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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VxqBHz7x3Lx7Qz8DyKHw9sp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300828</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200566</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200566</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia com o Inibidor da Neprilisina e do Receptor de Angiotensina e Melhora de Par&#226;metros de Exerc&#237;cio na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Schwartzmann</bold> &#8226; Rua Auxiliar Olhos D'Agua, Ac Anel Vi&#225;rio, 105 &#8211; Distrito de Bonfim Paulista, CEP <postal-code>14110-900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pedrovs.usp@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>828</fpage>
      <lpage>829</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fadiga</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Intoler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER) aumentou significativamente nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas e est&#225; associada a alta morbidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio sugerida pela dispneia ou fadiga aos esfor&#231;os &#233; a marca registrada da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que a qualidade de vida &#233; acentuadamente reduzida em pacientes com ICFER. A gravidade desta limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio e a baixa qualidade de vida t&#234;m demonstrado correla&#231;&#227;o com pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Para esta avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e objetiva, o teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) tem desempenhado um papel importante na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com pior progn&#243;stico e tem sido capaz de avaliar a efic&#225;cia de diferentes terapias para esta popula&#231;&#227;o com IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> como a troca de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) pelo inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina (INRA).</p>
    <p>O estudo <italic>Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure</italic> (PARADIGM-HF) randomizou pacientes com ICFER e classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) II-IV para uma dose de INRA (sacubitril-valsartana) de 200 mg duas vezes ao dia ou enalapril 10 mg duas vezes ao dia, mostrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o consistente de morte cardiovascular, morte por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; IC no grupo sacubitril-valsartana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, o estudo PARADIGM-HF mostrou melhora na qualidade de vida geral, conforme determinado pelo Kansas City <italic>Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire</italic> (KCCQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Especificamente, as maiores limita&#231;&#245;es basais e melhoras ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de sacubitril-valsartana foram relacionadas a atividades como corrida e rela&#231;&#227;o sexual, que podem ser um marcador substituto de melhor capacidade de esfor&#231;o ap&#243;s a troca da terapia, ainda que muito subjetiva.</p>
    <p>Embora as diretrizes atuais tenham endossado o TCPE como uma ferramenta &#8216;padr&#227;o-ouro' para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de esfor&#231;o para pacientes com ICFER,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> faltam estudos robustos com foco em par&#226;metros objetivos da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio. Dados adicionais foram relatados em um pequeno estudo com 35 pacientes. Malfatto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> relataram benef&#237;cios consider&#225;veis nos par&#226;metros do TCPE, como aumento do consumo de pico de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>), pulso de oxig&#234;nio e redu&#231;&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, al&#233;m de melhora na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ap&#243;s seis meses de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Neste n&#250;mero dos Arq Brasil Cardiol, o estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> apresentou dados importantes que contribuem para o avan&#231;o do conhecimento atual de como a terapia com INRA exerce efeitos favor&#225;veis em pacientes com ICFER.</p>
    <p>Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> conduziram o estudo, um estudo aberto, n&#227;o randomizado, de centro &#250;nico, que incluiu 42 pacientes com ICFER (mas apenas 35 pacientes completaram o seguimento de seis meses) que apresentavam principalmente classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) III ou IV em 51,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o, e 42,9% apresentavam hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por IC e faziam uso de betabloqueadores (100%), IECA/BRA (100%) e antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide (94,3%). Neste estudo prospectivo, todos os pacientes tiveram seu tratamento trocado para INRA e seguimento por 6 meses, n&#227;o havendo grupo controle principalmente devido a quest&#245;es &#233;ticas relacionadas &#224; n&#227;o disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia com INRA em pacientes com ICFER. O objetivo principal foi comparar os par&#226;metros do TCPE (VO<sub>2</sub> pico e VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito, inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, limiar anaer&#243;bio e dura&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o) antes e ap&#243;s 6 meses de terapia com INRAe tamb&#233;m avaliar marcadores de remodelamento reverso atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma (FEVE, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo). Os pacientes foram tratados com doses crescentes de sacubitril-valsartana, com alvo de 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, o VO<sub>2</sub> pico (14,4 &#177; 6,0 vs. 18,63 &#177; 4,9, p &lt;0,001) e o VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito (49,6% &#177; 18,7 vs. 65,7% &#177; 15,5) apresentaram um aumento importante ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de INRA e tamb&#233;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (36,7 &#177; 7,2 vs. 31,1 &#177; 5,8, p &lt;0,001). Essas vari&#225;veis do TCPE t&#234;m sido fortemente relacionadas ao progn&#243;stico da IC e sua melhora est&#225; bem correlacionada a melhores desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, os benef&#237;cios dos par&#226;metros do TCPE tamb&#233;m foram observados nos subgrupos com dose alvo de INRA subm&#225;xima.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, houve um aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio durante o teste cardiopulmonar e isso provavelmente reflete o benef&#237;cio relatado na classe da NYHA ap&#243;s o tratamento, o qual foi relatado como uma porcentagem significativa (74,3%) de pacientes que apresentaram ao menos melhora de uma classe da NYHA.</p>
    <p>Essas mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis de classe funcional da NYHA tamb&#233;m foram relatadas em uma coorte retrospectiva do mundo real, embora com uma porcentagem menor de pacientes que melhoraram a classe da NYHA. Lau et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> coletaram dados basais e de seguimento em 201 pacientes que receberam sacubitril-valsartana e foram acompanhados por 221 &#177; 114 dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Em contraste, os dados do TCPE do mundo real n&#227;o mostraram uma diferen&#231;a significativa em 45 pacientes recebendo INRA, mas houve uma melhora de atividade do paciente em domic&#237;lio. Esses achados divergentes podem ser explicados pelo fato de que a popula&#231;&#227;o do mundo real era mais velha e menos sintom&#225;tica (mais pacientes em classe II da NYHA, o que pode reduzir o efeito da terapia), junto com as limita&#231;&#245;es de uma coorte observacional retrospectiva e coleta incompleta de dados.</p>
    <p>Avaliando a capacidade do tratamento com INRA em promover remodelamento reverso atrav&#233;s de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, o estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou aumento significativo da FEVE m&#233;dia, de 5,9%, com evid&#234;ncias de remodelamento reverso (menor volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e tamb&#233;m do &#225;trio, redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar). A melhora desses par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foi muito semelhante &#224; magnitude do remodelamento reverso observada no estudo PROVE-HF, que mostrou um aumento na m&#233;dia da FEVE em seis meses (5,2%) e doze meses (9,4%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Existem poss&#237;veis implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas destes 2 estudos (PROVE-HF e de Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>). Em primeiro lugar, &#233; prov&#225;vel que o remodelamento reverso observado promova uma melhora significativa na FEVE e possa evitar a terapia com cardioversor/desfibrilador para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, os benef&#237;cios impressionantes para o TCPE e a NYHA deste estudo provavelmente ser&#227;o traduzidos em uma melhor qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional, podendo tamb&#233;m reduzir a indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca para alguns pacientes com IC. Finalmente, o estudo Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> acrescenta evid&#234;ncias favor&#225;veis &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias sobre a efic&#225;cia do INRA e fornece outras iniciativas para a ampla dissemina&#231;&#227;o desse tratamento para pacientes com ICFER.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
    <p>Entretanto, o estudo de Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> assim como o estudo PROVE-HF, n&#227;o foi randomizado, e a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel, al&#233;m do fato de que os efeitos not&#225;veis nos par&#226;metros do TCPE podem estar relacionados a outras terapias para a IC. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com IC do estudo de Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> eram mais graves do que os pacientes dos estudos PARADIGM-HF e PROVE-HF, com uma porcentagem maior de pacientes com hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via relacionada &#224; IC e mais pacientes com NYHA III e IV, o que provavelmente influenciou na magnitude do benef&#237;cio da terapia com INRA e pode, em parte, explicar a falta de benef&#237;cio no TCPE em uma coorte de pacientes do mundo real.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis do TCPE, alguns par&#226;metros importantes estavam ausentes, como ventila&#231;&#227;o oscilat&#243;ria durante o esfor&#231;o, trajet&#243;ria do pulso de oxig&#234;nio, inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e pico do PETCO<sub>2</sub>, os quais poderiam ter acrescentado informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o efeito do INRA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o estudo de Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arq Brasil Cardiol, sugere fortemente que a terapia com INRA pode promover mudan&#231;as significativas na capacidade funcional e nos par&#226;metros obtidos pelo TCPE, bem como uma melhora consider&#225;vel nas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas relacionadas ao remodelamento reverso de pacientes com ICFER. Embora este n&#227;o seja um ensaio randomizado, certamente adiciona mais dados ben&#233;ficos da terapia com INRA na popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFER. Especificamente para a morbidade relacionada &#224; IC, abordagens mais direcionadas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para fornecer uma melhor qualidade de vida e melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Melhora no Consumo M&#225;ximo de Oxig&#234;nio e na Ventila&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s Tratamento com Sacubitril-Valsartana</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition Therapy and Improved Exercise Parameters in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Schwartzmann</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code <postal-code>14040-900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>pedrovs.usp@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatigue</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Intolerance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has increased significantly in the last three decades and is associated with high morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In patients with HF, exercise intolerance suggested by dyspnea or fatigue during exertion is the hallmark of the disease. Additionally, health-related quality of life is known to be markedly reduced in HFrEF patients. The severity of this exercise limitation and low quality of life has been shown to correlate to worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> For this functional and objective assessment, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has played an important role on identifying those worse-prognosis patients and has been able to evaluate the effectiveness of different therapies for this HF population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> such as the switch of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) to angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition (ARNI).</p>
      <p>The Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial randomized HFrEF patients with New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) II-IV to the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril-valsartan) 200 mg twice daily or enalapril 10 mg twice daily and showed a consistent reduction on cardiovascular death, all-cause death and HF-related hospitalizations in the sacubitril-valsartan group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Moreover, the PARADIGM-HF showed improvement in overall quality of life as determined by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Specifically, the greatest baseline limitations and improvements after sacubitril-valsartan were related to activities such as jogging and sexual intercourse, which might be a surrogate marker of better exercise capacity after switching the therapy, although very subjective.</p>
      <p>Even though that current guidelines have endorsed the CPET as a gold-standard tool for prognostic assessment and exercise capacity evaluation for HFrEF patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> larger trials focusing on objective parameters on exercise capacity are lacking. Additional data has been reported in a small study with 35 patients. Malfatto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> reported considerable benefits on CPET parameters such as the increase in peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>), oxygen pulse and the reduction in V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, along with the improvement on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and pulmonary hypertension after six months of treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, the study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> presented important data that contributes to the advance of current knowledge of how ARNI therapy exerts favorable effects in patients with HFrEF.</p>
      <p>Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> conducted the study, an open-label, non-randomized, single-center investigation that included 42 HFrEF patients (but only 35 patients completed the six-month follow-up) who primarily had NYHA class III or more in 51,4% of the population and 42,9% had had a previous HF hospitalization and were taking beta-blockers (100%), ACEI/ARB (100%) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (94,3%). In this prospective study, all patients have been switched to ARNI and followed by 6 months and there was no control group mainly related to ethical concerns of withholding ARNI therapy in HFrEF patients. The main objective was to compare CPET parameters (peak VO<sub>2</sub> and peak predicted VO<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, anaerobic threshold, and duration of the exercise test) before and after 6 months of ARNI therapy and also evaluated markers of reverse remodeling through the echocardiogram (LVEF, left atrium volume, left ventricle end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters). Patients were treated with escalating doses of sacubitril-valsartan, targeting 97/103 mg twice daily.</p>
      <p>In this study, peak VO<sub>2</sub> (14.4 &#177; 6.0 vs 18.63 &#177;4.9, p&lt;0.001) and peak predicted VO<sub>2</sub> (49.6% &#177; 18.7 vs 65.7% &#177; 15.5) presented an important increase after the introduction of ARNI therapy and also a significant reduction in V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (36.7 &#177; 7.2 vs 31.1 &#177; 5.8, p&lt;0.001). Those CPET variables have been strongly related to HF prognosis and their improvement is well correlated to better outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Additionally, the CPET parameters benefits were also observed in the non-maximal target ARNI dose subgroups.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, there was an increase in the duration of exercise during the test and it is likely reflecting the reported benefit on the NYHA class after the treatment, which was reported as an impressive percentage (74,3%) of the patients that presented at least one NYHA class improvement.</p>
      <p>Those favorable NYHA class changes were also reported in a real-world retrospective cohort although with a lower percentage of the patients that improved the NYHA class. Lau et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> collected baseline and follow-up data in 201 patients that received sacubitril-valsartan and were followed by 221 &#177; 114 days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> In contrast, the real-world CPET data have not shown a significant difference in 45 patients under ARNI therapy but there was an improvement in the patient-level activity at home. Those divergent findings could be explained by the fact that the real-world population was older and less symptomatic (more NYHA class II which might reduce the effect of the therapy), along with the limitations of a retrospective observational cohort and incomplete data collection.</p>
      <p>Assessing the ability of the ARNI treatment to promote reverse remodeling through echocardiographic parameters, the study also showed a significant increase in the mean LVEF of 5.9% and there was evidence of reverse remodeling (lower left ventricular volumes as well as atrium volumes, reduction on pulmonary artery systolic pressure). These echocardiographic parameters improvements were very similar to the magnitude of the reverse remodeling observed in the PROVE-HF trial, which showed an increase in the mean LVEF at six months (5.2%) and twelve months (9.4%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>There are clinical implications from these 2 studies (PROVE-HF and by Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>). First of all, the observed reverse remodeling is likely to promote a significant improvement in LVEF and might avoid cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention. Additionally, the impressive CPET and NYHA benefits of this current study are likely to be translated into a better quality of life and functional capacity and might also preclude the cardiac-resynchronization therapy indication for some HF patients. Last, Gon&#231;alves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> study adds supportive evidence to the evidence-based recommendations of ARNI efficacy and provide further initiatives to the widespread dissemination of this treatment to HFrEF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> study, as well as the PROVE-HF trial, were not randomized trials and the absence of a control group represents a considerable limitation and the notable effects on the CPET parameters might be related to other HF therapies. Besides, the HF population of the by Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> study was sicker than PARADIGM-HF and PROVE-HF trials, with a higher percentage of patients with a previous HF-related hospitalization and more patients with NYHA III and IV, which is likely to have influenced the magnitude of the benefit of ARNI therapy and might in part explain the lack of CPET benefit in a real-world cohort of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Regarding CPET variables, there were some important missing parameters such as exercise oscillatory breathing ventilation, oxygen pulse trajectory, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, and peak PETCO2 that could have added insights into the effect of ARNI in that population.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> study reported in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> strongly suggests that ARNI therapy can promote significant changes in the functional capacity and measured CPET parameters of exercise tolerance as well as a considerable improvement on echocardiographic variables related to reverse remodeling of HFrEF patients. Although this was a not randomized trial, it certainly adds more beneficial data of the ARNI therapy in the HFrEF population. Specifically for the HF-related morbidity burden that characterizes this disease, more targeted approaches are warranted to provide a better quality of life and health-related outcomes.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Ventilation Improvement Following Sacubitril-Valsartan Therapy</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
