<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pJPbTpM9BNnpcrDCgmrJLCs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001300801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Legado do Professor Eduardo Sosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca</bold> &#8226; Av. Joaquim Candido de Azevedo Marques, 1205. CEP <postal-code>05688-021</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>801</fpage>
      <lpage>806</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Eduardo Sosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrofisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas Eletrofisiol&#243;gicas/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas Eletrofisiol&#243;gicas Card&#237;acas/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Docentes/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Em 20 de junho de 2020, recebemos uma triste not&#237;cia: o falecimento do Professor Dr. Eduardo Argentino Sosa, Professor Associado de Cardiologia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o provocou grande consterna&#231;&#227;o em todos que o conheceram.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Breve Hist&#243;ria</title>
      <p>Eduardo Argentino Sosa nasceu em Corrientes, Argentina, em 25 de janeiro de 1942. Iniciou o curso de medicina na Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Nacional do Nordeste, na sua cidade natal; no entanto, devido &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o pol&#237;tica que afetava o funcionamento universit&#225;rio na Argentina de ent&#227;o, transferiu-se para a Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de C&#243;rdoba e, posteriormente, para a Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Nacional do Litoral, na cidade de Ros&#225;rio, onde concluiu o curso em abril de 1965.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Seu interesse pela cardiologia surgiu durante o internato, quando ficou fascinado pelos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos existentes, tais como eletrocardiografia, vetocardiografia, fonomecanocardiografia e cateterismo card&#237;aco, que se iniciava na &#233;poca. Da&#237; surgiu o seu primeiro trabalho cient&#237;fico, apresentado na 1&#7491; Jornada Nacional de Cardiologia da Federa&#231;&#227;o Argentina de Cardiologia, na cidade de Carlos Paz, em C&#243;rdoba, intitulado &#8220;Bloqueo de Rama Izquierda Intermitente. Estudo Fonogr&#225;fico e Poligr&#225;fico&#8221;. Logo foi contratado como m&#233;dico assistente do servi&#231;o de cardiologia, e l&#225; conheceu Miguel Barbero Marcial, que se tornaria seu amigo pessoal e mudaria o rumo de sua vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de 1966 e 1967, ainda em Ros&#225;rio, viajava semanalmente para Buenos Aires para aprender as t&#233;cnicas de cateterismo no Hospital Ramos Mejia, no servi&#231;o do Professor Blas Moia, e eletrocardiografia no Hospital de Salaberry, no servi&#231;o do Professor Marcelo Rosembaum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em uma dessas visitas conheceu o professor Dem&#233;trio Sodi Pallares, do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia do M&#233;xico, na &#233;poca, um dos centros de refer&#234;ncia mundial de pesquisa em cardiologia.</p>
      <p>Sosa planejava fazer a complementa&#231;&#227;o do seu treinamento no M&#233;xico. Contudo, seu amigo Miguel havia se mudado para S&#227;o Paulo e o convenceu a vir para o Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP). O motivo? Ele percebeu que havia uma verdadeira revolu&#231;&#227;o em andamento no tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares com os avan&#231;os da cirurgia cardiovascular, e encontrou no HC-FMUSP um grupo acad&#234;mico excepcional, que trabalhava com entusiasmo e inspira&#231;&#227;o, sob a coordena&#231;&#227;o dos Professores Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini e Luiz Venere D&#233;court.</p>
      <p>Sosa chegou em S&#227;o Paulo no dia 13 de fevereiro de 1968, sendo admitido de imediato no curso do Professor D&#233;court, um &#237;cone da cardiologia brasileira. Percebendo seu potencial acad&#234;mico, o Professor Giovanni Bellotti, assistente de D&#233;court, o &#8220;adotou&#8221; e o tornou um dos colaboradores da equipe que faria os primeiros transplantes de cora&#231;&#227;o na Am&#233;rica do Sul (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Por sua dedica&#231;&#227;o, recebeu convite para permanecer definitivamente no Brasil.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Foto de 1968 documentando a visita do Professor Christiaan Barnard em visita ao HC-FMUSP. Da direita para a esquerda, Professor Christiaan Barnard, Professor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, Eduardo Sosa, Noedir Stolf e colaboradores da &#233;poca.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Em 1972, teve seu diploma de m&#233;dico revalidado e, em 1974, foi contratado ap&#243;s concurso p&#250;blico, como m&#233;dico assistente na Segunda Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, passando a trabalhar com Giovanni Bellotti no Grupo de V&#225;lvulas. Assim, ingressou na Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia como respons&#225;vel pelos leitos daquele grupo.</p>
      <p>Sosa sempre teve grande comprometimento com o bem-estar do paciente e tamb&#233;m gostava de ensinar, motivando seus residentes e internos com interven&#231;&#245;es brilhantes. No entanto, n&#227;o se sentia completamente realizado, pois queria grandes desafios. Quem est&#225; tendo o primeiro contato com Sosa nessa homenagem perceber&#225; que estamos falando da cardiologia brasileira de quase 50 anos atr&#225;s. Tempo de poucos procedimentos, poucos medicamentos e muitas doen&#231;as, com conhecimentos muito mais limitados do que atualmente.</p>
      <p>Seu interesse pela eletrofisiologia surgiu ap&#243;s ter acesso ao trabalho pulicado por Scherlag et al., publicado em 1969, demonstrando a viabilidade do registro do eletrograma do feixe de His em humanos, por acesso vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> No ano seguinte, em conjunto com os professores Giovanni Bellotti, Jo&#227;o Tranchesi, Radi Macruz e Donaldo Pereira Garcia, conseguiu obter o primeiro registro do eletrograma do feixe de His no HC-FMUSP, e, em 1972, realizaram a primeira tentativa de cirurgia de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Um dia, em 1974, Bellotti procurou Sosa e o convocou para estudar eletrofisiologia na s&#237;ndrome de WPW para sua tese de doutorado. Tiveram ent&#227;o que aprender a analisar tra&#231;ados eletrofisiol&#243;gicos. Assim, Sosa foi apresentado a esse novo mundo com in&#250;meros desafios.</p>
      <p>O primeiro foi conversar com o Professor Antonio Paes de Carvalho, Professor Titular do Instituto de Biof&#237;sica e Fisiologia Carlos Chagas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), grande cientista, estudioso dos mecanismos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos das arritmias card&#237;acas em n&#237;vel experimental e reconhecido internacionalmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Com ele, Sosa foi aprender como obter e analisar os eletrogramas intracard&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>Depois de alguns dias fazia o primeiro estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico no HC, com Bellotti. O interessante &#233; que os primeiros tra&#231;ados eram rudimentares, com interfer&#234;ncias e deflex&#245;es por toda parte. Bellotti perguntava: &#8220;Sosa, qual &#233; o H?&#8221;; como havia tr&#234;s deflex&#245;es, a d&#250;vida n&#227;o foi solucionada, mas aprenderam que os registros deveriam ter menos interfer&#234;ncias para serem confi&#225;veis. Sosa, obstinado pela perfei&#231;&#227;o, elaborou meios de conseguir registros de alta qualidade para a &#233;poca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Registro eletrofisiol&#243;gico obtido no HC-FMUSP em 1970 documentando o efeito da infus&#227;o venosa de verapamil nos intervalos b&#225;sicos do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Em seguida, come&#231;aram os estudos dos pacientes para a tese de Bellotti. Eles passavam o dia induzindo taquicardias com est&#237;mulos induzidos por eletrodos, analisando tra&#231;ados e interpretando os achados. Ao final de cada estudo, sentiam uma satisfa&#231;&#227;o intensa pelos achados.</p>
      <p>Contudo, a maior surpresa ocorreu no dia da defesa da tese de Bellotti. No final da apresenta&#231;&#227;o a banca examinadora elogiou muito o trabalho inovador e encerrou a argui&#231;&#227;o em cerca de 20 minutos. At&#233; hoje, essa foi uma das defesas de tese de menor dura&#231;&#227;o da universidade, possivelmente porque a banca pouco ou nada sabia a respeito do assunto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em 1975, Bellotti foi nomeado chefe da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de cardiologia, no 6&#186; andar do HC. Nessa altura, Jos&#233; Antonio Frachini Ramires come&#231;ou a trabalhar com ele como assistente de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica e UTI de cardiologia. &#8220;Quando encontr&#225;vamos Sosa pelos corredores do hospital, com rolos de tra&#231;ados eletrofisiol&#243;gicos nos bra&#231;os, e caso ele quisesse nos mostrar algum detalhe, dever&#237;amos nos preparar para passar um longo tempo ajudando-o a desdobr&#225;-los, ver os registros e depois dobr&#225;-los novamente. Alguns assistentes da cl&#237;nica fugiam desses encontros&#8221;, lembra Ramires.</p>
      <p>Nessa ocasi&#227;o, Cesar Grupi juntou-se ao grupo, auxiliando-o na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos primeiros estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Naquela &#233;poca, os estudos foram realizados em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es, como em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio por sugest&#227;o do Professor Radi Macruz e avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito eletrofisiol&#243;gico dos f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos, como grandes novidades&#8230;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Com a transfer&#234;ncia da cardiologia para o Incor, que acabara de ser inaugurado, Sosa acumulou a lideran&#231;a do grupo de v&#225;lvulas e o embri&#227;o do grupo de arritmias. Por seu pedido, Bellotti e o Professor F&#250;lvio Pilleggi criaram dois grupos independentes: o de arritmia e o de valvopatias, que assim permanecem at&#233; os dias atuais.</p>
      <p>O laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia card&#237;aca foi estruturado em 1980, tornando-se fundamental para o desenvolvimento do tratamento intervencionista de v&#225;rias arritmias no Incor. Buscando aprimoramento para os seus procedimentos, Sosa e Miguel visitaram servi&#231;os nos EUA, em particular de Kenneth Rosen, em Chicago, e de Mark Josephson, na Filad&#233;lfia.</p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que, quando visitaram esses servi&#231;os, levavam na bagagem 10 cirurgias de WPW e 10 cirurgias de taquicardia ventricular, o que impressionou os professores locais, pois pouqu&#237;ssimos servi&#231;os americanos realizavam esses procedimentos na &#233;poca.</p>
      <p>Notavelmente, Sosa e Miguel mudaram o paradigma do tratamento de arritmias na doen&#231;a de Chagas, demonstrando que as taquicardias ventriculares sustentadas recorrentes eram circuitos reentrantes relacionados com cicatrizes, e podiam ser reproduzidas com estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada. Al&#233;m disso, mais importante, observaram que tais circuitos originavam-se com maior frequ&#234;ncia em uma cicatriz localizada na parede inferior, lateral e basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pois, at&#233; ent&#227;o, acreditava-se que o aneurisma apical, t&#227;o frequentemente em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, fosse o foco de tais arritmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A e B) Mapeamento intraoperat&#243;rio de um paciente com taquicardia ventricular recorrente secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia chag&#225;sica nos anos 1980. A) O acesso do mapeamento endoc&#225;rdico era pelo aneurisma apical. Note que o mapeamento ponto a ponto era realizado por eletrodos bipolares anexados em um dispositivo que permitia seu posicionamento direto pelo dedo do cirurgi&#227;o. B) Os registros eletrofisiol&#243;gicos documentam a sequ&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica da taquicardia ventricular induzida na cirurgia por estimula&#231;&#227;o programada.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ao longo dos anos 1980 e 1990, o programa de tratamento cir&#250;rgico para taquiarritmias atriais, supraventriculares e ventriculares progrediu intensamente, tornando o Incor um centro de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento cir&#250;rgico de taquiarritmias refrat&#225;rias e de treinamento de eletrofisiologistas e cirurgi&#245;es, n&#227;o somente do Brasil como da Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em 1982, Gallagher et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> publicaram a primeira experi&#234;ncia com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para induzir bloqueio atrioventricular total em pacientes com taquiarritmias supraventriculares intrat&#225;veis. Uma vez ciente desse novo avan&#231;o, Sosa conseguiu desenvolver conex&#245;es entre o desfibrilador e cateteres convencionais, com o aux&#237;lio de Adib Jatene.</p>
      <p>Em conjunto com Augusto Scalabrini e Silvio Barbosa, fizeram a primeira abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com sucesso, utilizando descarga el&#233;trica direta (fulgura&#231;&#227;o) para indu&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Esses procedimentos eram realizados com cateteres eletrodos convencionais, como ocorria nos poucos servi&#231;os internacionais que tamb&#233;m passaram a realiz&#225;-lo. Assim foi desenvolvido o primeiro laborat&#243;rio estruturado de eletrofisiologia intervencionista do Brasil, fruto de seu esp&#237;rito inovador.</p>
      <p>Durante sua gest&#227;o como diretor da unidade de arritmia, ainda nos anos 1980, Sosa estimulou o desenvolvimento da &#225;rea cl&#237;nica da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, contando com Martino Martinelli como assistente respons&#225;vel e Silvana d'&#211;rio e An&#237;sio Pedrosa como colaboradores, o que resultou na unidade de arritmias e marca-passo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Com a amplia&#231;&#227;o do InCor e aumento do n&#250;mero de salas de atendimento ambulatorial, no in&#237;cio dos anos 1990, Sosa incentivou a cria&#231;&#227;o do ambulat&#243;rio de s&#237;ncope acoplado ao laborat&#243;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica; o ambulat&#243;rio did&#225;tico; de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; de taquicardia ventricular e de gen&#233;tica, e contou com a colabora&#231;&#227;o de novos assistentes, Denise Hachul e Francisco Darrieux, que desenvolveram em conjunto um programa de extens&#227;o universit&#225;ria em arritmias cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Retornando aos anos 1970, Ramires recorda que em sua tese de mestrado sobre o tema do bloqueio auton&#244;mico em chag&#225;sicos, Sosa inspirou o uso de betabloqueadores em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Foi comprovado seu benef&#237;cio por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica mioc&#225;rdica e monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico &#224; beira do leito. A partir de ent&#227;o, foi introduzido o uso de betabloqueadores na rotina terap&#234;utica de ambas as patologias em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Seu grande interesse acad&#234;mico, no entanto, sempre foi a &#225;rea de eletrofisiologia intervencionista, na qual trabalhou intensamente com seu assistente, Mauricio Scanavacca. Formaram in&#250;meros eletrofisiologistas ao longo desses anos, atualmente respons&#225;veis por servi&#231;os de arritmia e eletrofisiologia n&#227;o somente do Brasil, mas tamb&#233;m no exterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em 1984, junto com os colegas cardiologistas envolvidos no tratamento de pacientes com arritmias card&#237;acas &#8211; em particular, Ivan Maia (no Rio de Janeiro), Adaberto Lorga (em S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto), Jo&#227;o Pimenta (no Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual) e Julio Gizzi (no Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia), ambos em S&#227;o Paulo &#8211;, fundaram o Grupo de Estudo de Arritmia, Eletrofisiologia e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial, embri&#227;o do que se tornaria o departamento de eletrofisiologia da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e, posteriormente, a Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas (SOBRAC) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4A e B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dois momentos do Dr. Sosa participando das reuni&#245;es cient&#237;ficas da especialidade. A) Ainda jovem, na primeira Jornada de Arritmias Card&#237;acas da SBC no Rio de janeiro, em 1984. B) J&#225; amadurecido, em meados dos anos 2000, em um dos congressos do Departamento de Arritmias Card&#237;acas da SBC.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Em meados dos anos 1990, o grande desafio enfrentado pela eletrofisiologia era conseguir melhores resultados na abla&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia ventricular (TV). Em nosso meio, esse desafio parecia maior em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s constatarem a baixa taxa de sucesso das abla&#231;&#245;es nesses pacientes, Sosa, Mauricio e o anestesista da equipe, Jo&#227;o Piccioni, desenvolveram a t&#233;cnica de mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica da taquicardia ventricular e demonstraram que os circuitos eram predominantemente epic&#225;rdicos nos pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). As observa&#231;&#245;es obtidas pelo grupo, nessa &#233;poca com a participa&#231;&#227;o de Andr&#233; D'&#193;vila, alcan&#231;aram o cen&#225;rio internacional, e a t&#233;cnica passou a ser utilizada em outros tipos de arritmias, al&#233;m da TV chag&#225;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,37</sup></p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Figuras da Capa do Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology de junho de 1996 divulgando o artigo que descreveu a t&#233;cnica de acesso percut&#226;neo do espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico. A. Acesso peric&#225;rdico por pun&#231;&#227;o subxifoide. B. Mapeamento epic&#225;rdico com cateter. C. Registros dos eletrogramas bipolares durante taquicardia ventricular em um paciente com doen&#231;a de Chagas demonstrando a presen&#231;a de um circuito epic&#225;rdico.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Desde ent&#227;o, os congressos das sociedades americanas e europeias de arritmia e cardiologia t&#234;m sido palco constante de apresenta&#231;&#245;es da t&#233;cnica de mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica, incluindo sess&#245;es exclusivamente dedicadas, muitas das quais presididas e moderadas pelos seus idealizadores.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do trabalho com os resultados da nova t&#233;cnica, in&#250;meros eletrofisiologistas europeus, latino-americanos e norte-americanos procuraram o Incor para um treinamento na t&#233;cnica na Unidade de Arritmia e Eletrofisiologia, a fim de implement&#225;-la em seus servi&#231;os, como a Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Universidade da Calif&#243;rnia, Stanford, Massachusetts General Hospital e v&#225;rios Centros de Refer&#234;ncia Europeus. Foi um dos momentos culminantes da obra do &#8220;insatisfeito&#8221; Sosa, que sempre buscava mais.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida de que Sosa criou uma escola com muitos disc&#237;pulos por todo o Brasil, Am&#233;rica Latina e outros continentes. Eduardo Argentino Sosa, argentino de nascimento e brasileiro de cora&#231;&#227;o, tinha vis&#227;o focada no infinito.</p>
      <p>Eduardo Sosa permanecer&#225; para sempre na lembran&#231;a de seus amigos, na hist&#243;ria do Incor e da cardiologia brasileira, e seu legado ser&#225; eternizado por seus disc&#237;pulos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Memorial apresentado para o concurso de professor Associado de Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-name>
          <year>2003</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Sosa EA. Memorial apresentado para o concurso de professor Associado de Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. S&#227;o Paulo: Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; 2003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scherlag</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kosowsky</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damato</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A technique for ventricular pacing from the His bundle of the intact heart</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>1967</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>584</fpage>
          <lpage>587</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Scherlag BJ, Kosowsky BD, Damato AN. A technique for ventricular pacing from the His bundle of the intact heart. J Appl Physiol. 1967;22(3):584-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Decourt</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macruz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zerbini</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tentativa de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em casos de s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1972</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <supplement>suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>123</fpage>
          <lpage>131</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Bellotti G, Decourt LV, Pileggi F, Sosa E, Garcia DP, Macruz R, Zerbini J. Tentativa de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em casos de s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Arq Bras Cardiol.1972: 25 (suppl 2):123-31</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paes de Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langan</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Two components of the cardiac action potential</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>1966</year>
          <volume>211</volume>
          <issue>5052</issue>
          <fpage>938</fpage>
          <lpage>940</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Paes de Carvalho AP, Hoffman BF, Langan WB. Two components of the cardiac action potential. Nature. 1966;211(5052):938-40.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Comportamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico das vias de condu&#231;&#227;o &#225;trioventricular na s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White</source>
          <comment>tese de Livre Doc&#234;ncia</comment>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Universidade De S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina</publisher-name>
          <year>1974</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Bellotti G. Comportamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico das vias de condu&#231;&#227;o &#225;trioventricular na s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White. [tese de Livre Doc&#234;ncia]. S&#227;o Paulo: Universidade De S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina; 1974.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#233;court</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galiano</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gruppi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrogram of the bundle of His in the study of cardiac arrhythmias. Considerations of 4 cases</article-title>
          <source>Rev Hosp Clin</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <fpage>229</fpage>
          <lpage>237</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. D&#233;court LV, Bellotti G, Sosa E, Pileggi F, Galiano N, Gruppi C, et al. Electrogram of the bundle of His in the study of cardiac arrhythmias. Considerations of 4 cases. Rev Hosp Clin. 1976;31:229-37.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grupi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camargo</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estudo da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular com estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes sem cardiopatias e machado Guerreiro positivo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <supplement>supl</supplement>
          <fpage>234</fpage>
          <lpage>234</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Grupi C, Pileggi F, Sosa E, Bellotti G, Camargo PR, Garcia DP, et al. Estudo da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular com estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes sem cardiopatias e machado Guerreiro positivo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1976;29(supl):234.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galiano</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gruppi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camargo</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accelerated atrioventricular conduction in acute myocardial infarct; electrophysiologic study and cinecoronariographic correlation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1977</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Pileggi F, Bellotti G, Sosa E,Galiano N, Gruppi C, Camargo PR, et al. Accelerated atrioventricular conduction in acute myocardial infarct; electrophysiologic study and cinecoronariographic correlation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1977; 30(2):97-103.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grupi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanzini</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#233;court</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrophysiological properties of propafenon evaluated by the technic of the bundle of His electrogram</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Sosa E, Pileggi F, Grupi C, Garcia D, Vanzini P, D&#233;court LV. Electrophysiological properties of propafenon evaluated by the technic of the bundle of His electrogram. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1981;36(1):7-15</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ari&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scalabrini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roma</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Taquicardia ventricular: tratamento cir&#250;rgico dirigido. Experi&#234;ncia inicial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <fpage>449</fpage>
          <lpage>454</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Sosa E, Marcial MB, Pileggi F, Ari&#233; S, Scalabrini A, Roma L, et al. Taquicardia ventricular: tratamento cir&#250;rgico dirigido. Experi&#234;ncia inicial. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1982;38:449-54.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verginelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ari&#234;</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scalabrini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgical treatment of the paroxysmal tachycardia in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Marcial MB, Sosa EA, Pileggi F, Verginelli G, Ari&#234; S, Scalabrini A, et al. Surgical treatment of the paroxysmal tachycardia in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1982;38(1):33-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belloti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Consolim</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgical treatment of nodal reentry tachycardia. Initial experiences</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>397</fpage>
          <lpage>401</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12. Sosa E, Marcial MB, Scanavacca ML, Belloti G, Pileggi F, Consolim FM, et al. Surgical treatment of nodal reentry tachycardia. Initial experiences. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1988;51(5):397-401.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Consolim</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbag</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The surgical treatment of nodal reentry tachycardia. The late results</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13. Scanavacca MI, Sosa E, Marcial MB, Consolim FM, Sabbag LM, Bellotti G, et al. The surgical treatment of nodal reentry tachycardia. The late results. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1992;59(2):99-103.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incessant ectopic atrial tachycardia and sudden death</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>764</fpage>
          <lpage>767</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14. Sosa E, Marcial MB, Scanavacca M, Bellotti G, Pileggi F. Incessant ectopic atrial tachycardia and sudden death.. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1991;14(5):764-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaeriyama</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recurrent ventricular tachycardia associated with postinfarction aneurysm. Results of left ventricular reconstruction</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>855</fpage>
          <lpage>860</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15. Sosa E, Jatene A, Kaeriyama JV, Scanavacca M, Marcial MB, Bellotti G, et al. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia associated with postinfarction aneurysm. Results of left ventricular reconstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103(5):855-60.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gallagher</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svenson</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasell</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>German</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bardy</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broughton</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Catheter technique for closed-chest ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>306</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>194</fpage>
          <lpage>200</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16. Gallagher JJ, Svenson RH, Kasell JH, German LD, Bardy GH, Broughton A, et al. Catheter technique for closed-chest ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system. N Engl J Med. 1982;306(4):194-200.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scalabrini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grupi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mangioni</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tratamento da taquicardia atrial refrat&#225;ria com eletrofulgura&#231;&#227;o: indu&#231;&#227;o de BAVT com choque endoc&#225;rdico</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>414</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17. Sosa E, Scalabrini A, Barbosa S, Grupi C, Mangioni J, Jatene A, et al. Tratamento da taquicardia atrial refrat&#225;ria com eletrofulgura&#231;&#227;o: indu&#231;&#227;o de BAVT com choque endoc&#225;rdico. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1984;42:411-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Orio</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadalin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pacemaker with mechanical sensors. Accumulated experience in long-term follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>189</fpage>
          <lpage>194</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18. Martinelli Filho M, D'Orio SD, Nadalin E, Siqueira SF, Costa R, Scanavacca M, et al. Pacemaker with mechanical sensors. Accumulated experience in long-term follow-up. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1990;55(3):189-94.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishioka</surname>
              <given-names>SAD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamaki</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biventricular pacing improves clinical behavior and reduces prevalence of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>110</fpage>
          <lpage>113</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19. Martinelli Filho M, Pedrosa AA, Costa R, Nishioka SAD, Siqueira SF, Tamaki WT, et al. Biventricular pacing improves clinical behavior and reduces prevalence of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;78(1):110-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hachul</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbero-Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial dysfunction secondary to persistent tachycardia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>319</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20. Hachul DT, Sosa EA, Barbero-Marcial M, Scanavacca M, Bellotti G, Pileggi F, et al. Myocardial dysfunction secondary to persistent tachycardia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1989;53(6):317-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hachul</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Consolim</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic value of the tilt test in the evaluation of syncope of unknown acute phase of myocardial infarct</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>113</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21. Hachul D, Sosa EA, Consolim F, Magalh&#227;es L, Scanavacca M, Martinelli M, et al. Diagnostic value of the tilt test in the evaluation of syncope of unknown acute phase of myocardial infarct. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1976;29(2):113-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrara</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramires</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of carvedilol (beta 1, beta 2, alpha 1 bloker) on refractory congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22. Bocchi EA, Bacal F, Bellotti G, Carrara D, Ramires JA. Effects of carvedilol (beta 1, beta 2, alpha 1 bloker) on refractory congestive heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1998;71(2):169-73.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Serrano</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fenelon</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piegas</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montenegro</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian guidelines on platelet antiaggregants and anticoagulants in cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 3</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23. Serrano Jr CV, Fenelon G, Soeiro AM, Nicolau JC, Piegas LS, Montenegro ST, et al. Brazilian guidelines on platelet antiaggregants and anticoagulants in cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(3 Suppl 3):1-95.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>MJO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cintra</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saad</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorga</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Executive Summary of the II Brazilian Guidelines for Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>501</fpage>
          <lpage>508</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24. Magalh&#227;es LP, Figueiredo MJO, Cintra FD, Saad EB. Kuniyoshi RR, Lorga Filho AM, et al. Executive Summary of the II Brazilian Guidelines for Atrial Fibrillation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(6):501-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mateos</surname>
              <given-names>JCP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid sinus massage in syncope evaluation: a nonspecific and dubious diagnostic method</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>84</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25. Mateos JCP. Carotid sinus massage in syncope evaluation: a nonspecific and dubious diagnostic method. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(1):84-91.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pena</surname>
              <given-names>JLB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sternick</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How echocardiographic deformation indices can distinguish different types of left ventricular hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>758</fpage>
          <lpage>759</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26. Pena JLB, Santos WC, Ara&#250;jo SA, Dias GM, Sternick EB. How echocardiographic deformation indices can distinguish different types of left ventricular hypertrophy. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(5):758-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Odozynski</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forno</surname>
              <given-names>ARJD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>d'Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation catheter ablation outcome depends on pulmonary veins anatomy</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>824</fpage>
          <lpage>830</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27. Odozynski G, Forno ARJD, Lewandowski A, Nascimento HG, d'Avila A. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation catheter ablation outcome depends on pulmonary veins anatomy. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(6):824-30.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pisani</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous occlusion of left atrial appendage: growing clinical experience and lack of multicenter randomized clinical trials</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>722</fpage>
          <lpage>724</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28. Pisani CF, Scanavacca M. Percutaneous occlusion of left atrial appendage: growing clinical experience and lack of multicenter randomized clinical trials. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;113(4):722-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Futuro</surname>
              <given-names>GMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mer&#231;on</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agrizzi</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elias</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation under uninterrupted rivaroxaban use</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>435</fpage>
          <lpage>442</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29. Silva MA, Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES, Vasconcelos D, Agrizzi RS, Elias Neto J, et al. Safety of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation under uninterrupted rivaroxaban use. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(3):435-42.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aryana</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tung</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>d'Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous epicardial approach to catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30. Aryana A, Tung R, d'Avila A. Percutaneous epicardial approach to catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6(1):1-20.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>d'Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pillegi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A new technique to perform epicardial mapping in the electrophysiology laboratory</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>536</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31. Sosa E, Scanavacca M, d'Avila A, Pillegi F. A new technique to perform epicardial mapping in the electrophysiology laboratory. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1996;7(6):531-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccioni</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velarde</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endocardial and epicardial ablation guided by nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial mapping to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>229</fpage>
          <lpage>239</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32. Sosa E, Scanavacca M, D'Avila A, Piccioni J, Sanchez O, Velarde JL, et al. Endocardial and epicardial ablation guided by nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial mapping to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9(3):229-39.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilleggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia guided by nonsurgical epicardial mapping in chronic chagasic heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1 Pt 1</issue>
          <fpage>128</fpage>
          <lpage>130</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33. Sosa E, Scanavacca M, D'Avila A, Bellotti G, Pilleggi F. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia guided by nonsurgical epicardial mapping in chronic chagasic heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22(1 Pt 1):128-30.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>d'Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Different ways of approaching the normal pericardial space</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>e115</fpage>
          <lpage>e116</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34. Sosa E, Scanavacca M, d'Avila A. Different ways of approaching the normal pericardial space. Circulation. 1999;100(24):e115-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>d'Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramires</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial catheter ablation to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia occurring late after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1442</fpage>
          <lpage>1449</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>35. Sosa E, Scanavacca M, d'Avila A, Oliveira F, Ramires JA. Nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial catheter ablation to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia occurring late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(6):1442-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boyle</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shivkumar</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epicardial interventions in electrophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1752</fpage>
          <lpage>1769</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>36. Boyle NG, Shivkumar K. Epicardial interventions in electrophysiology. Circulation. 2012;126(14):1752-69.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The legacy of Prof. Eduardo Sosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca</bold> &#8226; Av. Joaquim Candido de Azevedo Marques, 1205. Postal Code <postal-code>05688-021</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Eduardo Sosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrophysiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrophysiologic Techniques Cardiac/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Research Personnel</kwd>
        <kwd>Faculty/history</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>On June 20, 2020, we received some sad news: the death of Professor Dr. Eduardo Argentino Sosa, Associate Professor of Cardiology at Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. This information filled everyone who knew him with deep sadness.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>A Short Background</title>
        <p>Eduardo Argentino Sosa was born in Corrientes, Argentina, on January 25, 1942. He started a medical course at the School of Medical Sciences of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, in his hometown, but due to the political situation that affected the university in Argentina at that time, he transferred to the School of Medical Sciences of C&#243;rdoba and later to the School of Medical Sciences of Universidad Nacional del Litoral, in the city of Ros&#225;rio, where he completed studies in April 1965.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>His interest in cardiology arose during his internship, when he was fascinated by the existing diagnostic methods, such as electrocardiography, vetocardiography, phono-cardiography and cardiac catheterization, which began at the time. Hence his first scientific study, presented at the 1<sup>st</sup> National Cardiology Day at the Argentine Federation of Cardiology, in the city of Carlos Paz, in C&#243;rdoba, entitled &#8220;Intermittent Left Branch Block. Phonographic and Polygraphic Study.&#8221; He was soon hired as an assistant physician in the cardiology service, where he met Miguel Barbero Marcial, who later became his personal friend and changed the course of his life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>From 1966 to 1967, still in Rosario, he traveled weekly to Buenos Aires to learn the techniques of catheterization at Hospital Ramos Mejia, at the service of Professor Blas Moia and Electrocardiography at Hospital de Salaberry, at the service of Professor Marcelo Rosembaum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>On one of those visits, he met Professor Dem&#233;trio Sodi Pallares, from the National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico, at the time a world reference center in cardiology research.</p>
        <p>Sosa planned to further develop his education in Mexico. However, his friend Miguel had moved to S&#227;o Paulo and convinced him to come to Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, School of Medicine of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP). The reason? He realized that there was an actual revolution underway in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, with the advances of cardiovascular surgery and found in HC-FMUSP an exceptional academic group that worked with enthusiasm and inspiration, coordinated by Professors Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini and Luis Venere D&#233;court.</p>
        <p>Sosa arrived in S&#227;o Paulo on February 13, 1968, and was immediately admitted to the course of Prof. D&#233;court, an icon of Brazilian cardiology. Noticing his academic potential, Professor Giovanni Bellotti, assistant to D&#233;court, &#8220;adopted&#8221; him and made him one of the members of the team that did the first heart transplants in South America. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>) For his dedication, he was invited to stay permanently in Brazil.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photo from 1968 documenting Prof. Christiaan Barnard visiting Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of FMUSP. From right to left, Professor Christiaan Barnard, Professor Euriclides de Jesus Zerbini, Eduardo Sosa, Noedir Stolf and contributors of the time.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In 1972, he had his medical diploma revalidated and, in 1974, he was hired through a public examination as an assistant physician at Segunda Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas and started to work with Giovanni Bellotti in the Valves Group. He was then practicing Cardiology and was responsible for the patients seen in that group.</p>
        <p>Sosa has always had a strong commitment to the patients' well-being and also enjoyed teaching and motivating residents and interns with brilliant interventions. However, he did not feel completely fulfilled, as he wanted great challenges. Whoever is having the first contact with Sosa in this tribute will realize that we are talking about Brazilian cardiology of almost 50 years ago. A time of few procedures, few medications and many diseases, with much more limited knowledge than today.</p>
        <p>His interest in electrophysiology emerged after he had access to the study published by Scherlag et al. in 1969, demonstrating the feasibility of recording His bundle-electrogram in humans through vascular access.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In the following year, with professors Giovanni Bellotti, Jo&#227;o Tranchesi, Radi Macruz and Donaldo Pereira Garcia, he managed to get the first His bundle-electrogram recording at HC-FMUSP and, in 1972, they made the first attempt at the surgical treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>One day, in 1974, Bellotti contacted Sosa and invited him to study electrophysiology in the WPW Syndrome for his doctoral thesis. They then had to learn to analyze electrophysiological tracings. Sosa was then introduced to this new world with countless challenges.</p>
        <p>The first was to talk to Prof. Antonio Paes de Carvalho, Full Professor at Instituto de Biof&#237;sica e Fisiologia Carlos Chagas at UFRJ, great scientist and researcher of the electrophysiological mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias at an experimental level, and internationally recognized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> With him, Sosa went to learn how to obtain and analyze intracardiac electrograms.</p>
        <p>After a few days, he did the first electrophysiological study at HC, with Bellotti. Interestingly, the first tracings were rudimentary, with interferences and deflections everywhere. Bellotti would ask: &#8220;Sosa, what's the H?&#8221; &#8212; as there were three deflections, the question remained unanswered. But they learned that records should have less interference to be reliable. Sosa, in his pursuit of perfection, devised ways to achieve high-quality records for the time. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrophysiological record taken at HC-FMUSP in 1970, documenting the effect of venous infusion of verapamil on the basic intervals of the conduction system.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Then, patient studies for Bellotti's thesis begin. They would spend the day inducing tachycardias with electrode-induced stimuli, analyzing tracings and interpreting the findings. At the end of each study, they felt deep satisfaction with the findings.</p>
        <p>But the biggest surprise occurred on the day of Bellotti's thesis presentation. At the end of the presentation, the examiners praised the innovative study and wrapped up the questions &amp; answers session in about 20 minutes. To date, this has been one of the University's shortest thesis presentations, possibly because the examiners knew little or nothing about the subject.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In 1975, Bellotti was appointed head of the Cardiology ICU, on the 6<sup>th</sup> floor of HC. At that time, Jos&#233; Antonio Frachini Ramires started to work with him as an assistant of Internal Medicine and Cardiology ICU. &#8220;When we met Sosa in the corridors of the Hospital, with electrophysiological sheets in his hands, if he wanted to show us any details, we should be prepared to spend a long time helping him to unfold them, see the records and then fold them back again. Some assistants from the clinic escaped these meetings,&#8221; Ramires says.</p>
        <p>On that occasion, Cesar Grupi joined the group, helping him to carry out the first electrophysiological studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> At that time, the studies were carried out under different conditions, such as in patients with acute myocardial infarction, as suggested by Prof. Radi Macruz and evaluation of the electrophysiological effect of antiarrhythmic drugs as some great news&#8230;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>With the transfer of Cardiology to Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, which had just been opened, Sosa served as head of the valve group and the incipient arrhythmia group. At his request, Bellotti and Prof. F&#250;lvio Pilleggi created two independent groups: the Arrhythmia Group and the Valvular Heart Disease Group, which remain so until today.</p>
        <p>The cardiac electrophysiology laboratory was structured in 1980, becoming a key piece in the development of interventional treatment of various arrhythmias at Incor. Seeking improvement in their procedures, both visited services in the United States, particularly Kenneth Rosen's in Chicago and Mark Josephson's in Philadelphia.</p>
        <p>It is worth noting that when they visited these services, they had done 10 WPW surgeries and 10 ventricular tachycardia surgeries, which impressed the local professors, as very few American services performed these procedures at the time.</p>
        <p>Notably, Sosa and Miguel changed the paradigm of arrhythmia treatment in Chagas' disease, demonstrating that the recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardias were reentrant circuits related to scarring, and could be reproduced with programmed ventricular stimulation. More importantly, they observed that such circuits originated more frequently in a scar located in the lower, lateral and basal left ventricular wall, as, until then, it was believed that the apical aneurysm, so frequent in patients with Chagas disease, were the focus of such arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A and B) Intraoperative mapping of a patient with recurrent ventricular tachycardia secondary to Chagas' heart disease in the 1980s. A) Access for endocardial mapping was through the apical aneurysm. Note that point-to-point mapping was performed by bipolar electrodes attached to a device that allowed its direct positioning by the surgeon's finger. B) Electrophysiological records document the endocardial activation sequence of ventricular tachycardia induced in surgery by programmed stimulation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the surgical treatment program for atrial, supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias progressed intensely, making Incor a reference center for the surgical treatment of refractory tachyarrhythmia and for the education of electrophysiologists and surgeons, not only from Brazil, but also from Latin America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In 1982, Gallagher et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> published the first experience with catheter ablation to induce total atrioventricular block in patients with intractable supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Once aware of this innovation, Sosa was able to develop connections between defibrillators and conventional catheters, with the help of Adib Jatene.</p>
        <p>With Augusto Scalabrini and Silvio Barbosa, they performed the first catheter ablation successfully, using direct electrical discharge (Fulguration) to induce complete atrioventricular block (CHB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> These procedures were performed with conventional electrode catheters, as in the few international services that also began to perform it. It was then that the first structured laboratory of Interventional Electrophysiology was developed in Brazil, as a result of his innovative spirit.</p>
        <p>During his administration as director of the Arrhythmia Unit, still in the 1980s, Sosa encouraged the development of the clinical practice of artificial cardiac stimulation with Martino Martinelli as an assistant and Silvana d'&#211;rio and An&#237;sio Pedrosa as contributors, which resulted in the Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Unit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>With the expansion of InCor and an increased number of outpatient care rooms, in the early 90s, Sosa encouraged the creation of a syncope clinic attached to an autonomic evaluation laboratory; a teaching clinic; atrial fibrillation; ventricular tachycardia and genetics, and was helped by new assistants, Denise Hachul and Francisco Darrieux, who jointly developed a university extension program in clinical arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Returning to the 70s, Ramires says that in his master's thesis on the topic of autonomic block in Chagas' disease patients, Sosa inspired the use of beta-blockers in patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Its benefit was proven through myocardial metabolic assessment and hemodynamic monitoring at the bedside. Since then, the use of beta-blockers was introduced in the therapeutic routine of both pathologies at our institution.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>But his great academic interest has always been interventional electrophysiology, on which he worked intensively with his assistant Mauricio Scanavacca. They trained countless electrophysiologists over the years, now responsible for arrhythmia and electrophysiology services not only in Brazil, but also abroad.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In 1984, with fellow cardiologists involved in the treatment of patients with cardiac arrhythmias, particularly Ivan Maia in Rio de Janeiro, Adaberto Lorga in S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, Jo&#227;o Pimenta at Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual and Julio Gizzi at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, both in S&#227;o Paulo, founded the Arrhythmia, Electrophysiology and Artificial Cardiac Stimulation Study Group, embryo of what later became the electrophysiology department of SBC and later the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4 A and B</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Two moments of Dr. Sosa participating in the scientific meetings of the specialty. A: Still young, at the first SBC Day of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Rio de Janeiro in 1984 and B: older in the mid-2000s, in one of the congresses of the Department of Cardiac Arrhythmias of SBC.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In the mid-90s, a significant challenge faced by electrophysiology was achieving better results in the ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT). In our community, this challenge seemed to be greater in patients with Chagas' heart disease.</p>
        <p>Noting the low rate of ablation success in these patients, Sosa, Mauricio and the anesthesiologist from Jo&#227;o Piccioni's team developed the technique for mapping and epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardia and demonstrated that the circuits were predominantly epicardial in patients with Chagas' heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>) The group's findings, at that time with the participation of Andr&#233; D'Avila, reached the international scene and the technique started to be used in other types of arrhythmias, in addition to Chagas' disease VT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,37</sup></p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Figures from the cover of the Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology of June 1996, promoting the article that described the technique of percutaneous access to the pericardial space. A: Pericardial access by subxiphoid puncture; B: epicardial mapping with catheter; C: records of bipolar electrograms during ventricular tachycardia in a patient with Chagas' disease demonstrating the presence of an epicardial circuit.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-115-05-0801-01080-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Since then, congresses of the American and European arrhythmia and cardiology societies have been a constant stage for presentations of epicardial mapping and ablation, including dedicated sessions, many of which are chaired and moderated by their creators.</p>
        <p>After the publication of a study with findings from the new technique, a number of European, Latin American and North American electrophysiologists contacted InCor to learn the technique at the Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, in order to implement it in their services, such as Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, University of California, Stanford, Massachusetts General Hospital and several European Reference Centers. This was one of the peaks in the study by &#8220;discontented&#8221; Sosa, who was always looking for more.</p>
        <p>There is no doubt that Sosa created a school with many disciples throughout Brazil, Latin America and other continents. Eduardo Argentino Sosa, Argentine by birth and Brazilian by heart, had a vision focused on the infinite.</p>
        <p>Eduardo Sosa will remain forever in the memory of his friends, in the history of Incor and Brazilian Cardiology and his legacy will be immortalized by his disciples.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
