<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d7ZfnBNJFfyzxvQRhG96Tjt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300882</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200586</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200586</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Estilo de Vida dos Muito Idosos Importa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando H. Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Cesena</bold> &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Avenida Brasil, 953. CEP <postal-code>01431-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>882</fpage>
      <lpage>884</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoprote&#237;nas E</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>De acordo com as estimativas e proje&#231;&#245;es do relat&#243;rio &#8220;Perspectivas da Popula&#231;&#227;o Mundial: Revis&#227;o de 2019&#8221;, a expectativa de vida continuar&#225; a aumentar nos pr&#243;ximos 30 anos em todo o mundo, a porcentagem da popula&#231;&#227;o com 65 anos ou mais saltar&#225; de 9% em 2020 para 16% em 2050, e o n&#250;mero de pessoas com 80 anos ou mais triplicar&#225; at&#233; 2050.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>A biologia do envelhecimento e dos genes envolvidos vem sendo estudada h&#225; muito tempo como base para a busca de terapias que possam mitigar processos relacionados ao envelhecimento, como dem&#234;ncia e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entre os m&#250;ltiplos aspectos explorados, a pesquisa envolvendo a apolipoprote&#237;na E (apoE) assume particular relev&#226;ncia. A apoE &#233; uma prote&#237;na de 299 amino&#225;cidos sintetizada principalmente pelos hepat&#243;citos. Como qualquer outra apolipoprote&#237;na, a apoE &#233; um constituinte das lipoprote&#237;nas e, portanto, tem um papel no metabolismo lip&#237;dico. No plasma, a apoE &#233; transportada principalmente por lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglicer&#237;deos e funciona como mediadora da depura&#231;&#227;o de seus remanescentes pelo receptor da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade. No c&#233;rebro, a apoE produzida <italic>in situ</italic> atua na redistribui&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios para os neur&#244;nios, bem como na depura&#231;&#227;o de &#946;-amiloide, muito conhecido por sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a de Alzheimer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que polimorfismos no gene APOE est&#227;o associados a processos patol&#243;gicos. Tr&#234;s alelos comuns da APOE s&#227;o descritos: o &#1013;2 (o menos frequente), &#1013;3 (o mais prevalente e considerado como o tipo selvagem ou &#8220;neutro&#8221;) e &#1013;4. Com base nesses alelos, um indiv&#237;duo espec&#237;fico pode exibir um gen&#243;tipo homozigoto (APOE &#1013;2/&#1013;2, APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;3 ou APOE &#1013;4/&#1013;4) ou heterozigoto (APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;2, APOE &#1013;4/&#1013;2 ou APOE &#1013;4/&#1013;3). A apoE2 e apoE4 diferem da apoE3 por uma &#250;nica substitui&#231;&#227;o de amino&#225;cido. No entanto, esses polimorfismos modificam significativamente a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o da apoE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>A apoE &#233; o principal fator gen&#233;tico que predisp&#245;e &#224; doen&#231;a de Alzheimer de in&#237;cio tardio. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a apoE3, a presen&#231;a da apoE4 confere um maior risco de doen&#231;a de Alzheimer, enquanto a apoE2 est&#225; associada a um risco menor. Grandes estudos de coorte tamb&#233;m mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a apoE4 e um maior risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica, mortalidade cardiovascular e mortalidade por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, este n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia publica um artigo da coorte prospectiva de Veran&#243;polis, investigando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo da APOE e a mortalidade em uma popula&#231;&#227;o pouco estudada, composta por indiv&#237;duos com 80 anos ou mais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Em um per&#237;odo muito longo de seguimento (de at&#233; 21 anos), os autores n&#227;o detectaram diferen&#231;a no risco de mortalidade entre os indiv&#237;duos APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;3 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os participantes com APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;4.</p>
    <p>O achado &#8220;negativo&#8221; foi possivelmente consequ&#234;ncia da amostra altamente seletiva e do pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes (16 com o gen&#243;tipo APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;4 e 53 com o gen&#243;tipo APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;3), o qual acarretou uma falta de poder do estudo para detectar pequenas diferen&#231;as. Em uma grande coorte da popula&#231;&#227;o geral dinamarquesa, apenas uma m&#237;nima diferen&#231;a na mediana da sobrevida associada a diferentes gen&#243;tipos foi relatada (86,4 anos em portadores de &#603;33 e 85,9 anos em portadores de &#603;43).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, entre os indiv&#237;duos de Veran&#243;polis, ningu&#233;m tinha o gen&#243;tipo APOE &#1013;4/&#1013;4, que est&#225; associado &#224; maior mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, mesmo com o n&#250;mero limitado de participantes, os autores foram capazes de detectar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco tradicionais e mortalidade geral. Essa foi a descoberta mais surpreendente do estudo. As an&#225;lises ajustadas demonstraram efeitos delet&#233;rios claros do tabagismo e diabetes mellitus, e um poderoso efeito protetor da atividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Os resultados tamb&#233;m apontam para uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre press&#227;o arterial e mortalidade: cada aumento de 1 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 2% no risco de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Esse achado parece intrigante, uma vez que ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados apoiam a redu&#231;&#227;o intensiva da press&#227;o arterial em pessoas idosas para prevenir eventos duros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o pode ser respons&#225;vel por este achado, embora um efeito genuinamente prejudicial da redu&#231;&#227;o excessiva da press&#227;o arterial nesta popula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m seja poss&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>O aumento do risco de morte associado ao diabetes mellitus no estudo de Veran&#243;polis, embora n&#227;o seja uma surpresa, destaca a import&#226;ncia de medidas voltadas para a preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Nesse sentido, interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida com restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica na dieta e atividade f&#237;sica, bem como algumas op&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas (por exemplo, metformina), t&#234;m demonstrado prevenir ou retardar o desenvolvimento do diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Os efeitos nocivos do tabagismo no estudo de Veran&#243;polis s&#227;o consistentes com outros relatos. Uma grande meta-an&#225;lise de indiv&#237;duos com 60 anos ou mais de estudos de coorte prospectivos mostrou inequivocamente que o tabagismo &#233; um forte fator de risco independente de eventos cardiovasculares, avan&#231;ando a mortalidade cardiovascular em mais de cinco anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, alguns anos de cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo foram suficientes para detectar um efeito ben&#233;fico na mortalidade cardiovascular, e esse benef&#237;cio aumentou ao longo do tempo ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>O estudo de Veran&#243;polis mostrou que os idosos que se exercitam (gasto energ&#233;tico semanal de pelo menos 4.000 kcal) apresentam uma impressionante redu&#231;&#227;o de 51% no risco de morte. Esse resultado &#233; corroborado por v&#225;rias outras publica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Mesmo a atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade leve reduz a mortalidade em idosos. Em um estudo prospectivo da Espanha com um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 13 anos, os participantes (com 65 anos ou mais) no n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica de maior intensidade apresentaram o menor risco de mortalidade ap&#243;s ajuste para v&#225;rias covari&#225;veis. Aqueles com atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade leve tiveram um progn&#243;stico melhor do que indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Da mesma forma, dados da <italic>Women's Health Initiative</italic> mostraram que mesmo a atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade leve reduz eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade por todas as causas em mulheres com m&#233;dia de idade de 79 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> As diretrizes recomendam atividade f&#237;sica com m&#250;ltiplos componentes para idosos, combinando exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, de fortalecimento muscular e de equil&#237;brio, para promover benef&#237;cios abrangentes &#224; sa&#250;de, incluindo a preven&#231;&#227;o de quedas. Se o indiv&#237;duo idoso n&#227;o puder fazer atividade aer&#243;bica de intensidade moderada devido a uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, ele deve ser incentivado a ser t&#227;o fisicamente ativo quanto permitido por sua condi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises de dados observacionais sofrem com a possibilidade de vi&#233;s introduzido pela falta de ajustes adequados e fatores de confus&#227;o desconhecidos, bem como causalidade reversa. Os indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios s&#227;o mais propensos a desfechos adversos devido &#224; falta dos efeitos ben&#233;ficos da atividade f&#237;sica ou porque j&#225; apresentam condi&#231;&#245;es m&#243;rbidas que os impedem de se exercitar? N&#227;o obstante, considerando os m&#250;ltiplos estudos com ajustes apropriados para comorbidades e estado funcional, as evid&#234;ncias apontam para uma mensagem clara: o estilo de vida faz a diferen&#231;a, mesmo em pessoas muito idosas.</p>
    <p>Dito isso, as implica&#231;&#245;es para a comunidade m&#233;dica e o m&#233;dico assistente s&#227;o diretas: a idade n&#227;o deve ser uma barreira para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida. Ao contr&#225;rio, esfor&#231;os devem ser feitos para criar e facilitar o acesso dos idosos a programas voltados para o estilo de vida, incluindo aqueles relacionados &#224; cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, h&#225;bitos alimentares e bem-estar psicol&#243;gico. Diretrizes podem ser desenvolvidas. Estrat&#233;gias para envolver os idosos em atividades saud&#225;veis devem ser estudadas. Novas tecnologias, como o uso de aceler&#244;metro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e plataformas de internet,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> podem ser utilizadas para otimizar os resultados. Os cuidadores e demais profissionais devem ser treinados para orientar a atividade f&#237;sica, reconhecendo os limites e peculiaridades desse subgrupo espec&#237;fico. Com a&#231;&#245;es multifacetadas, a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida pode ser um pilar essencial para reduzir a carga de doen&#231;as relacionadas ao envelhecimento nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o de Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular e Polimorfismo de APOE com Mortalidade em Idosos Longevos: Uma Coorte de 21 Anos</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>World Population Prospects 2019</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">Cited in 2020 01 june</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">https://population.un.org/wpp/</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. World Population Prospects 2019.[Cited in 2020 01 june]. [Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">https://population.un.org/wpp/</ext-link>].</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamazaki</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caulfield</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bu</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Neurol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>501</fpage>
          <lpage>518</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Yamazaki Y, Zhao N, Caulfield TR, Liu CC, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(9):501-18.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mahley</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apolipoprotein E: from cardiovascular disease to neurodegenerative disorders</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Med (Berl)</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>739</fpage>
          <lpage>746</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: from cardiovascular disease to neurodegenerative disorders. J Mol Med (Berl). 2016;94(7):739-46.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vivian</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruscato</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Werle</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carli</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>RAG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos PC</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and APOE Polymorphism with Mortality in the Oldest Old: A 21-Year Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>873</fpage>
          <lpage>881</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Vivian L, Bruscato NM, Werle BM, Carli W, Soares RAG, Santos PC JL, et al. Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and APOE Polymorphism with Mortality in the Oldest Old: A 21-Year Cohort Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(5):873-881.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tybj&#230;rg-Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frikke-Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E, APOE genotype, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in 105 949 individuals from a white general population cohort</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>33</issue>
          <fpage>2813</fpage>
          <lpage>2824</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Rasmussen KL, Tybj&#230;rg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG, Frikke-Schmidt R. Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E, APOE genotype, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in 105 949 individuals from a white general population cohort. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(33):2813-24.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Williamson</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Supiano</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Applegate</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berlowitz</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chertow</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged &#8805;75 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>315</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2673</fpage>
          <lpage>2682</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, Berlowitz DR, Campbell RC, Chertow GM, et al. Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged &#8805;75 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;315(24):2673-82.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American Diabetes Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>3. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S32</fpage>
          <lpage>SS6</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. American Diabetes Association. 3. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S32-S6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mons</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;ezzinler</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gellert</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sch&#246;ttker</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abnet</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bobak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular events and mortality among older adults: meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies of the CHANCES consortium</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>350</volume>
          <fpage>h1551</fpage>
          <lpage>h1551</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Mons U, M&#252;ezzinler A, Gellert C, Sch&#246;ttker B, Abnet CC, Bobak M, et al. Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular events and mortality among older adults: meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies of the CHANCES consortium. BMJ. 2015;350:h1551.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>OP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hankey</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeap</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Golledge</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flicker</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>150 minutes of vigorous physical activity per week predicts survival and successful ageing: a population-based 11-year longitudinal study of 12 201 older Australian men</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>220</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Almeida OP, Khan KM, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Flicker L. 150 minutes of vigorous physical activity per week predicts survival and successful ageing: a population-based 11-year longitudinal study of 12 201 older Australian men. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(3):220-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Llamas-Velasco</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villarejo-Galende</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Contador</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lora Pablos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hern&#225;ndez-Gallego</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bermejo-Pareja</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical activity and long-term mortality risk in older adults: A prospective population based study (NEDICES)</article-title>
          <source>Prev Med Rep</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <fpage>546</fpage>
          <lpage>550</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Llamas-Velasco S, Villarejo-Galende A, Contador I, Lora Pablos D, Hern&#225;ndez-Gallego J, Bermejo-Pareja F. Physical activity and long-term mortality risk in older adults: A prospective population based study (NEDICES). Prev Med Rep. 2016;4:546-50.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>LaMonte</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buchner</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rillamas-Sun</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evenson</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellettiere</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Mortality in Women Aged 63 to 99</article-title>
          <source>J Am Geriatr Soc</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>886</fpage>
          <lpage>894</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. LaMonte MJ, Buchner DM, Rillamas-Sun E, Di C, Evenson KR, Bellettiere J, et al. Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Mortality in Women Aged 63 to 99. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(5):886-94.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>LaCroix</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellettiere</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rillamas-Sun</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evenson</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Light Physical Activity Measured by Accelerometry and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Cardiovascular Disease in Older Women</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Netw Open</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e190419</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12. LaCroix AZ, Bellettiere J, Rillamas-Sun E, Di C, Evenson KR, Lewis CE, et al. Association of Light Physical Activity Measured by Accelerometry and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Cardiovascular Disease in Older Women. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e190419.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez-Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guallar-Castillon</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Esquinas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandinelli</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodr&#237;guez-Artalejo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical Activity and the Effect of Multimorbidity on All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc.</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>376</fpage>
          <lpage>382</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13. Martinez-Gomez D, Guallar-Castillon P, Garcia-Esquinas E, Bandinelli S, Rodr&#237;guez-Artalejo F. Physical Activity and the Effect of Multimorbidity on All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(3):376-82.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piercy</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Troiano</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballard</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlson</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fulton</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galuska</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2020</fpage>
          <lpage>2028</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, et al. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2020-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Middelaar</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beishuizen</surname>
              <given-names>CRL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guillemont</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbera</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richard</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moll van Charante</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Engaging older people in an internet platform for cardiovascular risk self-management: a qualitative study among Dutch HATICE participants</article-title>
          <source>BMJ Open</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e019683</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15. van Middelaar T, Beishuizen CRL, Guillemont J, Barbera M, Richard E, Moll van Charante EP, et al. Engaging older people in an internet platform for cardiovascular risk self-management: a qualitative study among Dutch HATICE participants. BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e019683.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lifestyle in the Very Elderly Matters</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando H. Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Cesena</bold> &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Avenida Brasil, 953. Postal Code <postal-code>01431-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoproteins E</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>According to the estimates and projections of the 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects, life expectancy will continue to rise in the following 30 years worldwide, the percentage of the population aged 65 years or over will jump from 9% in 2020 to 16% in 2050, and the number of persons aged 80 years or over will triple up to 2050.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>The biology of aging and implicated genes has been studied for a long time as a basis for the search for therapies that may mitigate age-related processes, such as dementia and cardiovascular disease. Among the multitude of aspects that have been explored, the research involving apolipoprotein E (apoE) assumes particular relevance. ApoE is a 299-amino acid protein mainly synthesized by the hepatocytes. Like any other apolipoprotein, apoE is a constituent of lipoproteins and, therefore, has a role in lipid metabolism. In the plasma, apoE is primarily carried by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and mediates the clearance of their remnants by the low-density lipoprotein receptor. In the brain, <italic>in situ</italic> produced apoE acts on the redistribution of lipids to neurons, as well as in the clearance of &#946;-amyloid, much known for its association with Alzheimer disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>It is well acknowledged that polymorphisms in the APOE gene are associated with pathological processes. Three common APOE alleles are described: the &#1013;2 (the least frequent), &#1013;3 (the most prevalent and considered to be the wild or &#8220;neutral&#8221; type), and &#1013;4. Based on these alleles, a specific individual can display a homozygous (APOE &#1013;2/&#1013;2, APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;3, or APOE &#1013;4/&#1013;4) or a heterozygous (APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;2, APOE &#1013;4/&#1013;2, or APOE &#1013;4/&#1013;3) genotype. ApoE2 and apoE4 differ from apoE3 by one single amino acid substitution. Nevertheless, these polymorphisms significantly modify the structure and function of apoE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>ApoE is the major genetic factor that predisposes to late-onset Alzheimer disease. Compared to apoE3, the presence of apoE4 confers a higher risk of Alzheimer disease, whereas apoE2 is associated with a lower risk. Large cohort studies also showed an association between apoE4 and a higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>In this context, this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> publishes an article from the Veran&#243;polis prospective cohort, investigating the relationship between APOE genotype and mortality in a population not commonly studied, composed by individuals aged 80 years or older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In a very long follow-up (up to 21 years), the authors did not detect a difference in the hazard of mortality between APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;3 individuals, as compared with APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;4 participants.</p>
      <p>The &#8220;negative&#8221; finding was possibly a consequence of the highly selective sample and the small number of participants (16 with the APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;4 genotype and 53 with the APOE &#1013;3/&#1013;3 genotype), which imposed a lack of power to detect small differences. In a large cohort of the general Danish population, only a minimal difference in the median survival associated with different genotypes was reported (86.4 years in &#603;33 carriers and 85.9 years in &#603;43 carriers).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Moreover, among the Veran&#243;polis subjects, no one had the APOE &#1013;4/&#1013;4 genotype, which is associated with the highest mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Conversely, even with the limited number of participants, the authors were able to detect an association between traditional risk factors and overall mortality. That was the most striking finding of the study. Adjusted analyses demonstrated clear deleterious effects of smoking and diabetes mellitus, and a powerful protective effect of physical activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>The results also point to an inverse relationship between blood pressure and mortality: each 1 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure was associated with a 2% reduction in the risk of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> This finding seems intriguing, since randomized controlled trials support intensive blood pressure lowering in older persons to prevent hard events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The presence of confounders may be responsible for this finding, although a genuinely detrimental effect of excessive blood pressure lowering in this population is also possible.</p>
      <p>The increased risk of death associated with diabetes mellitus in the Veran&#243;polis study, although not a surprise, highlights the importance of measures devoted to the prevention of the disease. In this regard, lifestyle interventions with caloric restriction in the diet and physical activity, as well as some pharmacological options (e.g., metformin), have shown to prevent or delay the development of diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>The harmful effects of smoking in the Veran&#243;polis study are consistent with other reports. A large meta-analysis involving subjects aged 60 or older from prospective cohort studies unequivocally showed that smoking is a strong independent risk factor of cardiovascular events, advancing cardiovascular mortality by more than five years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Moreover, a few years of smoking cessation were enough to detect a beneficial effect on cardiovascular mortality, and this benefit increased over time after cessation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>The Veran&#243;polis study showed that older people who exercised (weekly energy expenditure of at least 4000 kcal) had an impressive 51% lower risk of dying. This result is corroborated by several other publications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Even light-intensity physical activity has been shown to reduce mortality in older people. In a prospective study from Spain with a follow-up period of 13 years, participants (aged 65 years or older) in the highest-intensity level of physical activity had the lowest mortality risk after adjustment for several covariates. Those with light-intensity physical activity had a better prognosis than sedentary individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Similarly, data from the Women's Health Initiative have shown that even light-intensity physical activity reduces cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in women with a mean age of 79 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Guidelines have recommended multicomponent physical activity for older people, combining aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and balance exercises, to promote comprehensive health benefits, including prevention of falls. If the older adult cannot do moderate-intensity aerobic activity due to a chronic disease, he or she should be encouraged to be as physically active as allowed by his or her condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Analyses of observational data suffer from the possibility of bias introduced by lack of adequate adjustments and unknown confounders, as well as reverse causality. Are sedentary individuals more prone to adverse outcomes because of the lack of the beneficial effects of physical activity or because they already have morbid conditions that prevent them from exercising? Nevertheless, considering the multiple studies with appropriate adjustments for comorbidities and functional status, the evidence points to a clear message: lifestyle makes a difference, even in very old persons.</p>
      <p>That said, the implications for the medical community and the attending physician are straightforward: age should not be a barrier to the implementation of lifestyle modifications. On the contrary, efforts should be made to create and facilitate the access of older people to programs focused on lifestyle, including those related to smoking cessation, physical activity, dietary habits, and psychological well-being. Guidelines can be developed. Strategies to engage older people in healthy activities should be studied. Novel technologies, such as the use of accelerometer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and internet platforms,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> can be used to optimize the results. Caregivers and other personnel should be trained to guide physical activity, recognizing the limits and peculiarities of this specific subgroup. With multifaceted actions, lifestyle modification can be an essential pillar to reduce the burden of age-related diseases in the coming decades.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and APOE Polymorphism with Mortality in the Oldest Old: A 21-Year Cohort Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
