studies. Pain Physician. 2009; 12(Pt 4):73-108.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heterogeneidade e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiol Serv Sa&#250;de</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <fpage>775</fpage>
          <lpage>778</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Pereira MA, Galv&#227;o TF. Heterogeneidade e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas. Epidemiol Serv Sa&#250;de. 2014; 23:775-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vesterinen</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sena</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egan</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirst</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Churolov</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Currie</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Meta-analysis of data from animal studies: A practical guide</article-title>
          <source>J Neurosci Methods</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>221</volume>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>102</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Vesterinen HM, Sena ES, Egan KJ, Hirst TC, Churolov L, Currie GL et al. Meta-analysis of data from animal studies: A practical guide. J Neurosci Methods. 2014; 221:92-102.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubini</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meirelles</surname>
              <given-names>FO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aerobic Exercise and Cardiac Function of Murines Exposed to Doxorubicin: a Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>885</fpage>
          <lpage>893</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Matos MI, Rubini EC, Meirelles FO, Silva EB. Aerobic Exercise and Cardiac Function of Murines Exposed to Doxorubicin: a Meta-Analysis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(5):885-893.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pre-Clinical Meta-Analysis: Another Brick in the Wall</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzesi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Monti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4412-1990</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Alberto Rupp</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2875-9532</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha Furlan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221; Faculdade de Medicina - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221; Faculdade de Medicina - Campus de Botucatu - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bertha Furlan Polegato</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Rua Prof. Rubens Montenegro. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-970</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>bertha.polegato@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Scientific Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Interpretation, Statistical</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Currently, systematic review and meta-analysis are considered level 1 of scientific evidence and it is widely used in epidemiology and evidence-based medicine. The term meta-analysis comes from the Greek and means &#8220;analysis of analyses&#8221;, referring to its definition &#8220;statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings&#8221; proposed by the statistician Gene V. Glass in 1976.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Despite the similarities, it is important to note that meta-analysis and systematic review are not synonymous. Meta-analysis is often, but not always, preceded by a systematic review, which aim to gather similar studies that meet the strict approach eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question, whereas meta-analysis integrates the results of included studies by statistical techniques.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Basically, when conducted properly, the major advantage of a meta-analysis is the statistical power substantially increased, which provides a precise estimate of the effect size of a set of studies, being considered the best evidence available.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Besides, can be applicable to a broad spectrum of topics, including biomarkers, genetic factors, diagnosis, and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the main criticism regarding meta-analyzes are about heterogeneity among the studies and publication bias, both compromising the robustness and the validation of results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Undoubtedly, it is inevitable a diversity of design, interventions, exposures and outcomes in a collection of studies; however, it is essential to quantify the extent of heterogeneity by performing statistical approaches such as sensitivity, subgroup, or regression analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In addition, the &#8220;file drawer problem&#8221;, that is smaller studies or with negative or non-significant results tend to remain unpublished and this might overestimate the actual effect degree leading to publication bias. We can assess publication bias in a meta-analysis using a sample method called funnel plot or another statistical method depending on the case, such as Egger's regression test, trim and fill method, also available for this purpose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Traditionally, meta-analyzes are performed of data from human studies. However, in the last years, the use of meta-analysis from preclinical studies has become more frequent. Several reasons are related to the lack of clinical studies about a specific issue, especially when dealing with topics that are not possible to investigate in humans, whereas optimal methods on animal models are largely standardized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>In this sense, a recent issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> published an interesting meta-analysis about the effect of aerobic exercise on the prevention of cardiac dysfunction in murines exposed to doxorubicin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> New knowledge in this field is always welcome, since doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is one of the main serious consequences of its use and currently therapies to prevent or attenuate cardiotoxicity are scarce and not effective.</p>
      <p>In brief, the authors have showed that the practice of aerobic exercise contributed to improve left ventricle fractional shortening and left ventricle developed pressure in murines with cardiac dysfunction caused by doxorubicin treatment. Certainly, it is a very important conclusion because the aerobic exercise can be a good non-pharmacological strategy to prevent, to attenuate or to treat cardiotoxicity, since it has no (or minimum) side effects and could has additional benefits for human healthy.</p>
      <p>It is worth to mentioning that animal studies are frequently small and inherently heterogeneous and, therefore, are required to follow all the strict methodological approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The present meta-analysis was well conducted and followed all the current recommendations for its preparation. However, it brings up some points that should be taken into account, in order to increase the quality of the results and their interpretation.</p>
      <p>The important topic to be highlighted is that studies that compound this meta-analysis shown great differences in the dose of doxorubicin, moment that exercise was implemented (pre or post doxorubicin exposure), modality of exercise and intensity of exercise, which attribute a wide heterogeneity between the studies (I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>= 87 and 94%). It is a frequent problem in meta-analysis carried out experimental studies. It is possible to minimize the heterogeneity including some subgroups analysis or limiting study design aspects during the search strategy. Additionally, as previously described, it is very difficult to publish negative results, mainly in experimental researches, which could attribute publication bias to this study.</p>
      <p>In our opinion, the mainly advantage of meta-analysis is provided robust scientific-based evidence for developing guidelines that supports health care professionals to make an optimal clinical decision. Obviously, producing scientific evidence for clinical guidelines should not be the purpose of meta-analysis conducted with pre-clinical studies. They are classically exploratory and allow us generate hypothesis that can be used to design and conduct future clinical trials. They offer the possibility to include one more brick in the wall of scientific knowledge.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Aerobic Exercise and Cardiac Function of Murines Exposed to Doxorubicin: a Meta-Analysis</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
