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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">f6zH9vrnqXQdzPxxPHrDPcd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020001200688</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise Computacional da Din&#226;mica dos Flu&#237;dos na Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0964-6222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Correspond&#234;ncia: Marco A. Gutierrez &#8226; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>marco.gutierrez@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>115</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>688</fpage>
      <lpage>689</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Mec&#226;nica de Flu&#237;dos</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluxo Sangu&#237;neo Regional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR), uma cirurgia card&#237;aca minimamente invasiva, foi introduzida por Cribier et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> como alternativa &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca tradicional a c&#233;u aberto no tratamento de indiv&#237;duos com estenose valvar a&#243;rtica importante e de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, devido &#224; idade avan&#231;ada ou &#224; presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s os primeiros esfor&#231;os pioneiros, o advento de v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas inovadoras e abordagens e dispositivos mais refinados tecnologicamente, o uso de TAVR para pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico intermedi&#225;rio tem sido uma tend&#234;ncia mundial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> No entanto, a varia&#231;&#227;o no posicionamento e orienta&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica ap&#243;s o procedimento de TAVR pode produzir altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na hemodin&#226;mica a&#243;rtica e nas tens&#245;es correspondentes na parede do vaso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Na aorta, existem duas categorias de tens&#245;es na parede do vaso. A primeira categoria de tens&#227;o &#233; o resultado do atrito entre o sangue em movimento e a parede do vaso, que &#233; proporcional &#224; velocidade do sangue, afastando-se da camada &#237;ntima da parede do vaso. Esse tipo de tens&#227;o &#233; conhecido como tens&#227;o de cisalhamento na parede a&#243;rtica (<italic>wall shear stress</italic> &#8212; WSS). A segunda categoria de tens&#227;o se deve &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o de pulso gerada durante o ciclo card&#237;aco. Nesta categoria, existem tens&#245;es circunferenciais, axiais e radiais transferidas para todas as camadas da parede do vaso. Com o avan&#231;ar da idade, a aorta aumenta de tamanho, o arco muda sua forma de um semic&#237;rculo quase perfeito e o vaso geralmente se torna mais tortuoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, a mudan&#231;a na curvatura natural da aorta introduz a din&#226;mica de fluxo secund&#225;ria e a assimetria no fluxo, que influenciam diretamente a distribui&#231;&#227;o e magnitude da tens&#227;o de cisalhamento sobre a parede do vaso.</p>
    <p>Dentre as modalidades de imagem dispon&#237;veis, a tomografia computadorizada (TC) &#233; amplamente considerada o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para estudo e an&#225;lise da aorta, art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e femorais. Avan&#231;os recentes usando um detector de ampla cobertura (256 ou 320 cortes) e TC de fonte dupla de alta frequ&#234;ncia tornaram poss&#237;vel usar menos contraste e uma dose de radia&#231;&#227;o menor. Embora a TC possa representar as complexidades geom&#233;tricas e funcionais da aorta, atualmente ela se limita a capturar uma imagem instant&#226;nea do fluxo sangu&#237;neo em um determinado instante durante o ciclo card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) de fluxo quadridimensional (4D) &#233; uma nova t&#233;cnica que avalia o fluxo sangu&#237;neo a&#243;rtico no espa&#231;o tridimensional em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo, o que permite a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da hemodin&#226;mica a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Esta nova t&#233;cnica de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens pode melhorar nossa compreens&#227;o acerca da dinamicidade inerente do fluxo sangu&#237;neo a&#243;rtico. No entanto, a TC pode ser melhorada com o modelagem em fluidodin&#226;mica computacional (<italic>computational fluid dynamics</italic> &#8212; CFD), que pode estimar par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos anteriormente incomensur&#225;veis para se entender o comportamento biomec&#226;nico do fluxo sangu&#237;neo em vasos normais e doentes.</p>
    <p>Na aus&#234;ncia de um meio prontamente aplic&#225;vel para medir diretamente a WSS, a modelagem em CFD tem sido aplicada em imagens de TC e RM para se compreender os padr&#245;es espaciais e temporais da WSS e a influ&#234;ncia da fluidodin&#226;mica a&#243;rtica nesse par&#226;metro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Usando imagens de TC como entrada em uma modelagem em CFD, Celis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> demonstraram que pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es no &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica podem modificar a natureza do fluxo e produzir altera&#231;&#245;es na distribui&#231;&#227;o da WSS na parede a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>A CFD &#233; um m&#233;todo vi&#225;vel que tem sido usado h&#225; anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> para determinar o fluxo de fluidos e o modelo 3D das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e pode simular um fluxo preciso nos vasos com base em um conjunto de par&#226;metros. Para fluidos incompress&#237;veis, a maioria das an&#225;lises da CFD resolve o conjunto de equa&#231;&#245;es de continuidade e de Navier-Stokes que governam o movimento dos fluidos. Esse conjunto de equa&#231;&#245;es inclui equa&#231;&#245;es diferenciais parciais n&#227;o lineares baseadas no princ&#237;pio da conserva&#231;&#227;o da massa e do momento. A equa&#231;&#227;o de Navier-Stokes descreve o movimento viscoso dos fluidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e, de acordo com a lei da viscosidade de Newton, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento e a taxa de cisalhamento de um fluido, sujeito a tens&#227;o mec&#226;nica, &#233; uma constante para uma dada temperatura e press&#227;o, sendo definida como a viscosidade ou coeficiente de viscosidade. Fisiologicamente, isso significa que o fluxo sangu&#237;neo no sistema cardiovascular &#233; igual &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial dividida pela resist&#234;ncia do sistema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Apesar da disponibilidade de poderosos pacotes de software de CFD utilizados para modelar o fluxo dos fluidos, como o ANSYS FLUENT, o OpenFOAM, o SIMVascular e o ADINA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> os m&#233;todos em CFD atuais t&#234;m um grande custo de tempo computacional, o que os impede de serem usados em grandes coortes de pacientes. Esse custo de tempo adv&#233;m basicamente da complexidade dos modelos, que precisam da geometria anat&#244;mica do paciente, propriedades teciduais, condi&#231;&#245;es de carga hemodin&#226;mica e sele&#231;&#227;o adequada das t&#233;cnicas de modelagem. Uma poss&#237;vel solu&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a de paradigma para os gargalos nos m&#233;todos em CFD atuais &#233; incorporar algoritmos de aprendizado de m&#225;quina (<italic>machine learning</italic> &#8212; ML)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> para agilizar a an&#225;lise computacional, come&#231;ando com a modelagem geom&#233;trica at&#233; a configura&#231;&#227;o do modelo computacional e a conclus&#227;o da simula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Liang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> desenvolveram recentemente uma nova abordagem de aprendizado de m&#225;quina que demonstrou a viabilidade do uso de ML como um substituto r&#225;pido e preciso da CFD para estimar os campos hemodin&#226;micos em estado estacion&#225;rio da aorta tor&#225;cica humana. Em sua abordagem, a CFD &#233; tratada como uma caixa preta e o algoritmo de ML aprende a rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre os dados de entrada e sa&#237;da da CFD. Em m&#233;dia, o m&#233;todo proposto levou minutos para executar uma simula&#231;&#227;o de CFD para cada modelo de aorta, o que parece ser r&#225;pido o suficiente para aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es in vivo da hemodin&#226;mica e das tens&#245;es correspondentes na aorta n&#227;o s&#227;o pr&#225;ticas. Portanto, a modelagem em CFD &#233; amplamente usada para estimar esses par&#226;metros, mas &#233; demorada e cara do ponto de vista computacional. Os modelos de ML podem ser uma alternativa promissora para simula&#231;&#245;es de CFD para auxiliar nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e no tratamento com base em pacientes espec&#237;ficos. Isso pode levar a melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos em muitos estudos, como a identifica&#231;&#227;o da melhor posi&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica no procedimento de TAVR.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Predi&#231;&#227;o do Mapa de Estresse em Aorta Ascendente: Otimiza&#231;&#227;o da Posi&#231;&#227;o Coaxial no Implante Valvar A&#243;rtico Percut&#226;neo</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Computational Analysis of Fluid Dynamics in the Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0964-6222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sao Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Marco A. Gutierrez</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>marco.gutierrez@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Flow Mechanics</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>Regional Flood Flow</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), a minimally invasive heart surgery, was introduced by Cribier et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> as an alternative to the traditional open-heart surgery in the treatment of individuals with severe aortic valve stenosis and at high surgical risk due to advanced age or the presence of multiple comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> After the first pioneering efforts, the advent of innovative prosthetic valves, and more technologically refined approaches and devices, the use of TAVR for patients with intermediate surgical risk has been a worldwide trend.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> However, variation in the prosthetic valve positioning and orientation post TAVR procedure can produce significant changes in the aortic hemodynamics and the corresponding stresses in the vessel wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Within the aorta, there are two categories of vessel wall stress. The first category of stress is the result of the friction between the moving blood and the vessel wall, which is proportional to the blood speed, moving away from the intimate layer of the vessel wall. This kind of stress is known as wall shear stress (WSS). The second category of stress is due to the variation in pulse pressure generated during the cardiac cycle. In this category, there are circumferential, axial and radial stress transferred to all vessel wall layers. With advancing age, the aorta enlarges, the arch changes shape from a near-perfect semicircle, and the vessel generally becomes more tortuous.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Moreover, the change in the natural curvature of the aorta introduces secondary flow dynamics and flow asymmetry, which directly influence WSS distribution and magnitude over the vessel wall.</p>
      <p>Among the available imaging modalities, computed tomography (CT) is widely considered the gold standard method for studying and analyzing the aorta, coronary and femoral arteries. Recent developments using a wide coverage detector design (256 or 320 slices) or high-frequency dual-source CT have made it possible to use less contrast and a lower radiation dose. Although CT can present the geometrical and functional complexities of the aorta, it is currently limited to capture a snapshot of the blood flow at a defined instant of time during the cardiac cycle.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a novel technique with the capability of assessing aortic blood flow in three-dimensional space as a function of time, which permits the quantification of aortic hemodynamics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> This new imaging acquisition technique may improve our understanding of the inherent dynamicity of aortic blood flow. However, CT can be improved with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, which can compute previously unmeasurable hemodynamic parameters to understand the biomechanical behavior of blood flow in both normal and diseased vessels.</p>
      <p>In the absence of a readily applicable means to directly measure WSS, CFD has been applied in CT and MRI images to understand both the spatial and temporal patterns of WSS and the influence of aortic flow dynamics on this parameter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Using CT images as the input of a CFD model, Celis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> demonstrated that small variations of the aortic valve tilt angle could modify the nature of the flow and produce changes in the distribution of the WSS over the aorta wall.</p>
      <p>CFD is a feasible method that has been used for ages<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> in determining fluid flow and 3D model of coronary arteries and can simulate an accurate vessel flow based on a set of given parameters. For incompressible fluids, most CFD analysis solve the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations that govern fluid motion. This set of equations includes non-linear and partial differential equations based on the principle of conservation of mass and momentum. Navier-Stokes equation describes the viscous motion of fluids<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and, according to Newton&#8217;s law of viscosity, the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate of a fluid, subjected to mechanical stress, is a constant for a given temperature and pressure, and is defined as the viscosity or coefficient of viscosity. Physiologically, this means that the blood flow in the cardiovascular system is equal to the change of blood pressure divided by the system resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Despite the availability of powerful CFD software packages to model fluid flow, such as ANSYS FLUENT, OpenFOAM, SIMVascular, and ADINA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> the current CFD methods have large computational time cost, which prevents them from being used in large patient cohorts. This time cost basically comes from the complexity of the models, which need patient anatomic geometries, tissue properties, hemodynamics loading conditions, and proper selection of modeling techniques. A potential paradigm-changing solution to the bottlenecks in current CFD methods is to incorporate machine learning (ML) algorithms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> to expedite computational analysis, starting from geometry modeling to computational model setup, and simulation completion.</p>
      <p>Liang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> have recently developed a novel machine learning approach that demonstrated the feasibility of using ML as a fast and accurate surrogate of CFD to estimate steady-state hemodynamic fields of human thoracic aorta. In their approach, CFD is treated as a black box, and the ML algorithm learns the nonlinear relationship between CFD input and output. On average, the proposed method took minutes to run a CFD simulation for each aorta model, which seems to be fast enough for clinical applications.</p>
      <p>In vivo measurements of parameters hemodynamics and the corresponding stress in the aorta are not practical. Therefore, CFD is widely used to estimate these parameters, but it is time consuming and computationally expensive. ML models can be a promising alternative for CFD simulations to aid clinical decisions and treatment based on specific patients. This can lead to better clinical results in many studies, such as the identification of the best position and orientation of the prosthetic valve in the TAVR procedure.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prediction of Stress Map in Ascending Aorta - Optimization of the Coaxial Position in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacemento</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
