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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RbvcCrnd88F9s6FpTh4hCYJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300821</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190443</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190443</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Melhora no Consumo M&#225;ximo de Oxig&#234;nio e na Ventila&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s Tratamento com Sacubitril-Valsartana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4614-4977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galrinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feliciano</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Ilh&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capil&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eunice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Marta</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ant&#243;nio Valentim Gon&#231;alves &#8226; Hospital de Santa Marta - Rua de Santa Marta, 50. 1169-1024 Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>antonio.a.goncalves.14@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gon&#231;alves AV, Pereira-da-Silva T, Galrinho AIVO, Soares R, Feliciano J, Ferreira RC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gon&#231;alves AV, Pereira-da-Silva T, Galrinho AIVO, Rio P, Moreira RI, Silva S, Alves S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gon&#231;alves AV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira-da-Silva T, Galrinho AIVO, Rio P, Soares R, Feliciano J, Ferreira RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>821</fpage>
      <lpage>827</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana teve seu benef&#237;cio progn&#243;stico confirmado no ensaio PARADIGM-HF. No entanto, dados sobre altera&#231;&#245;es no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) com o uso de sacubitril-valsartana s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os par&#226;metros do TECP antes e depois do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) cr&#244;nica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8804;40%, mesmo sob terapia padr&#227;o otimizada, que iniciaram tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana, sem expectativa de tratamentos adicionais para a IC. Os dados do TECP foram coletados na semana anterior e 6 meses depois do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas com valor p &lt;0,05 foram consideradas significativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> De 42 pacientes, 35 (83,3%) completaram o seguimento de 6 meses, uma vez que 2 (4,8%) morreram e 5 (11,9%) interromperam o tratamento devido a eventos adversos. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 58,6&#177;11,1 anos. A classe NYHA (classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association) melhorou em 26 (74,3%) pacientes. O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max) (14,4 vs. 18,3 ml/kg/min, p&lt;0,001), a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (36,7 vs. 31,1, p&lt;0,001) e a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (487,8 vs. 640,3 s, p&lt;0,001) tamb&#233;m melhoraram com o uso de sacubitril-valsartana. O benef&#237;cio foi mantido mesmo com a dose de 24/26 mg (13,5 vs. 19,2 ml/kg/min, p=0,018) de sacubitril-valsartana, desde que esta tenha sido a maior dose tolerada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana est&#225; associado a uma melhora acentuada do VO<sub>2</sub>max, da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio no TECP. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventila&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Sacubitril-Valsartana</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O progn&#243;stico de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) mudou consideravelmente ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de ensaios fundamentais (1987 &#8211; CONSENSUS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> 1999 &#8211; CIBIS-II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e RALES<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ), que demonstraram o benef&#237;cio do uso de antagonistas neuro-hormonais [inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA), betabloqueadores (BB) e antagonistas da aldosterona (AA), respectivamente] na melhora da sobrevida de pacientes com IC e na redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Vinte e sete anos depois do ensaio CONSENSUS, o ensaio PARADIGM-HF mostrou que o uso de sacubitril-valsartana, uma combina&#231;&#227;o de inibidor da neprilisina e bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II (BRA), poderia reduzir a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e a mortalidade cardiovascular em 20% em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Enalapril.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como resultado, o sacubitril-valsartana recebeu uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B, como substituto do IECA em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER) que permanecem sintom&#225;ticos mesmo sob tratamento ideal com IECA (ou BRA se o IECA n&#227;o for tolerado), BB e AA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Contudo, o uso de sacubitril-valsartana n&#227;o tem sido t&#227;o alto quanto esperado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os objetivos do tratamento para pacientes com IC n&#227;o s&#227;o apenas prevenir a interna&#231;&#227;o e reduzir a mortalidade, mas tamb&#233;m melhorar o estado cl&#237;nico e a capacidade funcional. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) &#233; um forte preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com IC. Ele &#233; utilizado como crit&#233;rio padr&#227;o para avaliar a necessidade de transplante card&#237;aco eletivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> sendo o consumo m&#225;ximo de O<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>max) e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o e produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) as ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco mais adotadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O volume de informa&#231;&#227;o tem aumentado recentemente, j&#225; que alguns ensaios demonstraram melhora sintom&#225;tica e funcional significativa ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Entretanto, o impacto na capacidade funcional requer pesquisas adicionais, pois a maioria dos ensaios tinha delineamento retrospectivo e, at&#233; onde sabemos, apenas um estudo prospectivo apresenta as altera&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros do TECP ap&#243;s o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar prospectivamente a efic&#225;cia do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana em uma coorte de pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica sob terapia padr&#227;o otimizada, comparando os dados do TECP antes e depois do tratamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A pesquisa foi conduzida em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional e a Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados (CNPD, n&#250;mero de autoriza&#231;&#227;o 5962) aprovaram o protocolo do estudo.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>O estudo apresenta uma an&#225;lise prospectiva de &#250;nico centro realizada entre outubro de 2017 e junho de 2018.</p>
        <p>Durante esse per&#237;odo, todos os pacientes ambulatoriais sob terapia padr&#227;o otimizada para IC cr&#244;nica, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8804;40% e classe &#8805; II na classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association (NYHA) foram orientados a iniciar o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana de acordo com as diretrizes vigentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de IC cr&#244;nica sob terapia padr&#227;o otimizada</title>
        <p>A terapia padr&#227;o otimizada para IC cr&#244;nica foi definida como mais de seis meses de tratamento com a dose m&#225;xima tolerada de um IECA ou BRA, conforme apropriado, um BB e um AA. O cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) e/ou a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) podem ser utilizados se indicados pelas diretrizes vigentes e se o paciente tiver sido adequadamente tratado de acordo com os padr&#245;es aplic&#225;veis para doen&#231;a coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e n&#227;o haja expectativa de altera&#231;&#227;o do tratamento adicional da IC nos 6 meses seguintes. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que iniciaram um programa de exerc&#237;cios nos 3 meses anteriores ou durante o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito. Em seguida, foram obtidos dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) e de TECP na semana anterior ao in&#237;cio do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.</p>
        <p>Um per&#237;odo de elimina&#231;&#227;o ( <italic>washout</italic> ) de 36 horas permitiu a altera&#231;&#227;o de um IECA para o sacubitril-valsartana. O tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana foi preferencialmente iniciado com a dose de 49/51 mg duas vezes ao dia ou 24/26 mg duas vezes ao dia em pacientes com dose &lt;10 mg/dia de Enalapril ou equivalente. Foram feitas tentativas de duplicar a dose a cada 2 a 4 semanas para atingir a dose-alvo de manuten&#231;&#227;o de 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia, exceto em pacientes com press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &lt;100 mmHg, hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica, hiperpotassemia &gt; 5,5 mEq/L ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) para menos de 60 ml/min, avaliada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Cockcroft-Gault.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por seis meses a partir da data de conclus&#227;o dos exames e os dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, de ETT e de TECP foram coletados novamente ap&#243;s seis meses de tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.</p>
        <p>O ap&#234;ndice complementar fornece informa&#231;&#245;es relativas a todos os dados levantados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
        <p>Um TECP m&#225;ximo ou sintoma-limitado foi realizado em esteira utilizando o protocolo de Bruce modificado (esteira ergom&#233;trica GE Marquette S&#233;rie 2000). A an&#225;lise de gases foi precedida pela calibra&#231;&#227;o do equipamento. A ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto, o consumo de oxig&#234;nio e a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono foram obtidos respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o, por meio de um analisador de gases SensorMedics Vmax 229. O VO<sub>2</sub>max foi definido como a maior m&#233;dia de 30 segundos alcan&#231;ada durante o exerc&#237;cio e foi normalizado para o &#237;ndice de massa corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O limiar anaer&#243;bio (LA) foi determinado pela combina&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos padr&#227;o (inclina&#231;&#227;o V preferencialmente e equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios). A inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> foi calculada por regress&#227;o linear por m&#237;nimos quadrados, com base nos dados adquiridos ao longo de todo o exerc&#237;cio. Os pacientes foram incentivados a realizar o exerc&#237;cio at&#233; que a raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria (RTR) fosse &#8805;1,10.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas iniciais s&#227;o expressas em frequ&#234;ncias (porcentagens) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Todas as an&#225;lises comparam os par&#226;metros dos pacientes no in&#237;cio e seis meses depois do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste t para amostras pareadas comparou as vari&#225;veis antes e depois do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas com valor p &lt;0,05 foram consideradas significativas. Os dados foram analisados no programa Statistical Package for the Social Science para Windows, vers&#227;o 24.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Vis&#227;o geral da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>Um total de 42 pacientes participaram do estudo. Destes, 35 (83,3%) completaram o seguimento de seis meses com sacubitril-valsartana, j&#225; que 2 (4,8%) pacientes morreram (1 com hemorragia intracraniana p&#243;s-trauma e 1 com morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca) e 5 (11,9%) interromperam o tratamento devido a eventos adversos (2 com insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda revers&#237;vel e 3 com hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica com a menor dose de sacubitril-valsartana). N&#227;o houve perda de seguimento durante os seis meses.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos 35 pacientes que completaram o seguimento de seis meses com sacubitril-valsartana. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 58,6&#177;11,1 anos, com 29 (82,9%) pacientes do sexo masculino e etiologia isqu&#234;mica em 15 (42,9%) participantes.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n=35)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia de idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,60 &#177; 11,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (42,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (82,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA &#8805; III</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (51,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,09 &#177; 3,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no ano anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (42,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia de PNB (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">375,30 &#177; 342,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (71,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (71,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (31,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (82,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (17,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (100,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antagonista da aldosterona</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (94,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ivabradina</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (37,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (85,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC-D)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reparo percut&#226;neo da valva mitral com MitraClip&#174;</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,6%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; PNB: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Esses pacientes eram altamente sintom&#225;ticos, como comprovado pela classe NYHA &#8805; III em 51,4% deles e pelos 42,9% de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por piora da IC no ano anterior ao tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana. Todos os pacientes usavam um IECA ou BRA associado a um BB e 94,3% tomavam um AA. O CDI j&#225; estava implantado em 30 (85,6%) pacientes, dos quais 7 (20,0%) tinham o sistema TRC-D. Tr&#234;s (8,6%) pacientes haviam sido previamente submetidos a um reparo percut&#226;neo da valva mitral por meio do sistema de MitraClip&#174;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dose de sacubitril-valsartana</title>
        <p>O tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana foi iniciado com doses de 24/26 mg duas vezes ao dia em 18 (51,4%) pacientes e 49/51 mg duas vezes ao dia em 17 (48,6%) pacientes. Aos seis meses, a dose de 24/26 mg duas vezes ao dia era administrada a 10 (28,6%) pacientes, 49/51 mg duas vezes ao dia a 11 (31,4%) e 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia a 14 (40,0%).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas quanto &#224; dose expressa em porcentagem da dose-alvo de BB (68,8 &#177; 28,6% vs. 70,6 &#177; 28,0%, p=0,278) e AA (51,6 &#177; 19,0% vs. 53,2% &#177; 24,4%, p=0,352) ou &#224; dose de diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a expressa em equivalentes de furosemida (43,6 &#177; 27,6% vs. 39,1 &#177; 26,5%, p=0,191) no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s seis meses do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Os 35 pacientes que completaram os seis meses de tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana apresentaram uma melhora relevante na classe NYHA, j&#225; que apenas 9 (25,7%) deles permaneceram na mesma classe, enquanto 24 (68,6%) melhoraram uma classe NYHA e 2 (5,7%) melhoraram duas classes. Nenhum paciente teve piora da classe NYHA durante os seis meses de tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana e apenas 3 (8,6%) permaneceram na classe III.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os resultados da an&#225;lise do ETT. As dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e os volumes atriais foram significativamente menores aos seis meses de tratamento. A excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as significativa, independentemente da presen&#231;a de diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar aos 6 meses de terapia. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo teve eleva&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia absoluta de 5,9%.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos antes e seis meses depois do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Tempo 0</th>
                  <th>6 meses</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Dados Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,3 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">66,9 &#177; 7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,8 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">53,1 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Septo interventricular (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,280</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,3 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">35,17 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,5 &#177; 22,6</td>
                  <td align="center">43,7 &#177; 15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Volume do &#225;trio direito (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,1 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,3 &#177; 12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">30,9 &#177; 10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">20,0 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,404</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise do TECP</title>
        <p>O tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana demonstrou um impacto substancial na capacidade funcional ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). O VO<sub>2</sub>max, o VO<sub>2</sub>max previsto, a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio tiveram uma melhora importante ap&#243;s o tratamento, sem diferen&#231;a significativa no esfor&#231;o do exerc&#237;cio, avaliado pela raz&#227;o de troca. N&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas relativas aos par&#226;metros de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar antes e seis meses depois do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Tempo 0</th>
                  <th>6 meses</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Dados do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">114,1 &#177; 27,2</td>
                  <td align="center">118,9 &#177; 24,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,7 &#177; 16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">73,9 &#177; 14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">17,8 &#177; 12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,720</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica inicial (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">115,8 &#177; 18,3</td>
                  <td align="center">109,3 &#177; 16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">140,0 &#177; 29,8</td>
                  <td align="center">139,7 &#177; 23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,946</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">18,63 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio previsto (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,6 &#177; 18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7 &#177; 15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria de pico</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,396</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (s)</td>
                  <td align="center">487,8 &#177; 289,3</td>
                  <td align="center">640,3 &#177; 269,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio at&#233; o LA (s)</td>
                  <td align="center">269,7 &#177; 277,1</td>
                  <td align="center">292,5 &#177; 253,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Consumo de oxig&#234;nio at&#233; o LA (ml/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> fornece os par&#226;metros do TECP de acordo com a dose de sacubitril-valsartana. Os pacientes com doses de 24/26 mg e 49/51 mg aos 6 meses de tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana apresentaram o maior aumento nos valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max e de inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar de acordo com a dose de sacubitril-valsartana</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Tempo 0</th>
                  <th>6 meses</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Dados do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (ml/kg/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 24/26 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 49/51 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">17,6 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 97/103 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio previsto (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 24/26 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">44,9 &#177; 20,6</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8 &#177; 18,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 49/51 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">47,8 &#177; 18,6</td>
                  <td align="center">69,1 &#177; 14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 97/103 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">53,7 &#177; 18,2</td>
                  <td align="center">65,2 &#177; 15,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 24/26 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">38,0 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 49/51 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">38,8 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">31,9 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose de 97/103 mg</td>
                  <td align="center">34,6 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Pacientes com IC tanto isqu&#234;mica (16,9 &#177; 7,1 ml/kg/min vs. 20,2 &#177; 4,2 ml/kg/min, p=0,014) quanto n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica (12,6 &#177; 4,6 ml/kg/min vs. 17,0 &#177; 5,1 ml/kg/min, p=0,004) demonstraram melhora no VO<sub>2</sub>max aos 6 meses de tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O TECP &#233; um forte preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com IC. Ele &#233; utilizado como crit&#233;rio padr&#227;o para indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> sendo o VO<sub>2</sub>max e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> os instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco mais utilizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> V&#225;rios tratamentos de IC (IECA, BB, AA, CDI, TRC) demonstraram melhorar a sobrevida dos pacientes e reduzir a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. A necessidade de revisar os crit&#233;rios de prioriza&#231;&#227;o existentes para transplante card&#237;aco foi tema de debate,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> uma vez que o ensaio que definiu o uso de um ponto de corte &#8804;14 ml/kg/min para o procedimento foi publicado antes de diversos avan&#231;os no tratamento da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios ensaios com BB n&#227;o foram capazes de apresentar um aumento do VO<sub>2</sub>max.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Entretanto, o tratamento com BB aparentemente obteve um progn&#243;stico melhor com o mesmo valor de VO<sub>2</sub>max,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> que foi utilizado para reduzir o ponto de corte para a sele&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco de 14 ml/kg/min para 12 ml/kg/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a TRC apresentou aumento da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em um ensaio, com crescimento m&#233;dio de 1,1 ml/kg/min aos 6 meses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o conseguiu repetir o desempenho em outros ensaios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com o objetivo de melhorar a capacidade funcional dos pacientes, alguns tratamentos recentes de IC, como a modula&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade card&#237;aca, revelaram aumento do VO<sub>2</sub>max de 0,65 ml/kg/min<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> para 0,84 ml/kg/min<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> aos 6 meses, enquanto o reparo percut&#226;neo da insufici&#234;ncia mitral secund&#225;ria teve capacidade funcional preservada em um ensaio, avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a em outro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O treinamento com exerc&#237;cios tamb&#233;m mostrou melhora no VO<sub>2</sub>max em ensaios anteriores, de 0,6 ml/min/kg aos 3 meses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> a 2,1 ml/min/kg aos 2 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o ensaio PARADIGM-HF confirmar que o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana poderia reduzir a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e a mortalidade cardiovascular em 20% em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Enalapril,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> o volume de informa&#231;&#245;es tem aumentado, j&#225; que alguns ensaios revelaram melhora sintom&#225;tica e funcional significativa depois do in&#237;cio do tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Contudo, a maioria dos ensaios tinha delineamento retrospectivo e, at&#233; onde sabemos, apenas um estudo prospectivo mostra as altera&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros do TECP ap&#243;s o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Neste ensaio, com mediana de seguimento de 6 meses, o VO<sub>2</sub>max aumentou em m&#233;dia 2,6 ml/min/kg e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 2,4.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostram um grupo de pacientes com ICFER cr&#244;nica altamente sintom&#225;ticos, como comprovado pela classe NYHA &#8805; III em 51,4% deles (apenas 23,9% no ensaio PARADIGM-HF), pela pontua&#231;&#227;o inicial do Heart Failure Survival Score (HCSS) de 7,2 e pela taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC no ano anterior ao estudo de 42,9%. Os pacientes recebiam terapia padr&#227;o otimizada, com percentual numericamente maior de indiv&#237;duos tratados inicialmente com BB (100% vs. 93,1%), AA (94,3% vs. 52,2%), CDI (85,6% vs. 14,9%) e TRC (20% vs. 7%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ensaio PARADIGM-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana foi iniciado com doses de 24/26 mg duas vezes ao dia em 18 (51,4%) pacientes e 49/51 mg duas vezes ao dia em 17 (48,6%) pacientes. Este procedimento &#233; similar ao de um estudo recente de dados reais que iniciou o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana com uma dose de 24/26 mg duas vezes ao dia em 51% dos pacientes, 49/51 mg duas vezes ao dia em 38% e 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia em 11%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a dose m&#233;dia di&#225;ria aos seis meses foi ligeiramente maior que a do estudo anterior (251 mg/dia vs. 207 mg/dia), mas menor que a do ensaio PARADIGM-HF (375 mg/dia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o altamente sintom&#225;tica, o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana foi capaz de melhorar a classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA em pelo menos uma classe em 74,3% dos pacientes. Al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da classe NYHA, os dados do TECP demonstraram um aumento m&#233;dio no VO<sub>2</sub>max de 3,9 ml/kg/min e uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia na inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> de 5,6, um valor numericamente maior que o benef&#237;cio relatado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os valores mais elevados da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do VO<sub>2</sub>max levaram a um crescimento significativo da HFSS (7,2 &#177; 1,0 vs. 7,9 &#177; 0,9, p=0,001).</p>
      <p>Esses resultados podem ser importantes ao se considerar pacientes que n&#227;o est&#227;o sob tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana para transplante card&#237;aco com base nos valores do TECP, j&#225; que aos 6 meses de tratamento, o percentual de pacientes com VO<sub>2</sub>max &#8804;12 ml/min/kg diminuiu de 37 para 11% e com inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt;35, de 52,4 a 17,1%. Mais ensaios s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para verificar se os pontos de corte atuais para transplante card&#237;aco devem ser mantidos com o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana.</p>
      <p>Surpreendentemente, os pacientes com doses de 24/26 mg e 49/51 mg aos 6 meses de tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana apresentaram o maior aumento nos valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max e inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, revelando o benef&#237;cio desse tratamento desde que a maior dose tolerada seja administrada. Esses resultados podem complementar o contexto do uso de sacubitril-valsartana na popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFER, pois a dose de 24/26 mg n&#227;o foi usada no ensaio PARADIGM-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil explicar o aumento maior dos valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max e inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> com a menor dose de sacubitril-valsartana. No entanto, esse cen&#225;rio pode representar um vi&#233;s, j&#225; que os pacientes que toleraram a maior dose de sacubitril-valsartana tinham valores iniciais de VO<sub>2</sub>max elevados e valores baixos de inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, possivelmente tornando esse grupo menos propenso a ter um benef&#237;cio maior com o tratamento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser referenciadas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Esta &#233; uma experi&#234;ncia prospectiva de centro &#250;nico; portanto, os achados podem refletir a pr&#225;tica local. Embora a amostra n&#227;o seja grande, o estudo mostrou resultados promissores ap&#243;s apenas seis meses de tratamento, o que pode ser considerado uma motiva&#231;&#227;o para aumentar o uso de sacubitril-valsartana em pacientes com tal indica&#231;&#227;o, conforme recomendam as diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar de ser um estudo prospectivo, foram comparados os resultados iniciais e ap&#243;s seis meses de tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana sem um grupo controle que continuaria o tratamento com IECA ou BRA. Ap&#243;s os resultados do ensaio PARADIGM-HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> n&#227;o seria &#233;tico deixar alguns dos pacientes sem um tratamento que demonstrou melhorar a sobrevida.</p>
        <p>Uma estrat&#233;gia para tentar reduzir o vi&#233;s relacionado &#224; melhora concomitante causada por outros tratamentos que n&#227;o o com sacubitril-valsartana foi a escolha de pacientes para o estudo previamente sob terapia padr&#227;o otimizada (exceto o tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana) por mais de seis meses e que passaram por procedimento cardiovascular significativo n&#227;o recente (implante de CDI ou TRC, procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, tratamento valvar ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial). Isso fica evidente por n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as na dosagem de BB e AA ap&#243;s seis meses de tratamento ou novo procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, tratamento valvar ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O tratamento com sacubitril-valsartana aparentemente aumentou a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica, com melhora acentuada no VO<sub>2</sub>max, VO<sub>2</sub>max previsto, inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, bem como redu&#231;&#227;o da classe NYHA. Esses resultados podem complementar o contexto do uso de sacubitril-valsartana na popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFER, mostrando manuten&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio mesmo com a menor dose do tratamento, desde que esta seja a maior dose tolerada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui</p>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl1" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href=""/>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Ventilation Improvement Following Sacubitril-Valsartan Therapy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4614-4977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galrinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feliciano</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Ilh&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capil&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eunice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ant&#243;nio Valentim Gon&#231;alves &#8226; Hospital de Santa Marta - Rua de Santa Marta, 50. 1169-1024 Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: antonio.a.goncalves.14@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gon&#231;alves AV, Pereira-da-Silva T, Galrinho AIVO, Soares R, Feliciano J, Ferreira RC; Acquisition of data: Gon&#231;alves AV, Pereira-da-Silva T, Galrinho AIVO, Rio P, Moreira RI, Silva S, Alves S; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Gon&#231;alves AV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira-da-Silva T, Galrinho AIVO, Rio P, Soares R, Feliciano J, Ferreira RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Sacubitril/valsartan had its prognosis benefit confirmed in the PARADIGM-HF trial. However, data on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) changes with sacubitril-valsartan therapy are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aimed to compare CPET parameters before and after sacubitril-valsartan therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Prospective evaluation of chronic heart failure (HF) patients with left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804;40% despite optimized standard of care therapy, who started sacubitril-valsartan therapy, expecting no additional HF treatment. CPET data were gathered in the week before and 6 months after sacubitril-valsartan therapy. Statistical differences with a p-value &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Out of 42 patients, 35 (83.3%) completed the 6-month follow-up, since 2 (4.8%) patients died and 5 (11.9%) discontinued treatment for adverse events. Mean age was 58.6&#177;11.1 years. New York Heart Association class improved in 26 (74.3%) patients. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max) (14.4 vs. 18.3 ml/kg/min, p&lt;0.001), VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope (36.7 vs. 31.1, p&lt;0.001), and exercise duration (487.8 vs. 640.3 sec, p&lt;0.001) also improved with sacubitril-valsartan. Benefit was maintained even with the 24/26 mg dose (13.5 vs. 19.2 ml/kg/min, p=0.018) of sacubitril-valsartan, as long as this was the highest tolerated dose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Sacubitril-valsartan therapy is associated with marked CPET improvement in VO<sub>2</sub>max, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope, and exercise duration. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Ventilation</kwd>
        <kwd>Sacubitril-Valsartan</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The prognosis of heart failure (HF) patients remarkably changed following the publication of cornerstone trials (1987 &#8211; CONSENSUS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> 1999 &#8211; CIBIS-II,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and RALES<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> ), which demonstrated the benefit of using neurohormonal antagonists [angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), beta-blockers (BB), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), respectively] to improve patient survival and reduce ejection fraction.</p>
        <p>Twenty-seven years after the CONSENSUS trial, the PARADIGM-HF trial showed that sacubitril-valsartan, a combination of neprilysin inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), could reduce both HF hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality in 20% in comparison with Enalapril.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As a result, sacubitril-valsartan has a Class I recommendation, level of evidence B, as a replacement for ACEI to ambulatory patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who remain symptomatic despite optimal treatment with ACEI (or ARB if ACEI is not tolerated), BB, and MRA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, the use of sacubitril-valsartan has not been as high as expected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The treatment goals for HF patients are not only to prevent hospital admission and reduce mortality but also to improve their clinical status and functional capacity. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a powerful predictor of mortality in HF patients. It is considered the standard criterion for evaluating the need for elective heart transplantation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> with maximal O<sub>2</sub>uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max) and the relationship between ventilation and CO<sub>2</sub>production (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope) as the most adopted risk assessment tools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Information has been increasing recently, as some trials demonstrated a significant symptomatic and functional improvement following the initiation of sacubitril-valsartan therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nonetheless, its impact on functional capacity needs additional research since most trials had retrospective designs, and, to the best of our knowledge, only one prospective study shows CPET parameter changes after sacubitril-valsartan therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aimed to prospectively analyze the effectiveness of sacubitril-valsartan therapy in a cohort of chronic HF patients with optimized standard of care therapy by comparing CPET data before and after treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The investigation conforms to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional ethics committee and the National Commission for Data Protection ( <italic>Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados</italic> &#8211; CNPD, authorization number 5962) approved the study protocol.</p>
        <p>All patients provided written informed consent.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient population</title>
          <p>The study included a prospective single-center analysis from October 2017 to June 2018.</p>
          <p>During this period, all ambulatory patients with optimized standard of care therapy for chronic HF, left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804;40%, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class &#8805; II were advised to start sacubitril-valsartan therapy according to the current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of chronic HF with optimized standard of care therapy</title>
          <p>Optimized standard of care therapy for chronic HF was defined as more than six months of treatment with the maximum tolerated dose of an ACEI or ARB, as appropriate, a BB, and an MRA. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and/or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can be used if indicated by the current guidelines and if the subject has been adequately treated per applicable standards for coronary artery disease and mitral regurgitation (MR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and no additional HF treatment was expected to change in the next 6 months. Patients who started an exercise program in the three months previous to or during sacubitril-valsartan therapy were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study protocol</title>
          <p>All patients provided written informed consent. Thereafter, clinical, laboratory, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and CPET data were obtained in the week before starting sacubitril-valsartan therapy.</p>
          <p>A washout period of 36 hours allowed switching from an ACEI to sacubitril-valsartan. Sacubitril-valsartan therapy was preferentially started at 49/51 mg twice daily or 24/26 mg twice daily in patients with a dose &lt;10 mg/day of Enalapril or equivalent. Attempts to double the dose were made every 2 to 4 weeks to reach the target maintenance dose of 97/103 mg twice daily, except in patients with systolic blood pressure &lt;100 mmHg, symptomatic hypotension, hyperkalemia &gt; 5.5 mEq/L, or a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to less than 60 ml/min, as assessed by the Cockcroft-Gault equation.</p>
          <p>All patients were followed for six months from the test completion date, and clinical, laboratory, TTE, and CPET data were collected again after six months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy.</p>
          <p>The supplementary appendix provides information regarding all data collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
          <p>A maximal symptom-limited treadmill CPET was performed using the modified Bruce protocol (GE Marquette Series 2000 treadmill). Gas analysis was preceded by calibration of the equipment. Minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide production were acquired breath-by-breath, using a SensorMedics Vmax 229 gas analyzer. The VO<sub>2</sub>max was defined as the highest 30-second average achieved during exercise and was normalized for body mass index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined by combining the standard methods (V-slope preferentially and ventilatory equivalents). VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope was calculated by least-squares linear regression, based on data acquired throughout the whole exercise. Patients were encouraged to perform the exercise until the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was &#8805;1.10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Baseline characteristics are expressed as frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables and as means and standard deviations for continuous variables. All analyses compare patients&#8217; parameters at baseline and after six months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy.</p>
          <p>Normal distribution of continuous variables was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Paired samples <italic>t</italic> -test compared the variables before and after sacubitril-valsartan therapy. Statistical differences with a p-value &lt;0.05 were considered significant. Data were analyzed in the software Statistical Package for the Social Science for Windows, version 24.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Overview of the study population</title>
          <p>A total of 42 patients were enrolled in the study. Out of them, 35 (83.3%) completed the six-month follow-up with sacubitril-valsartan, since 2 (4.8%) patients died (1 with intracranial hemorrhage after trauma and 1 with sudden cardiac death) and 5 (11.9%) patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events (2 with reversible acute kidney injury and 3 with symptomatic hypotension with the lowest sacubitril-valsartan dose). No patient was lost to follow-up during the six months.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the baseline characteristics of the 35 patients who completed the six-month follow-up with sacubitril-valsartan. Mean age was 58.6&#177;11.1 years, with 29 (82.9%) male patients and ischemic etiology in 15 (42.9%) participants.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study population (n=35)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.60 &#177; 11.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic etiology</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (42.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (82.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA &#8805; III</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (51.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.09 &#177; 3.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure hospitalization in the previous year</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (42.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">375.30 &#177; 342.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (20.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (71.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (71.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (31.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral arterial disease</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (40%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic liver disease</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (82.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angiotensin II receptor blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (17.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (100.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (94.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ivabradine</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (37.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Digoxin</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (25.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (85.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT-D)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (20%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Percutaneous mitral valve repair using MitraClip&#174;</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>These patients were highly symptomatic, as revealed by an NYHA class &#8805; III in 51.4% of them and by 42.9% of hospitalizations for worsening HF in the year prior to sacubitril-valsartan therapy. All patients were on ACEI or ARB associated with a BB, and 94.3% were taking an MRA. ICD was already implanted in 30 (85.6%) patients, out of which 7 (20.0%) had a CRT-D system. Three (8.6%) patients had formerly undergone percutaneous mitral valve repair using a MitraClip&#174; system.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sacubitril-valsartan dose</title>
          <p>Sacubitril-valsartan therapy was started at 24/26 mg twice daily in 18 (51.4%) patients and 49/51 mg twice daily in 17 (48.6%) patients. At six months, a dose of 24/26 mg twice daily was administered to 10 (28.6%) patients, 49/51 mg twice daily to 11 (31.4%), and 97/103 mg twice daily to 14 (40.0%).</p>
          <p>We found no significant changes regarding the dose expressed as a percentage of the target dose of BB (68.8 &#177; 28.6% vs. 70.6 &#177; 28.0%, p=0.278) and MRA (51.6 &#177; 19.0% vs. 53.2 &#177; 24.4%, p=0.352) or the loop diuretic dose expressed as furosemide equivalents (43.6 &#177; 27.6% vs. 39.1 &#177; 26.5%, p=0.191) at baseline and after six months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical assessment</title>
          <p>The 35 patients who completed six months of sacubitril-valsartan treatment showed a relevant improvement in NYHA class, since only 9 (25.7%) patients remained in the same class, while 24 (68.6%) improved one NYHA class and 2 (5.7%) improved two classes. No patient had a worsening in their NYHA class during the six months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy, and only 3 (8.6%) remained in class III.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Transthoracic echocardiography assessment</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents the results of the TTE analysis. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions and atrial volumes were significantly lower at six months of treatment. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion showed no significant differences, regardless of the presence of a decrease in pulmonary artery systolic pressure at 6 months of therapy. Left ventricular ejection fraction had a mean absolute raise of 5.9%.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic data before and after six months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Time 0</th>
                    <th>6 months</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DATA</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.3 &#177; 8.4</td>
                    <td align="center">66.9 &#177; 7.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.8 &#177; 9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">53.1 &#177; 9.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Interventricular septum (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.280</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.3 &#177; 6.4</td>
                    <td align="center">35.17 &#177; 8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Left atrial volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.5 &#177; 22.6</td>
                    <td align="center">43.7 &#177; 15.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Right atrial volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.1 &#177; 4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 13.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.036</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.3 &#177; 12.2</td>
                    <td align="center">30.9 &#177; 10.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">20.0 &#177; 4.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.404</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CPET analysis</title>
          <p>Sacubitril-valsartan therapy showed a remarkable impact on functional capacity ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). The VO<sub>2</sub>max, predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope, and duration of exercise presented an important improvement after therapy, without a significant difference in exercise effort, as assessed by the exchange ratio. We found no significant differences regarding heart rate (HR) and blood pressure parameters.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiopulmonary exercise testing data before and after six months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Time 0</th>
                    <th>6 months</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing data</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Maximal heart rate (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">114.1 &#177; 27.2</td>
                    <td align="center">118.9 &#177; 24.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.110</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Maximal predicted heart rate (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">70.7 &#177; 16.0</td>
                    <td align="center">73.9 &#177; 14.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.083</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">One-minute heart rate recovery (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">17.8 &#177; 12.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.720</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Initial systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">115.8 &#177; 18.3</td>
                    <td align="center">109.3 &#177; 16.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.094</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Maximal systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">140.0 &#177; 29.8</td>
                    <td align="center">139.7 &#177; 23.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.946</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 6.0</td>
                    <td align="center">18.63 &#177; 4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Predicted maximal oxygen uptake (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.6 &#177; 18.7</td>
                    <td align="center">65.7 &#177; 15.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope</td>
                    <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 7.2</td>
                    <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 5.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Peak respiratory exchange ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.396</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Duration of exercise (sec)</td>
                    <td align="center">487.8 &#177; 289.3</td>
                    <td align="center">640.3 &#177; 269.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Duration of exercise until AT (sec)</td>
                    <td align="center">269.7 &#177; 277.1</td>
                    <td align="center">292.5 &#177; 253.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">Oxygen uptake at AT (ml/kg/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 3.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.087</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; AT: anaerobic threshold.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> provides CPET parameters by sacubitril-valsartan dose. Patients on 24/26 mg and 49/51 mg doses at 6 months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy had the highest increase in VO<sub>2</sub>max and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope values.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiopulmonary exercise testing data by sacubitril-valsartan dose</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Time 0</th>
                    <th>6 months</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing data</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg/min)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">24/26 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">49/51 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">17.6 &#177; 4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">97/103 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.085</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Predicted maximal oxygen uptake (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">24/26 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">44.9 &#177; 20.6</td>
                    <td align="center">62.8 &#177; 18.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">49/51 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">47.8 &#177; 18.6</td>
                    <td align="center">69.1 &#177; 14.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">97/103 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">53.7 &#177; 18.2</td>
                    <td align="center">65.2 &#177; 15.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">24/26 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">38.0 &#177; 8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">49/51 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">38.8 &#177; 5.5</td>
                    <td align="center">31.9 &#177; 3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">97/103 mg dose</td>
                    <td align="center">34.6 &#177; 7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.148</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Both ischemic (16.9 &#177; 7.1 ml/kg/min vs. 20.2 &#177; 4.2 ml/kg/min, p=0.014) and non-ischemic (12.6 &#177; 4.6 ml/kg/min vs. 17.0 &#177; 5.1 ml/kg/min, p=0.004) HF patients showed VO<sub>2</sub>max improvement at 6 months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>CPET is a powerful predictor of mortality in HF patients. It is considered the standard indication criterion for heart transplantation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> with VO<sub>2</sub>max and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope as the most adopted risk assessment tools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Several HF treatments (ACEI, BB, MRA, ICD, CRT) have proven to improve patient survival and reduce ejection fraction. Whether to revise the existing listing criteria for heart transplantation was a matter of debate,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> since the trial that defined the use of a cut-off point &#8804;14 ml/kg/min for the procedure was published before several advancements in HF treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several trials with BB failed to demonstrate an increase in VO<sub>2</sub>max.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> However, BB therapy seemed to provide a better prognosis with the same VO<sub>2</sub>max value,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> which was used to reduce the cut-off point for heart transplantation selection from 14 ml/kg/min to 12 ml/kg/min.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> On the other hand, CRT showed an increase in exercise capacity in one trial, with a mean growth of 1.1 ml/kg/min at 6 months,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> but failed to do the same in other trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Aiming at improving patients&#8217; functional capacity, some recent HF treatments, like cardiac contractility modulation, revealed an improvement in VO<sub>2</sub>max from 0.65 ml/kg/min<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> to 0.84 ml/kg/min<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> at 6 months, while percutaneous repair for secondary mitral regurgitation had preserved functional capacity in one trial, as assessed by the 6-minute walk test,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> but no differences in another.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Exercise training has also shown a VO<sub>2</sub>max improvement in previous trials, from 0.6 ml/min/kg at 3 months<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> to 2.1 ml/min/kg at 2 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>After the PARADIGM-HF trial confirmed that sacubitril-valsartan therapy could reduce both HF hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality by 20% in comparison with Enalapril,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> information has been increasing, as some trials revealed a significant symptomatic and functional improvement following the initiation of sacubitril-valsartan therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nevertheless, most trials had retrospective designs, and, to the best of our knowledge, only one prospective study shows CPET parameter changes after sacubitril-valsartan therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this trial, with a median follow-up of 6 months, VO<sub>2</sub>max increased by 2.6 ml/min/kg on average, and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope had a mean reduction of 2.4.</p>
        <p>Our results show a group of highly symptomatic chronic HFrEF patients, as revealed by an NYHA class &#8805; III in 51.4% of them (only 23.9% in the PARADIGM-HF trial), a baseline Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) of 7.2, and a hospitalizations rate for worsening HF in the year prior to the study of 42.9%. Patients were on optimized standard of care therapy, with a numerically higher percentage of individuals treated at baseline with BB (100% vs. 93.1%), MRA (94.3% vs. 52.2%), ICD (85.6% vs. 14.9%), and CRT (20% vs. 7%) when compared to the PARADIGM-HF trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Sacubitril-valsartan therapy was started at 24/26 mg twice daily in 18 (51.4%) patients and 49/51 mg twice daily in 17 (48.6%) patients. This procedure is in line with a recent real-world data study that started sacubitril-valsartan therapy at 24/26 mg twice daily in 51% of patients, 49/51 mg twice daily in 38%, and 97/103 mg twice daily in 11%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In our trial, the mean daily dose at six months was slightly higher than the previous trial (251 mg/day vs. 207 mg/day) but lower than the PARADIGM-HF trial (375 mg/day).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this highly symptomatic population, sacubitril-valsartan therapy was able to improve the NYHA classification by at least one class in 74.3% of patients. In addition to the reduction in NYHA class, CPET data demonstrated a mean VO<sub>2</sub>max increase of 3.9 ml/kg/min and a mean VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope decrease of 5.6, which is numerically higher than the benefit previously reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Higher values of left ventricular ejection fraction and VO<sub>2</sub>max led to significant HFSS growth (7.2 &#177; 1.0 vs. 7.9 &#177; 0.9, p=0.001).</p>
        <p>These results could be important when considering patients not on sacubitril-valsartan therapy for heart transplantation based on CPET values, since at 6 months of treatment, the percentage of patients with VO<sub>2</sub>max &#8804;12 mL/min/kg decreased from 37 to 11% and with VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope &gt;35, from 52.4 to 17.1%. Further trials are necessary to verify whether the current cut-off points for heart transplantation should be maintained with sacubitril-valsartan therapy.</p>
        <p>Surprisingly, patients receiving 24/26 mg and 49/51 mg doses at 6 months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy had the highest increase in VO<sub>2</sub>max and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope values, revealing the benefit of this treatment as long as the highest tolerated dose was administered. These results can complement the background of sacubitril-valsartan use in the HFrEF population, since the 24/26 mg dose was not used in PARADIGM-HF trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The highest increase in VO<sub>2</sub>max and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope values with the lowest sacubitril-valsartan dose is not easy to explain. Nonetheless, this scenario could represent a bias since patients who tolerated the highest dose of sacubitril-valsartan had high VO<sub>2</sub>max baseline values and small VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope values, possibly making this group less prone to a greater benefit with the therapy.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has limitations that should be referenced when interpreting the results. This is a single-center prospective experience; therefore, the findings might reflect local practice. Although the sample was not large, the study showed promising results after only six months of therapy, which can be considered a motivation to increase the use of sacubitril-valsartan in patients with such indication, as recommended by the guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Despite being a prospective study, the results were compared between baseline and after six months of sacubitril-valsartan therapy without a control group that would continue ACEI or ARB therapy. After the results of the PARADIGM-HF trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> leaving some patients without a therapy that has proven to improve survival would not be ethical.</p>
          <p>A strategy to try to reduce bias related to concomitant improvement caused by therapies other than sacubitril-valsartan was choosing study patients with previous optimized standard of care therapy (except for sacubitril-valsartan therapy) for more than six months and non-recent major cardiovascular procedure (ICD or CRT implantation, coronary revascularization procedure, valvular treatment, or catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation). This is demonstrated by the lack of differences in BB and MRA dosage after six months of therapy and because no new coronary revascularization procedure, valvular treatment, or catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation was performed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Sacubitril-valsartan therapy seemed to increase the functional capacity of chronic HF patients, with a marked improvement in VO<sub>2</sub>max, predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>slope, and duration of exercise, as well as a reduction in NYHA class. These results can complement the background of sacubitril-valsartan use in the HFrEF population, showing benefit even with the lowest dose of therapy as long as this was the highest tolerated dose.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app1001">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please click here.</p>
          <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href=""/>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
