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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WCmgN6MNR3zdGVp6FsjdjqK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300830</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190317</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190317</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequ&#234;ncia e Motivos para a n&#227;o Administra&#231;&#227;o e Suspens&#227;o de Medicamentos durante um Evento de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda. Estudo ERICO</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael C. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Itamar S. Santos</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP <postal-code>05508-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>itamarss@usp.br:</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bensenor IM, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA, Santos IS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos RCO, Santos IS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos RCO, Santos IS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bensenor IM, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>830</fpage>
      <lpage>839</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Poucos estudos discutiram causas para o subtratamento medicamentoso na SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a n&#227;o-administra&#231;&#227;o e suspens&#227;o de medicamentos durante o tratamento intra-hospitalar da SCA na Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda (estudo ERICO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Analisamos prontu&#225;rios de 563 participantes ERICO para avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia e motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e/ou suspens&#227;o de medicamentos. Constru&#237;mos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para avaliar se sexo, idade &#8805;65 anos, n&#237;vel educacional ou subtipo de SCA estavam associados com (a) n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de &#8805;1 medicamentos; e (b) n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de &#8805;1 medicamentos. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A amostra &#233; composta por 58,1% de homens e com idade mediana de 62 anos. Em 183 (32,5%) participantes &#8805;1 medicamentos n&#227;o foram administrados e 288 (51,2%) apresentaram &#8805;1 medicamentos n&#227;o administrados ou suspensos. As causas mais frequentes foram risco de sangramento (aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (betabloqueadores) e hipotens&#227;o (inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina). Indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805;65 anos (raz&#227;o de chances [RC]:1,51; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%]:1,05-2,19) e com angina inst&#225;vel (RC:1,72; IC95%:1,07-2,75) tiveram maior chance de n&#227;o-administra&#231;&#227;o. Considerando apenas pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, idade &#8805;65 anos foi associada tanto &#224; n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de &#8805;1 medicamento n&#227;o foi rara no estudo ERICO. Indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805;65 anos ou com angina inst&#225;vel tiveram maior chance de n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e podem ser subtratados nesse cen&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Suspens&#227;o do Tratamento/tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2011/16301-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP Grant 2011/16301-4.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) continua a ser a principal causa de mortalidade e esperan&#231;a de vida corrigida pela incapacidade em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> O tratamento adequado e no momento certo pode reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a qualidade do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico durante a fase hospitalar de um caso de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), definido pela administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos orientados pelas diretrizes, est&#225; associada &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> e &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia seis meses ap&#243;s alta hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>No maior estudo brasileiro que relata a frequ&#234;ncia da prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos orientada por diretrizes em pacientes de SCA hospitalizados at&#233; agora, Wang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> analisaram dados de 2.453 indiv&#237;duos com SCA de 65 hospitais brasileiros (aproximadamente 90% de hospitais terci&#225;rios) no estudo do Registro <italic>Acute Coronary Care Evaluation of Practice</italic> (ACCEPT) de agosto de 2010 a dezembro de 2011. Entre os medicamentos analisados em seu estudo, a aspirina foi o medicamento mais comumente receitado nas primeiras 24 horas (97,6%). As estatinas tamb&#233;m foram prescritas com alta frequ&#234;ncia (90,6%).</p>
      <p>Poucos estudos discutiram os motivos para o subtratamento da SCA. Isso ganha import&#226;ncia especial &#224; medida que a idade dos pacientes de SCA aumenta. Efeitos adversos e contraindica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mais frequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> em indiv&#237;duos mais velhos, contribuindo para morbidade e mortalidade associadas mais altas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> avaliaram 583 indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com SCA em seis hospitais de emerg&#234;ncia em Montes Claros. Nas primeiras 24 horas de tratamento, o uso de medicamentos para o tratamento de SCA variou de 63,8% (heparinas) a 96,6% (aspirina). Dos 181 pacientes (31,0% da amostra) que n&#227;o receberam betabloqueadores dentro de 24 horas, 39 (21,5%) apresentaram contraindica&#231;&#245;es identific&#225;veis. N&#227;o foram relatadas outras descri&#231;&#245;es das causas para o subtratamento durante as primeiras 24 horas.</p>
      <p>O presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar os dados de eventos de SCA, o que levou ao cadastro de 563 participantes do Estudo de Estrat&#233;gia Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana (ERICO), um estudo prospectivo que est&#225; em andamento no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP). Nossa equipe buscou determinar a frequ&#234;ncia de uso, juntamente com os motivos para n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e suspens&#227;o dos medicamentos usados durante o tratamento hospitalar de um evento de SCA e seus fatores associados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo ERICO</title>
        <p>O desenho do estudo ERICO foi descrito em detalhe em outro local.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Resumidamente, ERICO &#233; um estudo prospectivo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 1.085 indiv&#237;duos internados no HU-USP devido a um evento de SCA entre fevereiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2013. O HU-USP &#233; um hospital comunit&#225;rio no Butant&#227;, um bairro da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o aproximada de 428.000 habitantes, em 2010, e desigualdades sociais pronunciadas.</p>
        <p>Para participar do estudo ERICO, os participantes precisavam atender a crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST (<italic>ST-elevation myocardial infarction</italic> - STEMI), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST (<italic>Non ST-elevation myocardial infarction</italic> - NSTEMI) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI). Para o diagn&#243;stico do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), ambos os crit&#233;rios a seguir devem estar presentes: (I) Sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e (II) N&#237;veis de troponina I acima do 99&#186; percentil, com um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fico do teste &lt;10%. O diagn&#243;stico de STEMI exige ambos os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (I) Crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de IM e (II) Um dos seguintes: (a) supradesnivelamento persistente do segmento ST &#8805; 1 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas cont&#237;guas ou (b) a presen&#231;a de um bloqueio do ramo esquerdo novo ou presumivelmente novo. Para o diagn&#243;stico de NSTEMI, os participantes devem apresentar: (I) Crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de IM e (II) Aus&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico de STEMI. Para diagn&#243;stico de AI, todos os tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios a seguir devem ser atendidos: (I) Sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca 24 horas antes da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, (II) Aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios de IM, e (III) Pelo menos um dos seguintes: (a) hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; (b) teste positivo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria (invasivo ou n&#227;o invasivo); (c) altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST transit&#243;rias &#8805; 0,5 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, novas invers&#245;es de onda T de &#8805; 1 mm e/ou pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o de ondas T invertidas previamente; (d) troponina I &gt; 0,4 ng/ml; ou (e) concord&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de dois m&#233;dicos independentes. A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de ST (SCASST) &#233; um termo comum que abrange NSTEMI e AI.</p>
        <p>Na linha de base, entrevistadores treinados obtiveram dados sobre aspectos sociodemogr&#225;ficos e fatores de risco cardiovascular, bem como sobre medicamentos usados anteriormente. Durante a fase de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, todos os sujeitos foram tratados a crit&#233;rio da equipe do hospital, com procedimentos padr&#227;o, e sem influ&#234;ncia do protocolo do estudo. O acompanhamento de longo prazo continua sendo feito, com contatos telef&#244;nicos anuais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo ERICO-APS</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho &#233; uma an&#225;lise de um estudo ERICO (Estrat&#233;gia Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana - Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de; estudo ERICO-APS). Maiores detalhes sobre o estudo ERICO-APS podem ser encontrados em uma publica&#231;&#227;o anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> O ERICO-APS tem o objetivo de estudar determinantes da qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e a mortalidade, com foco especial na unidade do primeiro contato (aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou hospital) durante o evento inicial de SCA. O ERICO-APS &#233; composto por 130 participantes para os quais uma unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de sa&#250;de foi a unidade onde aconteceu o primeiro contato durante o evento inicial, e 700 participantes que vieram diretamente ao hospital, todos cadastrados no estudo principal de fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra do estudo</title>
        <p>Em nossas an&#225;lises, os participantes do ERICO-APS que vieram diretamente ao hospital foram considerados eleg&#237;veis. Esse estudo excluiu 44 (6,3%) participantes cujos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos n&#227;o puderam ser obtidos, e 93 (13,3%) cujos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos estavam incompletos (por exemplo, devido a transfer&#234;ncia para outros hospitais). Nossa amostra final foi composta de 563 participantes do ERICO-APS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
        <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, e doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) pr&#233;via foram definidos por autorrelato. O tabagismo foi classificado em nunca fumou, ex-fumante e fumante. O n&#237;vel de escolaridade foi autorrelatado, e classificado em sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal, de 1 a 7 anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal, e &#8805; 8 anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal. Em algumas das an&#225;lises, a idade foi categorizada usando-se uma linha de corte de 65 anos.</p>
        <p>Os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e as prescri&#231;&#245;es foram revisados para se analisar a frequ&#234;ncia de administra&#231;&#227;o, os motivos para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o, e os motivos para a suspens&#227;o dos seguintes medicamentos: aspirina, clopidogrel, heparinas, betabloqueadores, e inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina (IECA/BRA). A frequ&#234;ncia da administra&#231;&#227;o de estatinas, nitratos, e morfina tamb&#233;m foi analisada.</p>
        <p>&#8220;N&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o&#8221; foi definida como a n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos desde a admiss&#227;o at&#233; a alta hospitalar. &#8220;Suspens&#227;o&#8221; foi definida como a retirada de medicamentos prescritos inicialmente durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Uma exce&#231;&#227;o foi a retirada da prescri&#231;&#227;o de heparina ap&#243;s o oitavo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Os motivos foram separados por classe farmacol&#243;gica: (a) aspirina: alergia, sangramento ou risco de sangramento, e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o; (b) clopidogrel: sangramento ou risco de sangramento e <italic>bypass</italic> de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; (c) heparina: sangramento ou risco de sangramento, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda de baixo risco, e angiografia coron&#225;ria; (d) betabloqueadores: broncoespasmo, bradicardia, choque/hipotens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, e testes n&#227;o invasivos de isquemia; e (e) IECA/BRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC), choque/hipotens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA), e hipercalemia.</p>
        <p>Esses motivos est&#227;o descritos na tabela suplementar 1, juntamente com os medicamentos mais comumente prescritos para cada classe farmacol&#243;gica. A n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o (ou suspens&#227;o) de qualquer medicamento foi definida como a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o (ou suspens&#227;o) de um ou mais dos seguintes medicamentos: aspirina, clopidogrel, heparina, betabloqueadores, estatinas, e/ou inibidores ECA/BRA.</p>
        <p>Quando o motivo da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou da suspens&#227;o do medicamento havia sido anotado nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, essa informa&#231;&#227;o era recuperada e classificada de acordo com esse motivo expl&#237;cito. Quando os motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou da suspens&#227;o do medicamento n&#227;o eram expl&#237;citos, um m&#233;dico e um farmac&#234;utico do estudo analisavam o prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico para verificar se algum dos motivos descritos estavam impl&#237;citos. Portanto, os motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou da suspens&#227;o foram classificados como &#8220;n&#227;o descritos&#8221;, &#8220;impl&#237;citos&#8221;, ou &#8220;expl&#237;citos&#8221;.</p>
        <p>O status vital foi avaliado por entrevista telef&#244;nica 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento inicial, de acordo com o protocolo do estudo ERICO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Os registros oficiais de mortes foram obtidos com a colabora&#231;&#227;o de registros de &#243;bitos municipais e estaduais sempre que se verificou que o participante havia falecido, ou se o paciente n&#227;o pudesse ser contatado naquele momento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo estava de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. O comit&#234; de an&#225;lise institucional do hospital aprovou o protocolo de pesquisa (Aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica 866/08). Foi obtido o consentimento informado por escrito de todos os pacientes de SCA internados no hospital que concordaram em participar do estudo, e cada sujeito recebeu uma c&#243;pia do formul&#225;rio de consentimento informado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas em contagem absoluta e em propor&#231;&#245;es, e comparadas utilizando-se testes qui-quadrados. Devido a sua distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal (avaliada por gr&#225;ficos de densidade e pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk), a idade &#233; apresentada como m&#233;dia e faixa interquartil e comparada entre os grupos, utilizando-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Este estudo tamb&#233;m realizou compara&#231;&#245;es por pares (com corre&#231;&#227;o de Holm) da distribui&#231;&#227;o das idades em grupos de STEMI, NSTEMI e AI. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bruta ou m&#250;ltipla foram constru&#237;dos para analisar sexo, idade &#8805; 65 anos, n&#237;vel de escolaridade, ou subtipo de SCA foram associados com (a) a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de qualquer medicamento e (b) a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de qualquer medicamento. Como an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, esses modelos foram repetidos: (a) excluindo a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o devido a angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP) e/ou enxerto de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (<italic>coronary artery bypass graft</italic> CABG) agendados e (b) excluindo os casos com angina inst&#225;vel, j&#225; que alguns medicamentos podem n&#227;o ter sido prescritos devido &#224; SCA de baixo risco. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de <italic>long-rank</italic> foram usados para determinar se a sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s 30 dias estava associada com &#8805; 1 medicamentos n&#227;o administrados ou suspensos. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido em 5%. O software R, vers&#227;o 3.2.0, foi utilizado na realiza&#231;&#227;o dessas an&#225;lises.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base da amostra do estudo, de acordo com subtipo de SCA. A amostra desse estudo teve uma predomin&#226;ncia de sujeitos do sexo masculino (n=327; 58,1%), com uma m&#233;dia de 62 anos de idade. Indiv&#237;duos com STEMI tinham idade mais baixa em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos com NSTEMI (p=0,002) e AI (p=0,024). A distribui&#231;&#227;o de idades dos participantes com NSTEMI e AI n&#227;o &#233; significativamente diferente (p=0,35). Hipertens&#227;o (n=421; 76,5%) e sedentarismo (n=369; 70,3%) foram os fatores de risco cardiovascular mais frequentes na amostra. Apenas 150 (29,1%) dos participantes tinham um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC antes do evento de SCA que havia levado ao cadastro no estudo ERICO.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base da amostra do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="19%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top"/>
              <th align="center" valign="top">STEMI <break/>(N=162)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">NSTEMI <break/>(N=232)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">AI <break/>(N=169)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Total <break/>(N=563)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Idade (anos; m&#233;dia [FIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">59,0 <break/>[50,0 - 68,0]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64,0 <break/>[53,8 - 74,0]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">62,0 <break/>[53,0 - 73,0]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">62,0 <break/>[52,0 - 72,0]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">106 (65,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">140 (60,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">81 (47,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">327 (58,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="top">N&#237;vel de escolaridade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16 (9,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 (10,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">22 (13,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (36,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1 a 7 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (42,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">107 (46,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">62 (11,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">238 (42,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 8 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76 (47,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">101 (43,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (50,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">262 (46,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">101 (64,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">174 (76,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">146 (89,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">421 (76,5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">49 (31,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99 (42,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">67 (41,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">215 (39,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">66 (50,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">113 (53,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">83 (57,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">262 (53,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sedentarismo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">98 (66,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">156 (70,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">115 (73,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">369 (70,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="top">Tabagismo</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Nunca fumou</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">37 (23,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">69 (31,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60 (38,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">166 (31,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Ex-fumante</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (36,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (37,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (39,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">200 (37,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Fumante</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (39,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (31,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (21,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">164 (30,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">DAC Pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25 (16,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">50 (23,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">75 (49,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">150 (29,1%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>FIQ: faixa interquartil; STEMI: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST; NSTEMI: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST; AI: angina inst&#225;vel; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> mostra a frequ&#234;ncia da administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina, clopidogrel, heparinas, estatinas, betabloqueadores, IECA ou BRA, nitratos, e morfina durante o tratamento hospitalar. Considerando os principais medicamentos no tratamento da SCA (aspirina, clopidogrel, heparina, betabloqueadores, estatinas, e/ou inibidores de ECA/BRA), este estudo identificou 183 (32,5%) dos participantes aos quais um ou mais medicamentos n&#227;o foram administrados. O uso de nitrato foi semelhante, de acordo com o subtipo de SCA (p=0,32) e, conforme esperado, a administra&#231;&#227;o de morfina foi mais frequente nos participantes com diagn&#243;stico de STEMI (p&lt;0,001). Em 288 (51,2%) participantes, este estudo observou a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou a suspens&#227;o de um ou mais dos principais medicamentos durante o tratamento hospitalar.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos orientados por diretrizes durante interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Medicamento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">STEMI</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">NSTEMI</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">AI</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Aspirina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">158 (97,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">229 (98,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">165 (97,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">552 (98,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">159 (98,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">226 (97,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">158 (93,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">543 (96,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Heparina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">153 (94,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">228 (98,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">160 (94,7%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">541 (96,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Estatinas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">152 (93,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">217 (93,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">147 (87,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">516 (91,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Betabloqueadores</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">138 (85,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">194 (83,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">142 (84,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">474 (84,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">IECA/BRA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">136 (84,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">201 (86,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">132 (78,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">469 (83,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Nitrato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">95 (58,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">119 (51,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">95 (56,2%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">309 (54,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Morfina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">37 (22,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">30 (12,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76 (13,5%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>STEMI: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST; NSTEMI: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST; AI: angina inst&#225;vel; IECA/BRA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> apresenta os motivos para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de aspirina, clopidogrel, heparina, betabloqueadores e IECA/BRA. Observou-se que a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina, clopidogrel, e heparina &#233; rara, geralmente associada a um maior risco de sangramento. Os motivos mais frequentes para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores foram a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, e choque/hipotens&#227;o. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m foi o motivo mais frequente para a suspens&#227;o de betabloqueadores. Choque/hipotens&#227;o foi o motivo mais frequente para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e suspens&#227;o de IECA/BRA. A tabela suplementar 2 relata as frequ&#234;ncias da presen&#231;a dos motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o dos medicamentos nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Observou-se que os motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram descritos nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos em 64,0% dos casos, e os motivos para a suspens&#227;o n&#227;o foram descritos em 26,4%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Causas da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de medicamentos na amostra</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Medicamento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Causa</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Suspens&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Aspirina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Alergia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Sangramento ou risco de sangramento</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Enxerto de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Sangramento ou risco de sangramento</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Enxerto de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Angiografia coron&#225;ria</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Heparina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Sangramento ou risco de sangramento</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Enxerto de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Angiografia coron&#225;ria</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda de baixo risco</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Broncoespasmo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Choque/hipotens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Bradicardia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Teste n&#227;o invasivo de isquemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">IECA/BRA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Choque/hipotens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Hipercalemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>
              <italic>IECA/BRA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref> mostra a raz&#227;o de chances (a partir de modelos m&#250;ltiplos) para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos (aspirina, clopidogrel, heparina, estatinas, e/ou inibidores de ECA/BRA) associados a idade, sexo, n&#237;vel de escolaridade, e subtipo de SCA. A an&#225;lise de toda a amostra revelou que indiv&#237;duos com 65 anos de idade ou mais (p=0,027) e indiv&#237;duos com angina inst&#225;vel (p=0,025) apresentaram uma probabilidade mais alta de n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos. Quando os indiv&#237;duos com angina inst&#225;vel foram exclu&#237;dos, ter &#8805; 65 anos de idade foi associado com a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o (p=0,023) ou a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o (p=0,035) de um ou mais medicamentos. Nessa subamostra, os indiv&#237;duos com STEMI ou NSTEMI apresentaram probabilidade semelhante de n&#227;o administrador (p=0,73) ou a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o (p=0,85) de um ou mais medicamentos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Raz&#227;o de chances (95% IC) de v&#225;rios modelos para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e suspens&#227;o com idade, sexo, n&#237;vel de escolaridade, e subtipo de SCA</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="top">Todos os tipos de SCA</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="top">Excluindo participantes com AI</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top"/>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,96 (0,67 - 1,39)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,88 (0,62 - 1,24)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,98 (0,62 - 1,55)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,93 (0,61 - 1,41)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Idade &#8805; 65 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>1,51 (1,05 - 2,19)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,36 (0,96 - 1,92)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>1,69 (1,07 - 2,67)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>1,57 (1,03 - 2,40)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="top">N&#237;vel de escolaridade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sem educa&#231;&#227;o formal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,58 (0,31 - 1,11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,58 (0,32 - 1,03)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,58 (0,25 - 1,33)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,55 (0,26 - 1,13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">1 a 7 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,90 (0,61 - 1,31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,10 (0,77 - 1,58)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,95 (0,60 - 1,51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,16 (0,76 - 1,76)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#8805; 8 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="top">Subtipo de SCA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,10 (0,70 - 1,73)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,98 (0,65 - 1,48)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,08 (0,69 - 1,71) -</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,96 (0,64 - 1,45) -</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">AI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>1,72 (1,07 - 2,75)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,23 (0,79 - 1,91)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>
              <italic>p&lt;0,05 em negrito. SCA: S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; STEMI; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST; NSTEMI: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST; AI: angina inst&#225;vel.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>An&#225;lises de sensibilidade, considerando que o fato de participantes terem ACTP e CABG agendados n&#227;o se qualificava como um motivo para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e/ou a suspens&#227;o de clopidogrel e heparinas (tabela suplementar 3), levaram a conclus&#245;es semelhantes, exceto por uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre ter &#8805; 65 anos de idade e a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos (raz&#227;o de chances: 1,44; 95% IC: 1,02 &#8211; 2,04). As tabelas suplementares 4 e 5 mostram os resultados obtidos dos modelos brutos.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s 30 dias, oito (2,9%) indiv&#237;duos aos quais todos os medicamentos foram administrados sem suspens&#227;o, e 20 (6,9%) indiv&#237;duos com um ou mais medicamentos n&#227;o administrados ou suspensos haviam morrido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s 30-dias foi significativamente associada &#224; presen&#231;a de um ou mais medicamentos n&#227;o administrados ou suspensos (p=0,03).</p>
      <fig id="f1" position="float">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s 30 dias para indiv&#237;duos que (a) tiveram todos os medicamentos administrados sem suspens&#227;o, e (b) tiveram um ou mais medicamentos n&#227;o administrados ou suspensos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0830-90317-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo observou que, durante o tratamento hospitalar do evento inicial de SCA no estudo ERICO, a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos ocorreu em aproximadamente um ter&#231;o da amostra, e a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos ocorreu em aproximadamente metade da amostra. Os motivos para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram descritos nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes em 64% dos casos, e os motivos para suspens&#227;o n&#227;o foram descritos em 26,4% dos casos. Indiv&#237;duos com idade &gt; 65 e aqueles com diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram uma probabilidade mais alta de n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos. Indiv&#237;duos de 65 anos de idade tamb&#233;m apresentaram uma probabilidade mais alta de n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos.</p>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o do medicamento durante o tratamento de um evento de SCA foi reportada em outros cen&#225;rios. Candela et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> analisaram dados de 1.134 pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST tratados em hospitais terci&#225;rios na Espanha. Esses autores analisaram grupos de acordo com as op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento por ACTP e/ou CABG, e identificaram que, nas primeiras 24 horas, de 96,3% a 99,2% receberam aspirina, de 75,8% a 83,6% receberam heparina, e de 67,7% a 77,9% receberam clopidogrel (essa propor&#231;&#227;o pode subir para estar entre 78,3% e 99,2% entre os grupos, quando a propor&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos que receberam prasugrel e/ou ticagrelor &#233; acrescentada) Khedri et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> analisaram uma amostra grande de 75.129 pacientes com SCA na Su&#233;cia usando um sistema nacional online. Nesse cen&#225;rio, na alta hospitalar, aspirina n&#227;o foi prescrita para 6,8% dos pacientes, betabloqueadores, para 4%, e IECA/BRA, para 31,9%. Considerando a aus&#234;ncia de prescri&#231;&#227;o na alta hospitalar como resultado da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o/suspens&#227;o do medicamento durante o tratamento hospitalar, nosso estudo observou &#237;ndices mais baixos de n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de aspirina (3,7%) e IECA/BRA (21,5%), e &#237;ndices mais altos de n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de betabloqueadores (23,1%). Como raz&#245;es espec&#237;ficas n&#227;o foram exploradas no estudo de Khedri et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> &#233; imposs&#237;vel fazer infer&#234;ncias posteriores relacionadas &#224;s raz&#245;es para tais diferen&#231;as.</p>
      <p>Outros autores exploraram os motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de medicamentos. Entretanto, diferentemente de nosso estudo, a maioria limita suas descri&#231;&#245;es a um n&#250;mero menor de medicamentos, ou t&#234;m o objetivo de quantificar a frequ&#234;ncia de um motivo espec&#237;fico para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o. Consistente com nossos achados, Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> identificaram que complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas explicaram uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o da aspirina, embora nossos &#237;ndices de prescri&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foram ligeiramente mais altos do que seus &#237;ndices de prescri&#231;&#227;o na alta hospitalar (96,3% x 93,3%). Em contraste, Bandara et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> analisaram 81 participantes com STEMI e identificaram que 95% receberam aspirina, clopidogrel, e estatina no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, enquanto apenas 88% receberam essas medica&#231;&#245;es no momento da alta hospitalar. Eles descrevem que o medicamento que foi suspenso com mais frequ&#234;ncia foi a aspirina, e o motivo mais frequente foi dor epig&#225;strica ou suspeita de hemorragia gastrointestinal. Isso contraria nossos achados, j&#225; que o uso da aspirina raramente foi suspenso durante o tratamento. Um fator de contribui&#231;&#227;o para essas diferen&#231;as &#233; que nossa amostra n&#227;o identificou nenhum indiv&#237;duo em que o tratamento com aspirina n&#227;o foi prescrito ou foi retirado exclusivamente devido a dor epig&#225;strica, j&#225; que essa n&#227;o &#233; uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o formal para o tratamento com aspirina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m relataram dados sobre o uso de betabloqueadores em sua amostra. Entre 181 (30,5%) pacientes com SCA que n&#227;o receberam betabloqueadores nas primeiras 24 horas em seu estudo, 39 (21,5%) tinham contraindica&#231;&#245;es identific&#225;veis para o uso do medicamento. Embora deva haver algum cuidado com a compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre dados de pacientes nas primeiras 24 horas e dados de pacientes de todo o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, no presente estudo, os &#237;ndices de n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores (15,8%) e de suspens&#227;o (4,8%) foram mais baixos, enquanto a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em que uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o poderia ser rastreada dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos era mais alta (56,2% e 63,4% para n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e suspens&#227;o, respectivamente). Algumas hip&#243;teses podem ser levantadas em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas diferen&#231;as. Primeiramente, Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> inclu&#237;ram indiv&#237;duos que vieram ao hospital via servi&#231;os pr&#233;-hospitalares ou que foram transferidos por ambul&#226;ncia de outras unidades. Como o presente estudo avaliou apenas indiv&#237;duos que vieram espontaneamente ao hospital, pode-se questionar se a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com casos mais graves (e, possivelmente, com mais contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao uso de betabloqueadores) &#233; mais baixo em nossa amostra. Os dados de mortalidade de ambos estudos corroboraram essa hip&#243;tese. Enquanto 17,2% dos pacientes com STEMI do estudo de Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> morreram antes da alta hospitalar, a mortalidade ap&#243;s um ano de pacientes com STEMI no estudo ERICO foi de 9,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Segundo, pode haver desigualdades no preenchimento dos dados do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. Isso tamb&#233;m &#233; confirmado pelo estudo de Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> o choque cardiog&#234;nico foi a contraindica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente para o uso de betabloqueadores. Complica&#231;&#245;es menos graves (tais como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e broncoespasmo) podem ter mais tend&#234;ncia a serem subnotificadas em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mais graves. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que seus &#237;ndices mais baixos de motivos definidos no prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores pode ser parcialmente causada por essa subnotifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo adotou uma estrat&#233;gia conservadora em algumas an&#225;lises sens&#237;veis, excluindo indiv&#237;duos com angina inst&#225;vel de modelos de regress&#227;o l&#243;gica, tratando as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o administradas ou suspensas. Entretanto, o achado na an&#225;lise principal de que os pacientes de angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram uma probabilidade mais alta para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos n&#227;o deve ser desconsiderado. &#201; poss&#237;vel que alguns desses pacientes n&#227;o tenham recebido alguns medicamentos devido a angina est&#225;vel de baixo risco (caracterizado pela aus&#234;ncia de um hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, ECG normal, troponina normal, e estabilidade cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>). Entretanto, algumas caracter&#237;sticas do estudo ERICO coorte sugere que isso n&#227;o explique totalmente nossos achados. Primeiramente, o diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel no estudo ERICO exige evid&#234;ncia confirmat&#243;ria de SCA (por exemplo, as altera&#231;&#245;es de ECG de linha de base ou testes n&#227;o invasivos positivos) ou, como alternativa, concord&#226;ncia de dois m&#233;dicos independentes. Em segundo lugar, os indiv&#237;duos com SCA de baixo risco t&#234;m mais chances de receberem alta antecipada do atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia. Embora essas caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o impe&#231;am a inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com angina inst&#225;vel de baixo risco no estudo ERICO, sua representa&#231;&#227;o na amostra provavelmente estar&#225; reduzida. Portanto, nossos resultados podem, na verdade, indicar o subtratamento de indiv&#237;duos com angina inst&#225;vel de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto. Os achados de Breuckmann et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m confirmam essa interpreta&#231;&#227;o. Em seu estudo, os autores analisaram dados de 1.400 pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel em 30 unidades de dor no peito na Alemanha e constataram que 78% dos pacientes de alto risco foram subtratados. Juntamente com nossos resultados, as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis que os m&#233;dicos devem saber que devem evitar abordagens excessivamente conservadoras (incluindo a baixa testagem e o subtratamento) na gest&#227;o dos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>O preenchimento dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos ainda &#233; um desafio, e &#233; importante enfatizar que uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa dos motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o (e, em um grau mais baixo, suspens&#227;o) n&#227;o pode ser recuperada dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos em nosso estudo. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o geralmente n&#227;o &#233; relatada em outros artigos. Com base em nossos achados, pode-se questionar o fato de que &#233; bastante poss&#237;vel que os prestadores de cuidado registrem situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que exigem uma mudan&#231;a na prescri&#231;&#227;o (ou seja, a suspens&#227;o), mas raramente documentem as raz&#245;es da introdu&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos indicados por outros motivos. Como o preenchimento do prontu&#225;rio &#233; um ponto importante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> e na tomada de decis&#227;o nos n&#237;veis individual e organizacional, nossos dados podem indicar uma oportunidade adicional de melhoria da qualidade do cuidado nesse sentido.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que a idade mais alta &#233; um marcador importante para o uso insuficiente de medicamento durante o tratamento de um evento de SCA. Isso deve ser esperado, j&#225; que a preval&#234;ncia de algumas contraindica&#231;&#245;es e a incid&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos pode aumentar com a idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> embora existam evid&#234;ncias conflitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Roe et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> analisaram dados do estudo <italic>Targeted Platelet Inhibition to Clarify the Optimal Strategy to Medically Manage Acute Coronary Syndromes - TRILOGY ACS</italic> (Inibi&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas dirigida para esclarecer a estrat&#233;gia ideal para gerenciar s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas por medicamentos) e identificaram que indiv&#237;duos de &#8805; 75 anos de idade tinham um risco mais alto de sangramento importante durante 30 meses de acompanhamento, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos de &lt;75 anos de idade (&#237;ndice de risco, 2,15, 95% IC, 1,44-3,20). Embora o estudo n&#227;o tenha tido o objetivo de analisar a fase hospitalar do tratamento de SCA, pode-se levantar a hip&#243;tese de que esse risco mais alto possa influenciar a decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico de prescrever um medicamento espec&#237;fico. Entretanto, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o que, no estudo de Roe et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> a frequ&#234;ncia de sangramentos importantes no subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805;75 ainda tenha sido baixa (1,8%). &#201; plaus&#237;vel que, mesmo considerando-se a frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de efeitos adversos e a contraindica&#231;&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos com idade mais alta possivelmente est&#227;o sendo subtratados.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de medicamentos n&#227;o administrados ou suspensos tamb&#233;m foi associada a um &#237;ndice menor de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s 30 dias, em nossas an&#225;lises. Pode-se argumentar que esse achado reflete, pelo menos parcialmente, um efeito de subtratamento prejudicial para a sobreviv&#234;ncia. Entretanto, nesse contexto de um estudo de observa&#231;&#227;o como o nosso, esse resultado tamb&#233;m pode ser interpretado com cuidado. Indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as mais graves podem ter uma probabilidade maior de contraindica&#231;&#227;o de terapia m&#233;dica. Dessa forma, as diferen&#231;as na mortalidade em curto prazo entre os grupos tamb&#233;m podem ser influenciadas por desigualdades nas caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base ou no curso da doen&#231;a. A propor&#231;&#227;o baixa de indiv&#237;duos que morreram nos primeiros 30 dias (5,0%) tamb&#233;m limita a for&#231;a das conclus&#245;es dessa an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem alguns pontos fortes. Poucos estudos pr&#233;vios apresentam uma descri&#231;&#227;o completa das raz&#245;es da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e da suspens&#227;o dos medicamentos usados durante um evento de SCA. Especificamente, quando esses dados s&#227;o apresentados, eles se limitam a um medicamento ou a um pequeno subgrupo de medicamentos. A amostra do estudo ERICO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> foi derivada de um hospital comunit&#225;rio, um cen&#225;rio que frequentemente n&#227;o tem representa&#231;&#227;o adequada em estudo coorte de SCA. Como esse estudo usou uma an&#225;lise completa dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, foi poss&#237;vel identificar as raz&#245;es da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e da suspens&#227;o de medicamentos mesmo quando n&#227;o foram explicitamente informadas nos diagn&#243;sticos dos pacientes. Nosso estudo deve ser interpretado dentro de seu contexto. Como esse &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, conduzido em um hospital comunit&#225;rio, as conclus&#245;es podem se aplicar a contextos similares aos nossos. Os dados de tratamento foram coletados na linha de base do estudo ERICO, e as altera&#231;&#245;es no cen&#225;rio do estudo desde ent&#227;o, poderiam, potencialmente, alterar nossos achados. Entretanto, os autores acreditam que n&#227;o foram feitas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no cen&#225;rio do estudo de forma a considerar que nossos achados n&#227;o s&#227;o mais v&#225;lidos. Mesmo que fosse o caso, nossas descri&#231;&#245;es dos motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e da suspens&#227;o dos medicamentos, a qualidade comparativa do preenchimento dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos (entre medicamentos n&#227;o administrados e suspensos), e o subtratamento de indiv&#237;duos mais velhos s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis, principalmente, em outros cen&#225;rios. Os motivos para a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e a suspens&#227;o n&#227;o foram descritos nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos em 64,0% e 26,4% dos casos, respectivamente. Como discutido acima, o preenchimento do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia raramente &#233; descrito em artigos. Os dados faltando em nosso estudo &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224; descri&#231;&#227;o encontrada no estudo de Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Por outro lado, em compara&#231;&#227;o com centros terci&#225;rios, os pacientes em hospitais comunit&#225;rios (como o nosso) t&#234;m menos doen&#231;as graves e comorbidades. Pode-se considerar que existe uma tend&#234;ncia maior de n&#227;o relatar contraindica&#231;&#245;es mais leves, e, portanto, isso pode se refletir na frequ&#234;ncia relativa dos motivos da n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de medicamentos em nossa amostra. N&#227;o pudemos recuperar dados de aproximadamente um quinto dos participantes potencialmente eleg&#237;veis. Devido ao desenho e aos objetivos deste estudo, apenas os indiv&#237;duos cujos dados de interna&#231;&#227;o estavam completos puderam ser inclu&#237;dos. Algumas dessas perdas se deveram a transfer&#234;ncias para outros hospitais para tratamento especializado (ACTP ou cirurgia), e &#233; poss&#237;vel que o subconjunto de pacientes esteja sub-representado. O ERICO &#233; um estudo de observa&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o influencia o protocolo de tratamento m&#233;dico. Portanto, a decis&#227;o de n&#227;o administrar ou suspender medicamentos ficava a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico da emerg&#234;ncia. Por &#250;ltimo, como a maioria das informa&#231;&#245;es do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico estava em arquivos f&#237;sicos (n&#227;o eletr&#244;nicos), nossos resultados para registros em prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos motivos para n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o e/ou suspens&#227;o de medicamentos pode n&#227;o ser transpon&#237;vel para cen&#225;rios que usam principalmente registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo ERICO, a n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o ou a suspens&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos ocorreu em 51,2% da amostra. Indiv&#237;duos com 65 anos ou mais e aqueles com diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram uma probabilidade mais alta de n&#227;o administra&#231;&#227;o de um ou mais medicamentos. O registro adequado em prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos ainda &#233; um desafio e pode significar uma oportunidade adicional de melhoria da qualidade da assist&#234;ncia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP Grant 2011/16301-4.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rafael C. O. Santos pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Material suplementar</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e caracter&#237;sticas dos eventos adversos a medicamentos no Brasil. Cad</article-title>
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            <name>
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              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Elderly patients with acute coronary syndromes managed without revascularization insights into the safety of long-term dual antiplatelet therapy with reduced-dose prasugrel vs. standard-dose clopidogrel</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequency and Reasons for Non-Administration and Suspension of Drugs During an Acute Coronary Syndrome Event. The ERICO Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael C. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Itamar S. Santos</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal Code <postal-code>05508-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>itamarss@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing: Bensenor IM, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA, Santos IS; Data acquisition, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Santos RCO, Santos IS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos RCO, Santos IS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bensenor IM, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Few studies have discussed the reasons for pharmacological undertreatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine the frequency and reasons for the non-administration and suspension of medications during in-hospital treatments of ACS in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The present study analyzed the medical charts of the 563 participants in the ERICO study to evaluate the frequency and reasons for the non-administration and/or suspension of medications. Logistic regression models were built to analyze if sex, age &#8805;65 years of age, educational level, or ACS subtype were associated with (a) the non-administration of &#8805;1 medications; and (b) the non-administration or suspension of &#8805;1 medications. The significance level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>This study's sample included 58.1% males, with a median of 62 years of age. In 183 (32.5%) participants, &#8805;1 medications were not administered, while in 288 (51.2%), &#8805;1 medications were not administered or were suspended. The most common reasons were the risk of bleeding (aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin), heart failure (beta blockers), and hypotension (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers). Individuals aged &#8805;65 (odds ratio [OR]:1.51; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:1.05-2.19) and those with unstable angina (OR:1.72; 95% CI:1.07-2.75) showed a higher probability for the non-administration of &#8805;1 medication. Considering only patients with myocardial infarction, being &#8805;65 years of age was associated with both the non-administration and the non-administration or suspension of &#8805;1 medication.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Non-administration or suspension of &#8805;1 medication proved to be common in this ERICO study. Individuals of &#8805;65 years of age or with unstable angina showed a higher probability of the non-administration of &#8805;1 medication and may be undertreated in this scenario. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(5):830-839)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Withholding Treatment /drug therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Care (Public Health)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2011/16301-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPESP Grant 2011/16301-4.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be the leading cause of mortality and disability-adjusted life years worldwide, including Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Appropriate and timely treatment may reduce morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> There is evidence that the quality of pharmacological treatment in the hospital phase of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event, defined by the early administration of guideline-oriented medications, is associated with in-hospital survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> and six-month survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In the largest Brazilian study reporting the frequency of guideline-oriented medication prescriptions in hospitalized ACS patients to date, Wang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> evaluated data from 2,453 individuals with ACS from 65 Brazilian hospitals (approximately 90% tertiary hospitals) in the study of the Acute Coronary Care Evaluation of Practice (ACCEPT) Registry from August 2010 to December 2011. Among the drugs analyzed in their study, aspirin was the most commonly prescribed drug in the first 24 hours (97.6%). Statins also presented a high frequency of prescription (90.6%).</p>
        <p>Few studies have discussed the reasons for ACS undertreatment. This is especially important as the mean age of ACS patients is on the rise. Adverse effects and contraindications are more frequent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> in older individuals, contributing to their associated higher morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> evaluated 583 individuals diagnosed with ACS in six emergency hospitals in Montes Claros. In the first 24 hours of treatment, the use of medications for ACS treatment varied from 63.8% (heparins) to 96.6% (aspirin). Of 181 patients (31.0% of their sample) who did not receive beta blockers within 24 hours, 39 (21.5%) presented identifiable contraindications. No other descriptions of the reasons for under treatment during the first 24 hours were reported.</p>
        <p>The present article seeks to analyze data from ACS events, which led to the enrollment of 563 participants in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study, a prospective study that is still ongoing at the University Hospital of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP in Portuguese). Our team aimed to determine the frequency of use, along with the reasons for the non-administration and suspension of medications used during the in-hospital treatment of an ACS event and their associated factors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>ERICO Study design</title>
          <p>The design of the ERICO study has been described in detail elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Briefly, ERICO is a prospective observational study of 1,085 individuals admitted to the HU-USP due to an ACS event between February 2009 and December 2013. HU-USP is a community hospital in Butant&#227;, a district in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, with an estimated population of 428,000 inhabitants in 2010 and marked socioeconomic inequalities.</p>
          <p>For participation in the ERICO study, participants were required to meet the diagnostic criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA). For a diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), both of the following criteria must be present: (I) Symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia within 24 hours of hospital admission and (II) Troponin I levels above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile with a test-specific coefficient of variation &lt;10%. The STEMI diagnosis requires both of the following criteria: (I) Criteria for MI diagnosis and (II) One of the following: (a) persistent ST segment elevation of &#8805; 1 mm in two contiguous electrocardiographic leads or (b) the presence of a new or presumably new left bundle branch block. For the NSTEMI diagnosis, participants must present: (I) Criteria for MI diagnosis and (II) Absence of criteria for STEMI diagnosis. For UA diagnosis, all of the following three criteria must be fulfilled: (I) Symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia 24 hours prior to hospital admission, (II) Absence of MI criteria, and (III) At least one of the following: (a) history of coronary artery disease; (b) positive coronary disease stratification test (invasive or noninvasive); (c) transient ST segment changes &#8805; 0.5 mm in two contiguous leads, new T-wave inversion of &#8805; 1 mm and/or pseudo-normalization of previously inverted T waves; (d) troponin I &gt; 0.4 ng/ml; or (e) diagnostic agreement of two independent physicians. Non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) is a common term that encompasses NSTEMI and UA.</p>
          <p>At baseline, trained interviewers obtained data on sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors, as well as previous medications. During the in-hospital phase, all subjects were treated at the discretion of the hospital staff, with standard procedures and with no influence from the study protocol. Long-term follow-up is currently ongoing, with annual telephone contacts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ERICO-APS study design</title>
          <p>The present paper is an analysis of an ancillary ERICO study (Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome &#8211; Primary Health Care; ERICO-APS study). Further detail about the ERICO-APS study can be found in a previous publication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> ERICO-APS aims to study determinants of quality of care and mortality, with a special focus on the unit of first contact (primary care or hospital) during the index ACS event. ERICO-APS comprises 130 participants for whom a primary care facility was the unit of first contact during the index event, and 700 participants who came directly to the hospital, all enrolled in the main study from February 2009 to December 2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study sample</title>
          <p>In our analyses, 700 ERICO-APS participants who came directly to the hospital were eligible. This study excluded 44 (6.3%) participants whose medical charts could not be retrieved and 93 (13.3%) whose medical chart data were incomplete (for example, due to transfer to other hospitals). Our final sample consisted of 563 ERICO-APS participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study variables</title>
          <p>Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and previous coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnoses were defined by self-report. Smoking status was classified as never, past, or current smoker. The educational level was self-reported and classified as no formal education, 1 to 7 years of formal education, and &#8805; 8 years of formal education. In some of the analyses, age was categorized using a cutoff of 65 years.</p>
          <p>Medical charts and prescriptions were reviewed in order to analyze the frequency of administration, reasons for non-administration, and reasons for the suspension of the following medications: aspirin, clopidogrel, heparins, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB). The frequency of the administration for statins, nitrates, and morphine was also analyzed.</p>
          <p>&#8220;Non-administration&#8221; was defined as the non-prescription of medications from admission to discharge. &#8220;Suspension&#8221; was defined as the withdrawal of drugs initially prescribed during the hospitalization period. One exception was the withdrawal of the heparin prescription after the eighth day of hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> The reasons were separated by pharmacological class: (a) aspirin: allergy, bleeding or risk of bleeding, and revascularization surgery; (b) clopidogrel: bleeding or risk of bleeding and coronary artery bypass; (c) heparin: bleeding or risk of bleeding, revascularization surgery, low risk acute coronary syndrome, and coronary angiography; (d) beta blockers: bronchospasm, bradycardia, shock/hypotension, decompensated heart failure, and non-invasive testing for ischemia; and (e) ACEI/ARB: chronic renal failure (CRF), shock/hypotension, acute renal failure (ARF), and hyperkalemia.</p>
          <p>These reasons are described in supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 1</xref>, along with the most frequently prescribed drugs for each pharmacological class. The non-administration (or suspension) of any medication was defined as the non-administration (or suspension) of one or more of the following: aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, beta blockers, statins, and/or ACE inhibitors/ARB.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of the study sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="19%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">STEMI <break/>(N=162)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">NSTEMI <break/>(N=232)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">UA <break/>(N=169)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">Total <break/>(N=563)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Age (years; median [IQR])</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59.0 <break/>[50.0 - 68.0]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">64.0 <break/>[53.8 - 74.0]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62.0 <break/>[53.0 - 73.0]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62.0 <break/>[52.0 - 72.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">106 (65.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">140 (60.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">81 (47.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">327 (58.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="top">Educational level</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">No formal education</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16 (9.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (10.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22 (13.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (36.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">1 to 7 years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (42.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">107 (46.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62 (11.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">238 (42.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 8 years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76 (47.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">101 (43.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (50.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">262 (46.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">101 (64.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">174 (76.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">146 (89.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">421 (76.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">49 (31.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">99 (42.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">67 (41.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">215 (39.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">66 (50.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">113 (53.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83 (57.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">262 (53.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sedentarism</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">98 (66.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">156 (70.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">115 (73.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">369 (70.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="top">Smoking status</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Never</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">37 (23.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">69 (31.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60 (38.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">166 (31.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Past</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (36.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (37.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (39.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">200 (37.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Current</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (39.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68 (31.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (21.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">164 (30.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Previous CAD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">25 (16.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50 (23.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">75 (49.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">150 (29.1%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>IQR: interquartile range; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; UA: unstable angina; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>When the reason for drug non-administration or suspension was noted in the medical charts, this information was retrieved and classified according to its explicit reason. Whenever these reasons for non-administration or suspension were not explicit, a doctor and a pharmacist from the study reviewed the medical chart to verify whether any of the described reasons were implicit. Therefore, the reasons for non-administration or suspension were classified as &#8220;not described&#8221;, &#8220;implicit&#8221;, or &#8220;explicit&#8221;.</p>
          <p>Vital status was assessed by telephone interview 30 days after the index event, according to ERICO study protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Official death records were obtained with the collaboration of the municipal and state's health offices whenever it was verified that the participant had died or if the patient could not be contacted at that time.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>The study protocol was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The hospital's institutional review board approved the research protocol (Ethical Committee Approval 866/08). Written informed consent was obtained from all ACS patients admitted to the hospital who agreed to participate in this study, and each subject received a copy of the informed consent form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables are presented as absolute counts and proportions, and compared using chi-squared tests. Due to its non-normal distribution (evaluated by density plots and the Shapiro-Wilk test), age is presented as a median and interquartile range and compared among groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. This study also performed pairwise comparisons (with Holm adjustment) for age distribution in STEMI, NSTEMI, and UA groups. Crude and multiple logistic regression models were built to analyze if sex, being &#8805; 65 years of age, educational level, or ACS subtype were associated with (a) the non-administration of any medication and (b) the non-administration or suspension of any medication. As sensitivity analyses, these models were repeated: (a) excluding the non-administration/suspensions due to the scheduled percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and/or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and (b) excluding those with unstable angina, as some medications may not have been prescribed due to low-risk ACS. Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to determine if 30-day survival was associated with &#8805; 1 non-administered or suspended medications. The significance level was set at 5%. The R software, version 3.2.0, was used to conduct these analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the study sample, according to the ACS subtype. This study's sample had a predominance of males (n=327; 58.1%), with a median of 62 years of age. Individuals with STEMI had a lower age compared to participants with NSTEMI (p=0.002) and UA (p=0.024). Age distribution in participants with NSTEMI and UA is not significantly different (p=0.35). Hypertension (n=421; 76.5%) and sedentarism (n=369; 70.3%) were the most frequent cardiovascular risk factors in the sample. Only 150 (29.1%) of the participants had a CAD diagnosis prior to the ACS event that led to the enrollment in the ERICO study.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> shows the frequency of the administration of aspirin, clopidogrel, heparins, statins, beta blockers, ACEI or BRA, nitrates, and morphine during in-hospital treatment. Considering the main medications in ACS treatment (aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, beta blockers, statins, and/or ACE inhibitors/ARB), this study identified 183 (32.5%) participants in whom one or more medications were not administered. Nitrate use was similar according to ACS subtype (p=0.32) and, as expected, morphine administration was more frequent in the participants with a STEMI diagnosis (p&lt;0.001). In 288 (51.2%) participants, this study observed the non-administration or suspension of one or more of the main medications during in-hospital treatment.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Administration of guideline-oriented medications during in-hospital treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Drug</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">STEMI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">NSTEMI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">UA</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aspirin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">158 (97.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">229 (98.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">165 (97.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">552 (98.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">159 (98.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">226 (97.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">158 (93.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">543 (96.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Heparin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">153 (94.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">228 (98.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">160 (94.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">541 (96.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Statins</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">152 (93.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">217 (93.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">147 (87.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">516 (91.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">138 (85.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">194 (83.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">142 (84.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">474 (84.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ACEI/ARB</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">136 (84.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">201 (86.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">132 (78.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">469 (83.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Nitrate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95 (58.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">119 (51.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95 (56.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">309 (54.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Morphine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37 (22.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30 (12.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76 (13.5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; UA: unstable angina; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> presents the reasons for the non-administration or suspension of aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, beta blockers, and ACEI/ARB. It was observed that the non-administration or suspension of aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin is a rare event, usually linked to an increased risk of bleeding. The most frequent reason for the non-administration of beta blockers were decompensated heart failure and shock/hypotension. Heart failure was also the most frequent reason for beta blocker suspension. Shock/hypotension was the most frequent reason for the non-administration and suspension of ACEI/ARB. Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> reports the frequencies for the presence of reasons for the non-administration/suspension of medications in the medical charts. It was observed that the reasons for non-administration were not described in the medical charts in 64.0% of the cases, and the reasons for suspension were not described in 26.4%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Causes for the non-administration or suspension of medications in the sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Drug</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Cause</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Non-administration</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Suspension</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="top">Aspirin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Allergy</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Bleeding or risk of bleeding</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Coronary artery bypass graft</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="top">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Bleeding or risk of bleeding</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Coronary artery bypass graft</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="top">Heparin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Bleeding or risk of bleeding</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Coronary artery bypass graft</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Low-risk acute coronary syndrome</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="top">Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Decompensated heart failure</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Bronchospasm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Shock / hypotension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Bradycardia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Non-invasive testing for ischemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="top">ACEI/ARB</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Shock / hypotension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Chronic renal failure</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Hyperkalemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Acute renal failure</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> shows the odds ratios (from multiple models) for the non-administration and non-administration/suspension of one or more medications (aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, statins, and/or ACE inhibitors/ARB), associated with age, sex, educational level, and ACS subtype. Analyzing the entire sample, individuals aged 65 or older (p=0.027) and those with unstable angina (p=0.025) presented a higher probability for the non-administration of one or more medications. When individuals with unstable angina were excluded, being &#8805; 65 years of age was associated with either the non-administration (p=0.023) or the non-administration/suspension (p=0.035) of one or more medications. In this subsample, individuals with STEMI or NSTEMI presented a similar probability for the non-administration (p=0.73) or the non-administration/suspension (p=0.85) of one or more medications.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Odds ratios (95% CI) from multiple models for the association between non-administration and non-administration or suspension with age, sex, educational level, and ACS subtype</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">All ACS subtypes</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">Excluding participants with UA</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top"/>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">Non-administration</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">Non-administration or suspension</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">Non-administration</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">Non-administration or suspension</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.96 (0.67 - 1.39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.88 (0.62 - 1.24)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.98 (0.62 - 1.55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.93 (0.61 - 1.41)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">Age &#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">1.51 (1.05 - 2.19)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">1.36 (0.96 - 1.92)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">1.69 (1.07 - 2.67)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">1.57 (1.03 - 2.40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="top">Educational level</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">No formal education</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.58 (0.31 - 1.11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.58 (0.32 - 1.03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.58 (0.25 - 1.33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.55 (0.26 - 1.13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 to 7 years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.90 (0.61 - 1.31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.10 (0.77 - 1.58)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95 (0.60 - 1.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.16 (0.76 - 1.76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&#8805; 8 years</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.0 (Reference)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.0 (Reference)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.0 (Reference)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="top">ACS subtype</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Reference)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Reference)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Reference)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.0 (Reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.10 (0.70 - 1.73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.98 (0.65 - 1.48)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.08 (0.69 - 1.71)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96 (0.64 - 1.45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">UA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>1.72 (1.07 - 2.75)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.23 (0.79 - 1.91)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>p&lt;0.05 in bold. ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; UA: unstable angina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sensitivity analyses, considering that participants with programmed PTCA and CABG did not qualify as a reason for the non-administration and/or suspension of clopidogrel and heparins (Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>), led to similar conclusions, except for a significant association between being &#8805; 65 years of age and the non-administration/suspension of one or more medications (Odds ratio: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.02 &#8211; 2.04). Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> show the results obtained from the crude models.</p>
        <p>At 30 days, eight (2.9%) individuals who had all medications administered without suspension and 20 (6.9%) individuals with one or more non-administered or suspended medications had died (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Survival at 30-days was significantly associated with the presence of one or more non-administered or suspended medications (p=0.03).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival at 30 days for individuals who (a) had all medications administered without suspension and (b) had one or more non-administered or suspended medications.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0830-90317-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study observed that, during the in-hospital treatment of the index ACS event in the ERICO study, the non-administration of one or more medications occurred in approximately one-third of the sample, and the non-administration/suspension of one or more medications occurred in approximately one half of the sample. The reasons for non-administration were not described in the patients' medical charts in 64.0% of the cases, and the reasons for suspension were not described in 26.4%. Individuals aged &gt; 65 and those with a diagnosis of unstable angina presented a higher probability of the non-administration of one or more medications. Individuals of 65 years of age also presented a higher probability of the non-administration/suspension of one or more medications.</p>
        <p>The frequency of the non-administration or suspension of medication during the treatment of an ACS event has been reported in other settings. Candela et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> analyzed data from 1,134 patients with non-ST segment elevation ACS treated in tertiary hospitals in Spain. These authors analyzed groups according to PTCA and/or CABG treatment options, and found that within the first 24 hours, 96.3% to 99.2% received aspirin, 75.8% to 83.6% received heparin and 67.7% to 77.9% received clopidogrel (this proportion may rise to 78.3% to 99.2% among groups, when the proportion of individuals receiving prasugrel and/or ticagrelor are added). Khedri et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> analyzed a large sample of 75,129 patients with ACS in Sweden using a nationwide web-based system. In that setting, upon hospital discharge, aspirin was not prescribed for 6.8% of the patients, beta blockers for 11.4%, and ACEI/ARBs for 31.9%. Considering the absence of prescription upon hospital discharge as the result of the non-administration or suspension of medication during hospital treatment, our study observed lower rates of the non-administration or suspension of aspirin (3.7%) and ACEI/ARBs (21.5%) and higher rates of the non-administration or suspension of beta blockers (23.1%). As specific reasons were not explored in Khedri et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> study, it is impossible to make further inferences concerning the reasons for those differences.</p>
        <p>Other authors have explored the reasons for the non-administration or suspension of medication. However, unlike our study, most limit their descriptions to a smaller number of medications, or aim to quantify the frequency of a specific reason for a non-administration or suspension. Consistent with our findings, Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> identified that hemorrhagic complications explained a significant proportion of the non-administration or suspension of aspirin, although our rates of uninterrupted in-hospital prescription were slightly higher than their prescription rates upon hospital discharge (96.3% vs 93.3%). By contrast, Bandara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> analyzed 81 participants with STEMI and found that 95% received aspirin, clopidogrel, and statin upon hospital admission, while only 88% received these medications upon hospital discharge. They describe that the most common discontinued medication was aspirin, and the most frequent reason was epigastric pain or presumed gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This contrasts with our findings, as aspirin was rarely discontinued during treatment. One possible contributor to these differences is that our sample identified no individuals in whom aspirin treatment was non-prescribed or withheld due exclusively to epigastric pain, as this is not a formal contraindication to aspirin treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> also reported data about beta blocker use in their sample. Among 181 (30.5%) patients with ACS who did not receive a beta blocker in the first 24 hours in their study, 39 (21.5%) had identifiable contraindications to drug use. Although there must be some caution in directly comparing 24-hour patient data with full hospital stay patient data, in the present study, rates for beta blocker non-administration (15.8%) and suspension (4.8%) were lower, while the proportion of individuals in which a contraindication could be retrieved from the medical charts was higher (56.2% and 63.4% for non-administration and suspension, respectively). Some hypotheses may be raised in relation to these differences. First, Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> included individuals who came to the hospital through pre-hospital services or who were transferred by ambulance from other units. As the present study evaluated only individuals who came spontaneously to the hospital, one can speculate that the proportion of individuals with more severe cases (and, potentially, with more contraindications to beta blocker use) is lower in our sample. Mortality data from both studies corroborate this hypothesis. While 17.2% of the STEMI patients in Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> study died before hospital discharge, one-year mortality for STEMI patients in the ERICO study was 9.6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Second, there may be inequalities in the completeness of the medical chart data. This is further supported by the fact that in Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> study, cardiogenic shock was the most frequent contraindication for beta blocker use. Less severe complications (such as decompensated heart failure and bronchospasm) may be more prone to under-reporting compared to more severe ones. Therefore, it is possible that their lower rates of medical chart-defined reasons for beta blocker non-administration may be partially caused by this under-reporting.</p>
        <p>Our study adopted a conservative strategy in some sensitivity analyses, excluding individuals with unstable angina from logistic regression models addressing variables associated with non-administered or suspended medications. However, the finding in main analyses that unstable angina patients presented a higher probability for the non-administration of one or more medications should not be overlooked. It is possible that some of these patients did not receive some medications due to low-risk unstable angina (characterized by the absence of a history of cardiovascular disease, normal ECG, normal troponin, and clinical stability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>). However, some characteristics of the ERICO cohort suggest this may not fully explain our findings. First, the diagnosis of unstable angina in ERICO requires confirmatory evidence of ACS (for example, by baseline ECG alterations or positive non-invasive testing) or, alternatively, concordance by two independent physicians. Second, individuals with low-risk ACS are more prone to receive early discharge from the emergency clinic. Although these features do not preclude the inclusion of individuals with low-risk unstable angina in the ERICO study, their representation in the sample is probably reduced. Therefore, our results may actually point to an undertreatment of individuals with intermediate- or high-risk unstable angina. The findings from Breuckmann et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> support this interpretation as well. In their study, the authors analyzed data from 1,400 patients with unstable angina in 30 chest pain units in Germany and found that 78% of the high-risk patients were undertreated. Along with our results, available evidence suggests that physicians should be aware to avoid overly conservative approaches (including undertesting and undertreating) in the management of patients with unstable angina.</p>
        <p>The completeness of medical chart data is still challenging, and it is important to emphasize that a significant proportion of reasons for non-administration (and, to a lesser extent, suspension) could not be retrieved from medical charts in our study. This information is not usually reported in other articles. Based on our findings, one can speculate that caregivers are fairly likely to register a clinical situation requiring a change in prescription (i.e., suspension) but rarely document the reasons for not introducing an otherwise indicated medication. As medical chart completeness is an important point related to patient safety<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> and decision-making in individual and organizational levels, our data may point to an additional opportunity to improve the quality of care in this regard.</p>
        <p>Our results suggest that higher age is an important marker for medication underuse during the treatment of an ACS event. This is to be expected, as the prevalence of some of the contraindications and the incidence of adverse effects may increase with age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> although conflicting evidence does exist.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Roe et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> analyzed data from the Targeted Platelet Inhibition to Clarify the Optimal Strategy to Medically Manage Acute Coronary Syndromes (TRILOGY ACS) trial and found that individuals of &#8805; 75 years of age had a higher risk for major bleeding during 30 months of follow-up, compared to those of &lt;75 years of age (Hazard ratio, 2.15, 95% CI, 1.44-3.20). Although that study was not intended to analyze the in-hospital phase of ACS treatment, it can be hypothesized that this higher risk may influence the physicians' decision to prescribe a specific medication. However, it is noteworthy that in Roe et al.'s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> study, the frequency of major bleeding in the subgroup of individuals of &#8805;75 years of age was still low (1.8%). It is plausible that, even considering a higher frequency of adverse effects and contraindications, individuals with higher ages are possibly being undertreated.</p>
        <p>The presence of non-administered or suspended medications was also associated with poorer 30-day survival in our analyses. It is arguable that this finding reflects, at least partially, a detrimental effect of undertreatment on survival. However, in the context of an observational study like ours, this result must also be interpreted with caution. Individuals with more severe disease may be more prone to have contraindications to medical therapy. Therefore, differences in short-term mortality between groups may also be influenced by inequalities in baseline characteristics or in the course of the disease. The low proportion of individuals who died in the first 30 days (5.0%) also limits the strength of conclusions from this analysis.</p>
        <p>Our study has some strengths. Few previous studies present a thorough description of reasons for the non-administration and suspension of medications used during an ACS event. In particular, when these data are presented, they are limited to one or a small subset of medications. The ERICO study sample<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> is derived from a community hospital, a setting frequently under-represented in ACS cohorts. As this study used a complete review of medical charts, it was able to identify the reasons for the non-administration and suspension of medications even when they were not explicitly stated in patient diagnoses. Our study should be interpreted within its context. As this is a single-center study conducted in a community hospital, conclusions may be applicable only in contexts similar to ours. Treatment data in our article were collected at the ERICO study baseline, and alterations in the study setting since then could, potentially, change our findings. However, the authors believe that no substantial change in the study setting was made in such a ways as to consider our findings to be no longer valid. Even if this were the case, our descriptions of the causes for the non-administration and suspension of medication, comparative quality of medical chart completeness (between non-administered and suspended medications), and the undertreatment of older individuals are mostly applicable in other settings. Reasons for the non-administration and suspension were not described in the medical charts in 64.0% and 26.4% of the cases, respectively. As discussed above, medical chart completeness in the emergency clinic is rarely described in articles. Missing chart data in our study is comparable to the description found in Marino et al.'s study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. On the other hand, in comparison to tertiary centers, patients in community hospitals (like ours) have less severe disease and comorbidities. It is reasonable to consider that milder contraindications are more prone to underreporting, and, therefore, this may reflect on the relative frequency of causes for the non-administration or suspension of medications in our sample. We could not retrieve complete data from approximately one-fifth of the potentially eligible participants. Due to the design and objectives of this study, only individuals with complete inpatient data could be included. Some of these losses were due to transfers to other hospitals for specialized treatment (PTCA or surgery), and it is possible that this subset of patients is under-represented in our sample. ERICO is an observational study and does not influence medical treatment by protocol. Therefore, the decision not to administer, or to suspend medications, was under the discretion of the emergency ward's physician. Finally, as most of the medical chart information was in physical (non-electronic) files, our results for medical chart records regarding the reasons for the non-administration and/or suspension of medications may not be transposable to settings using mainly electronic medical records.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this ERICO study, the non-administration or suspension of one or more medications occurred in 51.2% of the sample. Individuals aged 65 or older and those with unstable angina diagnosis presented a higher probability of the non-administration of one or more medications. Adequate medical chart registry is still challenging and may present an additional opportunity to improve the quality of care.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPESP Grant 2011/16301-4.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rafael C. O. Santos, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>
            <bold>Supplemental Materials</bold>
          </p>
          <p>For additional information, please click here.</p>
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