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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qrCMGxMyPPLt9rwGztjZBYy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300809</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190392</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190392</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Volume Vascular Pulmonar Estimado por <italic>Software</italic> Automatizado &#233; um Preditor de Mortalidade ap&#243;s Embolia Pulmonar Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soriano</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7160-4691</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel Koenigkam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6433-4849</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wada</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilalva</surname>
            <given-names>Kelvin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Talita Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weinheimer</surname>
            <given-names>Oliver</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muglia</surname>
            <given-names>Valdair Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Imagens M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Radiologia do Departamento de Imagens M&#233;dicas, Hematologia e Oncologia Cl&#237;nica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital Heidelberg</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">Heidelberg</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University Hospital Heidelberg - Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC) - German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Heidelberg &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Henrique Miranda</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rua Bernardino de Campos, 1000. CEP <postal-code>14040-900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Miranda CH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soriano L, Vilalva K, Castro TT, Wada DT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos MK, Miranda CH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos MK, Weinheimer O, Muglia V, Pazin Filho A, Miranda CH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>809</fpage>
      <lpage>818</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A embolia pulmonar aguda (EPA) tem desfecho cl&#237;nico vari&#225;vel. A angiotomografia computadorizada (angio-CT) &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se o volume vascular pulmonar (VVP) quantificado por <italic>software</italic> automatizado &#233; um preditor de mortalidade ap&#243;s EPA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo no qual a imagem da angio-CT de 61 pacientes com EPA foi reanalisada. O VVP e o volume pulmonar (VP) foram estimados automaticamente pelo <italic>software</italic> Yacta. Calculamos o VVP ajustado pela raz&#227;o: VVP(cm<sup>3</sup>)/VP(litros). Par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos cl&#225;ssicos da angio-CT (carga emb&#243;lica; raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo direito/ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar/aorta; desvio do septo interventricular; infarto pulmonar e refluxo de contraste na veia hep&#225;tica) foram avaliados. A mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s foi o desfecho analisado. Consideramos um valor de p &lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Sete mortes (11%) ocorreram entre os 61 pacientes durante 1 m&#234;s de seguimento. O VVP ajustado &lt;23cm<sup>3</sup>/L foi um preditor independente de mortalidade na an&#225;lise univariada (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR]: 26; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%]: 3-244; p=0,004) e na an&#225;lise multivariada (OR ajustado: 19 [IC95%: 1,3-270]; p=0,03). Os par&#226;metros cl&#225;ssicos da angio-CT n&#227;o foram associados &#224; mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s nesta amostra. O VVP ajustado &lt;23cm<sup>3</sup>/L apresentou sensibilidade de 86%, especificidade de 82%, valor preditivo negativo de 94% e valor preditivo positivo de 64% para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que morreram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>VVP ajustado &lt;23cm<sup>3</sup>/L foi um preditor independente de mortalidade ap&#243;s EPA. Esse par&#226;metro mostrou melhor desempenho progn&#243;stico do que os outros achados cl&#225;ssicos da angio-CT. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(5):809-818)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A embolia pulmonar aguda (EPA) &#233; uma causa importante de dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s um evento deste &#233; extremamente vari&#225;vel. A maioria dos pacientes tem um excelente desfecho cl&#237;nico; no entanto, alguns podem ter um desfecho cl&#237;nico catastr&#243;fico, evoluindo para choque circulat&#243;rio, parada card&#237;aca e morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Devido a essa apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica heterog&#234;nea, alguns par&#226;metros s&#227;o utilizados para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, a fim de permitir uma vigil&#226;ncia mais intensiva entre os pacientes com maior probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es. Atualmente, a angiotomografia computadorizada (angio-CT) &#233; considerada o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico. Por esse motivo, os par&#226;metros desse exame de imagem s&#227;o avaliados para auxiliar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre o tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>O par&#226;metro da angio-CT mais frequentemente utilizado para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica &#233; a dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, que pode ser identificada por meio da raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD)/ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#8805;1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> ou da carga emb&#243;lica, quantificada manualmente conforme descrito por Qanadli, maior que 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> No entanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, esses par&#226;metros isolados apresentam fraca associa&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade e desenvolvimento de choque circulat&#243;rio. Por esse motivo, as diretrizes recomendam que esses par&#226;metros sejam utilizados apenas combinados com outros marcadores progn&#243;sticos, como, por exemplo, a dosagem de troponina e da por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pept&#237;dio natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (NT-proBNP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>O objetivo dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o foi avaliar se a quantifica&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica do volume vascular pulmonar (VVP) por meio da angio-CT &#233; um preditor de mortalidade ap&#243;s EPA e comparar o seu desempenho progn&#243;stico com outros par&#226;metros cl&#225;ssicos obtidos a partir desse m&#233;todo de imagem.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico que incluiu pacientes com diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de EPA admitidos em nosso departamento de emerg&#234;ncia. Nosso hospital &#233; voltado exclusivamente para emerg&#234;ncias de alta complexidade, com cerca de 3.000 consultas m&#233;dicas por m&#234;s. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e seguiu a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Os prontu&#225;rios de pacientes adultos (&gt; 18 anos) admitidos de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2015 com o diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de EPA registrado na alta hospitalar pelos c&#243;digos I26.0 (embolia pulmonar com <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> agudo) e I26.9 (embolia pulmonar sem <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> agudo) da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10) foram revisados. O diagn&#243;stico definitivo de EPA foi definido como a presen&#231;a de condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica compat&#237;vel associada a pelo menos um crit&#233;rio, que poderia ser: angio-CT com defeitos de enchimento intraluminal; cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o e perfus&#227;o pulmonar com defeitos de perfus&#227;o em &#225;reas ventiladas (alta probabilidade); angiografia pulmonar convencional com defeito de enchimento intraluminal; ultrassonografia de membro inferior compat&#237;vel com trombose venosa profunda; ou necropsia com alta carga emb&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar sem evid&#234;ncia de outro diagn&#243;stico alternativo.</p>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos foram obtidos por meio da revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios. Utilizamos os diagn&#243;sticos referidos pelo paciente e registrados no prontu&#225;rio. O desfecho avaliado nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o foi a mortalidade por todas as causas em um m&#234;s. Para os pacientes que receberam alta antes de completar 30 dias, um enfermeiro da unidade de pesquisa cl&#237;nica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, treinado para avaliar a sobrevida, fez uma liga&#231;&#227;o telef&#244;nica, e, quando verificada a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, solicitou-se a indica&#231;&#227;o da data do evento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica e interpreta&#231;&#227;o da angio-CT</title>
        <p>A angio-CT foi realizada em <italic>scanners</italic> de tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores (TCMD), e as imagens volum&#233;tricas foram obtidas ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de contraste iodado usando inje&#231;&#227;o de <italic>bolus</italic> &#250;nico seguido de solu&#231;&#227;o salina e t&#233;cnica de detec&#231;&#227;o de <italic>bolus</italic> para identificar a contrasta&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Outros par&#226;metros t&#237;picos utilizados foram: espessura do corte &#8804;2,5 mm, intervalo de reconstru&#231;&#227;o de 1 mm, kVp de 120, refer&#234;ncia mAs de 150-220, rota&#231;&#227;o do p&#243;rtico de 0,3 a 0,7 s. As aquisi&#231;&#245;es volum&#233;tricas foram reconstru&#237;das com filtro macio e duro. Dois radiologistas de t&#243;rax analisaram novamente as imagens ap&#243;s recuper&#225;-las no formato DICOM (<italic>digital imaging and communication in medicine</italic>), usando esta&#231;&#245;es de trabalho calibradas e dedicadas. Ambos os radiologistas eram cegos para a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Analisamos os par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos cl&#225;ssicos da angio-CT descritos na literatura m&#233;dica. A raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro axial do VD/VE foi obtida medindo os eixos curtos dos VD e VE no plano axial no ter&#231;o posterior. Foi utilizado como ponto de corte da rela&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro VD/VE o valor de 1, conforme recomendado na literatura. Tanto o di&#226;metro transversal da art&#233;ria pulmonar (AP) principal quanto o da aorta ascendente ao mesmo n&#237;vel foram medidos. Considerou-se abaulamento do septo interventricular se houvesse achatamento septal e desvio de septo convexo em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A presen&#231;a de refluxo de contraste nas veias hep&#225;ticas tamb&#233;m foi avaliada. A presen&#231;a de infarto pulmonar foi definida por uma opacidade parenquimatosa subpleural com bordas convexas e abauladas e &#225;pice direcionado para o hilo. A carga emb&#243;lica foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo descrito por Qanadli et al<sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Considerou-se um &#237;ndice superior a 60% como indicativo de uma alta carga emb&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise vascular quantitativa da imagem foi realizada com o programa acad&#234;mico Yacta (Universidade de Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Alemanha) vers&#227;o 2.7. O <italic>software</italic> Yacta funciona de forma totalmente autom&#225;tica, sem necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o do usu&#225;rio em nenhum est&#225;gio do processo. A an&#225;lise da imagem dura cerca de 10 minutos. Inicialmente, esse <italic>software</italic> separa anatomicamente as vias a&#233;reas, os vasos sangu&#237;neos, os pulm&#245;es e seus lobos, fornecendo volumes e densidades pulmonares, juntamente com o volume dos vasos sangu&#237;neos. Tal <italic>software</italic> usa um coeficiente de atenua&#231;&#227;o de &#8211;500 HU como o limite padr&#227;o para detec&#231;&#227;o de vasos. Nos pulm&#245;es com coeficientes de atenua&#231;&#227;o modificados, o Yacta calcula um novo limiar com base no histograma. Os <italic>voxels</italic> intrapulmonares com coeficientes acima do limiar calculado s&#227;o ent&#227;o marcados e considerados como vasos se os mesmos apresentarem uma extens&#227;o tridimensional maior que 100 mm<sup>3</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> O software Yacta estimou o volume pulmonar (VP) em litros (L) e o VVP em cm<sup>3</sup>. Como o VVP apresenta varia&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o tamanho do pulm&#227;o, realizamos um ajuste por meio da raz&#227;o: VVP (cm<sup>3</sup>)/VP (L).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Utilizamos o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para avaliar o tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagem. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as demais vari&#225;veis foram expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (percentil 25, percentil 75). Utilizamos o teste do qui-quadrado para comparar duas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para comparar duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; e o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Na an&#225;lise univariada, calculou-se o <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) para cada par&#226;metro, seguido pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Para an&#225;lise multivariada, foi utilizado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com ajuste para as vari&#225;veis: idade, <italic>pulmonar embolism severety index</italic> (PESI) escore, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, parada card&#237;aca e choque circulat&#243;rio. Utilizamos o teste de Spearman para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A &#225;rea sob a curva (ASC) ROC (<italic>Operating Characteristic Curve</italic>) foi usada para comparar a acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica de cada par&#226;metro da angio-CT. Utilizamos o &#237;ndice de Youden para determinar o melhor ponto de corte do VVP ajustado para identificar os pacientes que morreram. Para os demais par&#226;metros da angio-CT, utilizamos o ponto de corte padronizado na literatura m&#233;dica. Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida, comparamos as curvas de Kaplan-Meier por meio do teste de log-rank. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O <italic>software</italic> STATA 13.1 (College Station, TX, EUA) foi utilizado para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre 231 indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de EPA avaliados no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia, esse diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado em 123 pacientes (53%). O diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado por meio da angio-CT em 99 pacientes (80%). Destes pacientes submetidos &#224; angio-CT, a imagem foi recuperada para rean&#225;lise em 84 deles. A determina&#231;&#227;o automatizada do VVP pelo <italic>software</italic> Yacta foi poss&#237;vel em 61 destas imagens recuperadas. O fluxograma dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos nessa investiga&#231;&#227;o e os motivos que impossibilitaram a an&#225;lise pelo <italic>software</italic> Yacta s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma mostrando os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o. V/Q: ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o; angio-CT: angiotomografia computadorizada; VVP: volume vascular pulmonar.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas desses 61 pacientes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Entre esses pacientes, 7 (11%) morreram durante o seguimento de 1 m&#234;s. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre n&#227;o sobreviventes (n=7) e sobreviventes (n=54), n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos, exceto, uma frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria mais elevada no grupo de n&#227;o sobreviventes (31 &#177; 7 ciclos/min <italic>vs.</italic> 33 &#177; 7 ciclos/min, p=0,01).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o divididos de acordo com a sobrevida em 1 m&#234;s</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Sobreviventes n=54</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o sobreviventes n=7</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">54&#177;16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">61&#177;17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade &gt;65 anos, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">19(35)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3(43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">G&#234;nero masculino, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24(44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(29)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Parada card&#237;aca, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(04)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Choque circulat&#243;rio, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5(09)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Dispneia, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">46(85)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hemoptise, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">S&#237;ncope, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13(24)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tosse, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">20(37)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3(43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Dor tor&#225;cica pleur&#237;tica, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17(31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4(57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Febre, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Escore de Wells (mediana, IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,5 (3,0-7,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,0 (1,5-4,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Escore PESI (mediana, IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">78 (65-108)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">97 (95-108)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, dias (mediana, IQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3(1-6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(1-6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Fatores predisponentes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Trombose venosa pr&#233;via, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11(20)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">C&#226;ncer ativo, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4(07)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cirurgia recente, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Imobiliza&#231;&#227;o, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13(24)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Fratura &#243;ssea, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">AVE pr&#233;vio, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Anticoncepcional oral, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Obesidade, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">23(43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3(43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">DPOC, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4(07)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Trombofilia, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5(09)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Exame f&#237;sico</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm, (m&#233;dia&#177;dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">94&#177;16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">106&#177;23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, ciclos/min (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">23&#177;7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">31&#177;7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &gt;20 ciclos/min, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">36(67)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6(86)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAS, mmHg (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">123&#177;28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">113&#177;14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAD, mmHg (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">75&#177;14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">69&#177;19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Creatinina, mg/dL (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,08&#177;0,27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,16&#177;0,83</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobina, g/dL (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13&#177;2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12&#177;3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Satura&#231;&#227;o arterial oxig&#234;nio, % (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">92&#177;7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">87&#177;8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Troponina I, &#956;g/L (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,16&#177;0,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,13&#177;0,12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">NT-proBNP, &#956;g/L (m&#233;dia &#177; dp)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2604&#177;3040</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3433&#177;2343</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Tratamento</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Trombol&#237;tico, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14(26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(29)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Heparina n&#227;o fracionada, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Heparina de baixo peso molecular, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">38(70)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6(86)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,12</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>dp: desvio-padr&#227;o; IQ: intervalo interquartil; PESI: pulmonary embolism severity index; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pept&#237;dio natriur&#233;tico do tipo B.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros da angio-CT, o VVP e o VVP ajustado foram significativamente menores no grupo de n&#227;o sobreviventes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de sobreviventes (56 &#177; 24 cm<sup>3</sup> <italic>vs.</italic> 88 &#177; 32 cm<sup>3</sup>, p=0,015 e 21 &#177; 6 cm<sup>3</sup>/L <italic>vs.</italic> 30 &#177; 7 cm<sup>3</sup>/L, p=0,001, respectivamente). Os demais par&#226;metros avaliados pela angio-CT (carga emb&#243;lica, raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro axial VD/VE, raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro AP/Aorta, abaulamento do septo interventricular, infarto pulmonar e refluxo de contraste na veia hep&#225;tica) n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Achados da angiotomografia computadorizada (angio-CT) de acordo com a sobrevida em 1 m&#234;s</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Par&#226;metro</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Sobreviventes <break/>n=54</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o sobreviventes <break/>n=7</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros do Yacta</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Volume pulmonar (L), m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,91&#177;0,90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,73&#177;1,31</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Volume vascular pulmonar (cm<sup>3</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">88&#177;32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">56&#177;24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Volume vascular pulmonar ajustado (cm<sup>3</sup>/L), m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">30&#177;7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21&#177;6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros cl&#225;ssicos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Carga emb&#243;lica (%), m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">47&#177;21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40&#177;26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#202;mbolo central, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5 (09)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#202;mbolo bilateral, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45(83)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5(72)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#202;mbolo unilateral, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4(08)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Di&#226;metro axial VD/VE, m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,20&#177;0,36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,25&#177;0,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Di&#226;metro axial VD/VE &gt;1, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">36(67)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6(86)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Di&#226;metro AP/Aorta, m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,91&#177;0,17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,91&#177;0,90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Desvio do septo interventricular, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32(59)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5(71)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Infarto pulmonar, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25(46)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(29)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Refluxo de contraste para veia hep&#225;tica, n. (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">20(37)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3(43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,76</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>dp: desvio-padr&#227;o; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (ASC), o 1/VVP ajustado mostrou a melhor acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica, com uma ASC de 0,86 (IC95%: 0,68-1,00) em compara&#231;&#227;o com as outras vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro VD/VE com ASC de 0,56 [IC95%: 0,37-0,75], di&#226;metro AP/Aorta com ASC de 0,55 [IC95%: 0,35-0,75] e carga emb&#243;lica com ASC de 0,44 [IC95%: 0,16-0,74]), p &lt;0,01 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas ROC mostrando o desempenho progn&#243;stico dos par&#226;metros cont&#237;nuos da angiotomografia computadorizada (carga emb&#243;lica, raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro VD/VE, raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro AP/aorta) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o volume vascular pulmonar (VVP) ajustado na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s embolia pulmonar aguda. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O melhor ponto de corte do VVP ajustado para determinar a mortalidade em um m&#234;s foi 23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L (sensibilidade: 86% [IC95%: 42-99], especificidade: 82% [IC95%: 69-91], valor preditivo positivo: 64% [IC95%: 49-77] e valor preditivo negativo: 94% [IC95%: 70-99]).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, o VVP ajustado &lt;23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR]: 26 [IC95%: 3-244], p=0,004) e a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (OR: 1,1 [IC95%: 1,01- 1,26], p=0,03) foram preditores de mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o VVP ajustado &lt;23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L permaneceu como preditor independente de mortalidade em um m&#234;s (OR ajustado: 19 [IC95%: 1,3-270], p=0,03). Os par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos cl&#225;ssicos da angio-CT n&#227;o foram associados &#224; mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s nesta amostra (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preditores de mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s embolia pulmonar aguda na an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Par&#226;metros</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="top">Univariada</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="top">Multivariada</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">OR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top"/>
              <th align="center" valign="top">OR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Demogr&#225;ficos/Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,97- 1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">G&#234;nero</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,09-2,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">C&#226;ncer ativo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,73-34,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Choque circulat&#243;rio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,60-25,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,34-55,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,99-1,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,01-1,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,56</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,95-2,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Escore PESI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,99-1,00</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Angio-CT</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Volume vascular pulmonar ajustado &#8804; 23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,0-244</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,004</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">19,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,3-279,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Carga emb&#243;lica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,95-1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,44</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Carga emb&#243;lica &#8805; 40%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,0-2,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Carga emb&#243;lica &#8805; 60%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,5-13,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Di&#226;metro VD/VE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2-12,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Di&#226;metro VD/VE &#8805;1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,3-26,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Desvio do septo interventricular</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,3-9,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Infarto pulmonar</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,8-2,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Refluxo de contraste para veia hep&#225;tica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2-6,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Angio-CT: angiotomografia computadorizada; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PESI: pulmonary embolism severity index; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida, o VVP ajustado &lt;23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L foi significativamente associado a uma maior taxa de mortalidade (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> [HR]: 21 [IC95%: 2-193], p=0,0001) durante o seguimento de um m&#234;s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier comparando a sobrevida em 1 m&#234;s entre os pacientes com volume vascular pulmonar (VPV) ajustado menor e maior que 23 cm3/L quantificado automaticamente por meio do software Yacta.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A carga emb&#243;lica quantificada manualmente de acordo com a descri&#231;&#227;o de Qanadli e o VVP ajustado quantificado automaticamente pelo <italic>software</italic> Yacta n&#227;o apresentaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (Rho = &#8211;0,22, p=0,09) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o mostrando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o volume vascular pulmonar (VVP) ajustado quantificado pelo software Yacta e a carga emb&#243;lica quantificada manualmente de acordo com Qanadli.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>, descrevemos os exemplos da angio-CT e da quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos vasos pulmonares (<italic>software</italic> Yacta) em dois pacientes com diferentes desfechos cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;dos nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exemplos da quantifica&#231;&#227;o vascular pulmonar com o software Yacta totalmente automatizado em dois pacientes diferentes com embolia pulmonar aguda (EPA). O primeiro paciente (sobrevivente), homem, 47 anos de idade, foi diagnosticado com EPA no pulm&#227;o direito (imagem angio-CT em A) e, ap&#243;s segmenta&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise vascular (B), apresentou um volume vascular pulmonar (VVP) de 157 cm<sup>3</sup> e um VVP ajustado de 33,7 cm<sup>3</sup>/L. O segundo paciente (n&#227;o sobrevivente), mulher, 75 anos de idade, EPA bilateral (imagem angio-CT em C) e ap&#243;s segmenta&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise vascular (D) apresentou um VVP de 19 cm<sup>3</sup> e VVP ajustado de 12,8 cm<sup>3</sup>/L.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf05.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atualmente, a angio-CT &#233; a ferramenta mais utilizada para o diagn&#243;stico de EPA no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> O desenvolvimento de par&#226;metros utilizando este m&#233;todo de imagem para estratificar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es nesses pacientes &#233; desej&#225;vel e pode ajudar a individualizar o tratamento de acordo com a gravidade de cada apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o mostrou que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o totalmente autom&#225;tica do VVP ajustado em pacientes com EPA foi um preditor independente de mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s. O desempenho progn&#243;stico dessa nova ferramenta foi superior aos par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos cl&#225;ssicos avaliados nesse cen&#225;rio por meio da angio-CT, como a raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro do VD/VE e a carga emb&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>A elevada taxa de angio-CT positiva para EPA (53%) nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada pelo fato de a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes ter sido realizada por meio do c&#243;digo do CID durante a alta hospitalar, e, provavelmente, a maioria dos pacientes cujo diagn&#243;stico de EPA foi exclu&#237;do pela angio-CT negativa n&#227;o recebeu a codifica&#231;&#227;o desse diagn&#243;stico na alta hospitalar.</p>
      <p>A raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro do VD/VE &#233; um par&#226;metro que avalia indiretamente a dilata&#231;&#227;o e a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD observada durante a EPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Entre os par&#226;metros obtidos pela angio-CT, a raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro do VD/VE &#233; a mais avaliada na literatura cient&#237;fica; apesar disso, falta padroniza&#231;&#227;o nos aspectos t&#233;cnicos de sua mensura&#231;&#227;o e discord&#226;ncias no ponto de corte mais apropriado. A maioria dos estudos utilizou uma raz&#227;o de di&#226;metro do VD/VE &#8805;1 como anormal.</p>
      <p>Estudos isolados n&#227;o mostraram a utilidade da raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro do VD/VE &#8805;1 na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica ap&#243;s a EPA. Coutance et al<sup>.,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> analisaram a angio-CT de 383 pacientes com esse diagn&#243;stico e mostraram que a raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro do VD/VE &#8805;1 n&#227;o estava associada &#224; mortalidade (OR: 1,54 [IC95%: 0,70-3,40]) e mostrou baixa sensibilidade (46% [IC95%: 27-66]), baixa especificidade (59% [IC 95%: 54-64%]) e baixo valor preditivo positivo (8% [IC95%: 5-14]) deste achado em predizer a mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Moroni et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> ao analisar 225 angio-CT de pacientes com EPA n&#227;o grave, a raz&#227;o de di&#226;metro do VD/VE &gt;1 foi apenas um preditor de mortalidade quando associada &#224; baixa carga emb&#243;lica (&lt;40%); no entanto, na an&#225;lise multivariada, a raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro do VD/VE &gt;1 e a forma do septo interventricular n&#227;o se associou &#224; mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Kumamaru et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> retrospectivamente, analisaram 1.698 angio-CT de pacientes com EPA. Os par&#226;metros tradicionalmente avaliados tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram associados &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas em 1 m&#234;s. Os par&#226;metros avaliados foram: localiza&#231;&#227;o do &#234;mbolo mais proximal (p=0,14), infarto do par&#234;nquima pulmonar (p=0,90), di&#226;metro do VD &gt; VE (p=0,69), refluxo de contraste para a veia hep&#225;tica (p=0,40), curvatura da septo interventricular (p=0,40), di&#226;metro AP/aorta (p=0,93). Por outro lado, achados n&#227;o tradicionais foram preditores de mortalidade, como, por exemplo, a presen&#231;a de derrame pleural e peric&#225;rdico; les&#227;o pulmonar, hep&#225;tica e &#243;ssea sugerindo malignidade, ascite etc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Provavelmente, esses achados est&#227;o muito mais relacionados ao progn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as associadas, como o c&#226;ncer, do que &#224; pr&#243;pria EPA. Investiga&#231;&#227;o de van der Meer et al. tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro AP/Aorta (p=0,66) e do desvio do septo interventricular (p=0,20) com a mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Somente em uma recente metan&#225;lise envolvendo um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes foi poss&#237;vel mostrar a associa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE ap&#243;s EPA. Comparando 2.612 pacientes com uma rela&#231;&#227;o anormal do di&#226;metro do VD/VE com 2.049 pacientes com esse par&#226;metro dentro da faixa de normalidade, o aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE foi associado &#224; mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s na an&#225;lise que incluiu todos os pacientes (OR: 2,08 [IC95%: 1,63-2,66] p &lt;0,00001), e naquela em que somente pacientes com estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica foram inclu&#237;dos (OR: 1,64 [IC95%: 1,06-2,52] p=0,03).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Em nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o, o VVP ajustado &lt;23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L apresentou melhor acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica do que a raz&#227;o dos di&#226;metros VD/VE.</p>
      <p>Os escores de obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar ou carga emb&#243;lica obtidos por meio da angio-CT foram descritos inicialmente por Qanadli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> em 2001. Nesse estudo inicial, eles compararam os achados da angio-CT com a angiografia pulmonar convencional e mostraram boa concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos (r=0,867, p &lt;0,0001) para quantifica&#231;&#227;o do grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o. Uma carga emb&#243;lica &#8805;40% identificou mais de 90% dos pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em estudos iniciais, como de Wu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> e van der Meer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da carga emb&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar esteve associada &#224; mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> No entanto, estudos subsequentes falharam em mostrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o desses escores de obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar com importantes desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como a mortalidade. Kong et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> analisaram esses escores de obstru&#231;&#227;o juntamente com a presen&#231;a de defeitos de perfus&#227;o pulmonar na angio-CT de 55 pacientes estratificados por meio de testes cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais em alto, intermedi&#225;rio e baixo risco. Os escores de obstru&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o conseguiram distinguir adequadamente esses tr&#234;s grupos, e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos defeitos de perfus&#227;o apresentou melhor desempenho para fazer essa discrimina&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Atasoy et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> ao analisar a angio-CT de 67 pacientes, a carga emb&#243;lica &#8805;40% n&#227;o foi associada &#224; mortalidade (OR: 0,989 [IC95%: 0,95-1,03] p=0,486).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Araoz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> avaliaram 1.193 angio-CT positivas para EPA, nem a carga emb&#243;lica nem a raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro VD/VE foram associadas &#224; mortalidade, apenas o desvio do septo interventricular foi associado &#224; mortalidade (OR: 1,97, p=0,05), mas com sensibilidade muito baixa (18% a 21%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Mesmo em pacientes com EPA grave admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva, a carga emb&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar, utilizando quatro sistemas de pontua&#231;&#227;o diferentes, n&#227;o esteve associada &#224; taxa de mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o, a carga emb&#243;lica tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi um preditor de mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s. Embora sejam vari&#225;veis inter-relacionadas, o VVP ajustado foi um preditor independente de mortalidade em 1 m&#234;s nesses pacientes com EPA. Esse fato pode ser explicado pelos problemas t&#233;cnicos na quantifica&#231;&#227;o manual da carga emb&#243;lica, restrita principalmente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o dos vasos de maior calibre. O <italic>software</italic> Yacta permite uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o dos vasos de pequeno calibre e poderia refletir mais adequadamente o progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a EPA.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo merecem ser consideradas. Primeiro, o <italic>software</italic> Yacta n&#227;o conseguiu medir adequadamente os volumes vasculares pulmonares em 27% dos pacientes, principalmente devido &#224; presen&#231;a de artefatos. No entanto, aprimoramentos do <italic>software</italic> e da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens podem reduzir essa falha. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem da angio-CT sincronizada pelo eletrocardiograma pode melhorar a qualidade da imagem e permitir um melhor desempenho desse <italic>software</italic>. Segundo, essa investiga&#231;&#227;o teve um tamanho amostral pequeno que talvez tenha sido insuficiente para avaliar o efeito preditivo dos par&#226;metros cl&#225;ssicos da angio-CT, como da raz&#227;o do di&#226;metro VD/VE. Entretanto, mesmo com esse tamanho amostral reduzido, o VVP ajustado foi um forte preditor de mortalidade, levando &#224; poss&#237;vel extrapola&#231;&#227;o de que esse par&#226;metro, de fato, apresente melhor acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica. Terceiro, houve uma tend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica na correla&#231;&#227;o entre a carga emb&#243;lica quantificada manualmente e o VVP ajustado; o tamanho reduzido da amostra poderia explicar essa falta de correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. Quarto, este novo par&#226;metro precisa ser avaliado em outros estudos multic&#234;ntricos e prospectivos. Em quinto lugar, nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o, apenas os par&#226;metros da angio-CT foram analisados, a inclus&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros como escore PESI, troponina, NT-proBNP, junto com os achados da imagem dentro de algoritmos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de EPA precisa ser futuramente investigado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Sexto, a detec&#231;&#227;o de vasos pelo programa &#233; baseada n&#227;o apenas em valores de atenua&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m na an&#225;lise tridimensional da anatomia vascular; a presen&#231;a de opacidades pulmonares n&#227;o impede a an&#225;lise correta do VVP. O algoritmo de segmenta&#231;&#227;o da Yacta &#233; muito robusto e eficaz, porque utiliza ferramentas diferentes para identificar os pulm&#245;es, as vias a&#233;reas e os vasos. O que pode alterar a vasculatura pulmonar &#233; a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a das vias a&#233;reas e enfisema, que pode levar &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o hip&#243;xica ou destrui&#231;&#227;o vascular, confundindo com trombose/embolia. Apesar disso, nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o teve uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Finalmente, a mortalidade por todas as causas foi o desfecho avaliado; contudo, n&#227;o necessariamente secund&#225;ria &#224; EPA, mas, na maioria das investiga&#231;&#245;es que avaliaram os par&#226;metros da angio-CT, apenas a mortalidade por todas as causas foi avaliada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O VVP ajustado estimado pelo <italic>software</italic> Yacta parece ser uma ferramenta promissora para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica ap&#243;s EPA, principalmente quando comparado a outros par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos cl&#225;ssicos da angio-CT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pulmonary Vascular Volume Estimated by Automated Software is a Mortality Predictor after Acute Pulmonary Embolism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soriano</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7160-4691</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel Koenigkam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6433-4849</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wada</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilalva</surname>
            <given-names>Kelvin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Talita Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weinheimer</surname>
            <given-names>Oliver</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muglia</surname>
            <given-names>Valdair Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Radiologia do Departamento de Imagens M&#233;dicas, Hematologia e Oncologia Cl&#237;nica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Heidelberg</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University Hospital Heidelberg - Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC) - German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Heidelberg &#8211; Germany</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Henrique Miranda</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rua Bernardino de Campos, 1000. Postal Code <postal-code>14040-900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Miranda CH; Acquisition of data: Soriano L, Vilalva K, Castro TT, Wada DT; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Santos MK, Miranda CH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos MK, Weinheimer O, Muglia V, Pazin Filho A, Miranda CH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) has a variable clinical outcome. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the gold standard for this diagnosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate if the pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) quantified by automated software is a mortality predictor after APE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective cohort study where the CTPA imaging of 61 patients with APE was reanalyzed. Pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) and pulmonary volume (PV) were automatically estimated using the Yacta software. We calculated the adjusted PVV by the ratio: PVV(cm<sup>3</sup>)/PV(liters). Classical prognostic CTPA parameters (clot load index, right ventricle/left ventricle diameter ratio, pulmonary artery/aorta diameter ratio, ventricular septal bowing, pulmonary infarction and reflux of contrast into the hepatic vein) were assessed. The outcome assessed was one-month mortality. We considered a p-value &lt;0.05 as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Seven deaths (11%) occurred at one month among these 61 patients. PVV&lt;23cm<sup>3</sup>/L was an independent predictor of one-month mortality in the univariate [odds ratio (OR): 26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3-244; p=0.004] and multivariate analyses [adjusted OR: 19; 95%CI: 1.3-270; p=0.03]. The classical CTPA parameters were not associated with one-month mortality in this sample. The PVV&lt;23cm<sup>3</sup>/L showed a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 82%, a negative predictive value of 94% and a positive predictive value of 64% to identify the patients who died.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>PVV&lt;23cm<sup>3</sup>/L was an independent predictor of one-month mortality after APE. This parameter showed better prognostic performance than other classical CTPA findings. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(5):809-818)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography Computed</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a significant cause of dyspnea and chest pain in the emergency department.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The prognosis after an event is extremely variable. The majority of patients have an excellent clinical course. However, some patients may have a catastrophic clinical course developing into circulatory shock, cardiac arrest, and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Due to this heterogeneous clinical presentation, some parameters are used for prognostic stratification to allow more intensive surveillance among patients with a higher probability of complications. Currently, computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the gold standard among diagnostic methods. Because of this, CTPA parameters are assessed to help in the prognostic stratification and the decision-making regarding the treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The most frequent CTPA parameter used for prognostic stratification is the right ventricle enlargement, which is mainly identified through the right ventricle/left ventricle (LV) diameter ratio&#8805;1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The clot load index, manually quantified as described by Qanadli, when higher than 40% aids to identify patients with right ventricular dilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> However, in clinical practice, these isolated parameters have a weak association with mortality and shock development. Because of this, the guidelines recommend that these parameters should not be used alone and only combined with other prognostic markers, such as troponin and N-terminal pro&#8211;B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The objective of this investigation was to assess if fully automatic pulmonary vascular volume quantification using CTPA is a mortality predictor after APE and to compare its prognostic performance with other classical CTPA parameters in predicting the one-month mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Single-center, retrospective cohort study that included patients with a primary diagnosis of APE admitted to our emergency department. Our hospital is exclusively dedicated to high-complexity emergency, and it has around 3000 medical appointments per month. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of our institution and followed the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>Medical records of adult patients (&gt;18 years old) admitted from January 2009 to December 2015 were reviewed. These patients had a primary diagnosis of APE, registered at hospital discharge through the codes I26.0 (pulmonary embolism with acute cor pulmonale) and I26.9 (pulmonary embolism without acute cor pulmonale), according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The definitive diagnosis of APE was defined as the presence of compatible clinical condition associated with at least one criteria, which could be: CTPA with filling defects; or pulmonary ventilation and perfusion scintigraphy with perfusion defects in ventilated areas (high probability); or conventional pulmonary angiography with intraluminal filling defect; or lower-limb ultrasonography compatible with deep vein thrombosis; or necropsy with high thrombotic load in the pulmonary artery without evidence for other alternative diagnoses.</p>
          <p>Demographic and clinical data were obtained by reviewing medical records. We used the diagnosis reported by the patient and included in the medical record. The outcome evaluated in this investigation was one-month all-cause mortality. For those patients who were discharged before completing 30 days, a nurse from the clinical research unit of our institution, who was trained to evaluate survival, made a telephone call, and when the occurrence of death was verified, the date of the event was requested.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CTPA technique and interpretation</title>
          <p>CTPA was performed using multidetector CT (MDCT) scanners, and volumetric images were obtained after intravenous administration of iodinated contrast using a single bolus injection followed by a flush of saline solution and a bolus detection technique to identify pulmonary artery enhancement. Other typical parameters used were: slice thickness &#8804; 2.5 mm, reconstruction interval of 1 mm, kVp of 120, mAs reference of 150-220, gantry rotation of 0.3 to 0.7s. Volumetric acquisitions were reconstructed with soft and hard filters. Two chest radiologists reanalyzed the images after retrieving them using the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) format, in calibrated and dedicated workstations. Both radiologists were blind to the clinical evolution of these patients.</p>
          <p>We analyzed the classical prognostic parameters of CTPA described in the medical literature. RV/LV axial diameter ratio was obtained by measuring the short axes of the ventricles in the axial plane at their posterior third. An RV/LV diameter cutoff ratio of 1 was used as recommended in the literature. The transverse diameter of the main pulmonary artery (PA) and the transverse diameter of the ascending aorta at the same level were measured. Ventricular septal bowing was considered if there was both septal flattening and septum deviation convex toward the left ventricle. The presence of contrast reflux into the hepatic veins was also assessed. The presence of pulmonary infarction was defined if a pleural-based parenchymal opacity with convex, bulging borders and linear strands directed from the apex towards the hilum was identified. The clot load index was calculated using the method described by Qanadli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> An index higher than 60% was considered to indicate a high embolic burden.</p>
          <p>The quantitative vascular analysis of CTPA imaging was carried out with the academic program Yacta (Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany), version 2.7. The Yacta software works entirely automatically, requiring no user intervention at any stage of the process. Imaging analysis lasts about 10 minutes. Initially, Yacta segments (anatomically separate) the airways, blood vessels, lungs and, their lobes, then supply lung volumes and densities, together with the volume of blood vessels. This software uses an attenuation coefficient of &#8722;500 HU as the standard threshold for detection of vessels. In lungs with modified attenuation coefficients, Yacta calculates a new threshold based on the histogram. Intrapulmonary voxels with coefficients above the calculated threshold are then marked as vessels, and vessels with three-dimensional communication larger than 100 mm<sup>3</sup> are considered in the analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Yacta software estimated the pulmonary volume (PV) in liters (L) and the pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) in cm<sup>3</sup>. Since the PVV has a variation according to lung size, we performed an adjustment through the ratio: PVV (cm<sup>3</sup>) /PV (L).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate the type of variable distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and the other variables were expressed as median and interquartile range (25<sup>th</sup> percentile, 75<sup>th</sup> percentile). The chi-square test was used to compare two categorical variables. The unpaired Student's T-test was used to compare two continuous variables with normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney test to compare two continuous variables with non-normal distribution. In the univariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) and its respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated for each parameter, followed by the chi-square test. For the multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model was used, with adjustment for the variables: age, pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI), respiratory rate, cardiac arrest, and circulatory shock. Spearman's rank test was used to evaluate the correlation between two continuous variables. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the prognostic accuracy of each CTPA parameter. We used the Youden index to determine the best cutoff point of the adjusted PVV to identify the patients who died. The cutoff point standardized in the medical literature was used for other CTPA parameters. In the survival analysis, the Kaplan-Meier curves were compared through the log-rank test. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The software STATA 13.1 (College Station, TX, USA) was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 231 individuals with suspected APE assessed in the emergency department, the diagnosis was confirmed in 123 patients (53%). The diagnosis was attained through the CTPA in 99 patients (80%). Considering the patients who underwent CTPA, the imaging was retrieved for reanalysis in 84 of them. Automated pulmonary vascular volume determination using the Yacta software was possible in 61 of these recovered image files. Flow charts of the patients included in this investigation and the reasons that made the Yacta analysis impossible are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow chart showing the criteria selection for the patients included in this investigation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The baseline characteristics of these 61 patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref>. Of these patients, 07 (11%) died in one month. When comparing non-survivors (n=7) with survivors (n=54), there were no significant differences between these two groups, except a higher respiratory rate in the non-survivors' group (31&#177;7 cycles/min vs. 33&#177;7 cycles/min, p=0.01).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the patients divided according to the one-month mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Survivors <break/>n=54</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Non-Survivors <break/>n=7</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Demographic data</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age, years (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">61&#177;17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age&gt;65years-old, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19(35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3(43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Gender male, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24(44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(29)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Clinical presentation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiac arrest, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(04)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Circulatory shock, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5(09)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Dyspnea, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46(85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hemoptysis, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Syncope, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13(24)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cough, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20(37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3(43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pleuritic chest pain, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17(31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4(57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fever, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Wells score, (median, 25<sup>th</sup>&#8722;75<sup>th</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.5 (3.0-7.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.0 (1.5-4.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PESI score, (median, 25<sup>th</sup>&#8722;75<sup>th</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78 (65-108)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">97 (95-108)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Symptom duration, days (median, 25<sup>th</sup>&#8722;75<sup>th</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3(1-6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(1-6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Predisposing factors</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Previous PE/DVT, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11(20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Active cancer, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4(07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Recent surgery, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Immobilization, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13(24)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fracture, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Previous stroke, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Contraceptive use, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Obesity, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23(43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3(43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Heart failure, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">COPD, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4(07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Thrombophilia, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5(09)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Physical examination</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Heart rate; bpm, (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">94&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">106&#177;23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Respiratory rate, cycles/min (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Respiratory rate &gt; 20 cycles/min, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36(67)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6(86)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SBP, mmHg (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">123&#177;28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">113&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DBP, mmHg (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">75&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69&#177;19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Laboratory tests</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Creatinine, mg/dL (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.08&#177;0.27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.16&#177;0.83</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin, g/dL (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Oxygen Saturation, % (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">92&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">87&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Troponin I, &#956;g/L (mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.16&#177;0.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.13&#177;0.12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">NT-proBNP, &#956;g/L(mean&#177;sd)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2604&#177;3040</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3433&#177;2343</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Treatment</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Thrombolytic, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14(26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(29)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Unfractionated heparin, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Low molecular weight heparin, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38(70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6(86)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.12</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>PESI: pulmonary embolism severity index; PE: pulmonary embolism; DVT: deep vein thrombosis, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure, NT-proBNP: N-terminal type B natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding the CTPA parameters analysis, the pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) and the adjusted PVV were significantly decreased in the non-survivors group in comparison to the survivor's group (56&#177;24 cm<sup>3</sup> vs. 88&#177;32 cm<sup>3</sup>, p=0.015 and 21&#177;6 cm<sup>3</sup>/L vs. 30&#177;7 cm<sup>3</sup>/L, p=0.001, respectively). The other parameters evaluated by the CTPA (clot load index, RV/LV axial diameter ratio, PA/Aorta diameter ratio, ventricular septal bowing, pulmonary infarction, and contrast reflux into the hepatic vein) did not differ significantly between these two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) findings divided according to the one-month survival rate</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Survivors <break/>n=54</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Non-survivors <break/>n=7</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Yacta parameters</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary volume (L), mean&#177;sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.91&#177;0.90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.73&#177;1.31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary vascular volume (cm<sup>3</sup>), mean&#177;sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">88&#177;32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">56&#177;24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Adjusted pulmonary vascular volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/L), mean&#177;sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Classical CTPA parameters</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Clot load index (%), mean&#177;sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">47&#177;21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40&#177;26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Central clot, n. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (09)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Bilateral clot, n. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45(83)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5(72)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Unilateral clot, n. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4(08)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RV/LV axial diameter ratio, mean&#177;sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.20&#177;0.36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.25&#177;0.28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RV/LV axial diameter ratio&gt;1, n.(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36(67)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6(86)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PA/Aorta diameter ratio, mean&#177;sd</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.91&#177;0.17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.91&#177;0.90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Ventricular septal bowing (VSB), n. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32(59)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5(71)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary infarction, n. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25(46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(29)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Reflux of contrast into the hepatic vein, n. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20(37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3(43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.76</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; PA: pulmonary artery</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The analysis using the area under the ROC curve (AUC), the 1/adjusted PVV showed the best prognostic accuracy performance with an AUC of 0.86 (95%CI: 0.68-1.00) compared to the other continuous variables [RV/LV diameter ratio with AUC of 0.56 (95%CI: 0.37-0.75), the PA/Aorta diameter with AUC of 0.55 (95%CI: 0.35-0.75) and the clot load index with AUC of 0.44 (95%CI: 0.16-0.74)], p&lt;0.01(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC-curves showing the prognostic performance of the continuous CTPA parameters (clot load index, RV/LV diameter ratio, PA/Aorta diameter ratio) compared to the adjusted PVV in predicting one-month mortality after APE. CTPA: computed tomographic pulmonary angiography; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; PA: pulmonary artery; PVV: pulmonary vascular volume; APE: acute pulmonary embolism.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The best cutoff point of the adjusted PVV to determine the one-month mortality was 23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L [sensitivity: 86%(95%CI: 42-99), specificity: 82%(95%CI: 69-91), positive predictive value: 64%(95%CI: 49-77) and negative predictive value: 94%(95%CI: 70-99)].</p>
        <p>In the univariate analysis, the adjusted PVV&lt;23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L [odds ratio (OR): 26 (95%CI: 3-244), p=0.004] and the respiratory rate [OR: 1.1(95%CI: 1.01-1.26), p=0.03] were the one-month mortality predictors. In the multivariate analysis, only the PVV&lt;23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L remained as an independent predictor of one-month mortality [adjusted OR: 19 (95%CI: 1.3-270), p=0.03]. The classical prognostic CTPA parameters were not associated with one-month mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Predictors of one-month mortality after APE in the univariate and multivariate analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="top">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="top">Multivariate</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">OR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top"/>
                <th align="center" valign="top">OR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Demographic/ clinical data</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.97- 1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Gender</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.09-2.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Active cancer</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.73-34.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Circulatory shock</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.60-25.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiac arrest</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.34-55.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Heart rate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.99-1.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Respiratory rate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.01-1.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.95-2.57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PESI score</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.99-1.00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Imaging</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Adjusted pulmonary vascular volume &#8804; 23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.0-244</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.004</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.3-279.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Clot load index</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.95-1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Clot load index &#8805; 40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.0-2.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Clot load index &#8805; 60%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.5-13.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RV/LV diameter ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2-12.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RV/LV diameter ratio &#8805;1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.3-26.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Ventricular septal bowing</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.3-9.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary infarction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.8-2.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Reflux of contrast into the hepatic vein</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2-6.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PESI: pulmonary embolism severity index; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the survival analysis, the PVV&lt;23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L was significantly associated with a higher mortality ratio [hazard ratio (HR): 21 (95%CI:2-193), p=0.0001] during the one-month follow-up(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curves comparing the one-month survival between the patients with adjusted pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) lower and higher than 23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The clot load index manually quantified according to the Qanadli description and the adjusted PVV quantified automatically through the Yacta software did not show a significant correlation [Rho=&#8722;0.22, p=0.09] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scatter plot showing the association between the adjusted pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) quantified through the Yacta software and the clot load index manually quantified according to Qanadli.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref> depicts the CTPA and the pulmonary vessel quantification imaging (Yacta software) examples in two patients with different clinical outcomes included in this investigation.</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Examples of fully automated pulmonary vascular quantification using the Yacta software in two different patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE). The first patient (survivor), man, 47 years old, was diagnosed with APE in the right lung (CTPA image in A) and after vascular segmentation and analysis (B) showed a pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) of 157 cm<sup>3</sup> and an adjusted PVV of 33.7 cm<sup>3</sup>/L. The second patient (non-survivor), woman, 75 years old, had a bilateral APE (CTPA image in D) and after lung (E) and vascular segmentation (F) showed a pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) of 19 cm<sup>3</sup> and an adjusted PVV of 12.8 cm<sup>3</sup>/L.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0809-90392-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Currently, CTPA is the most often used tool for APE diagnosis in the emergency department.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The development of parameters using CTPA to stratify the risk of complications in these patients is desirable and could help to individualize the treatment according to the severity of each presentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Our investigation showed that a fully automatic quantification of adjusted PVV in patients with APE was an independent predictor of one-month mortality. The prognostic performance of this new tool was superior to the classical prognostic CTPA parameters evaluated in this setting, such as the RV/LV diameter ratio and clot load index.</p>
        <p>The high rate of positive CTPA for APE (53%) in this investigation can be explained because the selection of patients was performed through the ICD code during the hospital discharge and, probably, in the majority of patients in whom the PE diagnosis was excluded through negative CTPA; the ICD of acute pulmonary embolism was not included during the discharge, and these patients were not identified.</p>
        <p>The RV/LV diameter ratio is a parameter that indirectly evaluates right ventricular dilation and RV dysfunction observed during the APE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Among the parameters obtained by the CTPA, the RV/LV diameter ratio is the most frequently evaluated in the scientific literature; despite this fact, there is lack of standardization regarding the technical aspects of its measurement and disagreements about the most appropriate cutoff point. Most of the studies used an RV/LV diameter ratio &#8805; 1 as abnormal.</p>
        <p>Isolated studies have not demonstrated the usefulness of RV/LV diameter ratio &#8805;1 in the prognostic stratification after APE. Coutance et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> analyzing the CTPA of 383 patients with this diagnosis, showed that the RV/LV diameter ratio &#8805;1 was not associated with mortality [OR: 1.54; 95%CI: 0.70-3.40], had a low sensitivity [46%; 95%CI: 27-66], a low specificity [59%; 95%CI: 54-64%] and low positive predictive value [08%; 95%CI: 5.0-14.0] in predicting the one-month mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Moroni et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> when analyzing 225 CTPA of patients with non-severe APE, observed that the RV/ LV diameter ratio &gt; 1 was only a predictor of mortality when associated with low embolic burden (&lt;40%), but in the multivariate analysis, the RV/LV diameter ratio &gt; 1 and the shape of interventricular septum were not associated with death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Kumamaru et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> retrospectively analyzed 1698 CTPAs in patients with APE. The traditionally evaluated parameters were also not associated with all-cause mortality at one month. The parameters assessed were: the location of the most proximal embolus (p=0.14), parenchymal infarction (p=0.90), RV&gt; LV diameter (p= 0.69), contrast reflux to the hepatic vein (p=0.40), bowing of the septum (p=0.40), and PA/Aorta diameter (p=0.93). On the other hand, nontraditional findings were predictors of mortality, such as pleural and pericardial effusion; lung, liver and bone lesion suggesting malignancy, ascites, etc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> These findings are probably much more related to the prognosis of associated diseases such as cancer than the APE itself. An investigation by van der Meer <italic>et al.</italic> also showed no association between the PA/Aorta diameter ratio (p=0.66) and the presence of ventricular septal bowing (p=0.20) with mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A recent meta-analysis involving a large number of patients was able to demonstrate the prognostic association of the RV/LV ratio after APE. When comparing 2612 patients with abnormal RV/LV diameter ratio with 2049 patients who had this parameter within the regular range, the increased RV/LV ratio showed to be associated with the one-month mortality in the analysis that included all patients [OR: 2.08; 95%CI: 1.63-2.66; p &lt;0.00001], and which included only patients with hemodynamic stability [OR: 1.64; 95%CI: 1.06-2.52; p=0.03].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In our investigation, the adjusted PVV&lt;23 cm<sup>3</sup>/L showed a better prognostic performance than the RV/LV diameter ratio.</p>
        <p>The pulmonary artery obstruction scores or clot load index obtained through CTPA were initially described by Qanadli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> in 2001. In this initial study, they compared CTPA findings with invasive pulmonary angiography and showed good agreement between the methods (r = 0.867, p &lt;0.0001) for the quantification of the obstruction degree. A clot load index &#8805; 40% identified more than 90% of patients with RV dilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In early studies, such as the ones by Wu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> and van der Meer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> the quantification of the pulmonary artery embolic obstruction was associated with mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> However, subsequent studies failed to demonstrate an association of these pulmonary artery obstruction scores with important clinical outcomes, such as mortality. Kong et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> analyzed these obstruction scores together with the presence of pulmonary perfusion defects in the CTPA of 55 patients stratified through clinical and laboratory tests as high, intermediate, and low-risk. The obstruction scores failed to differentiate these three groups adequately, and the quantification of perfusion defects showed a better performance to make this discrimination.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Atasoy et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> when analyzing the CTPA of 67 patients, observed that a clot load index &#8805; 40% was not associated with mortality [OR: 0.989; 95%CI: 0.95-1.03; p = 0.486].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Araoz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> evaluated 1193 CTPAs positive for APE, and observed that neither the thrombotic burden nor the RV/LV diameter ratio was associated with mortality, and only ventricular septal bowing was associated with mortality [OR: 1.97, p=0.05], albeit with very low sensitivity (18-21%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Even in patients with severe APE admitted to the intensive care unit, the clot load in the pulmonary artery using four different scoring systems was not associated with the mortality rate during the hospital stay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In our investigation, the clot load index was also not a predictor of one-month mortality, although they are interrelated variables; the adjusted PVV was an independent predictor of one-month mortality in these patients with APE. This fact could be explained by the technical troubles in the manual quantification of the clot load, which is mainly restricted to the evaluation of the larger-caliber vessels. The Yacta software allowed a better evaluation of the small-caliber vessel obstruction, and it could more adequately reflect the prognosis after APE.</p>
        <p>Some limitations of our study deserve to be considered. First, the Yacta software was not able to adequately measure pulmonary vascular volumes in 27% of patients, mainly due to the presence of artifacts. However, software improvements and enhancements in imaging acquisition may reduce this failure. The use of ECG-gated CTPA can improve the imaging quality and allow better performance of this software. Second, this investigation had a small sample size, and maybe it was underpowered to evaluate the predictive effect of the classical CTPA parameters, such as the RV/LV diameter ratio. However, even in this small sample size, the adjusted PVV was a strong predictor of mortality, leading to a possible understanding that this parameter had a better prognostic performance. Third, there was a statistical tendency in the correlation between the manually quantified clot load index and the adjusted PVV; the small sample size could explain this lack of significant correlation. Fourth, this new parameter needs to be evaluated in other multicenter and prospective studies. Fifth, in this investigation, only the CTPA parameters were analyzed, and the inclusion of these imaging findings in the APE management algorithm associated with other instruments, such as the pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI) and biomarkers such as troponin or NT-proBNP need to be further evaluated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Sixth, vessel detection by the program is based not only on attenuation values but also on the three-dimensional analysis of vascular anatomy; the presence of pulmonary opacities does not preclude the correct analysis of the vascular volume. The Yacta segmentation algorithm is very robust and effective because it uses different tools to identify the lungs, airways, and vessels. What can alter the pulmonary vasculature is the presence of airway disease and emphysema, which can lead to hypoxic vasoconstriction or vascular destruction, and can be confounded with thrombosis/embolism. Despite this fact, our investigation had a low prevalence of patients with COPD. Finally, all-cause mortality was the evaluated outcome, although not necessarily secondary to APE; however, in the majority of the studies that evaluated these CTPA parameters, only all-cause mortality was assessed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Adjusted PVV, estimated using the Yacta software, seems to be a promising tool for the prognostic stratification after APE, mainly when compared to other classical prognostic CTPA parameters.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
